Solution Manual for Geology and the Environment Living with a Dynamic Planet 8th Edition by Paul Bie

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 1: Why Environmental Geology Matters

Instructor Manual Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 1: Why Environmental Geology Matters

TABLE OF CONTENTS Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter .............................................................................................2 Chapter Objectives.............................................................................................................................2 What’s New in This Chapter ...............................................................................................................2 Chapter Outline .................................................................................................................................2

1 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

1

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 1: Why Environmental Geology Matters

PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER The purpose of this chapter is to develop a base for students to understand the importance of environmental geology. First, we explain what environmental geology is and why it matters. Next, we provide examples of major problems that are approached by environmental geologists. Finally, we describe the scientific tools used by environmental geologists.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES The following objectives are addressed in this chapter: LO1

Explain what environmental geology is and why it matters

LO2

Give examples of major problems approached by environmental geologists

LO3

Describe the tools used by environmental geologists doing science

[return to top]

WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:  Updated examples of major environmental problems  New cases studies [return to top]

CHAPTER OUTLINE In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. “CH.##” refers to the chapter objective; “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the PowerPoint deck for this chapter (provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource Center); and, as applicable for each discipline, accreditation or certification standards (“BL 1.3.3”). Introduce the chapter and use the Ice Breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for this chapter. Review learning objectives for Chapter 1 (PPT slides 1-3).

I. What is Environmental Geology and Who Are Environmental Geologists? (01.01, PPT Slides 3–5) a. Environmental geology is an applied science that matters to billions of people around the globe because it concerns real-life problems. b. Environmental geologists are professionals who apply understanding of the natural environment to identify potential problems for people and help solve those problems.

II. Environmental Geology: Why It Matters to You and the World? (01.02, PPT Slides 6–23) a. The Newark Contaminant Plume b. Fukushima: A Geological Nuclear Disaster 2 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 1: Why Environmental Geology Matters

c. Warming Climate, Shifting Shores; Kiribati d. Radon: The Silent Killer e. Venice: A City Sinks f. Pakistan: A Nation Drowns g. Water Quality and Flooding in Jackson, Mississippi h. Isolating Nuclear Waste in New Mexico i. Lessons from These Situations III. Tools of the Trade–Environmental Geology (01.03, PPT Slides 24–26) a. Mapping: Fundamental to almost all aspects of environmental geology b. Global positioning system (GPS) receivers c. Sonar: Sound navigation and ranging d. Radar: Radio signals for determining elevations and mapping topography. e. Lidar: Light detection and ranging IV. Case Study a. Environmental Justice: The Role of Environmental Geoscience b. Love Canal: An Environmental Legislative Tipping Point V. Summary [return to top]

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Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 2: Earth as a System

Instructor Manual Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 2: Earth as a System

TABLE OF CONTENTS Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter .............................................................................................5 Chapter Objectives.............................................................................................................................5 What’s New in This Chapter ...............................................................................................................5 Chapter Outline .................................................................................................................................5

4 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

4

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 2: Earth as a System

PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER The purpose of this chapter is to develop a base for students to understand the Earth System and explain why it is a favorable environment for life. First, we will explain the meaning of “plates” in the Earth’s crust and why it is important. Next, we will explain why winds blow differently on Earth and the connection between oceanic circulation and global climates. We will further define the concepts of biogeochemical cycling. Finally, we will describe the importance of the biosphere development of Earth’s environment from its earliest time.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES The following objectives are addressed in this chapter: LO1

Define the Earth System and explain why it is a favorable environment for life

LO2

Explain the meaning of the “plates” in Earth’s crust, and why their behavior is important to us

LO3

Explain why winds blow in the directions that they do on different parts of Earth

LO4

Describe the connection between oceanic circulation and global climates

LO5

Define the concept of biogeochemical cycling and provide one example

LO6

Describe the importance of the biosphere in the development of Earth’s environment from earliest time

[return to top]

WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:  Updated examples of major environmental problems  New cases studies [return to top]

CHAPTER OUTLINE In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. “CH.##” refers to the chapter objective; “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the PowerPoint deck for this chapter (provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource Center); and, as applicable for each discipline, accreditation, or certification standards (“BL 1.3.3”). Introduce the chapter and use the Ice Breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for this chapter. Review learning objectives for Chapter 2 (PPT Slides 1-3).

