Issuu

THE '

ED·I TED BY EOIN MAC NEILL. · ..

Vol. 2.

No. 59

(N~

NOTES

In the a.rt of subtracting millions, the British Treasu-ry can always give me points. Last week I stated at £8,830,000 the additional taxation of Ireland according to the Treasury figures supplied · to Mr. Ginnell by the Chan:Cellor of the Exphequer. The correct a.mount is £7,830,000 . That, however, is not the whole bill . . There are more War Budgets still to come.

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There are signs that the people .are beginning to understand what it means to be taxed with an · increase of two pounds a nose, man,. w9mari and c'hild. Ireland is not a consenting party to this taxation . We are nominally represented in the Imperial Parliament, but when :lt comes to any critical question like this our representation is annulled. Irish Members of Parliament have no mandate or authority, express or implied, from their el~ctors to cons~nt to this ruinous taxation. The electorate has never been consi:1lted about it. This taxation has no · ~ore claim to respect than the taxation that caused the American people to assert their independence and to win it. Th.e Bt'i.tish Government does not impose a war-tax ·of two pounds a head on the people of Canada or Australia or South Africa, because · it <la.r e not.

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PRICE ONE .PENNY.

SATURDAY, JANUARY 22nd, 1916 .

Series).

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Mr. Birrell, Chief Secretary £or England, took in on himself to lecture Irish people about loyalty. He handed over the government of Ireland to a ·foreigner, an ex-military satrap _from the Gold Coast. Now he is lepturing us about patriotism. In the presence of Ireland's "representatives" he told the Imperial House of Commons that "Patriotism in Ireland was much too local an a:fiair . We all ·wan1t ,to adopt the wisest course to oon1vert and to extend that local patriotism into a wider patriotism. (~o dissent from Mr. Redmond.) Without that the Empire becomes nothing more than an enlarged Hanseatic League .of gre~dy commercial comm uni ties (cheers). We want more than that- we want to introduce into it a real Empire patriotism." Yes. Mr. Birrell and those who

W ar has its good poi~ts ' a.He; all. cheer him want to steal the· name and insignia of patriotism to glorify a league When war i~ in, truth is out. Only £or of commercial greed. "And yet patriot- this war we .should not have heard from ism begins at home. "In dealing with · a British Minister this cynical avowal of a country like Ireland they must consider the purpose of British . Home · R~lers - in how best they could help, and not hinder, their "dealing" with Irish Nationalism. the slow but gradual pro-gression that What have Mr. Redmond, Mr. Dillon was noticeable in Ireland, whereby its and Mr. Devlin' to say about the doctrine . somewhat narrow patr'io1tism was gradu- openly uttered in their presence by their ally extending into a wider one." "You Liberal Home- Rule confederate? - Will object to our way of dealing with the they venture to. repeat this doctrine to Irish question,'' said a member of the any audience in Ireland? We may thank defunct "Home Rule" Government to the war £or it that the n~t is now spread a. critic. "No,'' said the c~tic, ','it openly in our sight. We are to disli.vow is not to your dealing I object, it is to our Nation a.nd all its , sacrifices in the past, and the -" delicate" . inducement is your shu:filipg ." , the privilege, among ,others, of paying a • • * fresh war' tax of two . poun;ds year in.Mr. Birrell shuffied along with his lecfuture from every man and ~boy, from ture on the· New J?atriotism . "Patriot~very woman and girl and baby. ism is the most potent mixture the world • has ever seen. -But it is a mixture . It Mr. Birrell's ''Empire patriotism,'' to is the oddest compound. . It is made up which he wants, "they . all want," to of prejudices, of passions, of memories, " convert" Ireland, is not patriotism of little scraps of history, imperfectly even in England. No Empire ever did or taught £or the most part, but partly reever can. fake the place of a Nation in membered and frequently completely misthe love and reverence, the passionate understood (loud laughter). It is fa.r truer of patriotism than it is of ambition, a:ffection and self-denying devotion of a that it is 'like· a -circle in the water.' It Nation's children. • widens and widens, beginning at home, . • . A.11 the time, the d'elicate and difficult until it contains within its glorious ambit far distant -lands and populations long opera,tion is going -on here in Ireland. since emigrated from their ·own shores, The war tax is being extracted . Alastair but still retaining much of the old feel- MacCabe has been in jail for four rrionths ing (cheers). Mr. Birrell forgot to com- without trial. Ultimately, per:\iaps; h~e will be brought before a suitable tribunal plete his quotation from Shakespeare: to be tried · for · a: crime of · which · no Glory is like a circle in the water, Irishman, N a.tionalist or Unionist, is Which never ceases to enlarge · itself · ashamed, the crime of being in possesTill by broad spreading i,Ldisperse sion of "munitions of war." Terence fo nought. MacSwiney, Irish Volunteer captain and . organiser, was seized in his bed the other' This is what Mr. Birrell, a political day by Mr . Birrell's police an<l. thrown souper without the soup, wants to do into , Cork jail without any charge what. with Irish patriotism, and what, in the ,'ioever ;·as was .also Thomas Kent, Irish face of Mr. Redmond and his followers, Volunteer, of Castlelyons. The- "evihe cl_aimed to have succeeded in doing for dence '' will be laid before the Castle them, if not for the peopie who elected lawyers, and the crime formulated when them. "But," he continued, "it is a they have found out the most suitable most delicate affair-a most gifficult course to adopt. "A delicate and diffioperation. We might easily injure it and cult operation." The Irish ·people will· thrust it back for half a century by hasty, want to know whether those who hold ill:conside.r~d, and unsympathetic treattheir commission ~re secret partners in. nien t (hear hear) . It is a plant which this operation or remain true to the trust requires to •be nurtured _and watered and confided to them . The war has unmasked watered, and never, never, to be pulled· Mr. Birrell. We now know what he is ' up rashly by the roots." here for. We want to know what the lrish

THE IRISH VOLUNTEER.

