STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR ABOUT TRASH AND TRASH CANS IN URBAN SPACES

STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOUR ABOUT TRASH AND TRASH CANS IN URBAN SPACES Design Project submitted in Partial Fulfilment of Requirement for the Degree of Bachelors of Technology (DTDP) By SRIRAMOJU ANEESHWA SRI Regd No: 16011BC053 B. Tech (Digital Technics for Design and Planning) – VII Semester Under the guidance of AR. LAVANYA LATA LINGAM

Department of Digital Technology SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University Mahaveer Marg, Masab Tank, Hyderabad – 500026 JUNE – 2020 https://www.jnafau.ac.in

GUIDE CERTIFICATE JNAFAU SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE Mahaveer Marg, MasabTank, Hyderabad-500028

DEPARTMENT OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled “Study of People Behavior on Trash Cans” submitted by Ms.S.ANEESHWA SRI bearing Hall Ticket No. 16011BC053 on partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (Digital Techniques For Design and Planning) of this University is a bonafide work to the best of my knowledge and may be placed before the Examination Board for their consideration.

Project Guide (AR. LAVANYA LATA LINGAM)

Head of the Department (Dr. D. SRINIVASA REDDY)

Thesis coordinator (Er. P.S.S. NAGA LAKSHMI)

External Examiner

GUIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that it is a bonafied record of the Project work entitled “Study of Human Behavior About Trash and Trash Cans” done by Ms.S.ANEESHWA SRI a student of B.TECH (DTDP) in the Department of Digital Technology, School of Planning and Architecture, JNAFAU, Mahaveer Marg, Masab Tank, Hyderabad-500028.

During the period 2016- 2020 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of B.Tech in Digital Techniques for Design and Planning. This work is not submitted to any University for the award of any Degree / Diploma. This Work is carried out in School of Planning and Architecture, JNAFAU, Mahaveer Marg, MasabTank, Hyderabad-500028.

Signature: Name: AR. LAVANYA LATA LINGAM Designation: Project Guide

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I render my solicit thanks to project guide prof. AR. Lavanya Lata Lingam for guiding us in developing our project successfully. I express my gratitude to Dr. S. Kumar, Principal of Jawaharlal Nehru School of Planning and Architecture for giving me this opportunity. I also extend my thanks to other faculties for their cooperation during my course.

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide, AR. LAVANYA LATA LINGAM for her exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this thesis. The blessing, help and guidance given by her from time to time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark.

I express my gratitude to Dr.D. SRINIVASA REDDY, HOD of Digital Techniques for Design and Planning for his valuable suggestions and advices throughout the course.

I also extend my thanks to other faculties for their cooperation during my course.

I am obliged to staff members of Digital Technology Department, for the valuable support. I am grateful for their cooperation during the period of my assignment.

Lastly, I thank almighty, my parents and my friends for their constant encouragement without which this assignment would not be possible.

Yours sincerely, S. ANEESHWA SRI

CONTENTS 1. SYNOPSIS

1-5

Title Introduction Aim & Objective Scope of the project Limitations Methodology

1 1 2 3 4 5

2. LITERATURE STUDY

6 - 53

a. The problem and its study Littering Who litter and why people litter What are the effects of throwing garbage everywhere b. Background of the Problem Study of waste Classification of waste Management and their principals c. Present situation Challenges to waste management in India Waste collection in India challenges SWACHH OFFICE STANDAD OPERATING PROCEDURES

7 9 10 10 12 11 12 18 19 20 21 21 22

Sweeping and Mopping of floor

22

Garbage Bins

23

Doors, Windows and Walls

23

Vents and Fixtures

23

Toilets

24

External Areas/ Open Spaces/ Common Spaces

24

Do’s and Don’ts

25

Cleaning Equipment

27

WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY IN BHUTAN

28

d. Municipal behavior with trash Municipalities in Hyderabad e. Study of trash cans dustbins Public waste collections Public litter bins designs metaphors Why dustbins conclusion Time saver standards norms Color indications Eco Wise waste management International color indications

40 41 43 43 43 44 44 45 45 46 47 47 48 51

3. ANALYSIS

54 – 74

a. Public survey b. Analysis for people of age bet 20y – 21y c. Analysis for people of age bet 22y – 80y d. conclusion

55 59 65 72

4. PRELIMINARY PRAPOSALS

75 – 79

a. A fortune teller b. camera c. separation d. Detection e. presence f. Lights

76 78 78 78 79 79

5. PRESENTATION OF DESIGN

80 - 85

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

86 - 88

References

87

1

1. SYNOPSIS

STUDY OF PEOPLE BEHAVIOR ON TRASH CAN

STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR ABOUT TRASH AND TRASH CANS

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TITLE Study of People Behavior on Trash Cans

INTRODUCTION Clean India, people can make India clean in a number of ways. Garbage and wastes are serious threats facing the nation, it certainly destroys the aesthetic beauty of our country. Further several diseases can result from it.as many Indians fall ill due to improper waste disposal. Segregation waste is also very important. it is something which many Indians ignore. Most noteworthy, the segregation of waste at home should be in 3 separate bins. Indians must learn to re-use old plastic items.as waste disposal in urban and public places has become a problem.

India is facing a huge waste management crisis. As a developing country, this is a big setback to India. Poor waste management leads to decline in quality of life in the aspects of health and hygiene. Instead, it can be used as a potential source of energy, if utilized properly. This article is a discussion on the problems & solutions of waste management in India.

Wastes are accumulated from different sources including sewage, agricultural wastes, Industrial wastes, Electronic wastes, Medical wastes and wastes from packaged products. Sewage or domestic wastes are collected using sewage channels laid across the streets. Major classification of wastes in a simpler perspective is biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. Biodegradable wastes are easily decomposable wastes which need no big processing and can be utilized for generating power or gas which is considered as a green energy. Non-biodegradable wastes include plastics and toxic electronic substances. There are also certain groups of recyclable wastes like papers and glasses which can be re-utilized after processing.

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Wastes dumped in the yards are mostly not segregated properly. Organic and Inorganic wastes are treated in the same way, it leads to loss of potential energy generated using organic wastes. Plastic bags which is not treated properly stagnates water on it gives an opportunity for dangerous parasites like mosquitoes to reproduce. Open burning of the wastes without considering the environmental distress is another problem need to be addressed. Toxic gases like ammonia produced from the domestic waste dumps will cause numerous breathing problems. Cattle feed plastic refuses will cause a severe threat to consumers of milk and puts the lives of 'life stocks' also in danger.

It is not just maintaining urban houses garbage. It is also important to clean the place where our dump yard is located. The contract which were given by municipalities should compulsorily take care is processing, there motto should be RECYCLEREUSE-REDUCE.

AIM & OBJECTIVE • To study human behavior around trash cans and propose guidelines to be adopted, to encourage the citizens to use trash cans effectively • To design a dustbin which attracts people to throw dust in.

• To combine the design of dustbin and railway fortune teller.

• To design a machine, where automatic segregation is done.

• To make a dustbin more than an ordinary dustbin • To study types of waste, waste disposal methods, problems with waste in urban spaces.

• To study behavior of people with trash n urban spaces • To bring dustbin into recognition of people, and make it interesting.

• To provide all essential services and make dustbin more attractive to people • To waste managements and techniques

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SCOPE OF THE PROJECT • Artificial intelligence and programing are one of the key aspects of the machine design • Design elements are the key for design • To study the space arrangement in dustbin • waste management techniques to avoid littering • To improve the level of comfort of throw in trash in trash cans

LIMITATIONS • The project will be providing the basic plan, design and proposal of guidelines.

• space for all the requirements will be given in the design.

• No mechanism is explained • Materials in detail are not studied • Material are not shown • Mechanism of waste separation is not studied • Study of any sensor used in dustbin are not said and explained.

• Detail drawings are not done • Detail dimension drawings are not done

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METHODOLOGY

introduction

study

Research

survey

Analyse

Define problems

Develop proposal

Presentation of design

Design finalisation

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2. LITERATURE STUDY

STUDY OF PEOPLE BEHAVIOR ON TRASH CAN

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a. THE PROBLEM AND ITS STUDY Urban India faces an enormous challenge managing its gigantic load of solid waste. It is not just a public health issue, but also turning out to be a serious law and order problem as people resort to violent methods to protest waste being dumped in their backyard.

