Application files For Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, An, 3rd Edition by Robert D Holtz, W

A

4 0 m B

C

A

1 5 m

4 0 m B

C A

=

4 0 m

E

F

B

1 5 m

D E

F D

4 0 m

E

A

8 ' B

C

A

=

8 '

E

F

2 '

8 ' B

C

8 '

D E

2 ' A

F

8 '

B

D

E

5 .0 4 .5 4 .0 3 .5 3 .0 2 .5 2 .0 1 .5 1 .0 0 .5

E q u a tio n , 0 = f(B )

1 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 -5 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 5 0 0 -2 0 0 0

B = 1 .1 m 0 .4

0 .6

0 .8

1 .0 B (m )

1 .2

1 .4

F S

2 0 0 0

B

3 m C

2 .5 m O

E D

=

O

2 m

3 m D

2 .5 m

E 2 .5 m

2 F

G H

F

-

O

G

2 m D

2 .5 m

H

2 F

I

B =

4

C a

se

L /

B =

1

0 .4

L / se

0 .0 0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0 2 .5 3 .0 3 .5 4 .0 4 .5 5 .0 5 .5 6 .0 6 .5 7 .0 7 .5

0 .2

C a

z fro m

fo u n d a tio n b a s e (m )

0 .0

0 .6

0 .8

1 .0

Q1=121 kips

Q2=180 kips Q=201 kips

x=9.6’

L2=0.5’

L3=16’ L=20.1’

L1=3.6’

B=3.7’

0

5 0 0

6 0 0

0

1 0 0

u (p sf) 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0

5 0 0

6 0 0

1 2

1 0 8 .1

1 0

1 0 2 8

0

8

3 0 5 .5

1

H e ig h t fro m

b a s e (ft)

1 2

1 0 0

σ'h ( p s f ) 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0

6

6 4

4 3 0

2

5

4 2 5 2 9 .7

0

4 9 9 .2

Q α

β

H

b

θ−α

180−β+δ−θ+φ' P a

W

s

R

P a

β

θ

Q W

R

H

β−δ

θ−φ'

σh ( p s f ) 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0

H e ig h t fro m

b a s e (ft)

-1 8 0

2 8 2 4 1

2 0

8 4 0

1 2 6 0

1 6 1 2 8 2 0

4 5 0 9 0

-2 0 0

H e ig h t fro m

b a s e (ft)

2 2

-1 0 0

σ'h ( p s f ) 0 1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

-1 4 2 .3

-5 0 0 2 2 2 0

1 8

1 8

1 6

1 6

1 4

1 4

1 2

1 2 1 0 1

1 5 0 0

-3 1 2 .0

2 0

1 0 8 6 4 2 0

0

u (p sf) 5 0 0 1 0 0 0

2 8 6 4 2

2 4 8 .3

0

1 1 2 3 .2

-1 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

-5 0 0 2 0

1 8

1 2

1 2

1 0 8 6 4 2 0

1 0

P iv o t c o r r e c tio n

1 6 1 4

0

u (p sf) 5 0 0 1 0 0 0

1 5 0 0

-1 2 4 .8

b a s e (ft)

-4 5 .1

H e ig h t fro m

2 0

0

σ'h ( p s f ) 1 0 0 2 0 0

1 8

P iv o t c o r r e c tio n

1 6 1 4

8 6 4 3 7 8 .6

1 0

o

0

2 1 1 2 3 .2

σ'h ( p s f ) -2 0 0 -1 5 0 -1 0 0 -5 0 0 -1 4 5 .9

1 0 8

9

1 0 0 0

2 0 0

8 0 0

1 1 1 0 P iv o t c o r r e c tio n 9 8

7

7 6

6 5

5 4

4 3

3

H e ig h t fro m

b a s e (ft)

1 1

5 0

u (p sf) 4 0 0 6 0 0

2 2 1

7 7 .4

0

1 1 5

o

0

6 8 6 .4

1 0 0 0

-5 0 0

H e ig h t fro m

b a s e (ft)

6 0

σ'h ( p s f ) 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

1 5 0 0 6 0

-6 0

5 5

P iv o t c o r r e c tio n

5 0 4 5

-1 0 0 0

4 0

u (p sf) 1 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0

3 0 0 0

-1 2 4 8 .0

5 0 0 .0

4 0

P iv o t c o r r e c tio n

3 5 3 0

3 0 2 5

2 0

2 0 1 5

1 0

1 0 0

5 1 0 0 1 .9

0

2 4 9 6 .0

0

1 0 0 0

σ'h ( p s f ) 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0

4 0 0 0

H e ig h t fro m

b a s e (ft)

6 0 0

5 5 5 0 4 5 4 0 3 5 3 0 2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 5

3 8 5 0

0

-4 0 0

0

σh ( p s f ) 4 0 0 8 0 0

1 2 0 0 1 6 0 0

b a s e (ft)

1 6

H e ig h t fro m

1 8

1 0

-2 0 0

P iv o t c o r r e c tio n

1 4 1 2 8 6

0

2

4 1 1 6 0

0 6

5

σ'h ( p s f ) 1 0 1 5 2 0

2 5

3 0 6

-3 0

b a s e (ft)

0 .3 1

4

4 3

3 2

2 1

1

H e ig h t fro m

5

1 9 .6 9

2 0

3 0

-2 9 .4

5

0

-2 0

u (p sf) -1 0 0 1 0

P iv o t c o r r e c tio n

0

0 .0

2 9 .4

1 0

4 0

5 0

5

1 0

0

2 0

u (k P a ) 4 0 6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 0

2

0

1 9 .1 6

8

8

H e ig h t fro m

b a se (m )

0

σ'h ( k P a ) 2 0 3 0

6

6 1 3 4 2 4

0

2

4

4 8

0

5 8 3 .3 8 5

-1 0 0

H e ig h t fro m

b a s e (ft)