Sa.turday, January 22nd, 1915.

Partyr is there -for . We know what Mr. · Birrell's Plant is, and we have seen som~thing of the "watering ~nd watering ." Is _ il~epolicy of Menn: Redmond, Dillon ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ and Devlin-we need not ask about Mr . T. Since the inception of the Volunteers conditions, the two types 0£ weapon can P. O'Connor- to aid. and abet the watertwo definite and opposed points of view compete on terms approaching.· equality. ing of Irish Nationalism "till by broad • spreading it disperse to nought?" The have been generally held among them, 'l'he Optimists, for their part, fancy . accusation is not mine. Their assent to and by the majority have been held in that they have been very usefully backed the delicate and difficult programme has alternation, according to the persuasive in these columns. They can point to our been publicly claimed by their ally, Mr. power of the prominent supporters of advocacy of pistols, pikes, and even Birrell, in their presence and in presence · each. It is a pity to attach labels to stones as weapons of warfare, and conof the whole British Parliament. them, especially such worn-out and mis- clude that we, like the:mselves, are 0£ Eorn MAc NEILL used labels as those I have in mind, but opinion that any old thing will do to beat in the interests of brevity-a military a foreign soldier. Again, we must provirtue-I shall refer to these views as test that we are not Optimists. 'rrue it is that we said that .a revolver is as good Optimism and Pessimism. as a rifle at thirty yards, and that a well* * * directed stone may stop a man with a ORDERS FOR WEEK ENDINC To put the thing in a nutshell, the bayonet at ten; but we never said that 23rd! JANUARY, 1916. Pessimists are those who think the either was any use at five hundred. Any 1. Signalling Class will. in future be Volunteer cause hopeless because they optimism we possess is due to the fact held at 8.15 p.m. instead of 8 p.m. are not all armed with modern magazine that we recognise that in Ireland the Other classes as usual . rifles, with a million rounds of ammuni- ranges are generally short. The point of 2. Lectures for senior Officers com-• tion per man, and because they have not this is too obvious to dwell on . Suffice menced on the 15th and will be continued su~cient machine-guns to give one to it to .say that this does not support 'the till 22nd inst. each Company, and are destitute of Pessimists' fear that all the fighting will 3. Lectures for junior Officers on Tueshowitzers, aeroplanes and dreadnoughts. be done at several thousand yard ranges, day and Saturday at 8 p.m . 'l'he Optimists, on the other hand, think or the Optimists' confidence that it will 4. On Thursday the 3rd Battalion will that a Volunteer armed with a loy is a · be all hand-to-hand. assemble at Camden Row. The 4th Bat• • • match for a well-equipped foreign soldier . talion at Kimmage at 7.45 p.m . sharp. We have thus been thoroughly misBoth parties are equally wrong, and if Practice in night operations . the fa ct that both sides understood, and the rank and file of each persuasion has TIME TABLES OF CLASSES. interpreted these columns, or any other claim our a.dvocacy is a clear proof that First Aid, etc.- Monday, 8 p.m. part of the VoLUNTEER, as supporting we really side with neither. We hope Stretcher . Drill, Camden Row, Fri- their point' of view, they have only them- t hat we have now made our position day, 8 p .m . selves to blame. They have not read us clear, and that, by showing the inevitable Engineering- Friday, 8 p.m . proviso that must accompany every properly . Field Work, J<'atlier Mathew Park, statement on Volunteer military ques• • • Saturday, 4 p.m. tions, we shall succeed in adj usting the Take the Pessimists first. They feel balance between " Pessimism " and Musketry- Friday, 8 p.m. that we are on their side because we have "Optimism ." .Armourers-Wednesday, 8 p .m. consistently upheld the principle that a • • • Signalling-Monda.y, 8.15 p.m. single man in his shirt is no match for a Meanwhile, there are a few general Lecture for Junior Officers-Tuesday and battalion of trained infantry with rules of tactics that apply to Volunteer Saturday at 8 p.m . Traini.i;i.g for Sub. Officers, Camden Row, machine guns. ' We stick to that doctrine activities as much as to others . F irst, Wednesdays and Saturdays at 4 p.m . still . Nay, more, we are prepared to go your enemy is seldom obliging enough further and say that a battalion of men to do what you expect him to do . Second, E. DE VALERA, with pitchforks will be beaten in a stand- if the enemy finds you are not going .to Brigade Adjutant up fight by a. couple of Companies of oblige him by doing what he wants he tr.a ined infantry armed merely with rifles . · will try to make you : don: t let him. · And yet we refuse to be num.bered among Third, if you decide on a definite line of the Pessimists, for, as we shall after- action, stick to it an d don't let minor wards point out in dealing with the Opti- considerations lead you to abandon what · . Sjnce the new year two new branches mists, we know of circumstances which you consider to be the right course . ha".e been started: one in Killeeneen, can go a long way towards reducing the Fourth, if you decide to act on the deCra ughw·ell, ·co. Galway, and one at enormous odds on fully-ti-ained and fully- fensive, don't allow the killing of a few Carrickmore, 'l'yrone. armed men who are fighting less fortu - 0£ your scouts to draw you into a general At · the last meeting of the Executive nate troops. For the present it is suffi- attack . Fifth, certainly use your men as ·the . Secretaries were asked to ,notify cient to say that whereas under the cannon-fodder in war time; that's the . branclies as ·soon as possible about, ordinary conditions of modern warfare wa y to win. But in IJeace time regard . Cumann Na mBan flag day. Flags, the long-range weapon has a decided ad- them as. potential soldiers ~hom you have . boxes and all requirements are in prevantage over that with a short range, to train, and treat them as such . . paration, and a leaflet containing full nevertlieless, given certain other definite E. O'D . particulars will be sent to all branches. It is hoped every branch will take up the idea with enthusiasm. The Execu- and miscellaneous signals which will be £or practice with each other, especially tive expects to hold a very large Whist found in books dealing with the subject, th e country ones; as they will find plenty Drive on Thursday, February 3rd. they should be divided into two stations of use for good signalling.' W hen t he Tickets will be issued immediately, and having three persons in. each, each per- distan ce to be signalled is too great £or all lovers of Whist and beautiful prizes son taking a turn at the different dufies . two stations a transrn:itting station should are cordial~y invited to come . This requires a lot of out-door practice at be l'.sed. 'l'his would be posted about TRAININC. various distanc{;!s so as to b~come accus- midway, and if necessary more may be SIGNALLING SQUADS. tomed to the different flags used, and used. By this means messages can be When . signalling squads are able to learn how to post the stations to the sent a very long distance, and by bard 1;,;end and read correctly words, figures best aclvantage . Branches should arrange practice speed will be assured.

