ABDUCENS VOL. II (PT. 2)

IMSTC 2018 by Nabila Zhavirah Putri A, Eddy Zulfikar, William Chandra P

98

Simple Idea to Prevent Diarrhoea Nabila Zhavirah Putri Arfin, Eddy Zulfikar, William Chandra Papendang Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University – Makassar, Indonesia

Diarrhoea is a very common problem in babies and children. It is usually mild and brief. “Acute” diarrhoea lasts less than 1 week. A child has diarrhoea if she has more bowel movements than usual, and if stools are less formed and more watery. Sometimes children with diarrhoea have other symptoms, such as fever, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, cramps, and blood and/or mucus in the bowel movement. Diarrhoea can be dangerous if not treated properly because it drains water and salts from your child's body. If these fluids are not replaced quickly, children can become dehydrated and may need to be hospitalized.

The poster is aimed to spread the word about how urgent diarrhoea is as it is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old around the world and how this havoc of diarrhoea can be prevented through safe drinking-water, proper food, and adequate sanitation and hygiene for children from parents.

Thus we hope, parents as the most crucial stakeholder for children’s growth and wellbeing will start to care and be aware of diarrhoea by 3 small steps of preventing its infection to their children.

99

IMSTC 2018 by Puteri P. Abigael Lagha, William Chandra P, Titi Harkiana T

100

HAND WASHING: A POWERFUL ANTIDOTE TO ILLNESS Puteri Pricilya Abigael Lagha, William Chandra Papendang, Titi Harkiana Tuasikal Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University – Makassar, Indonesia Keeping hands clean is one of the most important steps we can take to avoid getting sick and spreading germs to others. Teaching people about hand washing helps them and their communities stay healthy. According to CDC, Hand washing education in the community help reduces the number of people who get sick with diarrhea by 31%, reduces diarrheal illness in people with weakened immune systems by 58%, reduces respiratory illnesses, like colds, in the general population by 16-21%.

This poster can be used to spread the knowledge on how to wash hands properly for both parents and children and also the importance of it. For children, washing hands can be a fun and entertaining activity. It is simple enough for even very young children to understand. Hand washing gives children and parents chance to take an active role in their own health and also to interact with one another. Once kids learn how to properly wash their hands, they can—and often do—show their parents and siblings and encourage them to wash hands, too. This poster sends a powerful message to parents on the right way to wash hands and to keep track of their children’s hygiene.

Parents take an important role for children’s health and well-being. The small things taught by parents to their children can lead to bigger things in the future and the courage for to practice such important small things should be built and habituated from early age because hand washing is a powerful antidote to illness.

101

IMSTC 2018 by Sitti Azhima, Dzakiyyah Marsuqah, Nelvi Augustin Horansil

102

IMSTC 2018 by Tiffany Baby Sentosa, Felia Lairensia

104

ADORE ME, BUT PLEASE DON’T KISS ME! Sitti Azhima, Dzakiyyah Marsuqah N, Nelvi Augustin Horansil Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University – Makassar, Indonesia

Herpes simplex refers to a group of viruses that infect humans. It can be caused by HSV-1 virus and in most cases it affects humans during infancy or childhood. Similar to herpes zoster, herpes simplex causes very painful sores on the skin. They are contracted through close contact with family members or adults who have been infected by the virus. The disease is transmitted most often through a kiss from other people to the baby. The first symptoms are usually itching and tingling sensation, followed by blisters that open and become very painful. This infection can be dormant (inactive) in nerve cells for some time. But suddenly the infection becomes active again. Herpes can be active without symptoms or visible signs.

Therefore, we want to advise parents to not let their baby get kissed because a person who has the herpes virus can also not have a typical herpes that is visible. Once your baby is infected with the herpes virus, then the virus will stay in the body, so there is a possibility of herpes recurrence in the future.

The act of adoration by kissing the baby is very simple, but the impact can be so much bigger than that. Know the risk before the baby get the disease.

103

They Need Your Concern Tiffany Baby Sentosa, Felia Lairensia Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top causes of death worldwide. According to WHO in 2016, 10.4 million people feel ill with TB and 1.7 million died from the disease (including 0.4 million among people with HIV). Over 95% of TB death occur in low- and middle-income countries. Indonesia has become the second country with the highest prevalence of TB patients in the world. In 2016, an estimated 1 million children became ill with TB and 250.000 children died of TB (including children with HIV associated TB). Children can present with TB disease at any age but most commonly, in TB-endemic countries, between 14 years. When a person develops active TB disease, the symptoms (such as cough, fever, night sweats, or weight loss) may be mild for many months. Without proper treatment, 45% of HIV-negative people with TB on average and nearly all HIV-positive people with TB will die.

In order to raise awareness of parents who have children with TB, this poster should give the sight that infectious agents such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis should be treated until their children are completely healed. Parents should be given a proper information about the symptoms of TB and also the drugs that could be given to their children with the right dose.