I. Earth as a System (02.01, PPT Slides 4–8) 5 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 3: Climate Change

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

c. Earth as a System: The Spheres d. Energy and Temperature in the Earth System The Geosphere: Land Building on a Large Scale (02.02, PPT Slides 9–14) j. How the Geosphere Came to be k. The Layered Earth l. Ups and Downs of a Dynamic Geosphere m. Plate Tectonics The Atmosphere: Earth’s Restless Outer Envelope (02.03, PPT Slides 15–24) a. Atmospheric Structure b. Patterns of Tropospheric Circulation c. Weather d. Climate Hydrosphere and Cryosphere (02.04, PPT Slides 25–34) a. The Hydrological Cycle b. The Ocean, the Hydrologic Elephant in the Room c. Shallow Ocean Circulation d. Ocean Circulation and Climate e. Deep Ocean Circulation f. The Hydrological Cycle, Underground g. Cryosphere-Frozen Water Biogeochemical Cycles (02.05, PPT Slides 35–38) a. The Nitrogen Cycle b. The Phosphorous Cycle c. The Carbon Cycle Biosphere (02.06, PPT Slides 39–42) a. Earth’s Evolving Atmosphere: The Living Connection b. Life and Oxygen c. Geologic Time and the Importance of Biology Case Studies a. Major Environmental Changes Over Earth’s Long History b. Another Major Environmental Change About to Happen?

Summary

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Instructor Manual Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 3: Climate Change

6 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 3: Climate Change

TABLE OF CONTENTS Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter .............................................................................................8 Chapter Objectives.............................................................................................................................8 What’s New in This Chapter ...............................................................................................................8 Chapter Outline .................................................................................................................................8

7 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 3: Climate Change

PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER The purpose of this chapter is to describe and understand climate change. First, we will explain the natural factors that drive change in the Earth’s climate and how it has changed over time. Next, we will provide evidence of the impact of human actions that are changing Earth’s environment. Further, we will identify how societies and ecosystems are affected by environmental changes. Finally, we will recognize how different the Earth and its climate will be in the future and describe strategies to reduce the severity of climate change and its impact on people and societies.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES The following objectives are addressed in this chapter: LO1

Explain how and why natural factors drive change in Earth’s climate over time

LO2

Describe how Earth’s climate has changed over millions of years, thousands of years, and centuries

LO3

Provide evidence that human actions are significantly changing Earth’s environment

LO4

Identify how societies and ecosystems have been and will be affected by environmental change

LO5

Recognize how different Earth and its climate will be in the future

LO6

Describe the strategies to reduce the severity of climate change and its impact on people and society

[return to top]

WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:  Updated examples of major environmental problems  New cases studies [return to top]

CHAPTER OUTLINE In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. “CH.##” refers to the chapter objective; “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the PowerPoint deck for this chapter (provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource Center); and, as applicable for each discipline, accreditation, or certification standards (“BL 1.3.3”). Introduce the chapter and use the Ice Breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for this chapter. Review learning objectives for Chapter 3 (PPT Slides 1–3).

8 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 4: Minerals and Rocks

I. Why Earth’s Climate Changes (03.01, PPT Slides 4–8) e. Atmospheric Composition f. Orbital Cycles g. Climate Feedbacks II. Record of a Changing Climate (03.02, PPT Slides 9–13) n. The Retreat of Mountain Glaciers o. Ice Cores and Ocean Sediments p. Packrats and Pond Muck q. Tree Rings III. Human Actions Change Earth’s Environment (03.03, PPT Slides 14–19) e. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Changed Atmospheric Composition f. Land-Use Change g. Urbanization h. The Anthropocene IV. Impacts of Environmental Change (03.04, PPT Slides 20–23) a. A Baking Planet b. Shrinking Ice c. The Ups and Downs of Sea Level V. Earth in the Future (03.05, PPT Slides 24–28) a. A World With Little Ice b. Melting Permafrost c. Extreme Events-Droughts, Floods, and Storms d. A Long Warmth VI. Addressing Climate Change (03.06, PPT Slides 29–32) a. Mitigation b. Adaptation c. Geoengineering and Climate Change VII. Case Studies a. Otzi—The Ice Man b. Mitigation—What Individuals and Governments Can Do VIII. Summary [return to top]