But cities simply do not have the space or the wherewithal to dispose of waste. The challenge is going to be tougher. With India's urban population growing at 3-3.5 per cent annually, the waste generated by cities is expected to increase by 5 per cent every year.

How are our cities managing this challenge?

A survey by Delhi-based non-profit Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) attempts to find this out. In a unique method, CSE first solicited

Figure 1

nominations from people and environmentalists on cities they think are managing their wastes well. Once the list of nominations was ready, researchers visited these cities to comprehensively analyze their waste management practices.

The criterion of terming a city clean has not been a superficial assessment of the city's look and feel but the sustainability of its ways to manage waste.

In the final report, it comes out clearly that there are examples worth emulating to make cities clean in a sustainable way. There are also examples that show how not to manage waste.

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The survey divides the cities analyzed into three categories: those that collect, segregate and process waste, indicating a holistic way to process waste (rank 1 to 4); those that collect, but only have partial segregation and treatment facilities (rank 5 to 8); and those that collect but do not segregate or process waste (rank 9 to 14).

As I walked around town and saw city’s colossal chain of manufacturing, consuming, and discarding, I began to think about my own consumption habits.

As I eyed the piles of trash in streets, I began to wonder!!!

India is facing a huge waste management crisis. As a developing country, this is a big setback to India. Poor waste management leads to decline in quality of life in the aspects of health and hygiene. Instead, it can be used as a potential source of energy, if utilized properly. This article is a discussion on the problems & solutions of waste management in India.

The amount of waste generated in rural and urban areas of any country depends on the population and economic conditions. Increased usage of electronic components like laptop, computers and mobile phones is a key cause of flooding e-wastes. Very few people utilize their electronics for its full lifespan, the concept of upgrading is a problem nowadays. With an intention to increase sales volume corporate do advertisements for their new arrivals this tends to repeated purchases of gadgets in the greed of possession. Consuming over packaged products is also an important cause for growing plastic wastes. As the economy grows, urban per capita income is also growing which in turn increased purchasing potential of people. This leveraged purchasing potential is one of the leading cause of the increase in garbage produced per person.

Wastes are accumulated from different sources including sewage, agricultural wastes, Industrial wastes, Electronic wastes, Medical wastes and wastes from packaged products. Sewage or domestic wastes are collected using sewage channels

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laid across the streets. Major classification of wastes in a simpler perspective is biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. Biodegradable wastes are easily decomposable wastes which need no big processing and can be utilized for generating power or gas which is considered as a green energy. Non-biodegradable wastes include plastics and toxic electronic substances. There are also certain groups of recyclable wastes like papers and glasses which can be re-utilized after processing.

Wastes dumped in the yards are mostly not segregated properly. Organic and Inorganic wastes are treated in the same way, it leads to loss of potential energy generated using organic wastes. Plastic bags which is not treated properly stagnates water on it gives an opportunity for dangerous parasites like mosquitoes to reproduce.

Open burning of the wastes without considering the environmental distress is another problem need to be addressed. Toxic gases like ammonia produced from the domestic waste dumps will cause numerous breathing problems. Cattle feed plastic refuses will cause a severe threat to consumers of milk and puts the lives of 'life stocks' also in danger.

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Littering Littering is the unlawful deposit of any type of waste material that is less than 200 litres in volume The most commonly littered items include: cigarette butts. drinks bottles and fast food packaging. food scraps like apple cores.

Littering a nasty side effect of our convenienceoriented disposable culture. To highlight the scope of the problem, consider that California alone spends $28 million each year cleaning up and removing litter along its roadways. And it doesn't stop there—once trash gets free, wind and weather move it from streets and highways to parks and waterways. One study found that 18% of litter ends up in rivers, streams, and

Figure 2

oceans, resulting in trash islands like the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

Few things can be more discouraging than to see the result of extensive littering in your neighbourhood, jogging or walking path, or work location. When you see the consequences of it in a beautiful natural environment like a city, state, or national park it can be downright maddening.

To see trash scattered around the majestic landscape of a park reserve where trash cans are prevalent is heart-breaking. Even in areas that are further into the wilderness where it’s not practical to have trash containers, there is no justification for it.

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Who Litters and Why People Litter?

• Personal choice.

• Litter begets litter.

• It’s “not my responsibility”.

• Can’t find a place to throw • Found a place but, its unhygienic • Stubborn behaviour of person

Figure 3

• Uneducated behaviour of person

What are the effects of throwing garbage anywhere?

• WE'RE POISONING THE PLANET

Figure 4

• WE'RE KILLING & MAIMING BIRDS, FISH AND TURTLES. • DIRECT COST TO TAXPAYERS • PERSONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH • IT's ILLEGAL • IT CAUSES ACCIDENTS • IT CAUSES FIRES • IT's EASILY SOLVABLE.

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 9

STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR ABOUT TRASH AND TRASH CANS

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 10

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b. BAGROUND OF THE PROBLEM Study of waste CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE There may be different types of waste such as Domestic waste, Factory waste, Waste from oil factory, E-waste, Construction waste, Agricultural waste, Food processing waste, Bio-medical waste, Nuclear waste, Slaughter house waste etc.

1. Municipal Waste: Municipal waste includes waste resulting from municipal activities and services such as street wastes, dead animals, market wastes and abandoned vehicles. However, the term is commonly applied in a wider sense to incorporate domestic wastes and commercial wastes.

2. Domestic I Residential Waste: This category of waste comprises the solid wastes that originate from single and multifamily house hold units. These wastes are generated as a consequence of house hold activities such as cooking, cleaning, repairs, hobbies, redecoration, empty containers packaging, clothing, old books, paper and old furnishings.

3. Commercial Waste: Included in this category are solid wastes that originate in offices, wholesale and retail stores, restaurants, hotels, markets, warehouses and other commercial establishments.

Some of these wastes are further classified as garbage and others as rubbish.

4. Garbage: Garbage is the term applied to animal and vegetable waste resulting from the handling, storage, sale, cooking and serving food. Such wastes contain putrescible organic matter, which produces strong odors and therefore attracts rats, flies and other vermin.

It requires immediate attention in its storage, handling and disposal.

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5. Rubbish: Rubbish is general term applied to solid wastes originating in households, commercial establishments and institutions, excluding garbage & ashes.

6. Institutional Waste: Institutional wastes are those arising from institutions such as schools, universities, hospitals and research institutes. It includes wastes, which are classified as garbage and rubbish, as well as wastes, which are considered to be hazardous to public health and to the environment.

7. Ashes: Ashes are the residues from the burning of wood, coal, charcoal, coke and other combustible materials for cooking and heating in houses, institutions and small industrial establishments. When produced in large quantities at power generation plants and factories, these wastes are classified as industrial wastes. Ashes consist of a fine powdery residue, cinders and clinker often mixed with small pieces of metal and glass.

8. Bulky Wastes: In this category are bulky household wastes, which can’t be accommodated in the normal storage containers of households. For this reason they require special collection. In developed countries residential bulky wastes include household furniture and “white goods” appliances such as stoves, washing machines and refrigerators, mattresses and springs, rugs, TV sets, water heaters, tires, lawn mowers, auto parts, tree and brush debris, and so forth.

Commercial bulky wastes include packaging and containers in a wide range of sizes, including corrugated cardboard, and wood boxes, fiber, plastic and steel drums usually under 40 gallons (0.15m3), loose and bundled paper (office, printouts), bundles of textiles and plastics, bales of corrugated and paper, furniture and equipment, and flat and wire banding.

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Industrial bulky waste includes dunnage, including crates, cartons, pallets, skids; large and small steel, fiber, and plastic drums; bales and rolls of paper, plastics, and textiles; miscellaneous metal boxes, tubing, rod, punching’s, and skeleton; wire, rope, and metal banding; and paper, textile, and plastic streamers (William D. Robinson, 1986).

