Archiprint 16 - Expanding Profession II

Archiprint June 2020 \\ Issue 16

AnArchi is proud to present to you the fifteenth issue of Archiprint:

EXPANDING PROFESSION II

Archiprint is the journal of AnArchi, study association for architecture at Eindhoven University of Technology. Archiprint explores the current architectural polemic and strives to contribute to this debate.

EDITORIAL Fenne Jansen

The previous edition of Archiprint,

under the same European regulations

‘Expanding Profession’, was based

and is a cultural change necessary? In Arch iprint 15, the questions emerging from Atelier Kempe Thill’s call for change were presented to internationally experienced professionals.

Four interviews were conducted, with André Kempe (Atelier Kempe-Thill), Moriko Kira, Machteld Kors (UNStudio) and Birgit Rapp (Rapp+Rapp). The four interviewees where additionally asked to give their opinion about the architects’ profession. In regard to the above, Archiprint 15 meant to examine the differences in tender and building culture across the world through the experiences and opinions of various professionals in the field.

Archiprint 15 concludes by shedding a light on the problems of the Dutch tender and building culture, which seem to not be directly caused by the EU regulations themselves as much as by the Dutch interpretation and implementation of them. It also examines how practitioners of the built environment function within the existing system, which is not likely to be changed easily. We asked architects

on Atelier Kempe Thill’s 2008 publication Naar een nieuwe Aanbested-

ingscultuur (Towards a New Tender Culture). In this manifesto-like work the firm promotes the need to change the current Dutch tender culture and attitude towards architecture in general. According to Atelier Kempe Thill, this attitude has negatively developed away from the innovationand opportunity-driven approach that was present during the thriving Dutch architecture years of the 1980s and 1990s. The firm states in its publication that the introduction of new regulations, imposed by the European Union, is the culprit of the attitude towards architecture in the Netherlands changing for the worse.

The imposed regulations were meant to bring the countries of the European Union closer together, while stimulating their building cultures. As observed

by Kempe Thill, this didn’t work out as intended for the Netherlands. So does the Dutch tender culture in fact differ significantly from other countries

4

from four different firms to enlight-

issue, working towards a thriving ar-

en us on the matter presented. They

chitecture climate for the Nether-

unanimously recognized the problems

lands, one that can compete with the

and in the interviews they shared with

successful era of architecture of the

us their individual ways of approach-

1980s and 1990s.

ing and dealing with them. Subsequently, we selected three of these ideas and especially the corresponding suggestions for how to change the Dutch building culture and profession.

These three suggestions offered the greatest potential and highest feasibility to elaborate on in the following issue, Expanding Profession II.

Archiprint 16 elaborates on three of the proposals for change made in Ar-

chiprint 15. This is done by means of a what-if scenario approach for each article, which sets out the current problem as seen from the architect’s point of view, explores it by means of (historical) background research, examples and case studies, and argues for the change as proposed by the interviewed professionals in issue 15.

The three proposals for a changing approach to the profession are: the reinstatement of the City Architect, a more active and mediating role in society of the professional in the built environment field, and a revision on the idea of the architect as a ‘master builder’, allowing for more responsibility in the post-design process. In essence, all three approaches originate from the same aim as proposed by the interviewees in the previous

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CONTENTS

I 2 3 4

REINSTATING THE COMPELLING CITY ARCHITECT An Examination of the Office of City Architect as a Guide towards a Thriving Architecture Climate

SOLVE FOR SOCIAL Shifting paradigms on the architect as a societal activist

SHIFTING RESPONSIBILITIES The role of today’s architect in construction

EDUCATION FOR INTEGRATION Concluding article

7

REINSTATING THE COMPELLING CITY ARCHITECT An Examination of the Office of City Architect as a Guide towards a Thriving Architecture Climate Nick van Garderen & Boris Koselka

In the conversation with AndrÊ Kempe in Archiprint 15 (December 2019), the Dutch Tender Culture, and, as a product of that the architecture culture of the Netherlands, was put up for discussion. The conversations with Kempe and other architects elaborated on the report Naar een Nieuwe Aanbestedingscultuur (2008) published by his firm, Kempe-Thill. Both in the report and the conversation, Kempe compares the Dutch tender and architecture culture with that of other European countries, paying specific attention to Belgium and its architecture climate. Within this comparison one of the most striking observations that Kempe makes is the positive influence on the architecture culture and climate in the country that a Chief Government Architect or Chieft City Architect could have. In the conversation published in Archiprint 15, Kempe specifically opts for the alteration of the current Dutch Chief Government Architect system towards one that more closely resembles the Flemish interpretation of that system. In the Netherlands, the Chief Government Architect and City Architects have had quite influential roles in the past in regard to the urban and architectural development of the city. The reinstatement of an influential City Architect is something that Kempe advocates w when it comes to the proper execution and usage of the full potential of this system in order to as he states, once again let Dutch architects excel. Both Belgium and the Netherlands to, ha adopted the system of the City Architect, yet in different ways, which have altered and have ev evolved over time. Following Kempe’s observations, one can wonder how the role of the Chief C City Architect should be positioned to obtain this desired flourishing of the Dutch architect an the enhancement of the architecture climate in the country? and

The Nature of the City Architect’s Office thxrough the Ages

City Architect morphed into the more

In order to decide how the role of

civil service nature that is seen in both

the City Architect should be defined,

the Netherlands and Belgium current-

it is perhaps interesting to shine a

ly. As late as the nineteenth century,

brief light on the emergence of the

the position of the City Architect was

City Architect in the first place. The

still considered to be heavily associat-

history of the City Architect in the

ed with the mastering of the various

Netherlands is one that is long and

traits of the architecture and con-

rich and dates back as far as the six-

struction professions and the ability

teenth century, when various cities in

to put those to practice. Publications

the Netherlands adopted a chief car-

for vacant City Architect offices from

penter, burdened with the task of the

the nineteenth century call for an in-

design of public amenities and spaces.

dividual ‘within this city, mastering

Examples of these early City Archi-

masonry and carpentry and capable

tects are Lieven de Key, who held the

of the drafting of budgets, construc-

office of City Architect in Haarlem

tion drawings and design brief speci-

from 1590 up until as late as 1610s,

fications’ 3 .

and Willem van Noort, who was the

The development of the City Archi-

first City Architect of Utrecht around

tect, from the practicing individual of-

that same time. At the time, the

fering his services for a specific period

office of City Architect was not only

of time solely to one city, towards the

in charge of designing and construct-

City Architect as a civil servant, is a

ing physical edifices, but was also an

process whose origin is dated by Wim

advisory body in regard to budgetary

de Wagt to the beginning of the twen-

and spatial decisions that were to be

tieth century with the adoption of the

made for the development and en-

Woningwet (Housing Act) 4 . This shift,

hancement of the public space. Old

states De Wagt, continued to develop

contracts show that the occupation

until after the Second World War. It

of the office held the dual character

is in the first half of the twentieth

of both advisory and practicing archi-

century that the Dutch City Archi-

tect1 . The core prospect of the office,

tects evolve more and more into urban

however, remained serving the city

planners and move away from being

government in its quest for qualitative

practicing architects. De Wagt states

urban development and public build-

that this shift is due to the increase of

ings 2 .It took a substantial amount of

bureaucracy that is demanded by the

time before the nature of the office of

national government for large urban

9

developments. Notable and memo-

regard to the urban and architectur-

rable architects that held office as

al developments of a city. This shift,

City Architects are Willem Dudok in

according to Max van Aerschot, is a

Hilversum and Cornelis van Eester-

product of the alteration of the role of

en in Amsterdam, both renowned for

the Dutch authorities, both national

their designs of large, coherent urban

and local 6 . As the Dutch governmen-

plans for the development of their

tal institutes became more focused

respective cities rather than for the

on outsourcing and small govern-

individual sites or buildings. This new

ment, the office of the City Architect

take on the role of the City Architect

became marginalized in comparison

is one that is followed through closely

with the well-known Dutch City Ar-

in various cities, but specifically in

chitects of the past. Former City Ar-

Rotterdam, where Willem Gerrit Wit-

chitect of Leiden Donald Lambert

teveen was followed by Lotte Stam-

states that the increase of bureau-

Beese and eventually Riek Bakker in

cracy, in addition to the marginalized

the 1980s. It is this development of

role of the City Architect, has result-

the profession, specifically Bakker’s

ed in the civil servant character that

take on the City Architect, that is

the office of the City Architect has

referred to by André Kempe (Kem-

become.

pe-Thill) and Machteld Kors (UNStudio) in their Archiprint conversations as vital for qualitative architectural projects and a thriving architecture scene. It is in this sense, ratified by the appointment of Max van Aerschot for

The office is now occupied with business opera ons and process management, rather than the original subject ma er at hand when the office of City Architect was first established and that was carried on through

the city of Haarlem (2008), that the City Architect is no longer occupied with architectural design in its purest sense, but rather with the integral

10

Kristiaan Borret and Belgium’s Traditional City Architect Approach

approach of guaranteeing qualitative

A different take on the role of the

(public) space. This is a shift that can

City Architect can be found across the

be seen as one from Stadsarchitect to

border, in Belgium. The City Archi-

5

Stadsbouwmeester .