The Dublin Brigade

A MILITARY CA USERJE

JC~mann na mBan

·;

Saturday, Janua1'y 22nd, i915.

IThe Victories ·of Peace 'l'ha.t every country requires towns as centres for industry and other activities there is no need to argue . 'l'he relative scantiness of town life in Ireland is one of the argumen,ts used to splint up the case against allowing Irishmen the rights and l iberties of a nation. Let us see at whose door the blame is rightly to be laid. To supply what can be called town life we may safely take it that no group of dwellings containing together less than a thousand inhabitants may be called a town, and that any smaller group is to be regarded as a village or hamlet and as belonging rather to rural life . In the second part of. the pamphlet, "Daniel O'Connell and Sinn Fein," I have shown the complete_mistake of supposing that the catastrophe of the Great Famine seventy years a.go was the original or main ca.use of Ireland's decline iri population and prosperity: The Famine was itself a consequence of the government of Ireland by England and for England, and its results were the results of English government; but the Census returns prove that, without the Famine and without the Repeal of the Corn Laws_, Ireland would have been depopulated and her industri~s. destroyed hy the normal operation of E nglish government. W e shall now see that the Union is wholly to blame for the destruction of town iife in Ireland . The facts we have to consider a.re recorded by the officials of the English Government in that Government 's official publications. The impetus given · to I rish prosperity during the brief .duration of the independent I rish Parliament was not exhausted within the twenty-five or thirty years that followed the . suppression of our financial and legislative liberty. The Great Famine did not come until the middle of the fifth decade of the Union . But the dep~pulation and impoverishment of Ireland under the Union can be seen plainly at work during the. fo urth decade, accompanied by the introduction of "National E ducation" and of the English Pauper System. W e shall be able to trace t he rapid decay of town life in. I reland during that decade, 1831 , to 1841, and we shall follow up the process to the year 1901, when the Union had been on trial for a full century . During that century, the reader will bear in _ mind, the Pax Britannica ruled supreme in Ireland . There was no seige or bombardment of any Irish town . No town in Ireland was stormed or sacked or given to the fl ames . No new inva der landed on our shores . No ancient law was revived, forbidding Irish people to inhabit the towns of their own country . The whole business was transacted according to the strict principles of L aw and Order and Civilisa.tion, things of which the Irish people have no proper conception . I n the year 1831J which some people

THE 1R1SH

vOLU tfT EE R.

still ali>::e can remember, ther e were in Ireland 278 towns of over a tho us~nd inhabitants. Teri years later their number was reduced to 266. After a . hundred· years · of the Union the number of such towns was 171. The Union account ed for the other 107- one for every Irish member in the Union Parliament, or one for eve:ry year in the century, and a few to spare. Of these towns reduced t o villages, 17 are in prosperous Ulster . Four are in Co. Down- Ardglass, Killough, Hillsborough and Saintfield. Three of these have lost more. than half t heir population in the Irish peace. Four are in Co. Derry- Dungiven, Kilrea, Maghera and Moneymore, all reduced by from a third . to a half. 'l'hree are.in 'l'yrone- Aughnacloy, Caledon and Stewartstown, with a similar rate of casualties. Three are in Co. Armagh- Hamiltonsbawn, Markethill and N ewtownha.milton. Hamiltonsbaw11 must have come through the very thick of the peace. In 1831 its population was 1,014; in 1841 it was 217; in 1901, · there we,r e still 70 left to shout No Surrender . The Kaiser has no terrors for such people. Markethill and Newtownhamilton have lost nearly half their population . Two of the ex-towns are in Co. Cavan-Killeshandra and Kingscourt, each having about half of_ their former population. Fermanagh ha d only two t owns. I rvinestown, having lost 600 in the peac~, has become a village; and old Enniskillen, which also lost 600, i~ now the only town in the coup.ty. Monaghan k eeps its five towns-Mona.ghan, Clones, Carrick.ma.cross, Castleblayney and Bally. bay- but all greatly r educed. Antrim, too, had lost no town within the century, but since 1901 my native t own, Glenarm, has become a village . I n L einster 47 towns have gone under. They are widely distributed throughout the province, but the county tha.t made the greatest sacrifices in Ireland's last war has come best through the terrors of t he Peace . W e·x ford has lost only two towns, Newto;,nbarry and Taghmon . P eace has her victories; and with the exception of H amilstown bawn, few trophies of war can compare with t he town to which some hopeful Angliciser gave the auspicious name ~f P rosperous. In 1831 P rosperous had 1,038 inhabitants ; in 1841, 526; in 1901, 84 . · In MJ.Inster, 29 towns have become villages . The town of Carrickbeg had 2,704 inhabitants in 1831. In 1901 it was no longer returned among tqe villages having 500 and upwards . The blessings of the English language, along with the English peace, are boasted in Killenaule, whose 1,786 inhabitants in 1841 ~ere rnpresented ' in 1901 by 560 . . I n Connacht, thirteen towns have become . villag~ s . Among these Eyrecourt has made the most rapid progress .towards perfect peace; its population was 1,789 in 1831, and 414 in 1901. Peace, like W ar, sometimes disguises her operations. The list of towns that have been would be st ill larger but for