Proper TB treatment in children is a long way to run for Indonesia. Better diagnostic infrastructure and tools are needed to reduce the prevalence of children with TB. At least a change can start from the parents and us. And this could be done simply by introducing the symptoms of tuberculosis and convincing parents that children with TB can recover with regular and appropriate treatment. The point is, to fight against infectious diseases in children is the fullest concern from their parents.

105

IMSTC 2018 by William Chandra P, Eddy Zulfikar, Nabila Zhavirah P. A

106

IF YOU’RE CLEVER, YOU’LL COVER William Chandra Papendang, Nabila Zhavirah Putri Arfin, Eddy Zulfikar Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University – Makassar, Indonesia It’s commonly known that TB is one of an infectious disease that has one of the most cases the world. Cough is a predominant feature of respiratory infection and, in tuberculosis, is of prime importance for transmitting infection. Tuberculosis is transmitted by the air, yet the process by which bacilli are aerosolized has received little attention. Features of cough may account for differences in transmission rates from source cases of pulmonary disease. WHO stated that 1520% of all TB cases occured in children. Child TB is usually acquired from an infectious adult contact, such as by inhaling TB Bacteria from an adult in their household who has active TB through cough or sneeze.

Through this poster we would like to spread the knowledge on how to cough or sneeze properly for parents who are infected by infectious respiratory disease, such as tuberculosis to cough or sneeze and cover it with their arms instead of their palms as what the majority of society usually do. this action is to prevent the transmission of the bacteria to the children.

Parents have major role in spreading tuberculosis to their children especially when they live under the same roof. If the parents actually care about the children then the well-being of the children should come first, started by how they cough or sneeze in front of them to prevent their children to get infected.

107

IMSTC 2018 by William Chandra P, Eddy Zulfikar, Nabila Zhavirah P. A

108

COORDINATION FOR VACCINATION ENDS COMPLICATION William Chandra Papendang, Nabila Zhavirah Putri Arfin, Eddy Zulfikar Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University – Makassar, Indonesia As of November 2017, The Ministry of Health of Indonesia has released the data that there were 95 districts and cities from 20 provinces with diphtheria reports and overall there were 622 cases and 32 people died from the outbreak. Diphtheria is an infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria and children aged one to ten years are very sensitive to this disease. This disease killed thousands of people in the past and suddenly reemerges in 2009, and is considered as an outbreak in 2017. This disease can result in death due to airway obstruction of a pathogenic toxin, causing complications of myocarditis, renal failure, respiratory failure and circulatory failure that lead to death. The causes of diphtheria outbreak, among others, anti-diphtheria immunization that has not covered all children in the country (about 75%) and the level of "efficacy" of antibiotics against the bacteria began to decrease.

The poster’s objective is to send the valuable message that vaccination of diphtheria which is Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus is important and should be done according to the proper guideline of when to be vaccinated and the 5 doses of the vaccines to achieve the best result from the vaccine itself. It is actually very simple and easy to minimize the risk for the children to get infected and we can save other people’s life during that simple process. This also will provide better perspectives for parents who refuse to vaccinate their children, because it shows how urgent this matter of diphtheria that is currently happening.

Therefore, in order to prevent many loss, we would spread the knowledge about the importance of vaccination for diphtheria and also the proper way to get those vaccinations to the children. !

109

WIW 2018 by Titi H. Tuasikal, Michele N. Rambulangi, Rabinda F. Tuasikal

110

DIPHTERIA? KNOW THE SIGN, MARK THE MONTH (Titi H. Tuasikal, Michele N. E. Rambulangi, Rabinda F. Tuasikal - AMSA Indonesia) Diphteria is an acute and highly infectious whose etiologic agent is Corynebacterium diphtheria, manifested by fever with formation of grayish-white pseudomembranes (thin membrane) on the throat (larynx, pharynx, tonsils) that are difficult to remove and easily bleed.

One of the complications of diphtheria is paralysis of myocardium due to toxins of the bacteria enter the circulation and deposit in the heart muscle. It even can cause death. Diphtheria known as the strangling angel of children.

Based on data from Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, there was an outbreak that reported from January until November 2017, there was 593 cases of diphtheria and 32 of them were dead.

Because diphtheria is highly infectious and the complications are lethal, it is important to prevent this disease. Diphteria itself is preventable with vaccine. Therefore, this poster aims to educate the society about the signs and symptoms of diphtheria as well as vaccination schedule for children aged 0-18 years, in order to know and prevent this disease.

111

WIW 2018 by Eddy Zulfikar, William Chandra Papendang, Nabila Zhavirah Putri Arfin

112

VACCINE IS VITAL Eddy Zulfikar, William Chandra Papendang, Nabila Zhavirah Putri Arfin

Poliomyelitis cannot be cured once a person is infected. Imagine how many people suffer from this preventable disease, especially children who are mostly targeted by the Poliovirus.

Adequate and punctual immunization is needed according to the recommendation of Indonesian Pediatric Society to maximize the prevention of poliomyelitis.