tect in the country just south of the

The nature of City Architects cur-

Netherlands shows the office of City

rently active in most Dutch cities

Architect in a fashion that can best

is that of an advisor, a civil servant,

be compared to the major City Archi-

rather than a compelling authority in

tects in the Netherlands in the twen-

tieth century. A notable individual at

his nomination for the Flemish Archi-

the forefront of the City Architects

tecture Award. The jury praised the

and perhaps the more traditional

way he strengthened the office of the

take on the office in Belgium is Kris-

City Architect, the way he managed

tiaan Borret, former City Architect of

to streamline the various urban de-

Antwerp (2006-2014) and current City

velopment bodies of the local gov-

Architect of Brussels (2015-present).

ernment and the influential advisory

His take on the office was specifically

role he played in the city government,

hailed in the country when in 2012 he

both as a critic and as a supporter, but

was presented with the Award for Ar-

always involved in the gathering of

chitecture of the Flemish Community

architects, developers, municipality,

for his work as the City Architect of

citizens and other stakeholders, gen-

Antwerp. The Minister of Culture at

erating (public) support for projects

that time stated that he executed the

resulting in the qualitative increase of

office in such a manner that the archi-

the public space of the city. It is spe-

tecture executed in his city and under

cifically in the nature of advisor and

his supervision was instrumental in

drafter of commissions for the public

the creation of the public space of the

space or public buildings that Borret

city . The manner in which Flemish

sees the unique quality of the City

City Architects – specifically Borret

Architect and Chief Government Ar-

– function is mentioned by André

chitect. to this role as commissioner,

Kempe in Archiprint 15 as desirable

Borret argues that the City Architect

in creating a climate of architectural

is responsible for every inch of public

excellence in the Netherlands. But

space when it comes to assuring that

what exactly is different about how

quality is obtained and maintained

the Flemish City Architect and their

throughout the city. The Flemish

Dutch counterparts function?

offices of City Architects – specifical-

7

It is interesting to note in advance

ly Borret – believe no commission to

that, although introduced as differing

be too small or mundane. Any public

from their Dutch colleagues, Flemish

work, whether a kindergarten or city

City Architects partake in the same

hall, should be of equal importance

type of activities as the City Archi-

to the City Architect. Assuring archi-

tects in the Netherlands do. As a

tectural quality, quality of the urban

matter of fact, it was specifically Bor-

environment and general quality of

ret’s excelling role as a unifier and

life in the city is, according to Borret,

catalyst within the process of creating

not just reserved for the large, cul-

architecture that was fundamental to

tural or administrative institutions of

11

12

the city, or zondagsarchitectuur 8 , but

the Flemish City Architects, namely

also for the daily public spaces that

advising,

every citizen is confronted with and

stakeholders. Another task that the

makes daily use of within the city. It

office of City Architect is responsible

is specifically for these commissions

for is that of being a so-called ‘super-

that Borret increased the necessity of

charger’ of a thriving building culture,

tenders and competitions in order to

or qualitative architecture, within the

assure the increase of quality of the

city 9. The City Architect is expected

public space of the city: ‘Architectur-

to carry out all of these tasks in to

al quality is of importance for every

create and maintain a coherent urban

amenity in the city.That is why I set

development, while paying specific

up tenders for a very wide variety

attention to those projects that are

of commissions ranging from kinder-

of importance for the urban devel-

gartens to fire stations and parking

opment of the city. So how do the

lots to container parks.’ Perhaps it is

Flemish City Architects take on this

this take on what is the field of in-

supercharger role and what instru-

terest of the City Architect that sets

ments do they employ to obtain the

the Flemish offices apart from their

thriving building culture that Kempe

Dutch counterparts. Borret states

referred to as desirable in the quest of

that in order to let the architect excel,

for a different architectural culture in

to create good architecture, one not

Naar een Nieuwe Aanbestedingscul-

only needs a good architect, but also

tuur (2008)?

coaching

and

gathering

a good commissioner. It is specifical-

Borret defines the City Architect’s

ly the aiding of the local and national

ability to steer the organization of

governments in the preparation and

tenders of public works as his most

definition of commissions that the

dominant instrument. Through the

Flemish City Architect and Chief Gov-

creation of a tender setting in which

ernment architects excel, according to

the core value is the obtaining of ar-

Borret: ‘What is often overlooked is

chitectural quality and the bureau-

the necessity of a good commissioner

cracy is minimized, the Flemish City

and this is exactly what the City Ar-

Architects set out to stimulate the

chitects and Flemish Chief Govern-

architecture culture of their cities.

ment Architect have invested in the

Part of this is a minimization of rules,

past decades; the guidance and stim-

regulations and workload for both the

ulation of public commissioners.’

commissioner and the participants of

This, however, encompasses only

the tender as well as a fast processing

part of the tasks that are attributed to

speed. In addition to this the Flemish

City Architects and their Chief Gov-

interest in the development of the

ernment

assured

role of the City Architect in order to

that the tenders in the country have

improve the architecture culture in

become

transparent

the Netherlands. In 2017, the debate

and are open to a much broader and

on Dutch City Architects came to the

diverse set of architects and firms

forefront of current events when the

to participate than is the case in the

Amsterdamse Kunstraad (Amsterdam

Netherlands . But the influence of

Board of Culture), led by local and

the City Architect on the stimulation

national

of a thriving architecture culture does

Rottenberg, published its advice for

not stop at public works. Even in the

the city: De stad is nooit af (The city

privately commissioned and executed

is never finished)11 . In this advice the

projects, the City Architect manages

board expresses its concern for the

to weigh in and assure the quality of

position of culture in the ever-grow-

the architecture, public space and

ing city and specifically the position

urban development of the city through

of the urban and architecture culture

so called Kwaliteitskamer (Council

of the city. In the publication various

of Quality). According to Borret the

observations and recommendations

Kwaliteitskamer is, contrary to what

are made for both the long- and short-

is often practice in the Netherlands,

term development of the city, paying

not just to be employed after permits

specific attention to the cultural, or

are requested for the execution of a

local, component of Amsterdam. To

privately commissioned project, but

obtain a concrete vision on both a

as early as possible in the design stage

short- and a long-term vision for the

of these projects. The Kwaliteitskam-

development of the city, the Amster-

er in this case functions as an exten-

damse Kunstraad argues for an inte-

sion of the City Architect in order to

gral approach in which all facets of

assure a thriving architecture culture

the quality of urban and architectural

and individual projects of great excel-

development are taken into account.

lence.

In order to achieve and safeguard this

Architect much

have

more

10

public

heavyweight

Felix

approach, the board argues for the

The Demand for a Traditional City Architect

reinstatement of the office of City

AndrĂŠ Kempe and his atelier, with

tute with its own budget and horizon.

their report Naar Een Nieuwe Aan-

This interpretation of the tasks and

bestedingscultuur (2008), were far

position of the office of City Archi-

from the only ones to put forward

tect closely resemble that of the City

Architect as a semi-autonomous insti-

13

Architects in Belgium and the City

ly established Subcommittee Inte-

Architects of the past. The Amster-

grated Spatial Quality (SIRK), in their

damse Kunstraad argues that this

eyes, had taken care of business for

interpretation of the office, which

the past 50 years. Within that current

has been absent since 1967, assures

network of committees,

that the City Architect will be able to act as a constant factor throughout the four year cycle of councils and boards and safeguard spatial quality.

Although the board’s recommenda-

the opponents of the reinstatement of the office fear that a City Architect would become nothing more than ‘a lonely and hated figure’13

tion was adopted in 2018, the debate about the office of City Architect in

14

Amsterdam, but more widely in the

and that the majority of the Dutch

country as a whole, was only just be-

cities had coped the last decades

ginning.

without such a figure. Supporters of

The debate night on 27 June 2018

the reinstatement of the office, on the

in a packed Zuiderkerk in Amsterdam

other hand, emphasized the amount

showed that the office of City Archi-

of projects that had been put on hold

tect as a semi-autonomous and heavily

or were terminated completely due to

influential institute was far from un-

a lack of constancy and long-term in-

disputed12 . Both supporters and op-

vestment due to the quickly rotating

ponents of the reinstatement of the

offices of councilors and aldermen.

traditional interpretation of the office

The supporters argued, in light of

were widely represented, but no one

that observation, for the need of an

dared to draw the final conclusion as

individual that, in the long term, could

to whether this approach was neces-

work on the integral development of

sary, let alone vital for the enhance-

the city in a compelling and authorita-

ment of Dutch architecture culture,

tive manner without burdening these

so dearly argued for by Kempe-Thill.

continuously

Various guests who were opposed to

and interests in the committees and

the idea pointed out that Amsterdam,

boards of the city that are dependent

and other cities, had not suffered ar-

on the way the political winds blow.

changing

individuals

chitecturally since their last City Ar-

One of the supporters of the office

chitect (Christiaan Nielsen in the case

present that night was Jeroen de Wil-

of Amsterdam) had departed, as other

ligen, City Architect for Groningen. In

institutes such as the Committee for

contradiction to the opponents of the

Spatial Quality (CRK) and the recent-

idea, De Willigen expressed a more

positive outlook on the reinstatement

pants of the office in Belgium.