9. Street Sweeping: This term applies to wastes that are collected from streets, walkways, alleys, parks and vacant lots. In the more affluent countries manual street sweeping has virtually disappeared but it still commonly takes place in developing countries, where littering of public places is a far more widespread and acute problem. Street wastes include paper, cardboard, plastic, dirt, dust, leaves and other vegetable matter.

10. Dead Animals: This is term applied to dead animals that die naturally or accidentally killed. This category does not include carcass and animal parts from slaughterhouses, which are regarded as industrial wastes. Dead animals are divided into 2 groups, large and small.

Among the large animals are Horses, Cows, Goats, Sheep and the like.

Small animals include dogs, cats, rabbits and rats. The reason for this differentiation is that large animals require special equipment for lifting and handling during their removal. If not collected promptly, dead animals are a threat to public health because they attract flies and other vermin as they putrefy. Their presence in public places is particularly offensive and emits foul smell from the aesthetic point of view.

11. Construction and Demolition Wastes: Construction and demolition wastes are the waste materials generated by the construction, refurbishment, repair and demolition of houses, commercial buildings and other structures. It mainly consists of earth, stones, concrete, bricks, lumber,

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roofing materials, plumbing materials, heating systems and electrical wires and parts of general municipal waste stream, but when generated in large amounts at building and demolition sites, it is generally removed by contractors for filling low lying areas and by urban local bodies for disposal at landfills.

While retrievable items such as bricks, wood metal are recycled, the concrete and masonry waste accounting for 50% of the waste from construction and demolition activities, are not been currently recycled in India. Concrete and masonry waste can be recycled by sorting, crushing and sieving into recycled aggregates. These recycled aggregates can be used to make concrete for road construction and building material.

This category waste is complex due to the different types of building materials being used but in general may comprise of major components like Cement concrete, Bricks, Cement plaster, Steel (from RCC, door/ window frames, roofing support etc., Rubble, Stone (marble, granite, sand stone), Timber/wood and a few minor components like Conduits (iron, plastic), Pipes (GI, iron, plastic), Electrical fixtures (copper/ aluminum wiring, wooden baton, Bakelite, wire insulation, plastic switches), Panels (wooden, laminated), Others (Glazed tiles, glass panels).

12. Industrial Wastes: In this category are the discarded solid material of manufacturing processes and industrial operations. They cover a vast range of substances which are unique to each industry. For this reason, they are considered separately from municipal wastes.

However, solid wastes from small industrial plants and ash from power plants are frequently disposed of at municipal landfills.

The major generators in the industrial solid wastes are the thermal power plants producing coal ash, the integrated Iron and steel mills producing blast furnace slag and steel melting slag, non-ferrous industries like aluminum, zinc, and copper producing red mud and tailings, sugar industries generating press mud, pulp and paper industries

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producing lime and fertilizer and allied industries producing gypsum. The source and quantum of generation of some major industrial wastes is given in Table 5.9. o Wet waste (Biodegradable) Wet waste (Biodegradable) includes the following: ✓

Kitchen waste including food waste of all kinds, cooked and uncooked,

including eggshells and bones ✓

Flower and fruit waste including juice peels and house-plant waste

✓

Garden sweeping or yard waste consisting of green/dry leaves

✓

Sanitary wastes

✓

Green waste from vegetable & fruit vendors/shops

✓

Waste from food & tea stalls/shops etc.

o Dry waste (Non-biodegradable) Dry waste (Non-biodegradable) includes the following: ✓

Paper and plastic, all kinds

✓

Cardboard and cartons

✓

Containers of all kinds excluding those containing hazardous material

✓

Packaging of all kinds

✓

Glass of all kinds

✓

Metals of all kinds

✓

Rags, rubber •House sweeping (dust etc.)

✓

Ashes

✓

Foils, wrappings, pouches, sachets and tetra packs (rinsed)

✓

Discarded electronic items from offices, colonies viz. cassettes, computer

diskettes, printer cartridges and electronic parts ✓

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✓

Discarded clothing, furniture and equipment

Figure 11

Figure 12

We can classify waste as follows: o Solid waste - vegetable waste, kitchen waste, household waste etc. o E-waste - discarded electronic devices such as computer, TV, music systems etc. o Liquid waste - water used for different industries, tanneries, distilleries, thermal power plants o Plastic waste - plastic bags, bottles, bucket, etc. o Metal waste- unused metal sheet, metal scraps etc. o Nuclear waste- unused materials from nuclear power plants Further we can group all these types of waste into wet waste (Biodegradable) and dry waste (NonBiodegradable).

In addition to the above wastes, another type of waste called Domestic Hazardous Waste ✓ These wastes are generated at the household level. These include ✓ used aerosol cans ✓ batteries, ✓ household kitchen and drain cleaning agents ✓ car batteries

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✓ car care products, ✓ cosmetic items, ✓ chemical-based insecticides/pesticides, ✓ light bulbs, ✓ tube-lights and compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) paint, oil, lubricant and their empty containers.

Similarly, there is

Non-Hazardous waste There are many definitions of hazardous and non-hazardous waste within the government, states and industry groups.

MANAGEMENT AND THEIR PRINCIPALS 1. 4Rs: Refuse, Reduce, Reuse & Recycle anything which we do not really need.

2. Segregation at source 3. Different treatments for different types of solid wastes 4. Treatment at nearest possible point

Figure 13

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c.

PRESENT SITUATION

MANAGEMENT Solid Waste Management in India: Solid Waste Management is a major problem in India. According to official estimations, around 62 million tons of solid waste is generated in the country annually.

Recently, the collapse of a great wall of garbage in east Delhi’s Ghazipur area served a stark reminder to the authorities as well as citizens about India’s neglected waste management crisis. New Delhi generates more than 10,000 tons of garbage on daily basis, posing public safety hazard particularly in the dumping sites.

The extent of the current Waste Management crisis is understood by the very fact that only 80 percent of waste that is generated in urban areas is collected and merely 28 percent of it is processed.

The dump sites in most Indian cities are presently overburdened. Urban landfill sites having biodegradable waste are a major cause of odor pollution often leading to headaches, nausea, anxiety, sleep disorders among others.

A study found out that more than three-fourths of solid waste management budget is allotted to collection and transportation, leaving very little for processing or resource recovery and disposal of waste.

Issues in solid waste management include: Lack of scientific and systematic storage of waste at source originating from the problem of

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segregation; Dumping sites are left unattended leading to serious environmental issues.

At source, people generally don’t arrange to provide proper dustbins for segregated waste in residential as well as commercial areas.

Challenges to Waste Management in India: Finding new landfills is seen as merely relocating the problem of garbage piles. It is noteworthy that waste management becomes challenging when segregation of the garbage is not performed and recyclables, organic waste and toxic wastes are all dumped together.

Increasing urbanization is putting additional pressure on landfill sites located in urban areas. Waste management rules were notified more than a year ago, yet they are not implemented.

The Swachh Bharat Programmed has focused mainly on individual action to keep streets clean without pressure on State and municipal authorities for scientific management of the waste.

Organic waste that can potentially help green cities and also feed small and affordable household biogas plants is simply ignored. India is doing little t prevent plastic from drifting into suburban garbage, rivers, water bodies and cattle feeding on dumping sites.

Considering that waste volumes are estimated to grow to 165 million tones a year by 2030, many more suburbs are threatened by collapsing or burning trash mountains.

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Waste Collection in India: Primarily by the city municipality ✓ No gradation of waste product

e.g. bio-degradable, glasses, poly bags, paper

shreds etc. ✓ Dumps these wastes to the city outskirts Local Rag pickers ✓ Collecting small iron pieces by magnets ✓ Collecting glass bottles ✓ Collecting paper for recycling

Challenges lack of awareness

dumping of e-waste

scarcity of land

segregation at source

lack of collection

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Swachh Office Standard Operating Procedures Cleaning Practices All corridors, rooms, toilets and external areas of the office building including flooring, ceiling, furniture, doors, windows, fixtures, etc. should be clean at any given time. The following cleaning routine should be adhered to: Sweeping and Mopping of floor a. Sweeping of corridors with disinfectant at least once a day. b. Place appropriate warning signage to avoid accidents. c. Frequent brooming of the corridor through the course of the day. d. Vacuum cleaning of carpets atleast daily using appropriate vacuum cleaning equipment.