2 0 1 5

0

σ'h ( p s f ) 1 0 0 2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

-6 1 .4 2

2 0

-1 2 4 .8

P iv o t c o r r e c tio n

1 5

P iv o t c o r r e c tio n

1 0

1 0

5

5 3 1 0 .9 6

0

0

u (p sf) 4 0 0 8 0 0

0

1 1 2 3 .2

1 2 0 0

0

H e ig h t fro m

b a s e (ft)

1 8

1 0 0

σ'h ( k s f ) 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0

5 0 0

1 0 0

5 0 0

6 0 0

1 6 1 4 1

1 2 1 0 8 6 4 2 0

0 1 8

0

1 6 1 4

6 0 0

u (k sf) 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0

1 2 2 7 8 .9

1 0

0 .0

8 2

6 3

4

5 4 1 .4

4 0

2

5 6 1 .6

0

H e ig h t fro m

b a s e (ft)

2 5

2 0 0

σ'h ( p s f ) 4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0 0

2 0 0

u (p sf) 4 0 0 6 0 0

8 0 0

1 0 0 0

2 5 0

2 0

2 0 1 3 4 5 .7

1 5

0

1 5

1 0

1 0 2 5

5

0

3 6 0 8 .3

0

4 9 3 6

σ'h ( p s f ) 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

H e ig h t fro m

b a s e (ft)

6 0

1 5 0 0 0

u (p sf) 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0

3 0 0 0

6 0 0

5 0

5 0 1

6 7 5 .9 6

4 0

0

4 0 3 0

3 0 2 0

2 0

1 0

2 3

1 0

0

1 3 5 9 .3 1

0

4 2 4 9 6

σh ( p s f ) 0

H e ig h t fro m

b a s e (ft)

6 0

1 0 0 0

2 0 0 0

3 0 0 0

4 0 0 0

0

5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0

3 8 5 0

0

2

σ'h ( k s f ) 4 6 8

1 0

1 2

0 .0

0 .5

H e ig h t fro m

b a s e (ft)

2 .7

2 0

2 0 1

1 5

1 5

1 0 5 2

0

5 3 4

0

1 0

9 .1

1 0 .7

5 0

0 .5

u (k sf) 1 .0

1 .5

2 .0

0

H e ig h t fro m

b a s e (ft)

2 6 2 4

2 0 0

σ'h ( k s f ) 4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

1 8

5 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 6 0

2 4

2 2 2 0

0

u (k sf) 1 0 0

2 2 2 0 1

1 8

2 6 3 .2 5

1 6

1 4

1 4

1 2

1 2

1 0 8 6 4 2 0

1 0

0 .0

1 6

2

8 3 6

7 5 1 .1

4 0

2

4

1 5 7 .0

-6 -4 -2 0

0

1 z (m )

2

6

5

4

3

2

x (m m ) 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0

τ( k P a ) 1 0 0

2 6 .6 o

8 0 1 0 0

6 0 4 0 2 0 6 2 .9

1 9 7 .0 8

1 3 0

0 0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

1 6 0

1 8 0 2 0 0 σ( k P a )

N e w c o n s o lid a tio n lin e m

m

τ( k P a ) 3 0 0

E ffe c tiv e : 3 0 .3 o

2 5 0 2 0 0

T o ta l: 1 6 .3 o

1 5 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

3 5 0

4 0 0

4 5 0

5 0 0

5 5 0 6 0 0 σ( k P a )

τ( k P a ) 6 0 0

E ffe c tiv e : 3 3 .9 o

5 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

6 0 0

7 0 0

8 0 0

9 0 0 1 0 0 0 σ( k P a )

3 0 0

S tre s s (k P a )

2 5 0 2 0 0 1 5 0 1 0 0 D e v . stre ss P o re w a te r p re ssu re

5 0 0 0

2

4

6

8

1 0

S tr a in ( % )

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

τ( k P a ) 4 0 0

2 6 .6 o ( e ffe c tiv e )

3 0 0 1 5 o ( to ta l)

2 0 0 1 0 0 2 4 3

0 0

1 0 0

1 7

8

2 0 0

5

6

3 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

6 0 0

7 0 0

8 0 0 9 0 0 σ( k P a )

τ( k P a ) 6 0 0 5 0 0

N C :

φ' = 3 0 . 5 o

4 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

2 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 2 0 0 σ( k P a )

τ( k P a ) 3 0 0

φ' = 3 0 o φΤ= 2 3 . 6 o

2 0 0

1 0 0

0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

6 0 0 σ( k P a )

D e v ia to ric S tre s s (k P a )

5 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

P o re w a te r p re s s u re s (k P a )

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8 2 0 S tr a in ( % )

1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8 2 0 S tr a in ( % )

6 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 -4 0 0 -6 0 0 -8 0 0 -1 0 0 0

0

2

4

6

8

q (k P a ) 2 5 0 0 E S P

T S P 2 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0

5 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 5 0 0

2 0 0 0

2 5 0 0

3 0 0 0

3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 p ,p ' ( k P a )

q (k P a ) 1 5 0 1 0 0 L E a n d A C - E S P A C - T S P L E - T S P

5 0 0 0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

3 5 0

4 0 0

4 5 0 5 0 0 p ,p ' (k P a )

D e v ia to ric S tre s s (k P a )

3 0 0 A C & L E 2 0 0

1 0 0

0

P o re w a te r p re s s u re s (k P a )

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

1 4

2 5 0 2 0 0 1 5 0 1 0 0 5 0

1 8 2 0 S tr a in ( % )

A C

L E 0

-5 0 -1 0 0

1 6

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8 2 0 S tr a in ( % )

q (k P a )

E S P -C D

E S P -C U

p '(k P a )