of the traditional office. While he rec-

This role is specifically acknowl-

ognizes that there are already meas-

edged by Borret when he notes that

ures in place to ensure the spatial

his time as the City Architect of

quality of developments and insti-

Antwerp was spent mostly on coach-

tutes that can advise on spatial ques-

ing, stimulating and uniting stake-

tions, he notes different aspects of

holders in regard to the spatial, social

City Architects that sets them apart

and economic urban development of

from the committees referred to

the city 15. It is this active, semi-au-

priorly, namely spreading knowledge

tonomous functioning that sets this

and connecting social and economic

traditional interpretation of the office

problems to spatial solutions. He de-

apart from all those committees that

scribes a lot of his own work as a City

have been instated in Dutch cities

Architect as akin to lecturing and ed-

after the silent retreat of the many

ucating these committees, councilors

City Architects the country used to

and alderman. De Willigen recalled

boast. While cities may not current-

that when he first took office in Gro-

ly suffer from a lack of knowledge

ningen and was asked by the responsi-

within their municipal systems, their

ble Alderman for Economic Develop-

current committees do differ from

ment what he as a designer and holder

City Architects, as heavily debated

of the office of City Architect of Gro-

that evening in the Zuiderkerk. Most

ningen could provide the city with, his

notably, these committees do not

answer was: ‘The knowledge to keep

have a form of policy in place nor do

your hands off of everything.’ De Wil-

they have specific compelling author-

ligen describes a lack of curiosity and

ity, which gives them no clear goal to

knowledge in regard to spatial influ-

achieve or action to initiate in regard

ences on social and economic devel-

to the long-term development of the

opment of the city as a traditional but

city as a spatial entity or the architec-

simultaneously recurring reason for

ture climate of their city.

the existence and importance of the City Architect14 . The role of the City Architect as educator and guardian

Towards the New City Architect

of the urban development of the city

As discussed in the previous Arch-

as an integral product of spatial, eco-

iprint, the architecture culture of the

nomic and social factors is one that is

Netherlands is currently not at peak

found in the traditional approach to

level and certainly not at the front of

the office and echoed by the occu-

the class when it comes to the archi-

15

tecture cultures and climates across

cific attention to the semi-autonomy

Europe. Building forth upon the ob-

of the office and the knowledge and

servations of AndrĂŠ Kempe in the pre-

motivation for not only spatial but

vious edition, this examination of the

also cultural, economic and social de-

office of City Architect sheds a light on

velopment of the Dutch city for those

how this office might be of influence

who hold the office. In that sense the

on the enhancement or regeneration

reinstatement of this type or interpre-

of the Dutch architecture culture and

tation of t he office of City Architect

climate. Though some Dutch cities

is one that pays close attention to that

still employ the office or an iteration

of their counterparts in Flemish cities.

thereof, in a certain form, the major-

It is a reinstatement of the traditional

ity of the Dutch cities over time has

City Architect as a guardian of the de-

gradually swapped these institutions

velopment of the city and the defend-

and offices for less influential and in

er and preserver of the architecture

some cases more political committees

climate and culture within his or her

to oversee the spatial development of

city, as seen in the great City Archi-

the city. The office of City Architect

tects of past centuries in the Neth-

should, as discussed both by oppo-

erlands, that can propel the Dutch

nents and supporters of the office,

architecture culture and climate once

not merely be seen as a chairman or

again to the top of the class, not only

an embodiment of a chairman of these

in Europe but perhaps even the world.

committees or tasks they are burdened with. Their uniqueness, and in that sense their necessity or vital importance in the recovering of the architecture culture and climate of the past in the Netherlands, lies in their power as compelling and authoritative institute that is well aware of the fact that the urban development of the city is not only a matter of spatial development, but just as much one of cultural, economic and social development. The reinstatement of the City Architect throughout the Dutch cityscape, as suggested by Kempe, is therefore to be executed with spe-

16

1. ‘Resolu e tot benoeming van Lieven de Key tot stadsbouwmeester’, (3 July, 1593). Noord Hollands Archief, Toegang 3993, inventaris 1328. Publishing on the Internet, Available HTTP: h ps:// n o o rd - h o l l a n d s a rc h i e f. n l / b ro n n e n / archieven?mivast=236&mizig=210&miadt=236&miaet=1&micode=3993&minr=2219530&miview=inv2, (accessed on 20 May 2020).

2. N. De Vreeze, M. Van Aerschot.. Stadsarchitecten en Stadsbouwmeesters. Amsterdam: Architectuur Lokaal (2010).

3. J. G. C. van Slyph, Adver sement issued by the mayor and secretary of the City of Maastricht (27 January, 1819), Publishing on the Internet, Available HTTP: h ps:// forum.mestreechonline.nl/imgcache/9770. png, (accessed on 20 May 2020).

4. W. de Wagt,. Timmermeester, Opzichter of Architect (Haarlem, 1993) 5. Stadsarchitect etymologically and in its func oning refers to an architect dedicated to only one city and designing public works for that specific city. The city in that sense is the sole employer of that architect.

Stadsbouwmeester on the other hand refers etymologically and in its func oning to the mastering of all facets of construcon and the supervising and coordina ng thereof. The shi from Stadsarchitect to Stadsbouwmeester thusly resembles one from a prac cing designer to a guiding and coordina ng official.

6. N. De Vreeze, M. Van Aerschot, Stadsarchitecten en Stadsbouwmeesters (2010), Amsterdam: Architectuur Lokaal.

7. Joke Schauvliege, Persmededeling, Vlaams Minister Milieu, Natuur en Cultuur: Krisaan Borret ontvangt Vlaamse Cultuurprijs voor Architectuur 2012-2013 (12 October 2013)Buildings dedicated to ins tutes of a sacred or important nature within society.

8. See: J. Van Cauwenberghe, Voormalig Antwerps Stadsbouwmeester Kris aan Borret blikt terug (August 26, 2014), Publishing on the Internet, Available HTTP: www.architectura.be (accessed on 31 May 2020).

9. Peter Vanden Abeele, Stadsbouwmeester, Samen Stad Bouwen (2017), Publishing on the Internet, Available HTTP: h ps://stad. gent/nl/wonen-verbouwen/stadsbouw-

meester (accessed on 20 May, 2020).

10. K. Borret, Bouwmeestersnota 2015-2019, 2016, Brussels.

11. Amsterdamse Kunstraad, De stad is nooit af. Amsterdam, May 2017.

12. J.J. Berg, Gezocht: Hoofdstedelijke Stadsbouwmeester met/zonder Wi e Jas (17 July, 2018), Publishing on the Internet, Available HTTP: www.archined.nl (accessed on 20 May, 2020).

13. F. van der Molen, Stadsbouwmeester wordt eenzame en gehate Figuur (25 June, 2018), Publishing on the Internet, Available HTTP: www.gebiedsontwikkeling.nu (accessed on 20 May, 2020).

14. J. De Willegen,. Een Stadsbouwmeester voor Amsterdam, Pitch van Jeroen van Willigen (29 June, 2018), Publishing on the Internet, Available HTTP: www.dezwartehond.nl (accessed on 20 May, 2020).

15. J. Van Cauwenberghe, Voormalig Antwerps Stadsbouwmeester Kris aan Borret blikt terug (26 August, 2014), Publishing on the Internet, Available HTTP: www.architectura.be (accessed on 31 May, 2020).

17

SOLVE FOR SOCIAL Shifting paradigms on the architect as a societal activist Fenne Jansen & Bob van der Vleugel

In Archiprint 15, Expanding Profession, Japanese architect Moriko Kira wraps up the interview with a plea for the importance of the voice of the people in the field of the built environment and how this voice should be heard and mediated by professionals. According to Kira, the era of big, dominating, top-down interventions by the government is over.

The time is ripe for small bottom-up interventions, initiated by the people, to become as important as the government’s big top-down ones. According to her, architects and urban designers play a very important role in this change. In the first place, they can create consciousness among people about their living conditions. The next step would be to use their expertise as professional players in the field to inform the people about what they themselves can do to improve these conditions. The architect or urban designer plays both a facilitating and a mediating role, between people as well as between communities and greater powers.

For this role to be taken on thoroughly, social awareness as well as responsibility among professi in tthe built environment field is required. This expansion of the profession professionals could lead to a sshift of focus in the disciplines, from the design of buildings and space to influencing the design process to solve problems in society.1 Kira even captures this socially active tak ta take on the profession in the term of ‘privatized’ rijksbouwmeester (Government Architec Architect), and according to her this is exactly what many communities are curntly in need of. of Architects and urban designers should try to enrich their professions, rently ot just by being more socially aware, but by being more socially active, in order to make not eal improvemen improvement in humanity’s living environment. Accordingly, the questions that arise real improvements are among others ar are: How does architecture influence society, and how does society influarchitectu ence architecture architecture? And what is the role and the accompanying responsibilities of the built environment prof professional in society? And, subsequently, why and how should a socially tak on by these professionals? active role be taken

An Alliance between Two Disciplines

product, the form and aesthetics of buildings, but also the design process.