Garbage Bins a. Remove garbage from dustbins and clean them if required. b. Provide separate dustbins for biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials. c. Replace the cleared dustbins to the original spot. d. If any trash found on the lobby area then pick up immediately.

Doors, Windows and Walls a. Spray windows and glass surfaces with water or appropriate cleaning solution. b. Removal of all cobwebs and stains. c. Extensive cleaning of outer-surface of windows to be carried out by contracted agency at least once a month. d. If any fingerprints, smudges or stains found on the corridor wall then the same to be cleaned immediately.

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Vents and Fixtures a. Dusting of light fittings, wall decorations, other fixtures using feather brush and duster. b. Air conditioning vents and sprinklers should also be dusted and checked for proper functioning.

Toilets a. Fixtures including toilets and sinks are free of streaks, soil and stains and soap scum. b. Mirrors and windows are free of dust and streaks. c. Dispensers are free of dust, soiling and residue and replaced/replenished when empty. d. Waste is disposed of appropriately on a daily basis. e. Provisioning of soap, toilet paper, hand towel/dryer, sanitary pads dispenser, dustbins, and other necessary items. f.Toilet bowls, urinals and adjoining areas should be cleaned with disinfectant on a daily basis, and the use of acid-based disinfectants should be avoided. g. Toilet floors should be kept dry to the extent possible/feasible.

External Areas/ Open Spaces/ Common Spaces a. Sweeping of external areas at least twice daily. b. Provisioning of sufficient number of dustbins to prevent littering. c. Cleaning of garbage dumping site (if present within premises) monthly. d. Composting of leaves and biodegradable waste (if feasible).

An Intensive Cleaning of the entire office premises should be carried out at least once in two months which should also involve participation all officials and staff (through Sharman) for disposal of redundant/unused hardware, furniture which can be added to STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR ABOUT TRASH AND TRASH CANS

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inventory and re-allocated as per demand. If necessary, spot tendering to be practiced to avoid delays and creation of space in the office.

Weeding and recording of files should be resorted to at least once in 6 months. The records in the record room should be reviewed once a year and destroyed as per guidelines. This would ensure that constant space is created for keeping more recorded files. If necessary extra manpower for this purpose should be resorted to.

Items to be cleaned

Frequency

Ceilings, including air conditioning and ventilation

Monthly

grills/vents and light fixtures Store rooms and storage areas

Monthly

Exterior windows and walls

Monthly

All horizontal surfaces (all shelving, computers, keyboards,

Weekly

etc.)

Furniture

Weekly

Carpets

Daily

Walls, including all doors and windows

Twice a week

Floors, including skirting, corners and edges

Daily

External areas

Daily

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Do’s and Don’ts DO

DON’T

Collect waste, rubbish and debris

. DO NOT let trash and waste

inside and outside the building and

accumulate in or around the

garden/open spaces and dispose as

building.

per set frequency.

Dispose all waste as per guidelines

DO NOT dispose waste outdoors in parking lots, gardens, near or in storm drains, drainage, ditches or any other location where they can damage the environment

Keep all equipment clean; do not

DO NOT let equipment get

allow a build-up of wastes

damaged or rusted; replace if unsuitable for further use

Oversee contractors to ensure that

DO NOT let contractors conduct

correct procedures are followed and

maintenance in conflict with proper

SOP guidelines are complied with.

procedures and guidelines; monitor closely.

Impose Penalty on defaulters for

DO NOT allow littering, spitting,

littering/spitting/open urinating

open defecating or any other

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practices that affect the cleanliness and aesthetics of the premises.

Conduct surprise inspections of the

DO NOT allow the officers to

office premises to ensure a clean,

accumulate unnecessary files in

hygienic and healthy work

their spaces.

environment

Conduct awareness sessions for all

DO NOT allow the officers to

staff to keep their respective work

accumulate unnecessary files in

stations/cubicles/office rooms clean

their spaces.

Conduct awareness sessions for all

DO NOT allow the

staff to keep their respective work

officers/officials to scatter the

stations/cubicles/office rooms clean

furniture and files giving the office space an untidy look.

In case housekeeping/cleaning services are to be outsourced, sample Scope of Work and bid evaluation parameters for reference in at Annexure 1.

Cleaning Equipment The Administration/Contracting Agency is required to procure appropriate and necessary cleaning equipment as per norms laid down below: Dustbins Area

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No. of dustbins required

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External Area/Open

2 every 100 meter (example)

Spaces/Garden: Corridors

If required

Office Rooms

1 per desk

Toilets

1 per toilet

Canteens

As per need but should have bio degradable and non-biodegradable components segregation.

Conference rooms

1 per room

Visitors room

1 per room

Library

As per need

Labs

As per defined standards

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WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY IN BHUTAN The Waste Prevention and Management Regulation, 2012, which came into effect on 18 April 2012 in Bhutan is a comprehensive regulation for the waste minimization and management. It establishes various agencies and monitoring authorities for the effective implementation of this regulation, and is applied to all point sources and/or point of origin of different types of waste and their management.

National Environment Commission (NEC) is the apex monitoring body under this regulation which shall coordinate and monitor the overall performance of Implementing Agencies designated to efficiently implement the provisions of this Regulation. And, the Royal Bhutan Police shall assist the implementing agencies in achieving full compliance.

This regulation is a strong measure to deal with the existing bad scenario of waste disposal and management in Bhutan.

GENERAL PROVISIONS Chapter 2 of the Waste Prevention and Management Regulation, 2012 states the general provisions and provides summary to the whole purpose of this regulation.

Some of the salient features of the general provisions are: • Providing

safe and healthy environment to the community at all times

• Prohibition

from disposing waste by every person or an organization in any manner

unless required by this regulation • Inherent

duties on each person regarding

- Safe storage and disposal of waste - Handle waste without endangering the person or the environment - Complying and cooperating with the initiatives of waste management required under this regulation

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- Cooperation to implementing agencies and authorized service provider for the proper implementation of this regulation •A

person on having knowledge of any person disposing waste of any nature into the

environment shall report to the nearest local authority or the Royal Bhutan Police • Restriction

of sanitary landfill or open dump site in certain locations such as within a

distance in or around human settlements, near water catchment areas, rivers, wetlands or ground water sources, landslide prone areas, notified area of endangered wildlife habitation and near monuments.

• Identification

of an area as an open dump site for a specific duration by NEC which

can close or upgrade these sites depending upon their impact on health and environment • Removal

of non-functional vehicles or machineries stranded in one public place.

• Formulation

of appropriate mechanisms to prevent and control the waste and

nuisance caused by stray domestic animals This regulation has laid down many provisions for handling and management of hazardous or infectious waste which are to be followed by implementing agency such as to have in place a system for safe storage, handling and disposal of hazardous wastes, providing personal protective equipments, labeling of containers having hazardous contents and maintaining detail records regarding incidents of injuries, accidents and non-compliance to the regulation.

For waste management services, the implementing agency in consultation with the Sanitary Committee may formulate collection mechanisms and propose chargeable fee amount that may vary for residential, commercial institutions and corporations. The fees, charges and fines collected are used for purposes such as outsourcing of waste collection services; public education and awareness programs; fund research, technical capacity development programs; cleaning campaigns, maintenance of existing waste management infrastructures; and incentives & awards for exemplary waste

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management initiatives.

The implementation agencies or responsible authorities for the above mentioned provisions are: 1. The National Environment Commission 2. The Royal Bhutan Police 3. Dzongdag monitoring authority within Dzongkhag jurisdiction 4. Dungpa, Gup, Mangmi, Divisional Forest Officer, Park Managers and institutional heads shall be the implementing agencies within respective territorial jurisdictions 5. Department of Roads in collaboration with the Road Safety and Transport Authority 6. Sanitary committee WASTE MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES This regulation classifies wastes into four categories for the purpose of clearly demarcating the roles of implementing agencies under respective waste categories for the effective waste management. The provisions under these four waste management categories are as follows:

A. Medical Wastes Management Under this section, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests shall monitor the Implementing agencies which include health clinics, hospitals, BHUS, Department of Livestock, Bhutan Narcotic Control Agency and Drug Regulatory Authority.