Instructor Manual Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 4: Minerals and Rocks

TABLE OF CONTENTS Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter ........................................................................................... 11 9 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 4: Minerals and Rocks

Chapter Objectives........................................................................................................................... 11 What’s New in This Chapter ............................................................................................................. 11 Chapter Outline ............................................................................................................................... 11

10 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

10

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 4: Minerals and Rocks

PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER The purpose of this chapter is to describe the importance of minerals and rocks on humanity. First, we will determine the difference between minerals and rocks. Next, we recognize the importance of the rock cycle and explain how mineral deposits are in many cases accidents of nature. Finally, we identify the impacts of the mining industry and provide remediation for the problems mining is causing around the world.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES The following objectives are addressed in this chapter: LO1

Describe why minerals are important to humanity

LO2

Define minerals, and explain what distinguishes a “mineral” from a “rock”

LO3

Recognize the importance of the rock cycle

L04

Explain why valuable mineral deposits are in many cases “accidents of nature”

L05

Identify the ways in which quarries and mines have negative environmental impacts and give examples of how we can remediate environmental problems caused by mining

[return to top]

WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:  Updated examples of major environmental problems  New cases studies [return to top]

CHAPTER OUTLINE In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. “CH.##” refers to the chapter objective; “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the PowerPoint deck for this chapter (provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource Center); and, as applicable for each discipline, accreditation, or certification standards (“BL 1.3.3”). Introduce the chapter and use the Ice Breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for this chapter. Review learning objectives for Chapter 4 (PPT Slides 1–3).

I. Why Rocks and Minerals Matter to Us (04.01, PPT Slides 3–5) h. Civilization depends upon several types of natural resources to thrive. i. One product of minerals is metals, which are used to make everything from coins to skyscrapers.

11 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 5: Volcanoes

II. Elements, Minerals, and Rocks (04.02, PPT Slides 6–12) r. Minerals—Basic building blocks of rocks s. “Mineral-like,” but not quite!

III. Rocks (04.03, PPT Slides 13–20) f. Igneous rocks: A Closer Look g. Sedimentary Rocks h. Metamorphic Rocks IV. The Quest for Mineral Resources (04.04, PPT Slides 21–27) i. Economic Mineral Concentrations j. Distributions of Mineral Resources k. Origins of Mineral Deposits i. Disseminated Ores and Ore Vein Deposits ii. Magma Crystallization iii. Massive Sulfide Deposits iv. Placer Deposits v. Rare Earth Element (REE) Deposits vi. Banded Iron Formation l. Types of Mining V. Environmental Impacts of Quarrying and Mining (04.05, PPT Slides 28–29) a. Air Pollution from Smelting and Processing b. Acid Mine Drainage c. Hydraulic Mining d. Mercury and Gold e. Cyanide Heap Leaching f. The Widespread Scar of Mountaintop Removal VI. Case Study a. Joshua Tree National Park—A Window Into The Deep Crust b. Cleaning Up a Valley In Montana VII. Summary [return to top]

Instructor Manual Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 5: Volcanoes

TABLE OF CONTENTS Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter ........................................................................................... 14 Chapter Objectives........................................................................................................................... 14 What’s New in This Chapter ............................................................................................................. 14 12 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 5: Volcanoes

Chapter Outline ............................................................................................................................... 14

13 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 5: Volcanoes

PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER The purpose of this chapter is to describe the location and composition of volcanoes. First, we will describe how volcanoes relate to plate tectonics and why they erupt. Next, we will determine how to classify volcanoes and the hazards, risks, and benefits of volcanoes. Finally, we will describe how geologists define active, dormant, and extinct volcanoes as well as the modern tools used to monitor active volcanoes.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES The following objectives are addressed in this chapter LO1

Describe how the location and composition of volcanoes relates to plate tectonics

LO2

Explain why volcanoes erupt

LO3

List the most common types of eruption products

L04

State the basis for how volcanic eruptions are classified

L05

Define the difference between volcanic hazards, risks, and benefits

LO6

Describe how geologists define active, dormant, and extinct volcanoes

LO7

Provide the examples of how volcanologists use modern technology to monitor active volcanoes

[return to top]

WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:  Updated examples of major environmental problems  New cases studies [return to top]

CHAPTER OUTLINE In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. “CH.##” refers to the chapter objective; “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the PowerPoint deck for this chapter (provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource Center); and, as applicable for each discipline, accreditation, or certification standards (“BL 1.3.3”). Introduce the chapter and use the Ice Breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for this chapter. Review learning objectives for Chapter 5. (PPT Slides 1-3).