The two-way relation between the

Just like these kind of alliances in the

professional field of the built envi-

past, a similar relation between the

ronment and society can be best ap-

field of architecture, planning and

proached by starting with the defini-

behavioural sciences has been de-

tion of society as being ‘a large group

veloped. 4 The behavioural science of

of people who live together in an or-

sociology, which has been recognized

ganized way, making decisions about

as an academic discipline since the

how to do things and sharing the work

early nineteenth century5 and can be

Through-

defined as ‘the study of the develop-

out time, architecture and urbanism

ment, structure and functioning of

can be seen as a representation of

human society’6 , seems to be of par-

society, with the built environment

ticular interest of the profession of ar-

reflecting the successes, values but

chitecture. Robert Gutman, a trained

also deterioration of civilizations. By

sociologist and key figure in bringing

studying the residences and buildings

the social sciences into architecture

that comprise the fabric of the city

education and practice7, devotes his

we can learn about civilizations long

writings to this ‘alliance’ between the

before our time, and combined with

disciplines of architecture and soci-

the contemporary research on the en-

ology. In ‘The Questions Architects

vironment and psychology, captured

Ask’, Chapter 22 of his book People and Buildings (2009), Gutman writes about how the developing alliance shapes itself in the rising attention of many architects given to the determination of people’s needs before diving into the design process. But also in the enlarged efforts of involving sociologists and psychologists in projects. 8 Gutman states in his writings about architecture and society published in The American Sociologist (1975) that it is most prominently in architecture education that the two worlds of sociology and the built environment, the sociological and architectural/urban

that needs to be done’.

2

in the field of sociology, we are trying to understand the effects of architecture on people today. 3 Architecture has always reacted to scientific development. In the Renaissance new insights in the field of mathematics had a major impact on architecture, the engineering sciences played a significant role in the Gothic revival of the nineteenth century, and the Modern Movement in architecture was greatly influenced by developments in environmental control technology. In each of the examples mentioned above, science influenced not only the end

19

design profession, congregate. This

chitects in the sociological field.11 So-

congregation expresses itself in pro-

ciologist and urban developer Richard

fessional titles like ‘professor of the

Sennett clarifies this dimension of the

behavioural sciences in design’ or ‘lec-

built environment in his book Building and Dwelling: Ethics for the City12 by stating that what is often regarded as ‘a city’, is in fact formed both by its material existence and its facilitation of a place-dependent culture. The alliance between architecture and sociology has become more recognized and widespread among modern architects and urban designers of the twentieth century. This has, however, led to a rather remarkable reaction of laying emphasis on the formal aspects of buildings. The built environment discipline therefore still has to acknowledge its affinity with social needs and should do so by shifting focus from the formal towards the mere opera-

turer in social architecture’. Besides, it is very common for sociologists to connect architecture education with sociology departments. This often results in courses on the sociology of architecture or planning, or, together with architects, in architectural programming or design methods. That the interweaving of the sociologic with the field of architecture mainly happens on an educational level can be partly explained by the fact that sociological knowledge turns out to be difficult to present, relate and integrate in the design aspect of the practice in particular.9 However when looking at the current all-encompassing built environment discipline, the use of sociology is barely limited to an educational level but stretches into practice. Especially in the United States, real estate developers of large suburban complexes sought the help of sociologists in the formulation of

The inevitable social nature of architecture has been characteris c for the discipline ever since the first buildings where planned and designed, resul ng in every architect, in some sense, to be a student and cri c of society.

their site plans and decisions concerning community facilities. Besides, town planning architects tend to

tional level.13 In his book ‘People and

consult sociologists regarding urban

Buildings’ of 2009, Gutman states

renewal schemes.

that the inevitable social nature of

10

20

The fact that it is impossible to

architecture has been characteristic

think of buildings without consider-

of the discipline ever since the first

ing the human activities they serve,

buildings where planned and de-

sheds light on the rich interest of ar-

signed, resulting in every architect, in

some sense, be ing a student and critic

Sociologists have been consulted

of society.14 The science of sociology,

in the primary stages of the develop-

which tries to understand the func-

ment of many new communities and

tioning and the structure of society

planned unit developments in the

and to set out the principles that drive

United States. The same collabora-

group behaviour, was acknowledged

tion between architects and sociolo-

as an academic discipline in the early

gists has been utilized for British and

Subsequently it

Scandinavian New Towns that were

is no wonder that once the science of

planned, developed and built after the

sociology was introduced, architects

Second World War. Sociologists most

started to recognize and turn to this

often act as advisors in the design of

discipline for guidance and advice.

new housing and communities. This

The rise of sociology in architecture,

again has to do with the fact that the

however, cannot fully be explained

interest of architecture in sociology is

by acknowledging the natural ambi-

based on the principle that conceiv-

tion of architects to casually interpret

ing buildings or communities apart

human purposes and motives as this

from the human activities they serve

has always been intrinsic to the pro-

is impossible, and human activities are

fession. It is important here to realize

ultimately best served in the housing

that the acknowledgment of sociol-

sector. The knowledge and advice of

ogy by architects also reflects the

sociologists is most often used when

emphasis on designing buildings that

the client takes an active role in con-

are responsive to the individual needs

trolling the shape of the project, the

of their users of a particular time. It

architect or planner is a staff member,

also generates the recognition among

and the sociologist is either a staff

architects

member as well or is acting as a con-

nineteenth century.

15

that

modern

complex

building types, which demand effi-

sultant. Furthermore, a clear pattern

cient and high levels of services and

can be seen in the difference between

inhabit groups that are sensitive to

the use of sociology by traditionally

rapid changes in organization, can be

trained architects and design profes-

designed and realized only by deter-

sionals that originate from the city

mining comprehensive design briefs in

planning field. This is mainly because

advance.

unless the architect is willing to focus

16

on the operational aspects of architecture and designing, communication between him or her and a sociologist is usually limited. While the urban

21

planning tradition has tended to step

like architects must at least strive to

away more from formal and aesthet-

make the craft of architecture more

ic aspects and focus on the social

all-encompassing by having some of

aspects of design.17

them devote themselves to social re-

Unfortunately, it is not uncommon

search.

19

that those who do find themselves in a position to involve a sociologist in a project are not fully aware of the division of intellectual labour in the social sciences. The other way around is also true, because of the lack of recent tradition of sociology dealing with

Sociologists should explore the possibility of the discipline to be more adequate in the context of professional issues whereas architects must at least strive to make the cra more all-encompassing by devo ng themselves to social research.

the built environment, not all sociologists are able to address the questions raised by developers, architects or

Designing for the Dual City

even users. Yet there are projects in

A major obstacle for sociology to

which the knowledge and expertise of

become a fully integrated part of the

a sociologist is structurally asked for.

architectural profession, according to

Still these kind of alliances are devel-

Gutman, is that architects and urban

oping only gradually and as Gutman

designers are not always aware of

states in The Questions Architects

the true nature of the cities they are

Ask: ‘I don’t think it is seriously pro-

designing for. If architects and ur-

posed that architecture will ever be

banists should assume the role of an

anything other than a highly skilled

‘privatized’ rijksbouwmeester, to be

and subtle craft, no matter how so-

socially actively involved with their

phisticated it becomes as a profession,

environments, as Moriko Kira sug-

or that sociology will ever abandon

gested, they must first be aware of

its status as a learned, scholarly en-

the social nature of those cities. The

He subsequently mentions

work of sociologist Richard Sennett

that sociologists should continue to

can be regarded as an important step

explore the possibility of the socio-

in bridging the gap between the be-

logical discipline to be more adequate

havioural sciences and the practice of

if there are (more) sociologists who

architecture. Following Gutman’s ob-

are able to apply their knowledge in

servation that built environments can

the context of professional issues and

never be seen separate from human

by doing so, occasionally experience

activity, Sennett presents the city as

the burden of decision making. Just

being two cities at the same time: the

terprise.’

22

18

ville (here called ‘material city’) and

tects and urban designers in respond-

the cité (here called ‘cultural city’).

ing to these crises that living in cities

Explaining the way in which cities and

started to become somewhat com-

architecture come to follow these two

fortable, rather than merely practical.

concepts helps in understanding that

Their large-scale plans recognize the

there is more to our cities than their

need for a system and unity in the

physical existence sometimes seems

fragmented urban fabric that resulted

to suggest.

from urbanization: organic city growth had proven to be unsuccessful in fit-

Senne presents the city as being two ci es at the same me: the ville (‘material city’) and the cité (‘cultural city’).

tingly accommodating the masses.

Cerdà’s plan for unified urban expansion and Hausmann’s plan for unified urban restructuring transcended the scale of the individual problems and started to fight poor living conditions

Material City

on a city-wide scale.

The city that is under direct control

After the pioneers of design ac-

of architects and urban designers is

tivism identified and started solving

the material city. Material cities are

emerging urban issues, younger gen-

the places that are physically there,

erations of architects, most prom-

observable and tangible. Thanks to

inently represented by the CIAM,

their direct manipulability, the ma-

stood up and actively engaged in pro-

terial city can be used as a tool for

viding the city with a fitting image and

actively shaping the life in cities. In

a new urban way of living. The CIAM

the early years of rapid urbanization,

built on the belief of its predecessors

due to industrialization in the nine-

that top-down interventions on a

teenth century, problems arose of

city-wide scale are best suited to ap-

which it was not entirely clear which

proach this matter, and even pulls this

professionals

20

to the extremes. 22 Its Athens Charter

Key figures such as urban designers

of 193323 marks a huge step from an

Hausmann and Cerdà saw how their

intervention-based method of fixing

knowledge of city planning could

existing cities to a carefully planned

solve the emerging issues, and they

and controlled building practice. The

took on challenges related to urgent

CIAM’s preference for clarity and

problems with waste management,

order made architecture into a highly

epidemics and military control. 21 It is

scientific practice, with the Charter

thanks to the pro-active role of archi-

as its elaborate handbook. Using ex-

could

solve

them.