the fact that since 1831 a fa ir number of towns have been presented, at the cost of the country, with prisons, lunatic asylums and poorhouses, and Peace has provided these palaces of hers with plenty of in.mates. There are five general ways of escape from a peace-belea.guered town like Prosperous or Hamiltonsbawn, death, emigration, the prison, the poorhouse and the asylum . . EoIN :NIA.c NEILL

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'l'he Ci;intral Executive of the Irish Volunteers met at H eadquarters on Wednesday evening, the 12th inst., Commandant P. H. Pearse in the chair. Satisfactory reports of the progress of organisation and training were received from ColJ,nties Kildare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, -Clare., Galway, and Cavan. It was .reported ,that steps were being taken for the formation of a Co. Board -£or Clare, Decisions were come to with rega'r d to a number of matters connected with armament. Headq uarters, 2 Dawson St., Dublin, -12th Jan ., 1916 .

INotes from· Headquarters I

fa-qlty parts, and test it ag;in. Keep it in working order by making use of it from time to time, but do not try it so often as to make it a bugbear to your men . Be r easonable in your demands on all your subordinates, remembering that they have businesses to look after and also that they ·require a little ·leisure. Our 'Volunteer tests must not . be too severe. Just severe enough to keep the officers and men up to a reasonable standard, just frequent enough to keep them alert and active. But tests there must be. And an occasional mobilisation test is of the utmost importance. Every Commander must be satisfied that he is in a_ position to call out every man in his unit, with full arms, ammunition, and equipment, in the minimum time.

CENERAL COUNCIL. '1'4e General Council of Irish Vohmteers met at Headquarters .on Sunday last, 16th January, Eoin MacNeill presidin-g.. There . ·was .a . large attendance of members f:i;:om all over Irela.nd and a considerable- amount of business regarding the training and equipment of the Irish Volunteers \ was transacted. The following statement was adopted unanimously and issued for publication : "The British Government, having failed in the policy of deporting Irish Volunteers, is now pursuing a policy of arresting men and detaining them without trial and in A RESERVE . some cases without charge. This ·All those who for ·one reason or another action is an infringement of the are unable to drill with the Irish Volun~ elementary rights of Irishmen to teers · should enrol themselves in the which Irish Volunteers will not Auxiliary . Single enrolment forms and ·submit." enrolment sheets for use by organisers of the Auxiliary, with spaces for ten names, CASUALTIES. can be had from Headquarters. The The enemy has reieased Alfred Auxiliary can be looked {ipon as our Monaghan, who will immediately resume third line. We are anxious for the his work as a member of t he Organising creation· of a second line, a body of able· Staff. Almost simultaneously with this bodied reserves who, while not drilling release the enemy has seized Captain openly with the Volunteers, wiU · undet~ Terence McSwiney, the devoted and take to acquire a certain amount of mili~ brilliant organiser of Co. Cork. He has .tary · training and · will be ready fo1• also s~ized Thomas Kent, of Castlelyons, service in a cns1s . We commend tlie the soul of the local Volunteer Company. creation of such a body to the attention the wobbly tactics of the enemy would of all Company and Battalion Comseem to indicate a certain amount of manders . panic on his part. Our business is to go on with our organisation, tra.1ning, and MORE TARGET PRACTICE ! arming, and to perfect our mobilisation Again we return to the importance of schemes. more and more t arget practice . So important is · it that nearly every . other MOB! LISATION. branch of training sinks into significance Mobilisation is a real weakness with beside it. Let there be a weekly target :us. Yet it should present little difficulty . practice in every hall. Let opportunities Some careful thought, with the map of- for open-air practice be availed of as his <listl'ict and- notes as to ·the addresses often as possible. Spare the service of his men before him, should enable ammunition. Good practice can be got any Battaliorr or Company Commander to with miniature ammunition and even perfect a little scheme for his unit . Then with air-guns. "Snapping" without any test it, and see where it fails. · R epair the ammunition at all is also of the greatest

•

benefit. Practice sighting in your own house . Take a sight and "snap," holding the sights on the target for a few seconds . after "snapping." Company Commanders should see that every man in their command is training himself to shoot, and Battalion and higher officers should see that the Company Officers are doing their duty in this vital matter.