I. Location and Composition of Magma and Volcanoes (05.01, PPT Slides 4–7) 14 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 5: Volcanoes

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

a. Plate Tectonics and Volcanoes b. Decompression Melting c. Melting Related to Fluid Release Magma Ascent, Why Volcanoes Erupt (05.02, PPT Slides 8–9) a. Magma chambers are the source of volcanic eruptions. i. Monogenetic—Single eruption ii. Polygenetic—Multiple eruptions The Products of Volcanic Eruptions (05.03, PPT Slides 10–14) i. Lava Flows j. Pyroclasts Classification of Eruptions (05.04, PPT Slides 15–20) m. Hawaiian-Style Eruptions n. Strombolian Eruptions o. Vulcanian Eruptions p. Plinian Eruptions Volcanic Hazards, Risks, and Benefits (05.05, PPT Slides 21–29) a. The Differences Between Hazards and Risks b. Typical Eruption Hazards and What to Do About Them i. Lava Flows ii. Volcanic Gases iii. Falling Ash iv. Pyroclastic Flows and Surges v. Tsunami vi. Lahars c. Benefits of Volcanoes Active? Dormant? Extinct? (05.06, PPT Slides 30–31) a. Active—erupted frequently in historic time and will do so again b. Dormant—erupted in the past few hundred or thousand years c. Extinct—an eroded volcano that has not erupted in thousands or millions of years Tools of the Trade, Monitoring Technologies (05.07, PPT Slides 32–34) a. Tiltmeter—measuring slope of volcano at a fixed station b. Satellite interferometry—provide a map in broad color bands showing where deformation takes place in a volcano c. GPS—linked to multiple satellites are used to take measurements of how a volcano changes its shape before erupting, ever so slightly Case Study c. New Zealand’s Blast in the Past, A Ski Field, and Fluidization d. Carbon Dioxide, Earthquakes, and the Los Angeles Water Supply Summary

[return to top]

Instructor Manual 15 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 6: Earthquakes and People

Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 6: Earthquakes and People

TABLE OF CONTENTS Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter ........................................................................................... 17 Chapter Objectives........................................................................................................................... 17 What’s New in This Chapter ............................................................................................................. 17 Chapter Outline ............................................................................................................................... 17

16 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 6: Earthquakes and People

PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER The purpose of this chapter is to describe why and how earthquakes take place and their impact on people. First, we will detail how the strength of earthquakes are measured. Next, we will identify important ways earthquakes can damage or destroy buildings and harm people. Finally, we will explain what lessons we have learned from past earthquakes and what we can do to forecast and prepare for future earthquakes.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES The following objectives are addressed in this chapter: LO1

Describe why and how earthquakes take place

LO2

Detail how the strength of an earthquake is measured

LO3

Identify some important ways that earthquakes can damage or destroy buildings and harm people

L04

Explain the most important lessons that we’ve learned from past earthquake disasters

L05

Discuss what we can do to forecast and prepare for future earthquakes

[return to top]

WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:  Updated examples of major environmental problems  New cases studies [return to top]

CHAPTER OUTLINE In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. “CH.##” refers to the chapter objective; “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the PowerPoint deck for this chapter (provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource Center); and, as applicable for each discipline, accreditation, or certification standards (“BL 1.3.3”). Introduce the chapter and use the Ice Breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for this chapter. Review learning objectives for Chapter 6. (PPT Slides 1-3).