τ( M P a ) 1 .2

φ' = 2 5 o

_ _

_ _

_ _

_

_ _

_ _

_ _

- 0 .4

_ _

_ _

_ _

_ _ _ _

0 .4

_ _

_ _

B

_ _

0 .0

o

_ _

_ _

_ _

C _ _

_ _

α= 3 2 . 5 o

_ _

_ _ _ _

α= 5 7 . 5

o

_ _

_ _

0 .0

_ _

_ _

- 0 .8

α= 5 7 . 5

_ _

0 .4 A

_ _

_ _

_

_

_ _

_ _

0 .8

0 .8

1 .2

1 .6

2 .0

_ _

_ _ _

2 .4 σ( M P a )

q (M P a ) 1 .0 B 0 .5 A 0 .0 - 1 .5

- 1 .0

- 0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5 p ' (M P a )

- 0 .5

- 1 .0

C

τ( k P a ) 1 0 8

φ' = 2 4 . 5 o

α=_ _ 3 2 . 7 o

6

_ _

_ _

_ _ _ _

_ _

_ _

0 2

4

_ _

_ _

_ _

_ _

A C

6

_ _

_ _

_ _

_

_ _

A E

_ _

_ _

_ _

2 0

_ _

_ _

o

_ _

α= 3 _ 2 _ . 7

4

_ _

_

α= 5 7 . 3 o

8

1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

_ _

L C

_ _ 1 8

_ 2 0 σ( k P a )

τ( k P a ) 3 0 0

φ' = 2 8 . 2 o , c ' = 2 0 k P a ( e ffe c tiv e ) φ= 1 9 o , c ' = 2 8 k P ( to ta l)

2 0 0

1 0 0 A (t)

A (e )

B (t)

B (e )

C (t)

C (e )

0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

6 0 0

7 0 0 σ( k P a )

τ( k P a ) 3 0 0

φ' = 2 8 . 2 o , c ' = 2 0 k P a ( e ffe c tiv e )

φ= 1 9 , c ' = 2 8 k P a ( to ta l) o

2 0 0 1 0 0 B (e )

A (t) A (e )

C (t)

B (t)

C (e )

0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

6 0 0

7 0 0 8 0 0 σ( k P a )

P o re w a te r p re s s u re s (k P a )

D e v ia to ric S tre s s (k P a )

6

5

4

3

2

1

0 0

0 2

2 4

4 6

6 8

6

5

4

3

2

1

0 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 S tr a in ( % )

1 0 1 2 1 4 S tr a in ( % )

q (k P a ) 6 5 4

T S P

E S P 3 2 1 0 0

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

1 4 p ,p ' ( k P a )

q (k P a ) 1 .5 L E -T S P

A C -T S P

A C -E S P

2 .0

2 .5

1 .0

0 .5

0 .0 - 0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5

3 .0 p ,p ' ( k P a )

0

2

4

6

S tr a in ( % ) 8 1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

0 .0 - 0 .5

∆u /∆σ' c

- 1 .0 - 1 .5 - 2 .0 - 2 .5 - 3 .0

L E T r ia x ia l T e s t

1 8

q (k P a ) 2 0 0

_ _ _ _ _

1 5 0 1 0 0 5 0

_ _ _ 0 0

_ _ _

_ E S P_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

_

ο ψ=24.6 _ _ ψ=18ο _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4 0 0

T S P

5 0 0

6 0 0 p ,p ' ( k P a )

1 .6 1 .4 A

A

1 .2

f

= 0 .8 0

1 .0 0 .8 0 .6 0 .4 0 .2 0 .0 0 .0

0 .2

0 .4

0 .6

0 .8 1 .0 S tr a in ( % )

1 .2

1 .4

1 .6

q (k P a ) 2 0 0

_ _ _ _ _

1 5 0 1 0 0 5 0

_ _ _ 0 0

_ _ _

_

ο ψ=24.6 _ _ ψ=18ο _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

T S P (L C ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ E S _ _P _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ T S P -(A C ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

6 0 0 p ,p ' ( k P a )

1 2 0 A C

1 0 0 8 0 6 0

∆u ( k P a )

4 0 2 0 0 -2 0 -4 0

0 .0

0 .1

0 .2

0 .3

0 .4

0 .5

0 .6

0 .7 L E

0 .8

0 .9

1 .0

S tr a in ( % )

q (k P a ) 1 5 0 E S P T S P

1 0 0 5 0 0 0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

3 5 0 4 0 0 p ,p ' ( k P a )

q (k P a ) 6 0 E S P T S P 4 0

_ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _

_ _ _

_ _ _ _ _

2 0

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

o _ 2 3 .2

1 _ 4 _ ._ 2 _ o _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1 2 0

1 4 0 p ,p ' ( k P a )

q (k P a ) 3 0 E S P (T -u o)S P T S P

2 0

1 0

0 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0 p ,p ' ( k P a )

3 .0 2 .5

H

2 .0 1 .5 1 .0 0 .5 0 .0 0 .0

0 .5

1 .0 F S

1 .5

2 .0

_ _

p ,p ' ( k P a )

_ _

_ _

0

_ _

0

_ _

_ _ _ _

_ _ 4 0 _ _ _

8 0

_ _

_ _

_ _

_ _

-4 0

_ _

_ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

q (k P a )

_ _ _ _

-8 0

_ _ _ _

-1 2 0

_ _

_ _

1 2 0

_ _

_ _ _

1 6 0

0 .8 N C O C

(σ' 1−σ' 3)/2σ' e

0 .6

β= 3 . 8 o

c 3 = 0 .4 5 0 .4 0 .2 0 .0 0 .0

0 .1

0 .2

0 .3

0 .4

0 .5 0 .6 σ' 3/σ' e

0 .7

0 .8

0 .9

1 .0

1 .1

1 .1 0 1 .0 5 1 .0 0

e

0 .9 5 0 .9 0 0 .8 5 0 .8 0 1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0 σ' 3