23

tensive field observations and current

Cultural City

insights in sociology, the CIAM con-

During the second half of the twen-

structed its own doctrine of how in-

tieth century, several architects and

terventions in the material city must

urban designers actively engaged in

be made to change cultural cities for

making the architectural profession

the better. Buildings were not a goal

an all-encompassing endeavour once

in themselves for modernism: rather,

again. Their efforts were all geared

they were employed as a means to

towards reviving the cultural city, the

effectuate the societal progress that

system of people and societies that

the CIAM considered essential to city

should be brought in sync with its

development.

material presence. The implemented actualized

means to achieve this synthesis varied

the discussion on the liveability of

from societal design practices to ac-

cities both physically and socially,

tivism in society itself.

Although

24

modernism

the Modern Movement has often

As a serious attempt to bring culture

been criticized for its authoritarian

and history back into the design

and paternalistic views. The reduc-

process, a group of CIAM-members

tive and forcedly simplified terms in

known as Team 10 put modernism’s

which society was described, a nec-

fixed and rigidly designed architec-

essary precondition for the CIAM’s

ture to the test. Team 10 wanted to

standardized

component-wise

make city-making an ‘organic process’

construction of buildings and cities,

once again. 26 Although this collective

largely neglected the present cul-

rejected the CIAM’s primary intention

tural city from the design process.

24

of creating perfect and highly control-

This realization also grew at that time

lable cities, the team acknowledged

within the Modern Movement itself,

the modernist notion that large-scale

causing prominent younger members

development is a requirement for

of the CIAM like Aldo van Eyck to

the architect to have any leverage in

move away from Le Corbusier’s for-

achieving societal progress. 27 Team

malism. 25 The eventual absence of

10’s resulting approach to architec-

the cultural city in the works of mod-

ture was aimed at leaving existing

ernism undermined the credibility of

structures in the city intact, while

its architecture; a new movement of

adding vast new construction on top

architect-activists arose around the

of this historical layer. 28

and

mid-twentieth century, with the goal

Team 10’s rather abstract super-

of reviving the attention for sociology

position of large-scale buildings on

in architecture.

historical fabric is an ironic outcome

of a process that was geared towards

was essential for any effective inter-

reviving the city of individuals. 29 A po-

vention in the built environment’. 32 In

tential cause for the eventual deteri-

this sense, Geddes can be considered

oration of both the CIAM’s and Team

an early predecessor of Gutman.

10’s designs could be their newly in-

Geddes’s sociology inspired both a

troduced ‘relationships between the

new wave of activism and the interest

primary urban elements streets, open

in a broader and more inclusive ap-

The activist

proach to spatial design. Jane Jacobs,

approach towards a better society

American publicist and city activist,

resulted for both the CIAM and Team

is a prominent urban designer-activ-

10 in the introduction of radically new

ist who emphasized the importance

tools for shaping urban spaces, on an

of the cultural history of a place. In

unprecedented scale. Incomprehen-

her writings, she brings to the public

sion of these new spatial relationships

attention how complete neighbour-

from society’s perspectives largely

hoods and communities are swiped

explain why both movements did not

away to accommodate the premises

fully succeed in realizing their societal

of democracy and health – premises

objectives.

that are based on nothing but theo-

space and buildings’.

Another

30

century

retical and technical fantasies about

reaction to modernism advocated a

mid-twentieth

ideal cities. 33 Jacobs created a move-

more conservative approach to cities.

ment of dissatisfied urban dwellers,

Instead of striving for universality and

who protest the authority and powers

fixing all of the city’s problems, this

of urban planners and architects, and

movement approached cities from

often successfully so.

their local culture and accepted the

The passionate activism of Jane

This

Jacobs generated awareness both

approach could be regarded as a new

in society and among profession-

appreciation of Patrick Geddes, a so-

als for the importance of the cultur-

ciologist who stated: ‘The recognition

al city. She succeeded in mobilizing

of local culture and norms and their in-

the people and giving them a voice,

teractions with the built environment

making it unavoidable for design-

wholeness of cities as they are.

31

ers to overlook them. 34 An alliance

Barke about Geddes: “the recogni on of local culture and norms and their interac ons with the built environment was essen al for any effec ve interven on in the built environment”

between architecture and sociology became self-evident, and many architects started to closely study society in order to harmonize the cultural city and the material city in their designs.

25

Urban theory brought new insights

Current Practice

in architecture by involving the dis-

From the 1960s onward, sociolo-

ciplines of sociology and psychology

gy has become part of the everyday

in spatial production, for example in

practice of an increasing number of

Kevin Lynch’s now fundamental 1960s

architects. Social activism and soci-

study on how people actually read an

etal involvement in the design process

interact with their surroundings. Ar-

currently presents itself in the form of

chitects and urbanists themselves

both spatial design and writings. The

also started to study and theorize

professions of architecture and soci-

how the material city and the cultur-

ology seem to have formed not only

al city could and should coincide; Jan

an alliance, but to actively focus on

Gehl’s Life Between Buildings 35 sets

bridging the gap between the two

the tone for active engagement of the

worlds, just as Robert Gutman pro-

architect in the local and site-specific

posed.

culture that is to be designed for.

The professions of architecture and sociology seem to have formed not only an alliance, but to ac vely focus on bridging the gap between the two worlds, just as Robert Gutman proposed.

The embodiment of sociology in architecture, effectuated by a dual practice of theorizing and designing, is strikingly illustrated by the practice of Dutch architect Herman Hertzberger. As an architect with roots in the Structuralist movement, Hertzberger sees space as a central element in mediating between ‘what has always been true for all people everywhere on the one hand and what is more temporary, more local and more individual on the other’. 36 His incorporation of universal and individual

26

aspects in architecture result from

be mentioned as an important figure

close observations of society and in-

in applying scientific techniques and

dividuals in society, which he incorpo-

insights from the social sciences to

rates directly in his architecture, but

make designers aware of the social

also in his several books in which he

dimension of cities they are design-

shares his observations with others in

ing for. His elaborated writings trans-

the field. His books Space and Learn-

late the innumerable developments

and Space and the Architect ,

in society and the built environment,

among others, describe how insights

which are often hard to fully grasp and

from sociology and psychology find

explain, into a very concrete descrip-

their way into the practice of archi-

tion of cities that readily present ar-

tecture and, even more importantly,

chitects with clear-cut insights in how

how spatial design directly affects

cities and society shape each other.

how people interact with each other

Vice versa, architects come up with

and their environment. Theory and

new approaches to design that bring

practice have developed in parallel in

societies together in ways that have

Hertzberger’s work.

never been deemed possible before.

ing

37

38

Although Hertzberger’s work aims

Projects vary from creating better

to bridge the division between sociol-

living conditions in Chilean slums by

ogy and architecture with an approach

building qualitative ‘half-houses’ 39 to

from both the scientific and the prac-

raising awareness for what people

tical side, an even larger number of

themselves could do to easily improve

present-day researchers and prac-

their community using popular games

titioners contributes to active en-

like Minecraft.40 Projects like these

gagement of society from their own

define new ways for designers and so-

respective disciplines. From the side

cieties to interact, in order to shape

of sociology, Richard Sennett should

new improved ways of living together for the future.

27

A Mutual Responsibility

tioning, in particular, how we could

Reviving society’s role in the crea-

educate prospective sincerely socially

tion of good architecture and cities,

concerned architects and truly archi-

as Moriko Kira proposed in Archiprint

tecturally learned sociologists?

15, is a task that both built environment professionals and sociologists should take responsibility for. Since,

macy:

Ar-

according to Gutman, every architect

chitecture’s Rela onship with Public Pol-

should be, in some sense, a student

icy’, Design Intelligence (2000), h ps://

and critic of society, social awareness

www.di.net/articles/design-diploma-

seems not so much to be lacking as is,

cy-architectures-relationship-with-pub-

to some extent, the dealing with the

lic-policy/,

accompanying societal responsibility.

For the cultural and material city to

accessed

30

April

2020.

2. Cambridge Dic onary, ‘Society’, Cambridge Dic onary

(n.d.),

h ps://dic onary.cam-

be united into one harmonious whole,

bridge.org/dic onary/english/society,

the separation between sociology and

cessed 4 May 2020.

ac-

spatial design should actively be over-

3. George Vangelatos, ‘How Does Architecture

come by efforts from both sides to ap-

Impact Society? A High-Level Look’, HCM

proach the other, as complex problems

Architects (n.d.), h ps://hmcarchitects.com/

in contemporary cities result from the

news/how-does-architecture-impact-socie-

discrepancy between the cultural city

ty-a-high-level-look-2019-10-18/, accessed

of sociologists and the material city of architects. Bridging the gap between sociology and the built environment

30 April 2020.

4. Robert Gutman, People and Buildings (New York: Routledge, 2009), 337-369.

field begins by raising awareness on

5. Ashley Crossman, ‘The History of Sociolo-

the dual character of the city, among

gy Is Rooted in Ancient Times’, ThoughtCo

both architects/urban designers and

(2019), h ps://www.thoughtco.com/histo-

sociologists.

ry-of-sociology-3026638, accessed 4 May

Simultaneously, in order for the

28

1. Richard Swe , ‘Design Diplo

2020.

professionals of both disciplines to

6. Lexico, ‘Sociology’, Lexico (n.d.), h ps://

not only seal the gap between them

www.lexico.com/en/definition/sociology,

but team up, mutual understanding of

accessed 4 May 2020.

both disciplines by both disciplines is

7. Staff, ‘Robert Gutman, sociologist devoted

needed. One should subsequently un-

to the study of architecture, dies at age 81’,

derstand the need for a careful con-

Princeton University (2007), h ps://www.

sideration of both architecture and

princeton.edu/news/2007/11/29/rob-

sociology education curricula, ques-

ert-gutman-sociologist-devoted-study-ar-

chitecture-dies-age-81, accessed 5 May 2020.