17 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 7: Soil

I. The Nature of Earthquakes (06.01, PPT Slides 3–16) a. Types of Seismic Energy Waves b. Seismic Wave Periods c. Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake II. Earthquake Measurement Scales (06.02, PPT Slides 17–23) a. Seismic Intensities b. Richter Magnitude Scale: The Best-Known Scale c. Moment Magnitude: The Most Widely Used Scale d. Foreshocks and Aftershocks, Doublets, and Triggered Earthquakes e. Fault Creep, the “Non-Earthquake” III. Seismic Design Considerations (06.03, PPT Slides 24–32) a. Ground Shaking b. Landslides c. Ground or Foundation Failure d. Ground Rupture and Changes in Ground Level e. Tsunamis f. Fires g. Dam Failures IV. Example Earthquakes That Make Important Points (06.04, PPT Slides 33–39) a. Northridge, California, 1994 b. Sumatra-Andaman Islands, 2004 c. Tohoku-Oki, Japan (2011) d. Christchurch, New Zealand, 2011 e. Earthquakes Far from Plate Boundaries f. What We Can Learn V. Living With Earthquakes: Forecasts and Mitigation Strategies (06.05, PPT Slides 40–45) a. Forecasts b. Paleoseismicity and Seismic Gaps c. Mitigation d. Survival Tips VI. Case Study a. Earthquakes and Nuclear Reactors b. The Cold War, Seismology, and Nuclear Test Bans VII. Summary [return to top]

Instructor Manual Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 7: Soil

18 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

18

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 7: Soil

TABLE OF CONTENTS Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter ........................................................................................... 20 Chapter Objectives........................................................................................................................... 20 What’s New in This Chapter ............................................................................................................. 20 Chapter Outline ............................................................................................................................... 20

19 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 7: Soil

PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the process and importance of soil. First, we will explain the processes that weather rock and sediment and describe how soil forms. Next, we outline how soils are classified and explain how certain soil orders affect human uses of land. Finally, we explain the four most common soil problems and how humans degrade soils.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES The following objectives are addressed in this chapter: LO1

Explain the processes that weather rock and sediment

LO2

Describe how soils form, including processes that establish soil profiles

LO3

Outline how soils are classified and explain how certain soil orders affect human uses of the land

L04

Explain where and why the four most common soil problems occur

L05

Discuss how humans degrade soils and the problems such degraded soils create

[return to top]

WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:  Updated examples of major environmental problems  New cases studies [return to top]

CHAPTER OUTLINE In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. “CH.##” refers to the chapter objective; “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the PowerPoint deck for this chapter (provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource Center); and, as applicable for each discipline, accreditation, or certification standards (“BL 1.3.3”). Introduce the chapter and use the Ice Breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for this chapter. Review learning objectives for Chapter 7 (PPT Slides 1–3).

20 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

20

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 8: Water

VIII. The Wind Blew and the Soil Flew (PPT Slides 3-4) IX. Weathering (07.01, PPT Slides 5–17) a. Physical Weathering b. Chemical Weathering i. Solution ii. Oxidation and hydration iii. Hydrolysis c. Rate of Weathering d. Geological Features of Weathering X. Soil Formation (07.02, PPT Slides 18–21) a. Soil Development b. Soil Profiles XI. Soil Classification (07.03, PPT Slides 22-30) a. Soil Color and Texture b. Residual Soils c. Transported Soils d. Soil Orders XII. Soil Problems (07.04, PPT Slides 31–44) a. Soil Erosion b. Desertification i. The United States ii. Southern Hemisphere iii. What Do We Do? c. Expanding Soils d. Settlement e. Thawing Soils XIII. Humans and Soils (07.05, PPT Slides 45–47) a. Salinization and Waterlogging b. Pedestrian and Vehicle Compaction XIV. Case Study a. A Dust Bowl in California b. General Patton’s Soils, Decades Later XV. Summary [return to top]

Instructor Manual Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 8: Water

TABLE OF CONTENTS Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter ........................................................................................... 23 21 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

21

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 8: Water

Chapter Objectives........................................................................................................................... 23 What’s New in This Chapter ............................................................................................................. 23 Chapter Outline ............................................................................................................................... 23

22 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

22

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 8: Water

PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the importance and distribution of water on Earth. First, we will summarize the distribution of fresh water and its sensitivity to environmental impacts. Next, we will explain floods and their distribution of water over time and space. We will also discuss how to find groundwater and how it moves through Earth’s systems. Finally, we outline how planners manage water quality and water supply as well as how water both supports and endangers human society.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES The following objectives are addressed in this chapter: LO1

Describe the primary controls on the distribution, types, frequency, and intensity of precipitation and what becomes of precipitation when it lands on the Earth

LO2

Summarize the distribution of fresh water on Earth and its sensitivity to environmental impacts

LO3

Explain why and how floods happen and their distribution over time and space

L04

Predict where you will find groundwater and how it will move

L05

Outline how planners manage water quality and water supply

LO6

Describe how water both supports and endangers human society

[return to top]

WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:  Updated examples of major environmental problems  New cases studies [return to top]

CHAPTER OUTLINE In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. “CH.##” refers to the chapter objective; “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the PowerPoint deck for this chapter (provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource Center); and, as applicable for each discipline, accreditation, or certification standards (“BL 1.3.3”). Introduce the chapter and use the Ice Breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for this chapter. Review learning objectives for Chapter 8. (PPT Slides 1-3).