4 0 0

5 0 0 6 0 0 7 0 0 8 0 0

∆u = 0 . 5 M P a

τ T o ta l E ffe c tiv e u = 0 .5 M P a

σ

∆u = 0 . 2 5 M P a

τ

T o ta l E ffe c tiv e u = 0 .2 5 M P a

σ

3 0 0 0 2 5 0 0

S = 1 0 0 % S = 9 0 % S = 8 0 % S = 7 0 % S = 6 0 % S = 5 0 % S = 4 0 % S = 3 0 % S = 2 0 % S = 1 0 %

ρd ( k g / m

3

)

2 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5 w (% )

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 0

5 5

2 0

w (% )

1 9 1 8 1 7 1 6 1 5 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

T im e in o v e n ( m in )

9

1 0

1 1

3 0 2 5

S = 1 0 0 % S = 9 0 % S = 8 0 % S = 7 0 % S = 6 0 % S = 5 0 % S = 4 0 % S = 3 0 % S = 2 0 % S = 1 0 %

γd ( k N / m

3

)

2 0 1 5 1 0 5 0 0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5 w (% )

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 0

5 5

1 8 0 1 6 0 S = 1 0 0 % S = 9 0 % S = 8 0 % S = 7 0 % S = 6 0 % S = 5 0 % S = 4 0 % S = 3 0 % S = 2 0 % S = 1 0 %

1 4 0

γd ( p c f )

1 2 0 1 0 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 0 0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5 w (% )

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 0

5 5

3 0 0 0 2 8 0 0

ρd ( k g / m

3

)

2 6 0 0 2 4 0 0

ρs = 2 6 0 0 k g / m 3

ρs = 2 6 5 0 k g / m 3

2 2 0 0

ρs = 2 7 0 0 k g / m 3

ρs = 2 7 5 0 k g / m 3

ρs = 2 8 0 0 k g / m 3

2 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5 w (% )

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 0

5 5

V o lu m e ( c m

3

)

M a ss (g )

V w a x= 3 6 .2 8

W a x

V a = 4 9 .3 6

A ir

V v= 5 3 .7 9 V w = 4 .4 3 t= 1 2 0 . 7 V s= 6 6 .9 3

M

w a x =

3 4 .1

M M

W a te r

S o lid s

M

w =

s=

t=

4 .4 3

1 7 7 .4

1 8 1 .1

V o lu m e ( m

3

)

V a = 0 .5

M a ss (k g ) A ir M

V v= 9 V t= 1 0

V w = 8 .5

W a te r

V s= 1

S o lid s

M

M

t=

1 1 3 0 2

w =

8 5 5 2

s=

2 7 5 0

P e rc e n t fin e r b y w e ig h t o r m a s s

2 "

1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0

1 "

1 /2 "

# 4

# 1 0

# 4 0

# 1 0 0

# 2 0 0

1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0

1 0 0

1 0

1

0 .1

0 .0 1

0 .0 0 1

G r a in s iz e ( m m ) L e g e n d : S o il A ,

S o il B ,

S o il C ,

S o il D ,

S o il E ,

S o il F

4 3

w = 6 2 .4 9 - 1 5 .7 lo g ( N ) 1 5 .7

w (% )

4 2

1

4 1 4 0 3 9 3 8 1 5

2 0

2 5

N u m b e r o f b lo w s , N

3 0

3 5

V o lu m e ( m

3

)

V a = 0 .1 4

W e ig h t ( k N ) A ir W t= 2 0 . 9

V v= 0 .2 8 V t= 1

V w = 0 .1 4

W a te r

V s= 0 .7 2

S o lid s

W

W

w =

1 .4

s=

1 9 .5

P e rc e n t fin e r b y w e ig h t o r m a s s

2 "

1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0

1 "

1 /2 "

# 4

# 1 0

# 4 0

# 1 0 0

# 2 0 0

1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0

0

0 1 0 0

1 0

1 G r a in s iz e ( m m )

0 .1

0 .0 1

P e rc e n t fin e r b y w e ig h t o r m a s s

2 "

1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0

1 "

1 /2 "

# 4

# 1 0

# 4 0

# 1 0 0

# 2 0 0

1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0

0

0 1 0 0

1 0

1 G r a in s iz e ( m m )

0 .1

0 .0 1

P e rc e n t fin e r b y w e ig h t o r m a s s

2 "

1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0

1 "

1 /2 "

# 4

# 1 0

# 4 0

# 1 0 0

# 2 0 0

1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0

0

0 1 0 0

1 0

1 G r a in s iz e ( m m )

0 .1

0 .0 1

P e rc e n t fin e r b y w e ig h t o r m a s s

2 "

1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0

1 "

1 /2 "

# 4

# 1 0

# 4 0

# 1 0 0

# 2 0 0

1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0

0

0 1 0 0

1 0

1 G r a in s iz e ( m m )

0 .1

0 .0 1

P e rc e n t fin e r b y w e ig h t o r m a s s

2 "

1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0

1 "

1 /2 "

# 4

# 1 0

# 4 0

# 1 0 0

# 2 0 0

1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0

S o il A S o il B 0

0 1 0 0

1 0

1 G r a in s iz e ( m m )

0 .1

0 .0 1

P e rc e n t fin e r b y w e ig h t o r m a s s

2 "

1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0

1 "

1 /2 "

# 4

# 1 0

# 4 0

# 1 0 0

# 2 0 0

1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0

0

0 1 0 0

1 0

1 G r a in s iz e ( m m )

0 .1

0 .0 1

V o lu m e ( m

3

)

V a= 0

M a ss (k g ) A ir M

V v= 0 .3 4 2 V t= 1

V w = 0 .3 4 2

W a te r

V s= 0 .6 5 8

S o lid s

M

M

t=

w =

3 4 2

s=

1 7 0 8

2 0 5 0

5 0

w (% )