I Improved field

W~rk

at Santrg.

On Sunday, January 9th, the 2nd Batt. Dublin Brigade had a very instructive field-day near Santry . · A considerable advance in the training of the men and the work of the Company Officers was observable. The country was much broken up by enclosures and hedges, and all ranks exhibited some idea of how to turn such country to account. Between one-third and one-fourth of the strength of the battalion was told o:ff to defend a strong post on the road about. a quarter of a mile to the south of the village, the attack b1,3ing assigned to the remainder. The. defenders expected the attack along tlie main road from Dublin, but only a feint attack by one section wa~ delive~ed there. The main attacking force marched up the Malahide Road, and then -wheeling to the left, attacked from the general direction, of Artane. It is worth noting that the fact of being attacked from an unexpected direction did not cause the disorganisation of the defender. His outpost service was well enough performed to enable him to form a fron,t against the attacker in time. The likeliest route for the attacker was organised for delaying action, possible but less likely routes were watched by small, well-posted parties, one route was regarded as negligible. On the whole a very accurate calculation of his own means and the attacker's was made. The attacker's design was good : in addition to surprise he gained an advantag'e by moving over the best ground. The forced march to gain his adversary's flank was well carried out, and the different attacking columns were handled so as to get the best value out of such . covered lines of approach as existed . The feint attack, however, did not impose on the defender: it would have been better to have pressed it briskly, so as to attract' tis many of the enemy as possible to that £;ont and thus weaken oppositio~ to the teal aH.ack . In the course of the action th_e different detachments became mixed up very much- an inevitable thing- and when the umpires called it o:ff it had not been fought to a decision . At that time the attackers had made considerable headway. The men on both sides showed an improved idea of the necessi,ty and manner of taking cover. The defender's outposts were very well concealed for the most part. But both sides still displayed lack of caution in keepi·ng under cover when. moving, whether to carry information or

THE IR18H VOLUNTEER.

Saturday, January 22nd, 1915 .

to fight. The defender's outposts gave frequent information and, ~ith one ludicrous exception, it was accurate . The different attacking columns · were in fairly good touch, and that without usi ng up. too man1y men1. The N.C.0 .'s as a whole displayed a higher standard of training and a better idea of the use of ground. Especially they had their small units much better under control. Evidently the systematic training of the Dublin N.C~O.'s is beginning to bear fruit, and it is only reasonable to look for still further improvement in this respect. . 'l'he number of cyclists who turned out was small. The only use that arose for , them was on outpost and as despatch carriers. These duties were performed with intelligence and speed. '11he umpires were some officers of the 1st and 2nd Battalions. The practice of officers umpiring is good training for them, and the bringing in of officers from other Battalions in such cases tends to spread agreement on tactical methods, besides bringing about an esprit-de-corps among the officers in general.

~ecPuitin.g

Some Volunteers resident in Dublin have recentlrsupplied the Director of Recruiting with the names and addresses of sympathisers in provincial districts where there is a likelihood of corps of Irish Volunteers being formed. ·The Director of Recruiting would, however, like far more information of this kind, and he requests the assistance of all Volunteers in Dublin possessing it. Remote country districts are placed at a disadvantage as compared with Dublin, the centre of. so much National endeavour, and this is not always sufficiently recognised. Dubli:J?. Volunteers should, therefore, set themselves to help the movement in the provinces in every possible way. Sym- , path.isers should be sent propagandist literature, such as the IRISH VoLUNTEER; Headquarters should be supplied with details in regard to such districts, and Volunteers themselves going from Dublin on holidays should constitute themselves apostles, rousing the more a.pathetic, spreading a knowledge of military organisation, and drilling recruits whereever they can get a few together. Even a short lesson on firearms to a few friends will be of benefit. Those who. have acquired military training in the big centres of population should not keep that knowledge to themselves. "They should burn with a desire to impart it to as many others as they can.

AN CUMANN COSANTA Insures lrlsh Volunteers against Vlotlmlaation by their Employers. Write for particulars to the Secretary, I.V. Headquarters, 2 Dawson Street, Dublin.

Strat~~ic Point~ of t~e Iris h Counties.

XXlll. MONACHAN-CLONES. Cl~nes is a centre through which niany important routes pass: it is, in. fact, the juncti~n point of all the lines from the midla~ds of Ireland into Ulster. Into Clones. two lines of rail way run from the southward: from . Cavan to Belfast . by Armagh, and frcm Dundalk by Enniskillen ~to Bundoran. The first of these lines par~lleled by an excellent road : the se~'ond i_~ also accompanied by a ro_ad, thoug:h less good . .. Clones is also the last town of importance on the Ulster Canal before it reaches. Lough .Erne. This canal, however, ,<lo~s uot admit barges of the same size as the Lagan Ca'nal at present. Still it would prove a very valuable secondary communication.

XX.IV.

QUEEN'S- MARYBOR.0 '.

Maryboro' is situated at the junCtion of the two most important lines of the Great Southern and 'Western Railwaythe main Dublin-Cork line and the branch line by _Abbeyleix down the Nore valley to Kilk~~ny and Waterford. There is also a .short branch to Mountmellick, only half-a-dozen miles long . By road Maryboro' is -connected with J?ortarlington, Mountmellick, Mountrath and Abbeyleix, in short, all the towns· 6£ importan~e in the country of which it is; iµdeed, almost the exact central point. There is also a geod road by Stradbally and Athy to Grange Con and the western borders of County Wicklow. - XXV.