Medical wastes under this regulation are classified into the categories of general waste, pathological waste, infectious waste, sharps, pharmaceutical waste, chemical waste, radioactive waste and pressurized containers. And, this regulation has laid out comprehensive provisions for the prevention and management of each category of medical waste mentioned above.

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B. Municipal Waste Management Under this section, the Ministry of Works and Human Settlement shall be responsible for monitoring the implementation within the jurisdiction of Thromde with the help of municipal offices of the Thromde and Dzongkhag as implementing agencies.

Some of the responsibilities to be undertaken by Thromde for managing municipal waste are:

- Proper waste management including segregation, collection, processing, transport and disposal to designated sites - Provide separate containers for biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes at every point source for the waste segregation - Collect waste management service fees and other charges - Safe handling, storage and disposal of hazardous or infectious waste - Collection and treatment of leachate from a sanitary landfill before its release into the environment - Conduction of advocacy programs and awareness programs.

The implementing agencies shall designate Thromde Inspectors for the effective implementation of the municipal waste management provisions under this regulation.

Responsibilities are entrusted to waste traders and scrap dealers to ensure cleanliness while dealing with municipal wastes, provide protective equipment to their workers and ensure suspicious recyclable wastes are not purchased.

C. Industrial Waste Management Under this section, the Ministry of Economic Affairs in cooperation with other related agencies shall monitor the implementing agencies.

The salient provisions of the regulation under this section are:

- Trading of waste or waste products by an individual or firm without the permit from competent authority is prohibited.

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- Waste or waste products trading requires license issued by Ministry of Economic Affairs - To get environment clearance is mandatory for a business person engaged in the waste and waste products trading.

- Without the prior consent of the importing country, export of hazardous industrial waste, by-products and raw materials of industrial processes by an individual or firm shall not be allowed.

- The industrial waste generators have to undertake the responsibilities of segregation (into biodegradable, recyclable and non-recyclable), treatment, proper collection, transport and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste.

- The industrial waste generators have to ensure that the effluent discharge and gaseous emissions should be within prescribed national standards and a detail documentation is maintained of hazardous and non-hazardous waste from generation to disposal in terms of quantity, characteristics and components.

Incentives like exemption from Bhutan sales tax, Income tax and custom duties for 20 years, exemption from license fee etc. may be provided to any licensed person engaged in the activities of waste collection, recycling, reuse or value addition to the waste.

Under this section a Waste Management Fund is established which deposits any revenue generated from the implementation of this regulation and is used for many activities related to waste analysis, minimization and management initiatives.

D. E-Waste Management The provisions under this section will be implemented by the e-waste management entity and the Thromdes, Dzongkhags, Gewog and Chiwog with overall directives and guidelines from the Department of Information Technology and Telecom shall monitor the implementation by the e-waste management entity.

This section have laid down detailed provisions for every producer, importer, exporter, transporter, consumer or bulk consumer for the management and handling of e-waste.

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An E-waste fund is created under this section by the Department of Information Technology and Telecom in consultation with the NEC to finance the implementation of e-waste management system and carry out related tasks.

There is an entire chapter under the Waste Prevention and Management Regulation, 2012 dealing with Waste management in government reserved forest including protected areas and Dzongkhag communities. The implementing agency for this purpose is the Divisional Forestry Officer or Park Manager and the monitoring authority is the Ministry for Agriculture and Forests.

The guidelines for solid waste collection and transportation within communities are also mentioned under this section. A Regional Waste Collection Centre may be coordinated by different Dzongkhags to promote economic viability of inorganic solid waste for the reuse or recycling purposes by interested agencies.

Fine and administrative action This regulation imposes fines and administrative actions on individuals or organizations for various offences.

TABLE 1: Offence and fine schedule Fine Section

Offence (acts of

amount

Admin.

150

noncompliance)

(Nu. per

action

instance)

150.1

150.2

Littering at any public places

dumping of wastes in places other than approved sites

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100

500

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Operating business 150.3

establishments without providing waste bins for

1000

customer usage

Any nature of waste being 150.4

found within a boundary of a

500

household or business unit

150.5

Urinating or defecating in a public place

100

sale of goods or services on 150.6

the streets and pedestrian

1000

walkways without approval

dumping wastes into the 150.7

streams, rivers, drainage

1000

systems or other water bodies

dumping of industrial waste 150.8

in areas other than designated

20000

location or facility

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collection of waste without 150.9

permit from the relevant

100

authority

dumping of construction

150.10

waste including excavated

9000 per

materials and structural

truck

demolition waste in places

load

other than designated sites

Upon completion of a construction work, failure to clean up the remnants of the 150.11

construction materials in and

10000

around a construction area, streets, roads or pedestrian pathways

Placing or storing of goods, including commercial and 150.12

construction materials, on the streets, roads, and pedestrian

2000

pathways without permission of the relevant authority

150.13

failure to provide common waste bins by house owners

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500 or

Admin

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failure to segregate solid waste when segregation 150.14

facilities

500 or

Admin

20000 or

Admin

are available or provided with

failure to record detail information on accident, noncompliance or other 150.15

detail in particular to medical, industrial or any hazardous waste as required to be included in a report

dumping or releasing of 150.16

waste into the prohibited areas by

20000

this Regulation

dumping or releasing of industrial, medical or other hazardous wastes including 150.17

spillage during transportation

20000

in any places other than designated or approved facility

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150.18

150.19

giving false or distorted information or report

an Implementing Agency failing to:

20000

5000

1. provide or cause to be provided with safety gears for the personnel handling

Admin

hazardous or

action

infectious wastes and

BCSR

ensure their strict usage

1. develop and issue technical guidelines for the handling of hazardous, infectious

Admin

or dangerous waste

action

and ensure strict compliance therewith

1. send annual report, with quality content,

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Admin action

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within stipulated time as required by this Regulation

1. enforce or achieve compliance requirements under

Admin action

this Regulation; or

1. secure or cause to be secured the waste collection or dump site facility from endangering human

Admin action

and animals due to its failure to fence or cover such areas

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Conclusion: As told by Mr. Tenzin Lhundup, an official from NEC, “awareness and proper training is yet not implemented in Bhutan and for proper waste management, awareness raising is a pre-requisite.’’ He also told CSE that Bhumtang Municipal Corporation has started recently with awareness programmes regarding the new regulation.

The Waste Prevention and Management Regulation, 2012 in Bhutan seems to be a well laid legislation covering all aspects related to waste management issues of the country but hope its implementation is as good as its theoretical contents.

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d. MUNICIPAL BEHAVIOR WITH TRASHCANS Municipal garbage in India dumped without processing: Barely 35,600 metric tonnes (MT) or a quarter of the 1.43lakh MT of garbage generated every day in Indian cities get processed. The remaining three-quarters about 1.1 lakh MT are dumped in the open. Only eight of 35 states process more than half the daily garbage generated in their cities and not one has achieved 100% processing.

Figure 14

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Municipalities in Hyderabad The GHMC (GRATER HYDERABAD MUNICIPAL CORPORATION) is the corporation undertakes the waste management in Hyderabad.

Hyderabad: Littering to be penalised Littering fine makes GHMC richer by ₹1 crore in 4 months • Hyderabad is 22 cleanest cities in 2019 and 15 cleanest city in 2015-2016 • Telangana is 8th cleanest city • From utilizing plastic waste effectively by making footpaths and recycled plastic bins to establishing sewage treatment plants in a bid to attain ODF plus and ODF Plus status, Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation is doing it all to improve its performance in Swachh Survekshan 2019. and trying to be 1st.

• From a total of 2,000 marks, Hyderabad obtained 1605, while Mumbai got 1535 marks,

Figure 15

Bengaluru 967 and Chennai 915.