4 9 4 8 4 7 4 6 4 5 2 0

2 5

3 0

N u m b e r o f b lo w s , N

3 5

1 0 8 w o p t= 1 7 . 7 %

1 0 7

γd m a x = 1 0 6 p c f

1 0 6 w = 1 5 .7 %

1 9 .7 %

γd ( p c f )

1 0 5 1 0 4 A c c e p ta b le re g io n

1 0 3 1 0 2

0 . 9 5 γd m a x

1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8 ω( % )

2 0

2 2

2 4

2 6

2 0 0 0 S = 7 0 %

8 0 %

1 9 5 0

A (M o d ifie d ) B (S ta n d a rd ) C (L o w e n e rg y )

9 0 %

1 9 0 0 Z A V L in e (S = 1 0 0 % )

ρd ( k g / m

3

)

1 8 5 0 L O O L in e o f O p tim u m s

1 8 0 0 1 7 5 0 1 7 0 0 1 6 5 0 1 6 0 0 6

8

1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6 ω( % )

1 8

2 0

2 2

2 4

2 6

1 1 7 , γd m a x = 1 1 5 . 1 p c f

w o p t= 1 6 %

1 1 6 1 1 5

γd ( p c f )

1 1 4 0 . 9 5 γd m a x

1 1 3

w = 1 2 .1 %

1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0

d ry o f o p tim u m

1 0 9

w e t o f o p tim u m

1 0 8 8

1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6 ω( % )

1 8

2 0

2 2

1 1 0

w o p t= 1 9 . 8 % γd m a x = 1 0 5 p c f

1 0 5 0 . 9 5 γd m a x

γd ( p c f )

1 0 0

2 3 .5 %

w = 1 6 .2 %

9 5 9 0 8 5 8

1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

ω( % )

2 0

2 2

2 4

2 6

5 0 4 0

L U -

P la s tic ity in d e x , P I

3 0 2 0

in e L A -

in e

1 0 0 -1 0 -2 0 -3 0 -4 0 -5 0 -5 0 -4 0 -3 0 -2 0 -1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

L iq u id L im it, L L

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0 1 0 0

P re ssu re (k P a ) 0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

0 2

T o ta l s tre s s P o re p re s s u re E f f e c tiv e s tr e s s

5 6 .4 0

4

9 2 .5

1 9 .1 7 3 .4

D e p th (m )

6 8 5 8 .4

9 8 .5

1 5 6 .9

1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6

1 2 7 .1

1 5 1 .6

2 7 8 .7

0

1

P re ssu re (k sf) 3 4 5 6 7 2

8

9

0 T o ta l s tre s s P o re p re s s u re E f f e c tiv e s tr e s s

5 1 0

3 .8 2 0

1 5 D e p th (m )

2 0 2 5

0 .8 1

4 .5 7

5 .3 8

3 0 3 5 1 .6 2

5 .3 2

6 .9 4

4 0 4 5 2 .2 5

5 0

5 .9 1

8 .1 6

1 0

0

2 0

P re ssu re (k P a ) 4 0 6 0

8 0

1 0 0

0 T o ta l s tre s s P o re p re s s u re E f f e c t iv e s t r e s s

1 2 D e p th (m )

0

2 6 .5

3 0

4 6 .4

4

5 0 .5

5 5 .4

6

5 2 4 .5

7 0 .1

9 4 .7

0

P re ssu re (k P a ) 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0

5 0

2 5 0

0 T o ta l s tre s s P o re p re s s u re E f f e c tiv e s tr e s s

2 4 9 .5 0

4 2 9 .4 7 4 .1

6 D e p th (m )

3 9 .2

8 3

8

1 0 3 .5 1 2 2 .2

1 0 1 2

2 1 5 .7

1 2 7 .4

8 8 .3

1 4 1 6 1 8

1 2 7 .5

1 6 3

2 9 0 .5

3 0 0

5 0 4 0

U -

P la s tic ity in d e x , P I

3 0

ne L i

L A F

in e

C

2 0 1 0 A 0

B

∆p i = + 5 . 0 3

E

-1 0 -2 0 -3 0 -4 0 -5 0

S L f o r Β= 25.8

-5 0 -4 0 -3 0 -2 0 -1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

L iq u id L im it, L L

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0 1 0 0

Fluid Flow in Soils and Rock

Chapter 7

7-14 SOLUTION:

Case I top

Dg w

utop

Dg w

'top

0

bot

Lg sat

Dg w

ubot

(L D)g w

'bot

Lg '

Dg w

'top

'bot

L sat

D w

L w

D w g Lg( sat

(L D h)g w

'bot

Lg sat

L D L D h g w

'bot

Lg sat

hg w

w

) Lg '

Case II top

Dg w

utop

bot

Lg sat

(L D)g w

'bot

Lg sat

hg w

ubot

0 Lg sat

Case III top

Dg w

utop

Dg w

bot

Lg sat

(L D)g w

'top ubot

0

(L D h)g w

Case IV top

0

utop

bot

Lg sat

0

'top

0

ubot

(L h)g w

0

'top

'bot

Lg sat

(L h)g w

Case V top

0

utop

bot

(d)g dry

'bot

d dry

(L d)g sat L sat

d sat

0 ubot

L w

(L d hc )g w

d w

hc w g

d

dry

sat

w

L

sat

w

hc w g

hg w

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

15 ft

4 ft

20ft 40 ft

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

15 ft

1 8 2 7 B 3 6 45

C

40 ft

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

20 ft

4 ft

P e rc e n t fin e r b y w e ig h t o r m a s s

2 "

1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0

1 "

1 /2 "

# 4

# 1 0

# 4 0

# 1 0 0

# 2 0 0

1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0

1 0 0

1 0

1

0 .1

0 .0 1

G r a in s iz e ( m m ) L e g e n d :