ROSCOMMON- ATHLONE. Although Athlone is ~s much in Co·. Westmeath as in Roscommon, still it is so much more important than any other point in Roscommon that it is probably best placed there. In .all the Irish wars Athlone has been a place of absolutely vital importance, and the number of assaults and sieges it has experienced is almost beyond counting. And at the present day also it retains this import~ ance unab11ted: it is the ~nland key of the Shannon line as Limerick is the maritime, Situate on the direct line from Galway to Dublin, it is about half-way between by railway and road. There is also a railway line by Roscomm9n, Castlereagh and Ballyhatmis to Claremorris, and nutnet· ous roads branch o:ff all over South Con· naught. As the Shan·non ia here about 100 yards wide the two bridges, railway and road, are of the highest importance: and the place has also such an abundance of river cra;ft that a considerable force could be passed over the river in this way . On the northern flank Athlone is completely protected by Lough Ree, and most of the surrounding country is lowlying and often flooded . Besides the old castle there a.re other more modern works designed for the defence of the place, and altogether possession of Athlone would render most of the country ·west of the Shannon untenable by an enemy. In

,·

THE IRISH VOLUNTEER.

the · old wo:rks on the a very ccmsiderable trade. It ·is situated form what is known as a fairly considerable distance from the for an army. operating sea, and the Suir, about seven miles be. low the city, makes a sharp bend to the side of the river. south. Seve;rnl important lines of railXXVI .. $LICO:--COLLOONEY. In 1798 Collooney was worth a. battle ; wa.y converge at Waterford: along the to-day it is still more important, and .t he north bank of the Suir from Limerick, esta.b lishment of a transatlantic harbour . from Cork by Mallow, Fermoy, Lismore at J?lacksod and a railway between the and DuI\garvan, from Wexford and RossSlieve Ga.mph Mountains and the sea lare, from Dublin bv,. New Ross and Bagenalstown. There -1~~-~lso a short lin~ w~ uld render it one of t.he most important . military points in Ireland. It is situate to Tram~re. Ther.~ are roads up both about half-a-dozen miles from Sligo · on banks of the Suir and one down alon bo' the Dublin railway, and there is also a the south bank to Passage . There are line to Claremorris and the South and numerous other roads of which the most another through the L eitrim molmtains important is that up the right bank of to Enniskillen- the only line from Con- the Barrow to New Ross. technical phrase, Roscommon bank ·t "bridge-head" from the Leinster

naught to Ulster. There are roads along all these lines, and others to Ballina, . Boyle and Leitrim: while there are numerous small bridge~, the demolition r f which would sever all these communi<:ations. The road to Sligo and that to the -North ruii through narrow passes 11ear Collooney, and are thus capable of being effectively blocked. The neighbourhood is .p art mountain and part woodland . . · XXVll.

TIPPERARY-CLONM EL. Clonmel :is a ver y important strategic . point for several reasons. It is a railwav centre-being the most important tow; on the Limerick-Waterford line, and having a branch line by Fethard to Th'urles on the main · Dublin-Cork line of . the Great Southern . These lines are paralleled by good roads, and in other r espects also Clonm~l . is an important road junctio.n'. North-west a road runs to Cashel and .southward is another, branching to Youghal and. Dungarvan. But bv far .the most i~port1nt ro~d· is the inai; Cork-Dublin road by Fermoy-CJonmelKilkenny-Naas, which crosses the Suir at Clonm~l. and again af:<:Kn~cklofty, four . miles above the town .' . · Cl~nmel also . dominates the passa.ges of the Suir at Caher and Ardfinan on the upper river and at Carrick on the lower. · In the town itself there are two bridges . XXVlll. TYRONE- OMACH. Omagh, situated at the junction point of three valleys in a mountainous country, is naturally a place of great military im~ portance . The three valleys are : first, that of the Strule, leading towards Strabane and Derry; second, that to Enniskillen; third, that.towards the mountains of Pomeroy and thence to Dungannon. A railway follows each Qf these routes an<l each r ailway line crosses some stream or river within close reach of Omagh. The same remark applies to lines of road . that more or less follow the· rail routes. 'l'hei·e are also several other roads : one to P ettigo and Sou th Donegal; one due east . to Cookstown; an d three striking south or south-east over the mountains to Clones, Monaghan and Aughnacloy . XXIX . 'WATERFORD- WAT ER· FORD.

Waterford is a town of c9nsiderable size, an important port, and the centre of

Saturday, j anuary 22nd, 1915. on Round wood from any point in between could be anticipated from Newtown-. mountkennedy. The roads inland from the coast are few and could easily be watched in time to allow of the centrallyplaced force to move in time~ Newtown is served by plenty of roads, some of which are excellent.

