Final Milestone Sophia-Intro to Ethics 1
When a utilitarian evaluates an action, which of the following is most important? The action's rejection by society The action's effects on the agent The action's total effects on everyone The action's inherent sinfulness
CONCEPT Utilitarianism 2
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Russ plays the bassoon. Most bassoon players can easily learn the saxophone. It's therefore likely that Russ could easily learn the saxophone. Which type of argument is this? Valid deductive Strong inductive Invalid deductive Weak inductive
CONCEPT
Evaluating the Structure of an Argument 3
What is meant by the formulation of humanity? We shouldn't act in a way that has any harm to society. We should respect other peoples' points of view. Other people must be treated as ends, not only as means. Anything agreed on by all humanity is true.
CONCEPT
The Formulation of Humanity 4
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Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism? Socially determined actions are usually more successful than selfdetermined actions. Egoism is a core part of human nature, so denying it is denying someone's humanity. Egoism does not allow the egoist to evaluate others based on his or her perspective. Egoism maximizes each individual's pleasure, which is something everyone wants.
CONCEPT
Problems with Egoism 5
Choose the true statement about virtue-based ethics. According to the principles of virtue-based ethics, actions are judged against the greater good.
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According to the principles of virtue-based ethics, people can be judged by the consequences of their actions. According to the principles of virtue-based ethics, actions are less important than the agent's moral character. According to the principles of virtue-based ethics, only the actor’s intent is considered when assigning moral value.
CONCEPT
Virtue-Based Ethics 6
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Which of the following people would be most satisfied with virtue-based ethics? Adelaide is looking for an ethical system that evaluates actions based on their effects. Abby is looking for an ethical system that is based in cultural norms. Andrew is looking for an ethical system that puts his own development first. Abner is looking for an ethical system that is about more than just doing good.
CONCEPT
Support for Virtue-Based Ethics 7
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Theo is running for political office. It is a well-known fact that Theo is corrupt— he intends to use his office for his own personal and financial gain, to the detriment of the communities he serves. Yet polls show that he has a considerable lead over his opponents because he can afford aggressive advertising. A group of citizens decides to take matters into its own hands by blackmailing Theo so he will drop out of the election. Most people would agree that this action is immoral. How might it be evaluated by a utilitarian? Blackmailing Theo is morally wrong because blackmail is always wrong, even if you don’t agree with someone’s values. Blackmailing Theo is morally right because the communities he serves will ultimately be happier with a leader who is not corrupt. Blackmailing Theo is morally right because most citizens do not want him as their leader, even if they have fallen for his advertising. Blackmailing Theo is morally wrong because it’s still possible that he won’t win the election, or that checks and balances will keep him from having too negative an impact.
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CONCEPT
Applying Utilitarianism 8
The statement, "I will read a book when I get bored so as to improve my mind," is a __________. maxim formulation
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universal law categorical imperative
CONCEPT
The Formulation of Universal Law 9
Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory? God says to love him above all else, a fact of which my mother often reminds me. God says to support the poor, so there are a lot of religious charities. God forbids wearing mixed fibers, but most people aren't concerned with what their clothes are made of. God commands people to be generous, so I give 10% of my paycheck to an organization that helps at-risk youth in my community.
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CONCEPT
Applying Divine Command Theory 10
Consider the following argument: (1) Mortgage rates are at an all time low. (2) It is therefore a good time to buy a home. (3) Also, property values have been increasing over the last five years, and (4) a number of new homes in my neighborhood are for sale. Which of the four numbered statements is the conclusion? 4 1 3 2
CONCEPT
Premises and Conclusions 11
Which of the following is a benefit of philosophy? Philosophy improves critical thinking skills. Philosophy more easily explains social problems. Philosophy harnesses passion to reveal truths. Philosophy makes everyone's opinion equal.
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CONCEPT
Benefits of Philosophy and Ethics 12
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Which of the following statements displays the speaker's unfair bias? "We're accepting Kim to our college because her goals align with our school's values." "We're accepting Kim to our college because her parents are big donors."
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"We're accepting Kim to our college because her extracurricular involvements are impressive." "We're accepting Kim to our college because she has a 4.0 GPA."
CONCEPT
The Effect of Bias in Moral Decision Making 13
In Kantian deontology, the __________ must be derived from reason. command theory categorical imperative utility principle formal maxim
CONCEPT
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Kantian Deontology 14
According to an egoist, working hard to succeed in order to take care of oneself and one’s needs is good because __________. hard work is valued by all individual flourishing is the sole basis for ethics it sets a positive example for others societal standards demand it
CONCEPT Applying Egoism 15
Francis believes that every person should have ambition. Which of the following actions is inconsistent with his belief? Francis commits to learning a new skill every year. Francis is content to keep his dead-end job. Francis dresses for the job he wants rather than the one he has. Francis starts a new company with two friends.
CONCEPT
Establishing a Consistent Value System 16
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An argument is invalid, but the conclusion is true. Which of the following terms best describes the argument? Unsound Uncogent Cogent Sound
CONCEPT
Evaluating an Argument 17
"Capital punishment is morally acceptable if it prevents more people from being murdered."
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To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? Egoism Virtue-based ethics Kantian deontology Utilitarianism
CONCEPT
Case Study: Capital Punishment 18
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Which of the following is an advantage of divine command theory? Divine command theory is often associated with motivations for being moral. Divine command theory aims to satisfy personal needs. Divine command theory prioritizes intent over outcome. Divine command theory is about personal development.
CONCEPT
Support for Divine Command Theory 19
What is the goal of philosophy? To gain self-knowledge To pursue truth To justify beliefs To persuade others
CONCEPT
Introduction to Philosophy 20
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Jimmy is a nurse who cares for the aging Mr. Buckner in New York City. Mr. Buckner is a very wealthy man who has saved a lot of money over the years. One day, Mr. Buckner takes Jimmy aside and tells him that he has decided what to do with his money after he dies. Mr. Buckner tells Jimmy that he wants Jimmy to give all of the money to the New York Knicks basketball team. He makes Jimmy promise three times that he will do this. Jimmy thinks Mr. Buckner has gone crazy, but Mr. Buckner dies before they can discuss it further. Which action is supported by utilitarianism but intuitively seems unethical? Jimmy does what he promised and gives Mr. Buckner’s fortune to the New York Knicks. Jimmy breaks his promise to Mr. Buckner and instead donates the money to a basketball league that helps inner city youth. Jimmy breaks his promise to Mr. Buckner and uses the money to pay for an operation his mother needs. Jimmy decides to keep Mr. Buckner’s fortune for himself, as payment for all his work.
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