S o il A ,

S o il B ,

S o il C

0 .0 0 1

P e rc e n t fin e r b y w e ig h t o r m a s s

2 "

1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0

1 "

1 /2 "

# 4

# 1 0

# 4 0

# 1 0 0

# 2 0 0

1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0

1 0 0

1 0

1

0 .1

0 .0 1

G r a in s iz e ( m m ) L e g e n d :

S o il A ,

S o il B ,

S o il C

0 .0 0 1

0 2 4 6 ε( % )

8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 1

1 0

1 0 0 σ' v o ( k P a )

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0

1 .1 1 .0 0 .9

e

0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .0 1

0 .1

1 σ' v o ( T S F )

1 0

1 0 0

3 .0

e

2 .8

σp '

e o

3 .0

O C R = 1

2 .8

1 :(4 1 ,2 .7 6 )

2 .6

2 .4

2 .4

2 .2

2 .2

2 .0

2 .0

e

2 .6

1 .8

1 .8

1 .6

1 .6

1 .4

1 .4 0 .4 2 e o

1 .2 1 .0 1

1 0

1 0 0 σ' v o ( k P a )

2

1 .2

(6 7 7 ,1 .1 5 )

1 .0

1 0 0 0

e o

1 :(1 5 ,2 .7 1 )

σp '

O C R = 2 .5

2 :(4 2 ,2 .6 5 )

1

0 .4 2 e o

3 (6 7 7 ,1 .1 5 )

1 0

1 0 0 σ' v o ( k P a )

1 0 0 0

u (k P a ) 0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

0 u o

2 u

u i = 1 0 0 k P a a t t = 0

4 6

D e p th (m )

8 1 0

6 3 .8

1 3 1 .8 9 3 .2

1 8 1 .2

1 2 1 4 1 6

1 2 2 .6

2 1 8 .6

1 5 2 .1

2 5 1 .6

1 8 2 0 2 2

1 8 1 .5

2 8 1 .5

0 .9

v o id ra tio , e

0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 1

1 0

1 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0

E ffe c tiv e s tr e s s ( k P a ) 0 .9

v o id ra tio , e

0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0

2 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0 E ffe c tiv e s tr e s s ( k P a )

8 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 2 0 0

4 .0 4 .2

D e fo rm a tio n (m m )

4 .4 4 .6 4 .8 5 .0 5 .2 5 .4 5 .6 5 .8 6 .0 0

5 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 5 0 0

2 0 0 0

2 5 0 0

3 0 0 0

3 5 0 0

T im e ( m in ) 4 .0 4 .2

D e fo rm a tio n (m m )

4 .4 4 .6 4 .8 5 .0 5 .2 5 .4 5 .6 5 .8 6 .0 0 .1

1

1 0

1 0 0 T im e ( m in )

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0

0 2

S e ttle m e n t (m m )

4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 0 .1

1

1 0 T im e ( y r )

0 2

S e ttle m e n t (m m )

4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 0

2

4

6

8 T im e ( y r )

1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

0

S e ttle m e n t (m m )

5 1 0 1 5 2 0 S e ttle m e n t d u e to I n itia l lo a d S e ttle m e n t d u e to N e w L o a d T o ta l s e ttle le m t

2 5 3 0 0 .1

1

1 0 T im e ( y r )

0

S e ttle m e n t (m m )

5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 0

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

T im e ( y r )

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

2 2

0 .9 0

0 .8 5

0 .8 5

0 .8 0

0 .8 0

0 .7 5

0 .7 5 e

e

0 .9 0

0 .7 0

0 .7 0

0 .6 5

0 .6 5

0 .6 0

0 .6 0

0 .5 5

0 .5 5 0

2 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0

σ' v o ( k P a )

1 0

1 0 0

1 0 0 0 σ' v o ( k P a )

1 0 0 0 0

0 .0

S e ttle m e n t (m m )

0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 .0 1 .2 0 .1

1

1 0

1 0 0

T im e ( y r ) 0 .0

S e ttle m e n t (m m )

0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 .0 1 .2 0

2 0

4 0

6 0 T im e ( y r )

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

1 .7

e

1 .6

1 .5

1 .4

1 .3 0 .1

1

1 0

1 0 0 T im e ( m in )

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0

e

1 .2 0 1 .1 5 1 .1 0 1 .0 5 1 .0 0 0 .9 5 0 .9 0 0 .8 5 0 .8 0 0 .7 5 0 .7 0 0 .6 5 0 .6 0 0 .5 5 0 .5 0

( 1 3 6 0 .0 0 ,1 .1 0 )

e = - 0 . 4 1 7 l o g ( σv ' ) + 2 . 4 0 8

( 1 7 2 0 0 .0 0 ,0 .6 4 )

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 σ' v o ( p s f )

1 0 0 0 0 0

0 5 1 0 S tra in (% )

1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 1

1 0

1 0 0 σ' v o ( k P a )

1 0 0 0

2 .8 5

2 .6

1 0

2 .4

1 5

2 .2

2 0

2 .0

2 5

e

S tra in (% )

0

1 .8

3 0

1 .6

3 5 4 0

1 .4

4 5

1 .2

5 0

1 .0 1

1 0

1 0 0 σ' v o ( k P a )

1 0 0 0

1

1 0

1 0 0 σ' v o ( k P a )

1 0 0 0

τ( k P a )

( 6 0 . 5 , 5 4 . 2 _ ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ τm a x _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ σ1 =4 P _ _ _ _ θ=28.8 θ=35 4.1 k P

4 0

3k

2 0

σ = 3 1 6.