The purpose of polio immunization is to induce active immunity against poliomyelitis.

Both per individual and widely in society. Because if most people in society are immunized, the others will also be protected from the transmission. There are two types of polio vaccine, oral polio vaccine (OPV) and Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV). OPV is widely used in Indonesia. Oral polio vaccine (OPV) is given at birth, age 2, 4, 6, 18 months (or age 2, 3, 4 months according to government program), whereas for injectable polio vaccine (IPV) given at age 2, 4, 6- 18 months and 6-8 years. (Rusmil, 2015) It is important to address the issue of unvaccinated child, to give clear information about immunization and its period, so people will be aware of the vitality of vaccine itself. Polio vaccine, given multiple times, can protect a child for life.

Source: Rusmil, K. 2015. Immunization. Indonesian Pediatric Society. Available http://www.idai.or.id/artikel/klinik/imunisasi/melengkapi-mengejar-imunisasi-bagian-ii

113

from:

WIW 2018 by Muh. Nur Cholish

114

FIGHT TUBERCULOSIS WITH BCG! Muhammad Nur Cholish

Bacille Calmette-GuĂŠrin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. Tuberculosis is one of the most deadly disease on planet and all countries are doing their maximum effort to eradicate the problem, including the campaign on BCG vaccination. Vaccines offer the best chance to contain the accelerating spread of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Reaching the WHO End TB Strategy targets of a 95% reduction in TB mortality and a 90% reduction in TB incidence, worldwide, by 2035, will major change in immunization of the society. (WHO, 2018) Mycobacterium tuberculosis can easily infect people, because the transmission of the bacteria can occur through air or aerosol in the air released through sneezing, breathing, or coughing by people with the disease. Therefore, we need urgent action to prevent those catastrophic from happening and to prevent more people getting infected. The poster speaks volumes about the difference between drug therapy as curative action against vaccination as preventive action, both are the only ways to fight tuberculosis. We need the society to realize that it is too late to act when you are already infected, damages are already done. If we can prevent those havoc from occurring, then why not?

References: World Health Organization. 2018. Tuberculosis Vaccine Development, United Nations. Available from: http://www.who.int/immunization/research/development/tuberculosis/en/

115

WIW 2018 by Valentina Febriani Tando

116

BE PREVENTED BY IMMUNIZATION Valentina Febriani Tando

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. In 2016, 10.4 million people fell ill with TB, and 1.7 million died from the disease (including 0.4 million among people with HIV). Over 95% of TB deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. Seven countries account for 64% of the total, with India leading the count, followed by Indonesia, China, Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, and South Africa. In 2016, an estimated 1 million children became ill with TB and 250 000 children died of TB (including children with HIV associated TB). Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) remains a public health crisis and a health security threat. WHO estimates that there were 600 000 new cases with resistance to rifampicin – the most effective first-line drug, of which 490 000 had MDR-TB. Globally, TB incidence is falling at about 2% per year. This needs to accelerate to a 4–5% annual decline to reach the 2020 milestones of the End TB Strategy. An estimated 53 million lives were saved through TB diagnosis and treatment between 2000 and 2016. But, why we always concern in treat the TB, not how to cutdown TB by immunization! Such a little thing that people not notice. In Indonesia, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine recommended to infant in 0-2 month after birth. Let’s be the pioneer to our enviroment to ending the TB epidemic by 2030 which is among the health targets of the Sustainable Development Goals.

117

WIW 2018 by William Chandra P, Eddy Zulfikar, Nabila Zhavirah Putri A.

118

SAVE YOUR BABY FROM PARALYSIS William Chandra Papendang, Eddy Zulfikar, Nabila Zhavirah Putri Arfin

Children as the most vulnerable party in the society needs extra care and immediate treatment because they still depend on adults to do things on their own, they cannot make rational decisions as well as healthcare treatment. One of the most urgent health problem to children below 5 years old of age is poliomyelitis.

The virus is spread by contact with food, water or hands contaminated with feces (stool) or throat secretions from an infected person. One of the most severe symptoms is paralysis which is very urgent because it can cause permanent damage to children. Some children that are infected with Poliovirus does not show visible symptoms, but some may develop even more serious symptoms. 1 in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis. Among those paralyzed 5% to 10% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized. There is no cure for polio after a person has been infected. Therefore, the treatment is focused on improving patient’s comfort, managing symptoms, and preventing complications. These may include antibiotics for additional infections, pain relievers, ventilators to assist breathing, physiotherapy, moderate exercise, and proper diet.

(WHO, 2018) It was a lot to take for children to go through those conditions, when they should be living as other normal children and experience the ordinary social life. Dangerously enough, as long as a single child remains infected, children in all countries are at risk of contracting polio. Therefore, it is important for everyone to realize about the impact and complications of Poliomyelitis, to prevent the infection to happen, and to prevent the future generation to be disable before they get to experience the life.

References: World Health Organization 2018. Poliomyelitis, United http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/poliomyelitis

119

Nations.

Available

from:

pub LIC POSTER