Computer applications

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS INTRODUCTION

AGB 111 2013-14 30/10/13

Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Definition Computer is a general purpose electronic device for storing, processing and analysing data or information following a set of instructions given to it by human beings.

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Advantages of using computers • Helpful in calculating • Record keeping • Trial and error experimenting • Communicating • Information gathering • Other managerial tasks involved in translating an idea into reality. Do these things quickly 30/10/13

Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Computer Vs Calculator ďƒ˜ Can perform some complicated activities such as choosing, copying, moving, comparing and performing non-arithmetic operations also ďƒ˜The time required to execute basic operations as adding and subtracting varies from a few microseconds (millionth of a second) to a few nano seconds (billionth of a second) or even less 30/10/13

Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Computers are very accurate.

• As the circuits in a computer have no mechanical parts, the computers generally do not malfunction.

•If the input is correct and the program is reliableaccurate results.

• Computer errors can usually be traced to incorrect input data or unreliable programs both caused by human beings not by computers.

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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• Perform complex and repetitive calculations rapidly and accurately • Store large amounts of data and hold programmes of a model, which can be explored in many different ways, etc.

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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History of Computers •Starts with -device called the `Abacus’ by the Chinese around 3000 B.C. 17th Century The first four-function calculator – Machine arithmetic No changes -until the end of the 18th century.

First decade of the 19th century, Jacquard invented an automated loom operated by a mechanism controlled by punched cards.

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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ďƒ˜ End of the 19th century, Herman Hollerith and James Power designed a data processing machine for processing census information.

ďƒ˜1830-50 Charles Babbage - first mechanical computer called differential and analytical engine. - had provisions for inputting data, storing information, performing arithmetic operations and printing out results. This provided the base for the development of modern Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, computers.

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1930- Card reader and sorter early 1940s was `Mark I’ which utilized electromagnetic relays.

1946 -Stored program concept by Von Neumann high-speed digital computer using vacuum tubes

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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1947, the first electronic machine known as ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was introduced by a team led by Professors Eckert and Mauchly of USA.

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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1949- EDSAC - The first stored program electronic computer (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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1949- Transistors (Bell Laboratories)

1950- Voluminous storage and sequential Magnetic access devices Dr R Jayashree, Asst. transfer Professor, (compound possible tapes rapid of data) 30/10/13 12 Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

1958- Computer using transistors in the name UNIVAC, Second generation computer

1959-IBM 1401 Model - Computerised commercial data processing ( International Business machine)

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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1959 Random access devices Discs 1964 Integrated circuits (IC), Vast internal storage and fast speed

1965

Computers using ICs, Third generation computers

1969

Large Scale Integrated (LSI circuits)

Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, 1971 30/10/13 Computers using LSI circuits, Fourth generation computers 14 Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

1972 Microprocessors, enormous processing speed 1976 First microcomputer - The Apple, user friendliness, inexpensive computers, low maintenance cost, portable 1980's & 1990’s

Expert system, logic operation, Fifth

generation computer and deduction rearing

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Computers developed after ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) have been classified into the following four generations.

1946-1955 - First generation - vacuum tubes - large size and slow operating speed.

1956-1965 -Second generation - solid-state device called the transistor - occupied less space, required less power and produced much less heat 1966-1975-Third generation - integrated circuits- still more compact, faster and less expensive.

1976-1985 -Fourth generation -LSI chips called microprocessors for building computers 30/10/13

Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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1977-The first business microcomputer called APPLE II was released in USA .( A microprocessor when interfaced with memory and input/output units becomes a microcomputer).

Fifth generation computers (Thinking computers) Japan and many other countries are now working on expert systems

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Classification of Computers Based on the operating principles, computers can be classified into following types: Digital computers

Digital computers 30/10/13

Analog computers Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor,

Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

Hybrid computers 18

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Computer Systems •

A `system’ is a group of integrated parts that have a common purpose of achieving a certain objective.

Computer systems are categorised as • Personal Computer (PC or Micro computers), • Mini computers • Main Frame computers and • Super computers based on their size and performance.

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Personal Computer (Micro Computer)

• Has CPU on a single microprocessor. • Small in size but capable enough to handle large sized applications. It can perform a diverse range of functions from keeping track of household accounts to keeping records of the stores of a large manufacturing company.

