Introduction to Psychology Unit 1 Challenge 1 1. The overall goal of psychology is to __________. A: benefit humanity 2. Which psychologist introduced the theory stating that human behavior can be broken down into basic parts? A: Wilhelm Wundt 3. The founder of psychodynamic theory is __________. A: Sigmund Freud 4. Which psychologist adapted the concept of classical conditioning to study its impact on the creation and development of a person's mind and personality? A: John Watson 5. Which of the following psychologists was one of the founders of Gestalt theory? A: Max Wertheimer 6. All of the following are studied in cognitive psychology, EXCEPT: A: Stimulus-response reactions 7. Which of the following is a concept of humanist psychology? A: Client-centered therapy 8. The biological perspective focuses specifically on __________. A: brain structures and their function in mental processes and behavior 9. A person who focuses on the psychological perspective would think that __________. A: each person can have a different experience of an event, due to internal processes. 10. The sociocultural perspective examines __________. A: relationships and their effect on individual behavior Challenge 2 1. Which specialization of psychology studies how children acquire the cognitive skills necessary for language? A: Developmental psychology 2. The goal of community psychology is to __________. A: promote mental health and social justice 3. In industrial/organizational psychology, __________ is studied. A: how to improve work environments and relationships 4. Health psychology __________. A: studies the relationship between people's behavior and their physical well-being 5. Scientific research must be empirical, measurable, reasonable, and __________. A: replicable 6. Deception may be used in a psychology experiment __________. A: only when it is necessary for the subject, and does not inflict serious harm on him or her Challenge 3
1. The placebo effect of psychotherapy is related to __________. A: a patient's expectation that therapy will help him or her 2. An important factor that distinguishes humanistic therapy from other therapies is that humanistic therapy __________. A: is focused on conscious thought 3. The purpose of behavioral therapy, from the client's perspective, is to __________. A: unlearn unhealthy behaviors and learn healthy ones 4. Psychoanalysis uses free association, which __________. A: enables a patient to say whatever comes to mind, sometimes in response to ambiguous stimuli 5. Which of the following is an example of a group therapy? A: Family therapy 6. The most widely used tool for identifying and classifying mental disorders in the US is _______________________. A: the DSM 7. Which therapy uses electrical currents that are passed through the brain, causing memory loss? A: Electroconvulsive therapy 8. Select the true statement about community mental health centers. A: They make mental health care more accessible to people who live in that community. Milestone 1 1. To be considered scientific, psychological research must be which of the following? A: Replicable 2. Which of the following is a principle of the biological perspective that emphasizes the role of genetics and natural selection in the development of human behavior? 3. To ensure that psychologists work according to consistent criteria, the American Psychological Association publishes a guide to help them identify and classify mental disorders. This guide is called the __________. A: DSM-5 4. Behaviorists study __________. A: the effects of learning and the environment on behavior 5. Developmental psychologists study which of the following areas? A: How individuals grow over the course of their lives 6. This Austrian therapist began treating patients for nervous disorders and hysteria in 1886. He developed a new theory of the mind, as well as stages of psychosexual development. Who was this therapist? A: Sigmund Freud 7. Which type of therapy is action-based and focuses on unlearning negative behavior responses? A: Behavioral therapy 8. Which school of psychology was influenced by Wilhelm Wundt’s theory that mental events can be broken down into smaller, basic components? A: Structuralism 9. Which type of therapy involves a number of participants who have the same problem? A: Support group
10. Even if psychotherapy is not expected to be effective, a patient's belief that he or she will get better by taking part in psychotherapy may improve his or her condition. When this kind of improvement occurs, it is called which of the following? A: Placebo effect 11. Which movement led to a reduction in the number of patients who are confined to mental hospitals for long periods of time? A: Deinstitutionalization 12. Which of the following schools of psychology combines thoughts and conditioning to explain why individuals do the things they do? A: Cognitive behaviorism 13. Social differences, including gender, sexual orientation, culture, ethnicity, and __________, are studied from a sociocultural perspective. A: economic status 14. Rita has been feeling disinterested and hopeless, so she begins meeting with a psychiatrist. Which of the following classes of medication is the psychiatrist most likely to use in treating Rita? A: Antidepressants 15. Erika is participating in client-centered therapy. The therapist allows Erika to guide the sessions according to what she thinks is best for her. Erika’s therapist uses the therapeutic technique of reflection, in which __________. A: the therapist does not interpret what the client says, or offer advice 16. A person who could benefit from psychoanalysis might display which of the following symptoms? A: Acting defensive as a result of repressed anger and resentment 17. Which school of psychology focuses on client-centered therapy, as well as an individual’s perspective and subjective experience? A: Humanistic view 18. Gestalt theory is the study of __________. A: whole and complete mental events (i.e., events are not broken down into components for study) 19. Practitioners of which of the following professions must have earn a medical degree in order to practice? A: Psychiatrist 20. Which of the following is covered by the APA Professional Code of Conduct for Psychologists? A: All of the answer choices are correct. 21. Which of the following psychologists is a humanist? A: Abraham Maslow 22. Those who practice social psychology examine relationships between people and concepts, such as __________. A: conformity, persuasion, friendship, and aggression Unit 2 Challenge 1 1. DNA is important because __________.