• GHMC received Swachh Surveksahan award for cleanliness IN 2017 • Hyderabad slips to 27 in Swachh rankings, but is still better than Bengaluru, Chennai and Kolkata.

• The GHMC has decided to penalise citizens for dumping trash on the roadsides and in their colonies. Irregular collection of garbage from households is no excuse.

• The GHMC has decided to penalise citizens for dumping trash on the roadsides and in their colonies. Irregular collection of garbage from households is no excuse.

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• This Bank In Hyderabad Was Penalized For Littering (The bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank of Somajiguda branch has been fined with Rs 20,000.)

• Littering fine makes GHMC richer by ₹1 crore in 4 months • The GHMC, at present, penalises offenders through a mechanism at which vehicle numbers are recorded

Figure 16

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e. STUDY OF TRASH CANS Dustbin (Define): a container for household refuse, especially one kept outside. (or) a can for trash or garbage (or) a large container for rubbish from a house or other building, usually made of strong plastic or metal and kept outside

Public waste collection In many cities and towns, there is a public waste collection service which regularly collects household waste from outside buildings etc. This will be loaded into a garbage truck and driven to a landfill, incinerator or crush facility to be disposed of. Household waste containers are usually either: • trash

cans, receptacles made of metal or plastic

• wheelie bins,

light, mobile plastic bins

In some areas, each household has multiple bins for different categories of rubbish (usually represented by colours) depending on its suitability for recycling.

Commercial roadside waste containers are often larger dumpsters or skips.

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Public litter bins Public areas, such as parks, often have litter bins placed to improve the social environment by encouraging people not to litter. Such bins in outdoor locations or other busy public areas are usually mounted to the ground or wall to discourage theft, and reduce vandalism, and to improve their appearance are sometimes deliberately artistic or cute. In dense urban areas, trash is stored underground below the receptacle.[3] Some trash cans have plastic bags to help contain liquids.

Designs A pedal bin is a container with a lid operated by a foot pedal. Lillian Moller Gilbreth (an industrial engineer and efficiency expert as well as mother of twelve[4]) invented the pedal bin in the 1920s for the disposal of kitchen waste. The foot pedal enables the user to open the lid without touching it with their hands Metaphors he term "garbage can" is also used for a model of decision making, the "Garbage Can Model" of decision making. It is concerned with cases of decision making in great aggregate uncertainty which can cause decisions to arise that from a distant point of view might seem irrational.

A "trash can" metaphor is often used in computer operating system desktop environments as a place files can be moved for deletion.

In a workplace setting, a bin may be euphemistically called "the circular file", "the round file" or "the janitor's file". Whereas useful documents are filed in a filing cabinet, which is rectangular, junk mail and other worthless items are "filed" in the bin, which is often round.

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The term "waste basket" is occasionally used in taxonomy to refer to groupings that are based on some non-genetic criterion (e.g., the proposed order Insectivora is considered a "wastebasket taxon", as it groups small mammals whose chief link is that they eat insects), and the Nilo-Saharan language family is sometimes called "Greenberg's wastebasket", as it was a grouping made by him to fit the languages of Africa that did not fall into the other groups, Afroasiatic, Niger–Congo, and Khoisan.

WHY DUSTBIN’S: there were, even more, benefits of providing more recycling receptacles than just less trash in landfills. Some of these benefits included less littering around campus and decreased residential energy use. These positive behaviors displayed by the student body and faculty on campus helped the environment by not only reducing material waste but by reducing energy waste as well.

CONCLUSION: Providing recycling bins in public places, such as around academic buildings on a school's campus makes everyone more aware of their waste-causing habits. Not only can the institution, company, or business sell the recycle more material and save the waste from ending up in the landfills but they can also sell the recycled products to a company who make new items for money.

Institutions have also noticed other cost-saving benefits such as reducing energy bills from other forms of used energy. The simple presence of things like recycling bins makes people recognize and be conscious of their habits and the results on the environment.

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Many places that have put out recycling containers also notice the overall energy use of other utilities such as electricity or water within the business as well. People are simply aware that they may be using excessive amounts of resources and cut back the waste. The recycling bin is a great, constant, visual reminder that we need to protect our planet in every way possible for ourselves and the next generation.

Time Saver Standards DIMENTIONS – WEIGHTS – STANDARDS NORMAL VOLUME: 250 litres NET WEIGHT: Approx. 13lg Max Load: 69kgs

Figure 17

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Norms According to swachbarath set of laws: 1. Remove garbage from dustbins and clean them if required 2. Provide separate dustbins for biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials 3. Replace the cleared dustbins to the original spot 4. If any trash found on the lobby area then pick up immediately.

Colour indications: • GENERAL WASTE -White • MIXED CARD & PAPER - Blue • PLASTIC ONLY - Red • ELECTRICAL - Magenta • GLASS - Turquois • ALUMINIUM - White • WOOD &TIMBER - Brown • METAL - White • BUILDING MATERIAL – Brown

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Eco Wise Waste Management Here is the information you need to determine which kind of waste goes to which color-coded bin: 1. Green Bin The green colored bin is used to dump biodegradable waste. This bin could be used to dispose off wet/organic material including cooked food/leftover food, vegetable/fruit peels, egg shell, rotten eggs, chicken/fish bones, tea bags/coffee grinds, coconut shells and garden waste including fallen leaves/twigs or the puja flowers/garlands will all go into the green bin.

2. Blue bin The blue coloUred bin is used for segregating dry or recyclable left over. This category includes waste like plastic covers, bottles, boxes, cups, toffee wrappers, soap or chocolate wrapper and paper waste including magazines, newspapers, tetra packs, cardboard cartons, pizza boxes or paper cups/plates will have to be thrown into the white bin. Metallic items like tins/cans foil paper and containers and even the dry waste including cosmetics, hair, rubber/thermal (polystyrene), old mops/dusters/sponges.

3. Black bin Black bin, make up for the third category, which is used for domestic hazardous waste like sanitary napkins, diapers, blades, bandages, CFL, tube light, printer cartridges, broken thermometer, batteries, button cells, expired medicine etc.

On household kerb side wheelie bins The body of the bin should be black or dark green PMS553. The lid should reflect the relevant colour for the waste stream.

On household kerb side crates

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The crate should use the relevant colour, or alternatively black, with the signage in the appropriate colour.

On internal office or workplace bins Internal bins should use the relevant colour. Alternatively, where the bin body is metal, it may remain natural or galvanized and signage should be used in the relevant colour.

On back of house mobile bins Where possible, mobile bin lids should use the relevant colours. Where it is not appropriate, due to corporate branding requirements, signage of the relevant colour should be used to indicate what can be placed in the bin.

Public place litter and recycling bins Symbols on these outdoor bins should use the relevant colour whilst the metal or plastic bin body can remain natural or galvanized.

Event bins The bin lid, or cover, or bin station and flags should reflect the relevant colour for the waste stream.

Drop-off bins (i.e. public recycling center’s) Open bins at a drop-off point should have signage at eye level in the relevant colour for the waste stream.

In addition to the commonly used colours shown here a full suite of colours for a range of materials is available on the Waste MINZ website www.wasteminz.org.nz. When STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR ABOUT TRASH AND TRASH CANS

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implementing recycling collections, businesses are advised to contact their council for local recycling options.

GREEN BINS ✓ Food items ✓ Kitchen, peels, cutting refuse ✓ Tea, coffee ✓ Cotton ✓ Match stick ✓ Hair…. etc BLUE BINS ✓ Plastic food jars, tubs, lids, bottles ✓ Plastic toys, makeup jars. Styrofoam, foam cups ✓ Milk/juice cartons ✓ Empty paint and aerosol cans ✓ Metal coats, coat hangers, batteries, pots. ✓ Class bottles, jars, dishes, cups, pottery, make up jars, mirrors, light bulb, window glass ✓ Aluminium rigid tray ✓ Household paper ✓ Paper gift wrap and cards ✓ Paper egg cartons, rolls and bags ✓ Boxed-cardboards, cereal, tissue, detergent ✓ Newspaper, telephone directories, magazines, books

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International color indications:

Figure 18

“Why Aren’t There Standard Colors for Recycling Streams?” This is a common question that our customers ask when they first look at implementing a new recycling program.