XVI. Precipitation and Infiltration (08.01, PPT Slides 4–9) a. How Precipitation Varies Over Space and Time 23 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 9: Erosion

XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.

XX.

XXI.

XXII.

XXIII.

b. The Effects of Topography on Precipitation c. Infiltration and Runoff d. Frequency, Intensity, and Duration of Precipitation Surface Water (08.02, PPT Slides 10–15) a. Lakes b. Rivers c. Measuring Flow Floods: When There Is Too Much Water (08.03, PPT Slides 16–20) a. Types of Floods b. Effects of Floods c. Flood Frequency Groundwater (08.04, PPT Slides 21–37) a. Groundwater Supply: Location and Distribution b. Water Table and Flow Directions c. Pressurized Underground Water d. Groundwater Flow: Darcy’s Law e. Groundwater-Saltwater Interaction Water Quality and Quantity (08.05, PPT Slides 38–44) a. Water Quantity b. Water Quality (Pollution) c. Cleanup, Conservation, and Alternative Water Sources Human Interactions with Water (08.06, PPT Slides 45–49) a. Levees b. Dams c. Insurance, Flood-Proofing, and Floodplain Management Case Study a. The Nile River—Three Cubits between Security and Disaster b. A Very Wet Fall Summary

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Instructor Manual Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 9: Erosion

TABLE OF CONTENTS Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter ........................................................................................... 26 Chapter Objectives........................................................................................................................... 26 What’s New in This Chapter ............................................................................................................. 26 Chapter Outline ............................................................................................................................... 26 24 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

24

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 9: Erosion

25 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

25

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 9: Erosion

PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the importance of erosion. First, we will explain how the balance of driving and resisting forces controls the occurrence of mass movements. We will further compare the processes leading to rockfalls, landslides, and lateral spreads as well as the effects on people. Next, we explain why, when, and where debris flows occur as well as the conditions needed for snow avalanches. Finally, we will reflect on why and where subsidence happens, how it can be managed, and the risks of mass movements to people and society.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES The following objectives are addressed in this chapter: LO1

Explain how the balance of driving and resisting forces controls the occurrence of mass movements

LO2

Compare the processes leading to rockfalls, landslides, and lateral spreads and the effects of these mass movements on people

LO3

Explain why, when, and where debris flows will occur

L04

Explain what conditions make snow avalanches likely and thus how to mitigate their impact

L05

Reflect on why and where subsidence happens and how it can be managed and/or avoided

LO6

Explain how the risks of mass movements to people and society can be reduced using your understanding of how mass movements work

[return to top]

WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:  Updated examples of major environmental problems  New cases studies [return to top]

CHAPTER OUTLINE In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. “CH.##” refers to the chapter objective; “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the PowerPoint deck for this chapter (provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource Center); and, as applicable for each discipline, accreditation, or certification standards (“BL 1.3.3”). Introduce the chapter and use the Ice Breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for this chapter. Review learning objectives for Chapter 9 (PPT Slides 1–3).

26 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

26

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 10: Coasts and Oceans

XXIV. The Basics of Mass Movements (09.01, PPT Slides 4–11) a. The Mechanics of Mass Movements b. Triggering Mass Movements c. Subtle but Important Mass Movement XXV. Landslides, Rock Falls, and Lateral Spreads (09.02, PPT Slides 12–21) a. Rockfalls and Rock Avalanches b. Landslides c. Lateral Spreading XXVI. Debris Flows (09.03, PPT Slides 22–26) a. Behavior of Debris Flows b. Debris Flow Triggers c. Debris Flow Prediction and Occurrence XXVII. Snow Avalanches (09.04, PPT Slides 27–32) a. Types of Snow Avalanches b. Snow Stability Analysis and Avalanche Prediction c. Mitigating Snow Avalanches XXVIII. Subsidence (09.05, PPT Slides 33–39) a. Human-Induced Subsidence b. Natural Subsidence c. Classification of Subsidence d. Sinkholes e. Mitigating Subsidence XXIX. Reducing Losses from Mass Movements (09.06, PPT Slides 40–48) a. Landslide Hazard Zonation b. Building Codes and Regulations c. Water Drainage and Control d. Excavation and Redistribution e. Retaining Devices f. Mitigating Debris Flows XXX. Case Study a. When the Trees Come Down, So Do the Hills b. Water, Water Everywhere XXXI. Summary [return to top]