P a

6 0

θ=16.3

θ=16.3

0 0 -2 0 -4 0 -6 0

a

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0 σ( k P a )

τ( k P a )

τm a x

1 5 P

1 0 5

.1 k P a

θ=45

σ3 =15.8 k P a

σ1 =44

P 0 0

1 0

2 0

-5 -1 0 -1 5

(20,−9.8)

3 0

4 0

5 0 σ( k P a )

τ( k P a ) 1 5

3 2

τf f = 1 0 . 1 5

1 0

τa v = 9 . 6 P 5 0 0

-5 -1 0 -1 5

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5 5 0 σ( k P a )

τ( k P a ) 1 5

3 5 ( 3 2 ,8 .7 )

1 0 5 0 0

5

1 0

-5 -1 0 -1 5

( 1 3 ,- 8 .7 )

1 5

2 0

2 5

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5 5 0 σ( k P a )

τ( k P a ) τf f = 1 1 2 . 9 1

3 6

1 0 0 τa c t = 8 5 . 2 3 P

5 0 0 0 -5 0 -1 0 0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

3 5 0 σ( k P a )

τ( k P a ) 1 4 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 8 0 (92.3,58.9) 6 0 4 0 2 0 P 0 5 0 1 0 0 -2 0 0 -4 0 -6 0 -8 0 -1 0 0 -1 2 0 -1 4 0

3 2 .5 8

(130,70)

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

3 5 0 σ( k P a )

τ( p s i)

τ( p s i)

2 5 2 0 P

1 5

3 0 o

2 5

( 3 4 .1 ,1 3 .5 )

1 5

3 0 o

2 0 1 0

1 0 5

( 1 5 .8 6 ,0 )

0 0

-5 -1 0 -1 5 -2 0 -2 5

5

( 4 4 .1 4 ,0 )

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0 σ( p s i)

-5 -1 0 -1 5 -2 0 -2 5

0

1 0 σ3=9 p s i

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0 σ( p s i)

τ( p s f) 5 0 0

3 4 o

4 0 0 3 0 0

( 9 9 7 6 .4 , 2 6 9 .7 )

2 0 0

2 8 o

1 0 0 P 0 0

2 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 2 0 0 σ( p s f)

q (M P a )

D e c r e a s e i n σh t o 0

5 4 3

I n itia l C o n d itio n s 2 I n c r e a s e i n σh t o 1 0 M P a 1 0 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4 1 5 p (M P a )

τ( k P a )

τm a x

6 0

.9 ,1

6 .8

)

4 0

(1 8

2 0

σ3

6. =1

3k

σ P

1 =

P a

-6 0

k P a

θ=46.3

0

-4 0

.1

θ=35

0 -2 0

44

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0 σ( k P a )

q (M P a ) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 0 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8

(b ) (a ) I n itia l C o n d itio n s

1

(d ) 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 p (M P a )

(c )

q (k P a ) 3 0 (e )

(d )

2 0

(a )

1 0 IC

(c )

0 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

-1 0 -2 0 (b ) -3 0

9 0

1 0 0 1 1 0 p (k P a )

q (k P a ) 3 0

(b )

2 0

(a )

1 0 IC 0 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

-1 0 -2 0 (b ) -3 0

9 0

1 0 0 1 1 0 p (k P a )

τ( k P a ) 1 0 9 8 7

3 0 o 6 5

F in a l

St re

4

ss pa th

3 I n itia l 2 1 0 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5 σ( k P a )

τ( k P a ) 3 0 2 5

3 0 o

2 0 1 5 1 0

S tr 5

p ess

a th F in a l

I n itia l 0 0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 0

5 5 σ( k P a )

τ( k s f) 5

3 3 .4 o

4

P ( 9 .4 ,3 .3 )

( 5 .0 ,3 .3 ) 3 2 1 0 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3 1 4 σ( k s f)

τ( k g /c m 2 ) 2 .5 ( 2 .2 2 ,1 .9 6 )

2 .0 1 .5 1 .0 0 .5 P

0 .0 - 0 .5 0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

- 1 .0

1 .5

- 1 .5 - 2 .0 - 2 .5

P

F in a l c o n d itio n

IC 2 .0

2 .5

3 .0

3 .5

4 .0

4 .5

5 .0 σ( k g /c m 2

)

τ( k P a ) 1 5 0 0

4 3 o

1 0 0 0

T e st B

5 0 0 P 0 0

P

T e st A

5 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 5 0 0

2 0 0 0

2 5 0 0

3 0 0 0

3 5 0 0

4 0 0 0 σ( k P a )

τ( p s i) 4 0 3 5 3 0

1 6 o

2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 5 0 0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 0

5 5

6 0

6 5

7 0

7 5 8 0 σ( p s i)

τ( k P a ) 1 0

3 4 o

8 6 4 2

F in a l

I n itia l

0 0

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

2 2

2 4

2 6 2 8 σ( k P a )

τ( k P a ) 6 0 4 0

σ3

6. =1

P 3k

P

a

σ

1 =

2 0

44

.1

kP a

0 0 -2 0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0 σ( k P a )

-4 0 -6 0

S tr e s s e s v e r tic a l p la n e

τ( k P a ) 3 0

3 4 o

2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 5

IC

F in a l

0 0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 0

5 5

6 0

6 5

7 0

7 5 8 0 σ( k P a )

τ( k P a ) 2 0

( 3 8 .8 ,1 8 .8 )

( 2 2 .1 ,1 7 .3 6 )

1 5 1 0 5 0 0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 0

-5 -1 0 -1 5 -2 0

σ3

2 =1

k P

a

P

35 θ= θ=30

σ1

2 =5

k P

a

5 5 6 0 σ( k P a )

τ( k P a ) 6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0

_ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ P _ α= 2 0 ο _ _ _ _ 0 -2 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

_ _ _

_ _

3 0 0 0

_ _ _ _ _

_ _ _

4 0 0 0

_ _

_ _ _ _ _

5 0 0 0

σ( k P a )

_

( 6 4 7_0_,2 8 2 8 _ _ _ _

6 0 0 0

7 0 0 0

_ _ _

8 0 0 0

9 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0

τ( ts f) 8 0 0 6 0 0 4 0 0

2 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

θ=14.4

-2 0 0 -4 0 0 -6 0 0 -8 0 0

1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0

7ts f

0

σ( ts f) σ1 = 1284 .