8. Gutman, ‘People and Buildings’, op. cit. (note 4).

9. Robert Gutman, ‘Architecture and Sociology’, The American Sociologist 4 (1975), 219228.

10. Gutman, ‘People and Buildings’, op. cit. (note 4).

11. Gutman, ‘Architecture and Sociology’, op. cit. (note 9).

12. Richard Senne , Building and Dwelling: Ethics for the City (London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2019). 1-2.

13. Gutman, ‘Architecture and Sociology’, op. cit. (note 9).

14. Gutman, ‘People and Buildings’, op. cit. (note 4).

15. Crossman, ‘The History of Sociology’, op. cit. (note 5) 16. Gutman, ‘People and Buildings’, op. cit. (note 4).

17. Gutman, ‘Architecture and Sociology’, op. cit. (note 9).

18. Gutman, ‘People and Buildings’, op. cit. (note 4).

19. ibid.

20. Richard Senne , Building and Dwelling: Ethics for the City (London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2019), 21-25.

21. Jan Gehl, Ci es for People (Washington DC: Island Press, 2010), 110-111.

22 Le Corbusier, The Athens Charter (New York: Grossman Publishers, 1973), 99-100 23 ibid.

24. Richard Senne , Building and Dwelling: Ethics for the City (London: Penguin Books Ltd,

2019), 74-76.

25. ibid.

26. Spiro Kostof, The City Shaped. (London: Thames & Hudson Ltd., 1999), 89-93.

27. Alison Smithson, Team 10 Primer. (London: Studio Vista Ltd., 1968), 74-95.

28. Spiro Kostof, The City Shaped. (London: Thames & Hudson Ltd., 1999), 89-93.

29. ibid.

30. Anna-Johanna Klasander, ‘Challenges of the modernist urban landscape: On urban design and (sub)urban space’. Nordisk Arkitekturforskning 18-1 (2005), 37-46.

31. Spiro Kostof, The City Shaped. (London: Thames & Hudson Ltd., 1999), 89-93.

32. Michael Barke, ‘The Importance of Urban Form as an Object of Study’, in: Oliveira, Teaching Urban Morphology (2008), 11-30.

33. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Ci es (New York: Random House Inc., 1961), 3-25.

34. Richard Senne , Building and Dwelling: Ethics for the City (London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2019), 78-80.

35. Jan Gehl, Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space (New York: Island Press, 2011).

36. Herman Hertzberger, ‘Social Space and Structuralism’, OASE Journal for Architecture 90 (2013), 19-22.

37. Herman Hertzberger, Space and Learning (Ro erdam: nai010 Publishers, 2008).

38. Herman Hertzberger, Space and the Architect (Ro erdam: nai010 Publishers, 2010).

39. Alejandro Aravena, ‘Elemental Interview’. In: Perspecta 42 (2010), 85-89.

40. Block by Block Team, About Block by Block. h ps://www.blockbyblock.org/about.

29

SHIFTING RESPONSIBILITIES The role of today’s architect in construction Tomasz Dudek & Ananda Jaganathan

The term architect has been around since antiquity. However, it was much later, in the sixteenth century, that architecture was recognized as a profession. Despite the profession having evolved, it is still trying to find a place in the post-design process, namely in the inspection and construction of buildings. Architects have been master builders since medieval times. Given that they also had the knowledge and skills of structural designers, carpenters and other necessary building trades, they were able to undertake both the design and construction of a project. Over time, the growing complexities of projects have led to the dissolution of these roles, forcing the architect to shift and adapt to the changing nature of the social, economic and environmental circumstances.

This article stems from the conversation with Brigit Rapp on the Knowledge and Responsibility of the architect. There, she recounts her firm’s experience in the Belgian village of Houthulst, where the culture of ‘Master builder’ allowed architects to have more influence on design decisions and consequently bring more quality to the proje project.

In this article, we delve further into understanding this multifaceted version of the arch architect, and in the process try to understand their implication or lack of implicat implication on the residing building practice. The question that arises is: What is the to role of tod today’s architect and architectural practice in the execution of the project? w And to wh what extent can we consolidate the existing roles of the building practice?

Conflicting Roles Nowadays, the majority of designers

Education

released

a

report

are typically inadequate in performing

underlining the disjunction between

construction

services

theoretical and practical knowledge

and do not have a high enough

and the conflicting objectives of the

knowledge of construction techniques

academic and professional realms. 3

management

This

As much as the education system

absence of knowledge is also reflected

has emphasized specialization, the

in

where

architectural practice has followed

design studios are approached as

promptly. Material scientists, product

separate milieus or different cultures

engineers,

depending

disciplines.

and influential contractors have all

Salvadori argues that ‘the potential

claimed parts of the fully developed

differences between architectural and

design delivery process. This has

engineering students are recognized,

been

magnified, and made more rigid by

losing authority in every field of the

the difference in their education’.

2

design and decision-making process.

While ateliers have been designed to

In the twenty-first century, the role

simulate the workings of professional

of the architect has been reduced to

practice, they fall short in capturing

formulating the appearance and form

their complexities and limitations,

of a building. Over the past decade,

particularly those to do with structural

the profession has been stimulating a

and building physics details and the

strong affection for the image, which

economic drawbacks of a design.

while

This has been coupled with many

vision digresses from communicating

different

education

the

followed

by

to control the entire process.1 architecture

education,

on

their

the

programmes, separation

in

managers,

accompanied

displaying physical

developers

by

the

architects

architectural

capabilities

of

the

In fact, most schools

architecture.4

licensing and insurance requirements,

of architecture have developed a

and,

subjective,

eventually,

the

disconnected

story-telling

approach

professional organization. It makes

that is supported by aesthetic images

lucid the conflict in roles of the

and icons that are detached from the

architect as an artist and the architect

building process.

as a technician. A conflict that is

The

constantly depicted in architectural

stages

very

works of the nineteenth century that

a

lack a sense of unity. In 1995, the

compartmentalization

National Institute of Architectural

built

exist

building

fact

that

while

different conceiving

demonstrates

environment

of

the

different disciplines,

31

giving rise to a counterproductive

both in carpentry and stonemasonry

professional

and gain experience on an actual

environment.

Each

professional group seems to operate

construction

with a different set of terminology,

entire building crew. The very basis of

software and process, amplifying the

the profession was the mastery and

consequences of this fragmentation.

knowledge of materials and building

Different aspects of the project are

processes that were gained during a

first broken down in the conceptual

long formal apprenticeship. There was

stages and assigned to specialized

no division between the designer and

teams. They are then once again

the builder. A person that underwent

congealed into a whole. With this

such

said, we are witnessing ‘a historical

effectively manage construction and

evolution where architects become

architectural design. Consequently,

more and more distanced from the

the titles of the medieval architect

forces that govern the production of

were drawn from words such as

buildings today’.4

magister operis – the master of works. 5

a

The

Looking Back at History approach,

suggesting

modern

with

was

able

concept

profession

the

of

to

the

developed

in the Renaissance. While some form

a

of the profession of the architect

change towards an architect who

had been around, a concept of the

primarily possesses good knowledge

architect as a designer independent

of materials and the building process.

from the builder began to be defined

This is reminiscent of the shift in the

as an integral and mandatory part of

conception of the profession between

the

the late Roman period and the Middle

architecture was hardly differentiated

Ages. The Vitruvian Ideal, in which the

from other building trades and it was

theoretical realm of the profession

Alberti who changed the perception

was as important as the knowledge of

of the architect by publishing the

building technology, was replaced by

theory of architecture. 6

the medieval concept of the architect

32

along

traineeship

architectural

Birgit Rapp favours the master builder

site

construction

During

the

process.

Before,

Renaissance,

most

as a master builder. The conception

professionals were in fact artisans,

of the master builder differed greatly

trained to do manual work with no

from the Vitruvian ideal: for him,

knowledge

exhaustive training in the liberal arts

of

was not the case. To become a master

principles of architecture. In contrast,

builder, one had to be skilled usually

the opposite kind of professionals of

the

of

theoretical

profession,

aspects

antiquity

and

those times could be characterized

Further

distinctive

changes

to

within

the

as highly trained in the liberal arts,

the

skilful in geometry, but only capable

Industrial

of designing ‘a shadow of a real

new materials and technologies and

building’.7

buildings grew in complexity. The

profession

came

Revolution.

It

brought

The true architect, as Kostof points

craftsmen struggled to deal with new

out, was a man who combined two

developments such as multi-storey

sides of the profession, a scholar

buildings, ventilation systems, central

who combined theoretical knowledge

heating and so forth. And therefore

and practical experience. What was

new

essential and defined the architect

that reason, the architectural studios

as a professional was the set of

grew in number of experts to follow

relationships

one

emerged.