Instructor Manual Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 10: Coasts and Oceans

TABLE OF CONTENTS Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter ........................................................................................... 29 27 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

27

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 10: Coasts and Oceans

Chapter Objectives........................................................................................................................... 29 What’s New in This Chapter ............................................................................................................. 29 Chapter Outline ............................................................................................................................... 29

28 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

28

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 10: Coasts and Oceans

PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER The purpose of this chapter is to explain coasts and oceans and the movement of water through wind and storms. First, we will explain how waves change as they move towards shore and describe how this impacts shorelines. Next, we list the three phases of a tsunami and how hurricanes work and occur in summer and fall. We further contrast nor’easters with hurricanes, explaining how these storms are different and similar. Finally, we explain how human actions can change the flow of sediment to and along the world’s coastlines.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES The following objectives are addressed in this chapter: LO1

Explain how waves change as they move toward shore and the water shallows

LO2

Describe how shorelines respond to changing seasons and the passage of large storms

LO3

List the three phases of a tsunami and identify which one causes the greatest hazard

L04

Explain how hurricanes work and why they occur most often during the summer and fall

L05

Contrast nor’easters with hurricanes, explaining how the storms are similar and different

LO6

Explain how human actions can change the flow of sediment to and along the world’s coastlines

[return to top]

WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:  Updated examples of major environmental problems  New cases studies [return to top]

CHAPTER OUTLINE In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. “CH.##” refers to the chapter objective; “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the PowerPoint deck for this chapter (provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource Center); and, as applicable for each discipline, accreditation, or certification standards (“BL 1.3.3”). Introduce the chapter and use the ice breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for this chapter. Review learning objectives for Chapter 10 (PPT Slides 1–3).

XXXII. Wind Waves (10.01, PPT Slides 4–10) a. How Wind Waves Work 29 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

29

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 11: Energy and the Environment

XXXIII.

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XXXVI.

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.

XXXIX.

b. Shoaling c. Wave Refraction Shorelines (10.02, PPT Slides 11–18) a. Beach Types b. Barrier Islands c. Beach Accumulation and Erosion: The River of Sand d. Coral Reefs Tsunamis (10.03, PPT Slides 19–26) a. Initiation b. Propagation c. Inundation d. Mitigating Tsunami Risk Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones (10.04, PPT Slides 27–35) a. Genesis and Seasonality b. Circulation c. Track and Intensity d. Hurricane Impacts on Society e. Hurricane Prediction Nor’easters (10.05, PPT Slides 36–39) a. Growing a Monster b. Impacts on Society Human/Ocean Interactions (10.06, PPT Slides 40–48) a. Sea- and Land-Level Changes b. Protecting Harbors c. Protecting Beachfront Property—Hard Stabilization d. Protecting Beachfront Property—Soft Stabilization e. Managed Retreat f. Coastal Restoration Case Study a. Superstorm Sandy b. Distant Tsunami: The Silent Threat Summary

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Instructor Manual Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 11: Energy and the Environment

30 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

30

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 11: Energy and the Environment

TABLE OF CONTENTS Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter ........................................................................................... 32 Chapter Objectives........................................................................................................................... 32 What’s New in This Chapter ............................................................................................................. 32 Chapter Outline ............................................................................................................................... 32

31 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

31

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 11: Energy and the Environment

PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER The purpose of this chapter is to explain energy and the environment. First, we will summarize the environmental impacts of the three primary fossil fuels. Next, we will describe the difference between biofuels and fossil fuels from production to return on investment. We further explain how nuclear power is produced and the risks of fission reactors and the nuclear fuel cycle. Finally, we compare different renewable energy sources’ strengths and weaknesses as a replacement for fossil fuels.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES The following objectives are addressed in this chapter: LO1