It would seem logical in a society that embraces color as a visual cue, that there would be some level of color standardization. After all, we all know that red means stop and green means go. Surprisingly however, there still isn’t a standard to drive visual recognition in recycling streams of where to toss your trash vs your recyclables.

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Part of the challenge is that even though it seems like the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) have been around for years, the industry itself is still relatively young. It has gained momentum over the last 20 years but there still isn’t a governing body that lays down the law on which colors should be used to represent particular waste streams.

Another big challenge is that waste collection varies greatly by state/province and also by town and city. Different municipalities within the same region often have different bylaws on what can be collected for recycling and whether compost is even available.

These variations make it difficult to create a national color-coding system for waste collection.

Informal Standardization of Color The good news is that an informal standardization of color starting in some cities has widely been accepted. For example, in San Francisco, for 3-stream collection the common practice is black for waste, green for organics and blue for recycling streams.

This simple color code is also being promoted by organizations such as the US Zero Waste Business Council, and has been adopted by corporations like Google and Tesla

The city of Vancouver has announced that it will be banning all organic waste from its landfill and waste to energy facilities in 2015 and will be requiring businesses and residential homes to collect all organic waste for composting. Vancouver is also suggesting the use of black for waste, green for composting and blue for recycling stream.

Consistency is Key Regardless of the color you choose for your program the most important factor that affects participation is actually consistency. You need to keep whatever colors you

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choose, the containers you use, and the communication tools you implement consistent throughout your entire facility.

Clean River developed what we call the 3C process. Three easy principles that make it easy for you to implement a successful recycling program.

• Culture is

the key driver in recycling program success. Make sure everyone in your

organization is on board with the new program from custodial staff to senior management.

• Communication

is vital. People need to know the program exists and how to use it

properly. Monthly program communication reminds everyone of the importance of the recycling program, and graphics on the bins help people choose the correct stream when tossing their waste.

• Collection

is critical. Not only the containers you choose but where they are placed.

They need to be able to collect the right streams, be flexible enough to adapt to your changing program, be consistent in color and stream collection and be easily accessible throughout your facility including reception areas, break rooms, restrooms, front and back-of-house and all common areas

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3. ANALYSIS

STUDY OF PEOPLE BEHAVIOR ON TRASH CAN

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a. Public survey

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Table 2

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Table 3

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b. Analyze for people of age bet 20y-21y

Figure 18

The bar chart illustrates the number of men and women of age limit 20y-21y responded to the question-how clean is India on the scale of 1-5.

It can be seen that there are five people i.e.; 15.6 % of people responded 1 on the scale of 15 and 12 people i.e.; 37.5% of people from India gave 2. cleanliness of India is scaled with 3 by 15 people i.e.; 46.9%. further we can see there are 0 people who gave 4 and 5 scale.

From the above chart maximum number of people gave a scale of 3.

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Figure 20

The pie chart illustrates the number of men and women of age limit 20-21 responded to the question-who is the major reason for littering?

Red colour in the pie chart indicates people and blue colour indicates municipalities.

Citizens of India responded that 93.8 % people are only responsible for the littering.

Only 6.2% of littering is by municipalities.

So according to our survey major littering is done by people i.e.; citizens of India.

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Figure 21

The bar chart illustrates the number of men and women of age limit 20-21 responded to the question-how often have you seen dustbins in public spaces?

Three people i.e.; 9.4% of people from India gave a scale of 1 and 14 people i.e.; 43.98% gave a scale of 2. there are 12 people who have a scale of 3 and finally only 3 people i.e.; 9.4% gave a scale of 4 which is very less. moving forward no citizen of India gave a scale of 5 According to our survey majority of people haven’t seen dustbins in public places.

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Figure 22

The pie chart illustrates the number of men and women of age limit 20-21 responded to the question-do you think government is responsible for littering?

Here blue colour indicates people who strongly agree and orange indicates people who agree with it. yellow colour indicates people who disagree with it and finally green colour indicates people who strongly disagree with it.

Here 53.1 % of people agree that government of India is responsible for littering.

34.4% disagree that government is not responsible for littering in India as they disagree with it and 9.4 people strongly agree with it. there are very less people who strongly disagree that government is responsible for the littering in India i.e. 3.1% of people.

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Figure 23

The pie chart illustrates the number of men and women of age limit 20-21 responded to the question-how municipalities are responsible for littering?

Here blue colour indicates that municipalities are not picking waste regularly and red colour indicates that municipalities are not maintaining proper segregation method. orange colour indicates the responses of citizens which don’t include neither picking up the waste nor

Figure 24

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maintaining proper segregation method, but they came up with other ideas that they need to provide dustbins and clean their surroundings.

The bar chart illustrates the number of men and women of age limit 20-21 responded to the reason, why you don’t use dustbins.

It is clearly seen that 21.9% i.e. 7 people have responded that they don’t use dustbins because of laziness and carelessness and 6.3% i.e. 2 people said that they have no

Figure 25

social responsibilities to main their surroundings clean. Whereas majority of people i.e. 14 people said that they don’t have dustbins placed in their surroundings.

Due to the litter present in their area 4 people said that they don’t use dustbins.

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18.8% of our citizens will neglect to use dustbins by thinking “others will pick them up”.

Leaving all these responses aside there are few more people that is 6.3% of people came up with other responses that they try to use dustbins but due to the litter present on the streets they may not use dustbins.

Figure 26

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c. Analyze for people of age bet 22y-80y

Figure 27

The above bar chart analyses the study qualification of the men and women who responded to our survey.

It is clearly seen that 16.7% are the students who has passed their 10th standard and 33.3% are degree graduates and 16.7% are inter failures. here the other 16.7% of people’s study

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Figure 28

The above bar chart illustrates the responses of the men and women of age group 22-80yo To the question how lean is India on the scale of 1-5?

It is clearly seen that there are 6 responses given on our survey.

2 people gave a scale of 1 and 33.3% i.e. 2 people gave a scale of 2 whereas 2 of them gave a scale of 3. on the scale of 1-5 no citizen gave a scale of 4 and 5 which shows that cleanliness of India is not satisfactory by their people.

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The below pie chart illustrates the responses of the men and women of age group 22-80yo To the question who is the major reason for littering it is clearly seen that there are 6 responses on our survey conducted.

Here orange colour indicates that people are responsible for littering on the streets and blue colour indicates that municipalities i.e. government is responsible for littering.

From the pie chart we can say that 50% of the people said that people are responsible for littering on the streets and 50% of them said that government is responsible for the littering.

Figure 29

The above pie chart illustrates the responses of the men and women of age group 22-80yo To the question how lean is India on the scale of 1-5?

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Figure 30

The above bar chart illustrates the responses of the men and women of age group 22-80yo To the question How often have you seen dustbins in public Spaces?

It is clearly seen that there are 6 responses given on our survey.

0 people gave a scale of 1 and 50% i.e.3 people gave a scale of 2 whereas 2 of them gave a scale of 3, one person i.e. 12.7% gave the scale of 4.which shows that cleanliness of India is not satisfactory by their people.

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Figure 31

The above pie chart illustrates the responses of men and women of India of age group of 2280yo answered to the question-do you think municipalities re responsible for littering?

For our survey conducted there are 6 responses.

Here red colour indicates that people agree that, municipalities are responsible for the littering, orange colour indicates that people disagree with it, blue colour indicates that people strongly agree that govt is responsible for littering n the streets. Green colour shows the people who strongly disagree with it.

33.3% of people agree with it and 33.3 % of people disagree with it and there are 33.3% of people who strongly agree that municipalities are responsible for the littering on the roads .

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Figure 32

The above pie chart illustrates the responses of the men and women of age group 22-80yo To the question how municipalities are responsible for littering?

Here red colour indicates that people are not maintaining proper segregation method ,orange colour indicates those people who say people neither follow picking up waste regularly nor maintaining proper segregation, blue colour indicate people who say that waste on the streets is not picked regularly.