For

possessed,

up with complex needs of the modern

both on a professional and social

world. Walter Gropius, among many

level. With knowledge ranging from

others,

theory

architect

about the nature of the architecture

was a mediator between the patron,

profession and its relation to society

the workman, the administrator and

in the age of the industry in numerous

officials of the building programme. As

writings. For him, the practice of

can be observed, almost all celebrated

architecture should include as many

Renaissance buildings were a result

professionals as the job required and

of the cooperative effort. Alberti,

‘all the efforts to be coordinated by

Bramante and Raphael were some of

the architect, who would be primus

the greatest architects, but also first

inter pares (a first among equals; the

of all scholars who sought help from

senior or representative member of

masons, builders and joiners, because

a group) rather than magister operis.9

none of them on their own could deal

The schism between the designer and

with the growing complexity of the

the builder was very well established.

buildings, problems of structure and

The architect’s task was still to

building technology.

design, but his or her desires would

to

that

specializations

practice,

the

be

As Kostof summarized: ‘The prac ce of architecture during the fi eenth century was a coopera ve enterprise, presided over certainly by a responsible director, who relied in a variety of ways on a number of experts.’8

expressed

coordinated

and

his

thoughts

compromised

by the competing demands of other professionals.

Following

Gropius,

Kostos says: ‘Specifically, the new architect was to seek out society’s needs, identify and propose solutions for them, bring together the necessary

33

skills, and operate as a member of a

only one of many small bits assembled

team all of whose contributors would

along the way by any number of

see their roles in the same light.’

construction

10

coordinators.13

The

lack of interaction or communication

Fragmentation of the Profession and Production

among professionals in this network

The fragmentation of the production

involved blurred. And as architecture

process and, thus, the industry, is

firms become progressively stratified,

inevitable as the profession continues

the role and the responsibility of the

to diversify. New technologies and

architect becomes more ambiguous.

construction experts,

techniques

which

necessarily

for

means

Integrated Practice

Especially

One of the answers to how to deal

with complex questions at hand, such

with the consequences of the ongoing

as

fragmentation

the separation of roles.

11

34

call

makes the responsibilities of those

sustainability

and

affordability

of

the

profession

of housing, design groups focus on

was found in integrated practice.

multidisciplinary

This

teams,

involving

method

creates

a

working

built environment. This has resulted

interdisciplinary team of architects,

in firms growing in size and being

engineers, contractors and owners

further divided into smaller teams

work together. It often integrates

involved in different stages of the

design, construction and maintenance

design process. The norm nowadays

and has proven to be extremely

seems to be an architect with 15 to 20

beneficial.14 During an annual AIA

consultants and a contractor with 40

(American

to 60 subcontractors.

conference Christopher Windener15

12

environment,

dynamic

experts outside the field of the

Institute

of

where

an

Architects)

The architect was once at the top of

expressed his feelings about the next

the chain of command in construction.

generation of architects. He believes

Today, although still a key player,

that ‘the architect is still the principal

the architect has lost some of her

agent for the construction process

influence in the industry. Architecture

and will be able to eventually reinstate

historian Andrew Saint characterizes

the master-builder concept to reduce

this shift in the role of the architect

litigation and simplify the source of

from a subtractive process, in which

responsibility’. However, Windener

the architect was in charge of the

was not the first to talk about this

whole ball of wax, to an additive

issue. The United States has already

process, where the architect’s role is

experienced

outstanding

examples

of this kind of practice since the

teamwork, and the social motivation

beginning of the twentieth century.

of architecture, all were present.’17

The key example is Skidmore, Owings

In

the

Netherlands,

numerous

and Merril (SOM), established in 1939

examples including several key clients

in Chicago by two architects and an

such as the Netherlands Government

engineer and still thriving as one of

Buildings Agency and the Netherlands

the biggest practices in the United

Ministry of Infrastructure and the

States.

Environment

From the beginning, SOM executives

traditional

have

projects

moved to

from

Integrated

aimed at success and recognition

Practice Design Delivery (IPD). The

for themselves and the profession

most common is Design-Build (DB)18

in representing architects’ skills and

where the contractor is responsible

services by using the very old ethic

for both the design and realization risk

of anonymous Gothic builders – the

and has a say in the design process.

master-builder system. However, they

This practice has many benefits as

were not merely after success: ‘We

the designer can benefit from the

were after leverage to influence social

early contribution of constructors.

and

conditions.’16

However, in the current Dutch DB a

Both working methods and building

contractor or professional developer

technology

and

leads the consortium in which the

similarities between the practices

architect is just a member of the joint

of Gothic builders and the modern

venture. In this system, the architect

construction industry are hard to

is not at the centre of the whole

find. However, as Kostof points out

design process. Most design decisions

in the SOM office’s programme, there

are not taken by the architect, which

is a great resemblance to Gropius’s

is contrary to the experience of

writings on the practice and society

Rapp+Rapp, where more influence on

in the age of industry: ‘The analogy

the design from the architects’ side

of the Gothic builders, anonymity,

brought more quality to the project.

environmental were

different

Several architects have concluded that ‘over the past few years, the architect’s influence on the quality of the result had declined, and that the architect’s role had been reduced to that of a specialist in the design team’.19 35

The

studies

dissatisfaction

with

and the

general

make use of this opportunity. Only

current

a few are exploring the Design-Lead

situation have shown that there is a

Design-Build

willingness of architecture firms to

developed

play an important role in the project

(a master-builder contract). It is an

led by the architect or designer.

example of DLDB and it reinforces

20

and a

one

of

them

bouwmeestercontract

In the Design Lead Design-Build

the central position of the architect

(DLDB), which Birgit Rapp advocates,

in the entire process. Here, the

the architect stands behind both

architect

design and realization. The architect/

for the quality but also the budget

designer can guarantee prices related

and the schedule. In the conference

to the quality and can avoid changes

paper Integrated Project Delivery:

or irrelevant discussions about the

The Designer as an Integrator, the

changes. Moreover, ‘the architect can

analysis of two projects conducted by

manage the original ambitions during

an anonymous architecture company

the later stages of the project’. 21

with bouwmeestercontract proved to

is

not

only

responsible

On the other hand, it has to be noted

be extremely beneficial. Among many

that risk management is an important

benefits, it mentions the intense and

issue, especially the organizational

direct contract with the architect

and financial risks that cause problems

that end-users and subcontractors all

in DLDBs. In the Netherlands there

experienced as a positive. Moreover,

are only ten firms that are big enough

these two projects met with the

to bear these risks, in most DBs the

general satisfaction of both the client

contractor has final responsibility.

and the architect. 23

22

For comparison, the Design-Build Institute of America states that in

36

Dealing with Responsibility

the United States, only 17 per cent of

In retrospect, given the growing

DBs are led by a designer or architect/

complexity of projects, reinstating

engineer. As Birgit Rapp concludes in

the traditional idea of a master

her interview: more influence on the

builder is not possible. However, the

design comes with more responsibility.

building industry can learn from an

A significant number of firms are

simplified integrated process of the

considering the integrated practice

master builders. As discussed, the

design delivery (IPD), since the decline

integration of the practice brings both

in the number of projects in the Dutch

economic and qualitative benefits

construction industry. Nevertheless,

. . . Especially the lead design built

Dutch architecture firms are reluctant

(DLDB) projects show great potential,

with the architect at the centre of this

buildings in the world was because

integration. For architects it offers a

the concept grows and matures during

possibility to have more influence on

realization.’ The reiterated role of

the design and consequently bring

contemporary ‘master builders’ must

more quality to the project. Among

be to harness knowledge, whether

many benefits , it especially optimizes

innate or external, to enhance the

the price/quality ratio and allows for

design.

constant and direct contact with the

The best way to approach the

architect, which greatly facilitates any

restructuring

of

design changes. However, with more

architecture

is

influence comes more responsibility

involvement of the architect through

and this has to be covered with the

the

knowledge to handle all associated

that schools of architecture need

risks. To deal with such an immense

to fill the gap in the knowledge of

scope of knowledge the architect

architects. Education needs to first

should have a set of professional

be approached from an integrated,

relationships – successful projects

multidisciplinary approach. It needs to

are a cooperative effort. The idea

reflect an integrated practice in which

is

that

an

architect

must

education

the to

practice improve

system.

It

of the

seems

know

both the knowledge of an architect is

when he or she must shift his or her

expanded and a collaborative process

responsibilities. On the one hand, a

is imperative.

good professional must know when his or her knowledge can play a

1. Chad B. Jones, The Role of the Architect:

central role in guiding and managing a

Changes of the Past, Prac ces of the Pres-

project. On the other, he or she must

ent, and Indica ons of the Future (Provo,

know when his or her knowledge is

2006).

sufficient to be marginally involved in

2. Mustafa Pultar, Building Educa on: From

the process and to follow the advice

Fragmenta on to Integra on (Ankara, 1999).

of other professionals.

3. Ibid., 1.

It is not just the experience of Rapp+Rapp

that

continuous

involvement

shows

4. Ibid., 1.

that

the

5. Pieter Stoutjesdijk, Digital Design and Fabri-

of

the

ca on for Ul mate Challenges (Del , 2013),

architect in the building process can

26-50.

yield fruitful results. Frank Lloyd

6. Spiro Kostof, The Architect: Chapters in the

Wright said: ‘The original plan may be

History of the Profession (Oxford University

thrown away as the work proceeds – probably most of those for wonderful

Press, 1977), 61.