Summarize the environmental impacts of the three primary fossil fuels

LO2

Describe the differences between biofuels and fossil fuels in their production and energy return on investment

LO3

Explain how nuclear power is produced and the risks of fission reactors and the nuclear fuel cycle

L04

Compare different renewable energy sources, focusing on their strengths and weaknesses as replacements for fossil fuels

[return to top]

WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:  Updated examples of major environmental problems  New cases studies [return to top]

CHAPTER OUTLINE In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. “CH.##” refers to the chapter objective; “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the PowerPoint deck for this chapter (provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource Center); and, as applicable for each discipline, accreditation, or certification standards (“BL 1.3.3”). Introduce the chapter and use the Ice Breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for this chapter. Review learning objectives for Chapter 11. (PPT Slides 1-3).

XL. Fossil Fuels (11.01, PPT Slides 3–15) a. Petroleum b. Coal 32 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

32

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 12: Waste Management

XLI. XLII.

XLIII.

XLIV.

XLV.

c. Natural Gas and Fracking d. Unconventional Fossil Fuels Biofuels (11.02, PPT Slides 16–17) Nuclear Energy (11.03, PPT Slides 18–23) a. Fission Energy b. Fusion Energy c. Nuclear Safety, Accidents, and Contamination Renewable Energy (11.04, PPT Slides 24–38) a. Hydroelectric b. Geothermal Energy c. Wind Energy d. Solar Energy e. Energy from the Sea f. Intermittency Case Study a. Making It Possible to Generate Your Own Power b. How You Can Use Energy More Efficiently Summary

[return to top]

Instructor Manual Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 12: Waste Management

TABLE OF CONTENTS Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter ........................................................................................... 34 Chapter Objectives........................................................................................................................... 34 What’s New in This Chapter ............................................................................................................. 34 Chapter Outline ............................................................................................................................... 34

33 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

33

Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 12: Waste Management

PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER The purpose of this chapter is to explain waste management. First, we characterize types of waste and the three primary ways to take care of wastes. Next, we will explain how a landfill is properly designed to handle waste and summarize the importance of recycling and composting. Finally, we describe the ways to deal with hazardous wastes and the shortcomings of the approaches people have taken so far.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES The following objectives are addressed in this chapter: LO1

Characterize types of waste

LO2

List the three primary ways that we take care of wastes

LO3

Explain how a landfill is properly designed to handle waste, including liquid and gaseous byproducts

L04

Summarize the importance to waste management of recycling and composting

L05

Describe the ways that we deal with hazardous wastes, and the shortcomings of the approaches people have taken so far

[return to top]

WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:  Updated examples of major environmental problems  New cases studies [return to top]

CHAPTER OUTLINE In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. “CH.##” refers to the chapter objective; “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the PowerPoint deck for this chapter (provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource Center); and, as applicable for each discipline, accreditation, or certification standards (“BL 1.3.3”). Introduce the chapter and use the ice breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for this chapter. Review learning objectives for Chapter 12. (PPT Slides 1–2).

XLVI. Types of Waste (12.01, PPT Slides 3–13) a. Municipal Solid Waste b. Industrial Waste 34 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Instructor Manual: Pipkin, Geology & The Environment: Living with a Dynamic Planet 8e, 9780357851654, 2024, Chapter 12: Waste Management

XLVII.

XLVIII.

XLIX. L.

LI.

LII.

c. Agricultural Waste d. Wastewater e. Hazardous Wastes Waste Management Strategies (12.02, PPT Slides 14–19) a. Isolation b. Incineration c. Attenuation d. Ocean Dumping The Challenges of Landfilling (12.03, PPT Slides 20–26) a. Landfill Maturation Phases b. What to Do About Landfill Gases? c. What to Do About Leachates? d. Landfill Subsidence Recycling, Remanufacturing, and Composting (12.04, PPT Slides 27–30) Disposal of Hazardous Wastes—The Nastiest Stuff (12.05, PPT Slides 31–40) a. Deep-well Injection b. The Problem with Coal c. Existing Approaches to Nuclear Waste Disposal d. Repositories: A Long-Term Nuclear Waste Solution Case Study a. Freshkills—From Landfill to Beloved City Park b. Yucca Mountain, America’s Troubled Plan for a Nuclear Waste Repository Summary

[return to top]

35 © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

35