IStrategic Importance ·of Ireland I

The above 'is the title of an article in tLe "Irish 'rimes" 'of Sunday, January 16th, giving a review of a lecture by Dr. Vaughan Cornish on "'l'he Strategic Geography of the War in Relation to th e XXX. WESTMEATH - MULLINCAR. British Empire." 'l'he subject is not as Mullingar, midway on the neck of land important as the tactical handling of a dividing Lough Owel from Lough Ennell, section, or even as forming fours t urned very largely resembles Enniskillen in its about but it is interesting none the less. character as a military position, but its The lecture displays a careful study of actual importance is much greater than the \Tritings of Admiral Mahan, in whose that of Enniskillen, because the routes pages the military, or rather naval, imit dominates are much more important. portance of Ireland is most convincingly The railway lines from Connacht all set forth. unite at Mullingar: that with Sligo at its Ireland is the most westerly country in terminus, and tha·t to Galwa.y . · The Eutope, being a. kind of outwork thrust branch liIJ.e to _Cavan an-d _the north " out towards America, flankin g all the strikes into the fi~·st at Inny J ~nction ten transatlantic routes at a longer or shorter miles away, ·and the branch.Jine to the distance'. · ·· El'om Cork · to U shant in south meets .the Galway l{ne ·at StreamsFrance is abdut 250 sea . miles, and town twelve miles out. The Dublin line througn this narrow · gap- ten hours is paralleled by the canal .for its entire steaming for a crhiser-all the sea-bo1,ne length, and the canal is contimied to the commerce of Northern Europe passed in Shannon at Cloondara. The neck of land times of peace. And this means not only between the lakes is only about three vessels· to America but to Asia as well . miles wide, so that many roads from the So much for the importance of Ireland west conver ge on Mullingar and th~ main in position. · That importa.nce is inGalway-Athlone-Dublin ro ad- flanked by creased by the nature of the harbours on the place on the north at a distance of the west coast of Ireland from Lough half a dozen miles-passing as it does by Swilly to Bantry Bay . Dr. Vaughan Tyrrellspass and Rochfort Bridge. Cornish thus emphasizes this point:· "The south, west, and north coasts of XXXI. WEXFORD-;..N EW RO SS. Ireland are indented by long, sheltered, W exford is a peculiarly-situated deep-water inlets which afford magnificounty, being practically isolated from cent shelter for fleets, though their adthe rest of Ireland . On the north · is the vantag·e as harbours is apt to be forgotten mass of the Wicklow Mountains, and this by civilians owing to the circumstance system throws out a branch range to the that i:nost of them are distant from any · south-west, consisting of Mount L eirl'ster and the Blackstairs range . Near .the manufacturing or 'trading centre, and . southern end of this chain lies New Ross have, therefore, no commercial use . The and over the r ange t~ere are only two strategic importance of Ireland is not i;outes; by Newtown Barry an d Suillogue r ealised by the average citizen because Gap. At New ·Ross there is the last its foreign relations have long been bridge over the BarTOW"--e:X:cept the merged in those of the neighbouring Campile R ailway bridge-before it joins island ." Ireland was often .a theatre of military the Suir, and ships of fair size can come operations · between England and contiright up to the town . A little above the nental powei·s-Ftance and Spain . In town is the railway bridge of the Dublin all these wars Eng·land had a~ advanta!l'e • . b and South-Eastern line to Waterford. owmg' to her nearness to the scene of New Ross thus commands the only imoperations . The Irish Sea is only 150 po1;tant vassages out of the county. miles wide at its widest point- between Dun:dalk and Liverpool. The North XXXll. WI C KL.OW~NEW T OWN · MOUNTKENN EDY. Channel at one end is only about a dozen N ewtownmountkennedy is a. point of . miles wide, and the southern inlet' the . . military imvortance _for . a . ve1;y special St. Geotge's Channel, about 50. H ence, r eason .: it is the most suitable point from as Admital · Mahan points out, the Irish which to protect the Dublin Waterworks Sea was more an estuary than anything at Rouudwood against a raid by- a party else- it was nothing like such a breach landed ori the coast . Such ~ landing in the communications as the expanse becould only take place between Bray Head tween Cork an d Brest or Corunna. As a and Wicklo:w_; an d a .£o1~ce .~C!v~ng jn~~I14 matt.er of faot 1 it was so narrow that in