A: it is the biological basis of inheritance— the passing of genetic information from parents to offspring 2. __________ are studied in developmental psychology. A: People of all ages 3. Select the true statement about a recessive gene. A: It must be paired with another recessive gene to be expressed. 4. Which of the following behaviors are humans biologically predisposed to learn? A: All of the answer choices are correct. 5. Congenital problems occur __________. A: in the womb 6. __________ describes an environment, in which a child is raised, that does not provide much stimulation. A: Deprivation 7. The reaction range can be thought of as which of the following? A: A person's tendency towards certain things in response to the environment 8. The basic mental constructs around which people group new information are called __________. A: schema 9. Which of the following stages typically covers the first two years of growth? A: Sensorimotor stage 10. Full cognitive development at the formal operational stage means being able to __________. A: form hypotheses 11. A mental representation of a place that enables a person to remember and better navigate it is called __________. A: a cognitive map 12. All of the following are elements of an effective observational learning model, EXCEPT: A: Receiving feedback about the performance of an action Challenge 2 1. A child who experiences strong paternal influence would most likely express traits in which of the following areas? A: Physical development and play 2. Which parenting style is practiced by a parent who is involved in the child's life, but does not set boundaries or restrictions on the child's behavior? A: Permissive parenting 3. According to psychologist Mary Ainsworth, which type of attachment occurs as a result of inconsistent responses from the parent(s)? A: Insecure-ambivalent attachment 4. Early social development involves learning a range of emotions to communicate. One important early milestone is __________. A: a social smile 5. When is the sensitive period for language development? A: 2-5 years old
6. Emotions begin to develop at around 8 months of age, with the development of __________. A: the social smile 7. Cognitively, adolescence is a period when a person experiences __________. A: the development of egocentrism 8. According to Erikson, people are concerned with __________ during the period after 30 years old. A: increasing psychological and physical investments 9. Which of the following is one of the five reactions to death? A: Depression Challenge 3 1. Under sociocultural theory, a person learns how to do something by progressing from being able to do it with assistance, to being able to do it alone. This is referred to as __________. A: the zone of proximal development 2. In which stage of development is toilet training an important event? A: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3. At which stage is a person concerned with guiding and teaching the next generation? A: Generativity vs. stagnation 4. Displaying the characteristics of an appropriately-developed adult is called __________. A: maturity 5. Which psychologist is known for the theory of moral development? A: Lawrence Kohlberg Milestone 2 1. Starting at around 18 months old, childhood development is focused on which of the following? A: Self-awareness 2. Which of the following indicates temporary support that helps someone to learn a new skill? A: Scaffolding 3. Which of the following indicates the total effect that a mother has on her child? A: Maternal influence 4. Bill is curious and likes to use his imagination. He often takes apart objects that he finds around the house to see what they are made of. Bill's parents do not like it when Bill disassembles things at home, so they scold him and discourage this behavior. Bill is engaging in exploitative play and asserting control over the environment, but often wonders whether he is being good or bad, based on the reaction of his parents. Which of the following stages of psychosocial development is Bill experiencing? A: Initiative vs. guilt 5. Cindy was born with a small head, a low birth weight, and mental retardation — symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome. The alcohol that Cindy’s mother consumed during pregnancy is considered which of the following? A: A teratogen