2 0 0 -2 0 0 0

σ3 =8

4.7 t s f

P ( 0 ,3 3 0 )

τ( M P a ) 6 4 2 ( 5 .4 ,0 ) 0 -2 -4 -6

0

2

4

6

( 1 5 .1 ,0 ) 8

1 0 1 2 C ( 1 0 .2 ,0 )

1 4

1 6 σ( M P a )

τ( ) 4

τm a x

3 2 σh 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4

0

P

1

C ( 4 .3 ,0 ) 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0 σ( )

τ( ) 4 3 2

σh 1 0

P

-1 -2 -3 -4

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0 σ( )

τ( M P a ) 3 .0 2 .5 2 .0 1 .5 1 .0 0 .5 0 .0 0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5

2 .0

2 .5 σ( M P a )

3 .0

3 .5

4 .0

4 .5

5 .0

τ( M P a ) 3 .0 2 .5 2 .0 1 .5 1 .0 0 .5 0 .0 0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5

2 .0

2 .5 σ( M P a )

3 .0

3 .5

4 .0

4 .5

5 .0

∆e = 0 . 0 8 e o = 0 .6 7

σ3−σ 1

εa

εv 4 .7 % D ila tio n εa C o m p r e s s io n

∆e = 0 . 0 8

e o = 0 .6 7 ∆e = 0 . 0 3

σ3−σ 1

εa

εv

D ila tio n εa C o m p r e s s io n 1 .7 9 %

τ( k P a )

τm a x = 5 9 4

6 0 0 5 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0

τf f = 4 8 8 . 4

3 4 .7 o P 0 0

2 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

1 0 0 0

σ( k P a )

1 2 0 0

1 4 0 0

1 6 0 0

1 8 0 0

τ( p s i) 2 5 0 2 0 0 3 4 .6 o

1 5 0 1 0 0 5 0 6 2 .3 o P 0 0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0 σ( p s i)

3 0 0

3 5 0

4 0 0

4 5 0

5 0 0

τ( p s i) 3 0 0 3 5 .7 o

2 5 0 2 0 0 1 5 0 1 0 0 5 0

P o le

IC 0 0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0 σ( p s i)

3 5 0

4 0 0

4 5 0

5 0 0

5 5 0

6 0 0

τ( k P a ) 1 0 0 2 8 .9 o

8 0

T e st A

6 0 T e st B

4 0

IC

2 0 0 0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

σ( k P a )

1 6 0

1 8 0

2 0 0

2 2 0

2 4 0

τ( M P a ) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2

R a n g e o f φ'

4

6

8

4 4 .9 o

3 9 .1 o

1 0

1 2

σ( M P a )

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

τ (k P a )

4 0 0 3 5 0 3 0 0 2 5 0 2 0 0 1 5 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 - 5 0 0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5

2 .0

2 .5

3 .0

3 .5

4 .0

3 .0

3 .5

4 .0

3 0 0

3 5 0

4 0 0

H o r iz o n ta l d is p la c e m e n t ( m m ) T h ic k n e s s c h a n g e (m m )

0 .1 0 0 0 .0 7 5 0 .0 5 0 0 .0 2 5 0 .0 0 0 - 0 .0 2 5 0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5

2 .0

2 .5

H o r iz o n ta l d is p la c e m e n t ( m m )

- 0 .0 5 0 - 0 .0 7 5 - 0 .1 0 0 1 .0 0

∆Η/Ηο (%)

∆Η/Ηο (%)

0 .7 5 0 .5 0 0 .2 5 0 .0 0

- 0 .2 5 - 0 .5 0

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

τ( k P a )

- 0 .7 5 - 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 0 .7 5 0 .5 0 0 .2 5 0 .0 0 - 0 .2 5 - 0 .5 0 - 0 .7 5 - 1 .0 0

0 .6 6 0

0 .6 6 5

0 .6 7 0

0 .6 7 5 e

0 .6 8 0

0 .6 8 5

0 .6 9 0

σ1−σ3 (k P a )

1 8 0 1 6 0

U n d istu rb e d sa m p le R e m o ld e d sta te

1 4 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 0 0

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

A x ia l s tr a in ( % )

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

σ(k P a ) 1 0 0 0 8 0 0 6 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 εv o l ( % ) 1 0 8 6 4 2 0 -2 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

εa x i a l ( % )

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

εa x i a l ( % )

τ(k P a ) 4 0 0 3 5 0 3 0 0 2 5 0 2 0 0 1 5 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

6 0 0 σ( k P a )

7 0 0

8 0 0

9 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0

σ1− σ3 ( k P a ) 5 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

εa x i a l ( % ) σ1− σ3 ( k P a ) 1 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 T e st N o . 1 T e st N o . 2

4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

1 5

2 0

2 5

εa x i a l ( % ) εv o l ( % ) 8 6 4 2 0 -2 0 -4 -6 -8 5

1 0 εa x i a l ( % )

c o m p r e s s io n

τ( k P a ) 3 0 2 5 3 3 .7 o

2 0 1 5 1 0 5 0 0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5 σ( k P a )

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 0

τ( k P a ) 3 0 2 5 3 3 .7 o

2 0 1 5 1 0

T X

5

D ir e c t s h e a r 0 0

5 a

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5 σ( k P a )

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 0

τ( k P a ) 2 0

3 3 .7 o

1 5

1 0

T X P

5 D ir e c t s h e a r P 0 0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0 σ( k P a )

2 5

3 0

3 5