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MAP READINC. Ravine.-A narrow valley with steep It is important that every scout should sides . Spur or Sali'ent,'-A projection from be tr_a ined so as to read a military map . qui~ly and accurately. Maps are of the side of a hill or mountain, running great importa:p.ce in military operations out and down from the main feature. · All kinds :22 Ammunition. Undulating Cround.-Ground consist- All Boards, Targets. not only to scouts but to leaders of every rank from the Field-Marshal down to the ing of alternate gentle elevations and de- Cleaning Rods,, Pull Throughs, _Oils, and all Rifle Sundries. dispatch-rider. A military map reveals pressions. a m;ss of ready-made information with-Watercourse.-The line defining the C#\!ALOCUES ON APPLICATION. out which the scout would be compelled lowest part of the valley,' whether occuto s;P.end · much valuable time in ascer- pied by a stream or not. ~r:e ~!ke~ taining for himself. The scout who is W.atershed.-A ridge -of high land 3 INN'S QUAY, D_ UBLIN. pract1sed in_map-reading is able to read separating two drainage ba·sins, the sum_ Telephone 257'. a map not merely as a representation of mit of land from which water divides and the ioads from town to town, but he can flows in two directions. visualise the country represented . by the Beari,n g,-True bearing is the angle a .map, noting the roads, hills, rivers, vil- line makes with the true north line . lages, and the nature of the country as a Magnetic Bearing. - The magnetic whole. The map will show him :r;i9t only bearing is the angle a line makes with the shortest route from one place to the magnetic north line. · another, but also the route by which he Con1tour.-A contour is an imaginary may best conceal his movements. line running along the surface of the ground at the same height all the way • • • round. Each contour represents a fixed Scales. rise or fall of so many feet from those " ~11 Sc.&t d Ce1le Sedt> ffidll\1'0 nd To read a map correctly you must first next to it. This fixed rise or fall is 'Odome,''-d Sdet>edld -: find out the scale to which it is dra~n. termed the Vertical lniterval (V.I.). we appeal to you as a Gael only for a - triai ·By the tenp. "scale" is meant the profo1rm Unes.-Form lines are approxi- order. We are certain to give you satisfaction. LADIES' AND GENT'S TAILOR. portion that the distance between two mate contours sketched in by eye work. p.6.un.-0.1:s o be»otE;m, points on the map bears to the distance Cradient.-A gradient is a slope ex2 LOWE!I ORMON_D QUAY. between th~ same points on the country pressed as a fraction: thus a gradient of it represents. For instance, if 'the scale Jo indicates a rise or fall of 1 ft. in every MR. E. O'CONNOR COX (Baritone) of your map is "two inches to a mile," it (Feis Ceoil Gold Medallist and Winner of Denis horizontal distance of 30 ft. O'Sullivan Medal, Feis Ceoil, etc.), -nieans that a road ten inches long on the Meridia-n1.-A meridian is a true north OPEN to ENGAGEMENT for CONCERTS, etc. map is five miles long in reality . The and south line. An unlimited repertoire of Ancient and Modern Irish Music. scale of a map may be shown in three Magnetic Meridiant, -A magnetic meri- Special terms to Irish Volunteer and Gaelie ways :- (a) By a statement in words, · League Concerts. dian is a magnetic north and south line. For terms apply St. Malachy's, Oakland's Park, such as "€ix inches to a mile." (b) By Ballsbridge, Dublin. Plottin1g is the . process of laying down a representative fraction, thus: R.F. on paper field observations and measureDO YOU FEEL w ·EAK, DEPRESSED, or -rrh-o, which means that one unit on the ments. RUN DOWN? CAHILL'S AROMATIC QUININE AND IRON TONIC will tone you map represents 63,360 units . on the Setting a Map is the process of placing up, steady your nerves, improve your appetite, ground. On all our maps the unit taken your blood. For summer laf\situde, for the map so that the north line points enri9h Neuralgia1 try a bottle ls. and 2s. i p<>stage 4d. is the inch; therefore R.F. 6 a§-60 me\lnS Made only by ARTHUR J. CAHILL _ The north. that the scale is one inch to a mile Nat-i onal Chemist, 824 Lower Dorset Street, • • • Dublin. · (63,360 inches). l£ the scale was "six · The Compass. i:q.ches to a mile" the representative fracVOLUNTEUS I Send yonr Shirts, Collars, &a. The dial of the magnetic compass 1s tion would be marked on· the m~p: R.F. TO THE ~5lf0 (c) By a scale line divided into divided into 360 equal divisions called NATIONAL LAU~DRY, parts, each representing a certain num- degrees, and 32 equal divisions called 60. South WllHam Street, DUB LI N. points of the compass. There are four ber of units .. · SuITs AND UNIFORMS CLEANED and , , PRESSED IN Two Dus. In ordnance survey maps, and military cardinal points of the compass_:_namely, l sketches the scale is usually shown in all north (N.), east (E .), south (S .), and Irish Made Shirts, Caps, PQJJUn Ties, west (W.); and four intermediate points three ways. Collars, Hosiery, etc. _:_namely, north-east (N.:K), south-ea~t • THE BEST VALUE FOR CASH IN • • (S .E. ), south-west (S.W.), and northLIMERICK. Definitions. (N.W.). west p-<S.un..-0.1:s o 11-.-0.ttmuurn, It would be well if you would, memo-

Qifles. Guns. Qe,pairs.

L. KEEOAN,

rise the following definitions before we p ADRAIC 0 RrAIN • pTOceed further:[These Notes on Map Reading will be Ba$in.-(a) A small area of level . continued in next week's issue.] ground surrounded by hills; (b) a district drained by a river and its tribuWe are an exoluslvely "IRISH FIRM" taries; emplorlng only IRISH LABOUR. All garments made to order in ~ur own wor}\:A tj_ol or Saddrle1,-A depression be- shops. · EXTE~SIYE STOCK to select froni, tween two adjacent hills or mountains. bought for CASH from best IRISH MANUFAC· TURERS. . , Crest.-The edge of the top of a hill or SUITS, 42s. to 84s. mountain. 1 Kf\Oll.-A low detached hill. +~~~~ ~1:,us=~ CO~ Null~h.-The dried · up bed of a river. (John Neligan, Manager), Plateau.-An elevated plain-a flat °' CAPEL STREET, DUBLIN, surface on top of a hill. and 50 Upper .George's Street, Kingstown.

CASH TAILORING

•

Draper,

10 WILLIAM STREET, LIMERICK. :Sl\e'01L 1r edt> rinn-ne lr ni n.&111 lmn e. Oive us a trial order for FRESH IR.SH OAT· MEAL, MACROOM OATMEAL, TEAS, from 2/4 to 3/-. Sent Post free.

MacCURTAIN BROS,, 52-54 SHANDON ST. AND 40 THOMAS DAVIS

ST., CORK.

FIRST AID CLASSES

For Members of Cumann na mBan, Thursday afternoon 4 to- 5.30, beginning October 29th. Those wishing to attend should app_ly by letter to Hon. Secs., Cumann na mBan Executive, 2 nll'W<IOn R.treet. Printed for the Proprietors at Mahon's Printing Works, Dublin, and published at £he Volunte.e r Headquarters, 2 Dawson Street, -Dublin.

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