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Figure 33

The above bar chart illustrates the responses of the men and women of age group 22-80yo To the reason why you don’t use dustbins.

It is clearly seen that there are 6 responses to our survey conducted.

Here 33.3% of the people say that they don’t use dustbins due to their laziness and carelessness and it shows that there is no single person with no social response.

66.7% of citizens say that they don’t use dustbins due to the lack of dustbins in their surroundings ,66.7% of people say that due to the presence of litter on the streets we don’t use dustbins.33.3% of people responded that they don’t use dustbins by thinking “other will pick it up”.

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Figure 34

d. conclusion Indians gained freedom under the leadership of Gandhiji, but his dream of a clean India is still unfulfilled. Mahatma Gandhi said "Sanitation is more important than independence".

He made cleanliness and sanitation an integral part of the Gandhian way of living. His dream was total sanitation for all. Cleanliness is most important for physical well-being and a healthy environment. It has bearing on public and personal hygiene. It is essential for everyone to learn about cleanliness, hygiene, sanitation and the various diseases that are caused due to poor hygienic conditions. The habits learnt at a young age get embedded into one's personality. Even if we inculcate certain habits like washing hands before meals, regular brushing of teeth, and bathing from a young age, we are not bothered about cleanliness of public places. Mahatma Gandhi said, “I will not let anyone walk through my mind with their dirty feet.�

Gandhiji dwelt on cleanliness and good habits and pointed out its close relationship to good health. No one should spit or clean his nose on the streets. In some cases, the sputum is so harmful that the germs infect others. In some countries spitting on the road is a criminal offence. Those who spit after chewing betel leaves and tobacco have no consideration for the feelings of others. Spittle, mucus from the nose, etc, should also be covered with earth.

(Navajivan dated 2 November, 1919). cleanliness is important in our life as well as for the nation. It is well known that the Mahatma Gandhi personally took the effort to achieve the change that he wanted to see. It STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR ABOUT TRASH AND TRASH CANS

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is of course too much to expect our present-day leaders to go around the cities with their rising number of slums, and initiate a genuine drive to clean-up the surrounding. It is even less probable that they will pull themselves away from their market-focused pursuits and ineffectual, exclusive pursuit of GDP growth, to focus on the task of nation-building.

Teachers’ and students’ role is very important to create awareness on cleanliness. In today’s world the role of social media is important to create awareness among the people and inculcate a feeling of nationality among them. Cleanliness is not only the responsibility of the 'safaai kaamgar' (sanitation worker) or local government. It is the responsibility of all Indians.

It is the responsibility of the Government officers, NGOs and the local community to make India completely clean. It’s a need of the present; all the people should actively participate to clean India to fulfil the dream of Mahatma Gandhi for the protection of the environment, for our safety, and for a healthy future.

As India is suffering from cleanliness problem from some decades, as it is also one of the major problem which stops India from developing. By considering all the reports of the analysis the proposal of the product is made.

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4.PRILIMINARY PRAPOSALS

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The preliminary proposals of a dust bin are a. a fortune teller Our train journey started by pleading for Re.1 coin from our parents to know our weight and our fortune. Gone are those days now. Where are those colourful, magical weighing machines which were the fortune tellers of our childhood? The silent wait at the railway station was broken by children running with coins jingling in their pockets towards those giant machines which are a part of the childhood of 90s kids. These weighing machines were removed by the Indian Railways a few years back.

And the reason behind that was mainly financial crisis - these machines were not funding profit. They were running at a loss. They were maintained by a private contractor and without profits, the maintenance could be done. The contract ended in 2011 only and within a few years, the machines were removed from the platforms.

The machines were important for the ambience of the platform. They added joy to the journey. Humans are always curious to know their weight and these were way too interesting. Hopping into the machine and waiting for the brown card to come and reveal our fortune and weight was one’s favorite pastime at the station. It was designed in such a dramatic way that even adults had an adrenaline rush when seeing the wheels rotating inside it. Tiny bulbs turning on and off seemed that our future was being predicted by a fortune teller. Seeing them again would surely make all the 90s kids nostalgic.

I had always been closed to trains, stations, platforms etc. Belonging to a railway family we had to shift every 2-3 years. Train journeys are full of life. Red coolies carrying such heavy luggage that is unimaginable. I always used to wonder what do the coolies eat, such level of energy and enthusiasm and knowledge about every train leaving the

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platforms. The chai wallas singing in their rhythmic tone “chai garam�. The sweet goodbyes, relatives waving as the train leaves the platform, telling them to eat well and write letters. The nostalgia hits real hard.

Before boarding the train, the most thrilling part for me was weighing my weight. I always asked for Re.1 and full of excitement and curiosity would run towards those very attractive machines. Sometimes the brown cards also showed your Bollywood star resemblance or favourite stars. Stars like Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif, Kareena Kapoor, Shahrukh Khan etc. were a hit in those days. Also, the fortune teller added much to the joy. When the machine started spinning and those colourful circles with all possible colours, they made sounds of whirring and pinging. Collecting brown cards was a hobby. The entire journey of acquiring the brown card was a sense of utmost joy, the huge smiles when my weight was more than my sister. The joy was real.

Technology has taken the world in its own hands. We move fast and forgetting old things is easy these days. New phone with all the possible technologies, fit bits, kindle etc. And how can I forget the Wheeler? The smell of the books is just indelible.

Although the wheelers are still there but not much in demand. Nowadays the fit bits take care of our weights and the Kindle has taken the place of books. So much has changed.

But I liked the old days when technology was far, far away. And in simple things we were able to find joy.

All the good things come to an end and this was the end of an era. But the sweet memories will always be remembered and yes nostalgia hits hard.

So, the idea of combining a 90s fortune teller and dustbin could work or not.

The idea of throwing waste in the place of rs.1, which is cheaper than a one rupee. but cheaper than a municipality worker. This helps in attracting people and bring back the 90s charm the fortune teller.

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b. Camera a device for recording visual images in the form of photographs, film, or video signals.

The proposal of camera came from, Hyderabad fining for littering, as cameras can help them catch easier and cameras for dustbin can also be used in many other ways as street cameras Main use of cameras in dustbin are: • Capture people from littering • Cameras used for crime detection • For capturing motion on urban spaces • Acts as spy cameras c. Separation As the major challenges of India to fought with is following proper management techniques ich include following proper segregation methods so proposing a automatic aspiration method can help Here the automatic separation is used, it automatically detects the type of waste and separates it into two different bins d. Detection The detection of waste. here, the detection of the dustbins waste level is done. The level detection will be transmitted to the nearby municipal office The machine starts detection when the 75% if the bin if filled.

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This detection helps in stopping over flowing of dustbin as in India it is one of the major reasons for the littering on the roads not the people,

e. Presence By the study of the survey and analysis done in the above chapter we got to know that most of the reason for litter is the people’s laziness, peoples not knowing there is a dustbin even if it is there.

Here, dustbin sends a notification. When you come near the dustbin that is km near the dustbin you get a notification in your phone saying that “there is a dustbin X distance near you “, here this notification is send in such a manner that it will remind you so many times that you will never forget to throw dustbin. f. Lights As we said that dustbin is not being recognized so, light help in recognizing the dustbin.

And also act as a beauty to the dust bin.

It helps in recognition of the dustbin.

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5.PRESENTATION OF DESIGN

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6. BIBILOGRAPHY

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References: https://www.indiastudychannel.com/ http://swachhbharaturban.gov.in/writereaddata/SwachhofficeSOP-Final.pdf https://www.newindianexpress.com https://www.thehindu.com https://www.newindianexpress.com https://swachhindia.ndtv.com https://www.thenewsminute.com https://english.sakshi.com https://www.guruhabits.com/littering/ http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com https://exampariksha.com http://swachhbharatmission.gov.in https://www.livemint.com https://en.wikipedia.org https://www.inuth.com https://www.wasteminz.org.nz https://cleanriver.com https://www.dictionary.com/browse/camera https://wrytin.com

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https://thediplomat.com http://www.nec.gov.bt/Waste%20final.pdf https://www.cseindia.org/waste-management-policy-in-bhutan-4584

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