7. Ibid., 334

37

8. Bk. I, fol. iv, a paraphrase of Vitruvius as cited in ibid., 125.

8. Spiro Kostof, The Architect: Chapters in the History of the Profession (Oxford University Press, 1977), 106.

Ibid., 335 9. Ibid., 334-335 10. Ibid., 1.

11. Ibid., 1.

12. Andrew Saint, Architect and Engineer: A Study in Construc on History (Construc on History Vol. 21, 2005-6), 21-30.

13. George Elvin, ‘Principles of The Integrated Prac ce in Architecture’, Journal of Architecture and Planning Research 27/4 (2010), 287-300.

14. C.R. Widener, ‘The Next Genera on Architect: Using CM to Take Control of Design and Construc on’, paper presented at the AIA Conference in Springfield, Ohio in 2000, as cited in: Chad B. Jones, The Role of the Architect: Changes of the Past Prac ces of the Present, and Indica ons of the Future (Provo, 2006).

15. Alexander Nathaniel Owings, The Spaces In Between: An Architect’s Journey (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973).

16. Spiro Kostof, The Architect: Chapters in the History of the Profession (Oxford University Press, 1977), 326.

17. H. Wamelink, A. v. Doorn, J. Koolwijk, ‘Integrated Project Delivery: The Designer as Integrator’, conference paper (Del , 1-2012).

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid.

21 Ibid.

38

EDUCATION FOR INTEGRATION Nick van Garderen & Boris Koselka In the previous issue of Arch-

1980s and 1990s.

environment, such as government

In the previous edition of Arch-

officials and city planners. The

since atelier Kempe-Thill’s 2008

iprint , Kempe-Thill’s observations

exploration of the architecture

Naar een nieuwe Aanbestedingscultuur (Towards a New Tender Culture), there have been no substantial changes regarding the problems with Dutch tender regulations. André Kempe, in his interview in Archiprint 15, linked this to the deteriorating standard of the architecture culture and climate in the country over the past decades. Since the tender regulations are based on uniformly set EU regulations, altering these might not be the first choice when it comes to reshaping the current architecture culture and climate in the Netherlands.

When it comes to a thriving and successful architecture climate, the 1980s and 1990s of Dutch Architecture are often mentioned, featuring firms such as UN Studio, OMA, Mecanoo, MVRDV and Neutelings-Riedijk. The question now is how to adapt the current architecture climate so that it functions similarly to that of the innovative and optimistic building climate in the Netherlands of the

were discussed in conversations

climate in Archiprint 15 did not

with practitioners active not only

possess the scope to improve the

in the Dutch field, but specifical-

complex system of European reg-

ly with experience in other coun-

ulations or the Dutch interpreta-

tries as well. We are well aware

tion thereof. Neither did the pre-

that the tender culture and the

vious issue set out to put forward

architecture culture and climate

suggestions for how to alter these

as a whole is a product of various

regulations in order to achieve

constituents, but in the previous

change in the architecture climate.

issue we accessed the problem

Rather, Archiprint 15 set out to

explicitly from the point of the

obtain the point of view of the

architect.

conversations

practicing professional, the archi-

with André Kempe, Moriko Kira,

tect, in regard to the architecture

Machteld Kors and Birgit Rapp

culture and climate in the Nether-

showcased that the Dutch build-

lands and the functioning of the

ing culture is not necessarily in

profession in the existing system.

disarray, but that there certainly

But during the conversations, the

is a gap between the Dutch and

interviewees put forward various

other architecture climates, which

suggestions about how to trans-

are considered to be much more

form

flourishing. The creativity and

climate in the Netherlands to one

innovation attributed to these

more reminiscent of the frequent-

cultures is thought to have come

ly praised 1980s and 1990s. This

from a variety of different takes

issue of Archiprint , as a contin-

on not only the uniform EU regu-

uation of the previous edition,

lations, but also on the profession

did set out to explore possible

of ‘architect’ in general and on

changes that could be made in

certain specific professions in the

order to once again achieve a

field of construction and the built

more thriving architecture culture

iprint, the conclusion was that publication

The

the

current

architecture

39

40

and climate. Similar to the previ-

vironment that has changed dras-

gap. To transform the architec-

ous issue, the nature of the pro-

tically since the previous century,

ture climate back into one that is

fession and the changes that the

with society and the projects in

thriving, the role of the architect

profession could undergo are spe-

the built environment becoming

must be changed within the very

cifically observed. From all the

more and more complex, the role

profession itself. Whether a gov-

ideas that were brought forward

of the architect must also change.

ernment, city or private architect,

by the interviewees in issue 15,

This complexity requires of the

each has to make a contribution

three notable suggestions stood

architect a reappraisal of his or

to move the architecture culture

out: the reintroduction of the

her own role as a so-called ‘master

of the Netherlands to where we

compelling and authoritative City

builder’, someone who harnesses

want it to be. However, before the

Architect, the increase of a more

knowledge, whether innate or ex-

level of influence attributed to

sociological approach towards the

ternal, to enhance the design and

the architect in the past can be re-

profession, and the revaluation of

the process of design within the

turned to the architects of today,

the profession of architect as a

existing system of rules and regu-

a change of attitude, knowledge

‘master builder’. It is interesting to

lations. In the ever-growing com-

and awareness must be made in

note that each of these different

plexity of projects and society

regard to their contribution to and

ideas deals with the reappraisal

as a whole, this also requires the

influence on the building process-

of how the architect functions.

architect as master builder to be

es and even society as a whole.

Whether on a governmental or on

aware of this complexity, not only

A reinstatement of a more tradi-

an individual level, each of these

on a technical building level but

tional take on the architect, in all

three suggestions boils down to a

also on a more sociological level.

its facets, can only occur if the in-

reassessment by architects them-

The architect must become the

creased complexity of the building

selves of how the architect should

leader of the built environment,

process and the built environment

function. Though some alterations

the individual who has the capac-

naturally and inherently becomes

might require a slightly different

ity to bridge the gap between so-

part of the attitude of the individ-

take on an institutional level, the

ciology and architecture, between

ual practitioner. In order to ac-

majority of the observations put

society and the built environment

complish this, a change of attitude

forward in each of these articles

– whether an individual architect

from the very start of every archi-

suggests that changes can and

working on a single plot or a single

tect’s career is necessary: which

should come from within the field

building, or a team working at the

can only be achieved by the ed-

itself, whether these are changes

scale of the city and the govern-

ucational system. It seems inevi-

of attitude of the individual archi-

ment. An awareness of the power

table that schools of architecture

tect or changes of attitude in the

that can be harnessed within the

need to step up if the call is to be

contribution the individual archi-

architect’s role and the influ-

answered for an integrated prac-

tect can make in regard to their

ence the architect can have both

tice in which both the knowledge

work on governmental or educa-

on the individual project and on

and attitude of the architect is to

tional levels. In a professional en-

policy, is necessary to bridge this

be expanded in general.

BIOGRAPHIES Ananda Jaganathan (1999) studies

Fenne Jansen (1999) studies Archi-

Architecture at Eindhoven University

tecture at Eindhoven University of

of Technology. Her earliest memo-

Technology and is the current Manag-

ries of architecture come from Indian

ing Editor of Archiprint. She grew up

temples and has grown alongside the

in an inspiring environment with her

urban-scapes of Mumbai.

grandfather being an engineer and aunt being an interior architect. While

Bob van der Vleugel (1997) studies

following in their footsteps, she is de-

architecture at Eindhoven University

veloping her own architectural vision .

of Technology. He strives to combine his interests in psychology, sociology

Nick van Garderen (1995) is Master

and technology within the domain of

graduate

architectural theory and design.

Design and Engineering at Eindhoven

in

Architectural

Urban

University of Technology. With interBoris Koselka (1995) studies Archi-

ests both in Urbanism and Architec-

tecture at Eindhoven University of

ture, he opts for a combined track

Technology. During his studies, he

of Urban Design and Architectural

was part of the 10th board of AnArchi

Design within the faculty.

as the Managing Editor of Archiprint.

Tomasz Dudek (1997) studies Architecture at Eindhoven University of Technology. With a small background in Civil Engineering , his interest spans now art, culture and technology.

41

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Archiprint - Expanding Profession II June 2020 // Issue 16 Eindhoven ISSN 2213-5588 Journal for architecture, created by students and graduates of the Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology and study associa on AnArchi.

Editor-in-chief Nick van Garderen

Managing editor Fenne Jansen

Editors Ananda Jaganathan, Bob van der Vleugel, Boris Koselka, Fenne Jansen, Nick van Garderen, Tomasz Dudek Writers Ananda Jaganathan, Bob van der Vleugel, Boris Koselka, Fenne Jansen, Nick van Garderen, Tomasz Dudek

Advisory commi ee Bernard Colenbrander, Jacob Voorthuis, Julie e Bekkering, Hüsnü Yegenoglu Design Fenne Jansen Cover design Ananda Jaganathan Copy editor D’Laine Camp Prinঞng Meesterdrukkers, Eindhoven Publisher AnArchi Ver go, Groene Loper 6 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands archiprint@anarchi.cc

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REINSTATING THE COMPELLING CITY ARCHITECT Boris Koselka & Nick van Garderen

SOLVE FOR SOCIAL

Fenne Jansen & Bob van der Vleugel

SHIFTING RESPONSIBILITIES Tomasz Dudek & Ananda Jaganathan