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Mini Computer • Medium sized - More powerful than a microcomputer.

• Usually designed to serve multiple uses simultaneously, i.e. more than one person can work at a time on a mini.

• Supports multiple users is called multi terminal, time-sharing system.

• Popular data processing system among the business organization today.

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Main Frame Computer Large storage capacities and very high speed of processing (compare to micro (or) mini computers).

Support a large number of terminals for simultaneously.

Used in large organizations for large-scale jobs.

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Super Computer • Largest, fastest and most expensive computers in the world.

• Speed of traditional computers is measured in terms of million instructions per second (MIPS), a super computer is rated in terms of millions operations per second (MOPS) with an operation consisting of numerous instructions.

• Used for large-scale numerical problems in scientific and engineering disciplines.

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Super Computer

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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PARAM -super computer built -Indian Scientists and Engineers at C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advance Computing – Pune) .

It uses a cluster of CPU’s of computers to achieve high speed- using System Area Network (SAN), a hardware network specially developed by C-DAC PARAM – 10000 –latest - can do 100 billion flopping point operations per second.

PARAM Anant - for education, research and business application

USA and Japan had super computers faster than PARAM – 10000 PCDr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, 30/10/13super computers.

27 based Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

A computer provides four basic benefits • • • •

a. b. c. d.

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Speed Accuracy Diligence Versatility

Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Benefits Do not get bored or tired. Monotony of repetitive work does not affect computers.

Limitations Cannot take over all activities of human beings They have to be told what to do and they cannot perform anything outside its defined scope. If an unanticipated situation arises, computers will either produce erroneous results or give up the task altogether, because they do not have the potential to work out an alternative solution.

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Major Applications of Computer Systems Word processing Spread sheets Graphics Database management Communication 30/10/13

Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Word processing Creation and manipulation of text (letters, documents etc.), replacing all operations normally associated with a typewriter Storage of documents and retrieval of them later for revision, edition or printing. Insertion, deletion, moving of words or even paragraphs from one place to another, changing the margins and line spacing etc., can also be performed through this package  Specialized commands like highlighting a part of the document, underlining, changing to italics etc., are all possible Spelling and grammar checking facilities 30/10/13

Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Spread sheets • Business executives mostly use this application • It is called as the electronic equivalent of the accountant's ledger • Suitable for any problem that can be expressed in row and column format • Necessary calculations can be made instantly, accurately and automatically.

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Graphics • Graphics is an effective way of communicating statistical information • This application enables the user to quickly convert tabular data to graph form without having to rely on a draftsman or artist • Three dimensional pie charts, bar charts, XY graphs and other forms of sophisticated graphs can be made available in stunning colours and within a few minutes with just a few simple key strokes.

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Database management •Allows creation, storage, retrieval and manipulation of files or databases •To maintain records electronically. The records may be student records in a university, customer records in a business concern, etc.

•There is provision for addition of new records as well as modification or deletion of existing information •We can retrieve the data in any order in which we like. For example, items can be listed alphabetically or chronologically or in any other order.

•This software can display all of the information or only a selected Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, portion 30/10/13 of it.

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Database management

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Communication This application connects the computer to the outside world.

To talk to our friend in the next room, to access information services such as share market data, flight and hotel information or just about anything else you can think of. ďƒ˜We can shop or bank by computer, send and receive electronic mail etc.

Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor,

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Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Data Processing (Data means facts)

•Information is the data arranged in an order and form that is useful to the people who receive it.

•Data are the new material of information. All information consists of data, but not all data necessarily produce specific and meaningful information.

•Data processing converts raw data into information.

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Data processing consists of three basic activities 1.

2.

3.

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Capturing the input data Manipulating the data Classifying Calculating Sorting Summarising Managing the output results Storing and retrieving Communicating and reproducing Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Computer Processing Operations four operations enable the data processing 1. Input-Output Operations - A computer can accept data (input) and supply-processed data (output).

2. Text manipulation and calculation operations Computers are able to manipulate the nonnumeric letters and other symbols, besides being able to perform calculations on numbers.

3. Logic/comparison operations - Computer has the ability to perform logic operations.

4. Storage and retrieval operations - Both data and program instructions are stored internally in a computer and retrieved for use.

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Computer Processing Operations

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Dr R Jayashree, Asst. Professor, Veteinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore

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