Bulletin vol 27 no 3 june 2014

AMOS

AustralianMeteorological & OceanographicSociety

Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological & Oceanographic Society Vol 27, No. 3, June 2014 ISSN 1035-6576

Contents Editorial ..........................................................................................................................................................................41 President’s Column ........................................................................................................................................................42 News from the Centres ..................................................................................................................................................43 Conference report ..........................................................................................................................................................45 Articles ...........................................................................................................................................................................48 P. Fox-Hughes—Severe winds in south-east Tasmania, 9th February 2014.........................................................................48 M. Speer—The highs and lows of the Murrumbidgee River at Hay—1873 to 1910 ........................................................49 F. Johnson—Scientist in Residence at the Sydney Morning Herald .....................................................................................50

Meet a Member .............................................................................................................................................................51 Snapshot ........................................................................................................................................................................52 Charts from the Past with Blair Trewin: 21 May 1975 ..................................................................................................53 The Research Corner with Damien Irving—Authorea: the future of scientific writing?.............................................54

ISSN 1035-6576 Cover picture: “Sunset at Reservoir”. This image was taken on Sunday 24 May 2014 at 4:45 p.m. looking west from C. H. Sullivan Memorial Park.

Image: Lam Hoang.

Unless specifically stated to the contrary, views expressed in the Bulletin are the personal views of the authors, and do not represent the views of the Society or any other organisation or institution to which the author(s) may be affiliated.

Editorial

A letter on open access and goodbye I received a letter from AMOS member Matthias Tomczak following the Research Corner article (entitled “The future of journal submission”) in the April 2014 edition of BAMOS. The letter was as follows: “Damien Irving’s latest Research Corner about the future of journal publishing raises a number of interesting points and in my view points in the right direction. However, he did not have to use a journal from the life sciences (F1000RESEARCH) as an example to promote the model of immediate publication, open publication of reviews and authors’ answers, inclusion of comments from others, and personalised copyright under the Creative Commons Attribution Licence.

The European Geosciences Union (EGU) publishes fourteen journals under that model, including Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (e.g. remote sensing), Earth System Dynamics, Ocean Science (where I have published since 2006), The Cryosphere, and others. All journals also allow the deposition of additional material. If you want to get your work out immediately and have it reviewed openly rather than through a secret process then consider publication in one of EGU’s journals1.

Better still, we should encourage the editors of journals we use to publish our work to follow the European example.”

This is an excellent point that Matthias raises in that we already have open access journals available to us in our field. Indeed, I have two publications in an EGU journal (Climate of the Past) and I found their open access system to be very efficient. I therefore would also strongly encourage BAMOS readers to consider the EGU journals when deciding where to submit your articles.

Furthermore, I am also pleased to see that this letter was sent in to me following Damien’s piece. It is exactly the type of discussion that both Damien and I had hoped for.

I also strongly encourage anyone to get in touch with the Editor if they have anything they would like to discuss— your comments are highly valued and always welcome!

As for the future of BAMOS and the Editor role—we are in the process of reviewing the candidates for this position and we are aiming to have someone in place for the August issue. In the meantime I would like to introduce Willow Hallgren (currently the Assistant Science Editor but she will be taking on the role fully by August / October) and Tom Naughtin (as the Typesetter) as the new members of the editing team.

1

www.egu.eu/publications/open-access-journals/

Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Vol. 27 page 41

Willow has studied atmospheric science, ecology and resource and environmental management at Macquarie University. She also completed a Ph.D. at Monash University, during which she was science editor of the student newspaper, a climate impacts scientist for the government and then a consultant in the private sector. After graduating, Willow was a postdoc at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s (MIT) Joint Program on the science and policy of global change for over three years. Having decided that there’s no place like home, she is now a Research Fellow at Griffith University on the sunny Gold Coast, still working at the interface of atmospheric science and ecology, on a project which looks at climate change and biodiversity. Finally, Willow also continues to work with overseas colleagues on global change and renewable energy resource assessment projects.

Tom Naughtin is in his final year of university. He is currently completing a Bachelor of Business, majoring in Marketing and Management at RMIT in Melbourne.

Tom has been working as a marketing assistant for a year.

He has also been with AMOS for about three months assisting the Executive Officer and has started to take on the typesetting duties.

I have already been working with both Willow and Tom on this edition and I have been very impressed with the speed at which they have taken to their new roles!

So, this is definitely my final edition of BAMOS as Editor.

I will take over the Editor in Chief role from Stewart Allen within the next few months in order to help oversee this transitional period. Therefore, I would like to round this off by saying a huge thank you to Stewart Allen, the Assistant Editors (Linden Ashcroft, Diana Greenslade and Blair Trewin) and Jeanette Dargaville for all the help they have given me to make sure BAMOS is produced and circulated to you all every two months—their work behind the scenes with editing, advice and production have been invaluable and I have really appreciated having that support (especially in finding those misplaced emand en-dashes in pre-production drafts). Finally, I’d like to thank all of the contributors to BAMOS over the last fourteen issues that I have worked on. Without you, BAMOS would not exist and I hope that you will continue to submit your interesting articles to us.

Duncan Ackerley

President’s Column

Budget outcomes and other news Many of us have been paying close attention to the 2014 Federal Budget and its implications for the entire meteorology, oceanography and climate sector. Almost all government departments suffered cuts to their operating budgets that will ultimately lead to job losses. The extent of these losses in the AMOS community is still unclear and of ongoing concern.

There was some positive news for our sector. The Bureau of Meteorology was allocated funds for its new supercomputer, which will provide the infrastructure for continued provision of high quality forecasts. Hopefully, the new machine will allow the Bureau to continue to expand their forecasting capabilities, including in the area of ensemble weather prediction. CSIRO also received funds to support the operation of the RV Investigator, which should provide invaluable offshore observational capacity.

At the time of writing this column there is still uncertainty about what the funding cuts, especially to CSIRO, will mean for research in the climate sciences. Funding cuts have the potential to affect important ongoing research into climate change, climate variability, climate model development, and other topics. Of additional concern is the potential impact of those cuts on formal collaboration across the sector.

Our AMOS community is small by international standards, but we arguably punch above our weight. In my opinion, our success is because of the way we coordinate and collaborate across the entire meteorology, oceanography and climate sector. Notable examples include the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS), and the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science. These formal programs have integrated our sub-disciplines and made us stronger than our individual parts; the ongoing strength of our sector relies on their continued success.

Throughout this budget period AMOS has been advocating for our sector, along with Science and Technology Australia and other organisations. With time the implications of this budget will be clearer. Please feel free to contact me with any concerns.

Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Vol. 27 page 42

Over the last month there have been quite a few developments within AMOS. Following the success of the national conference, the Hobart Regional Centre has been re-formed at an election held on 1 May. The new Committee consists of Andrew Marshall (Chair), Neil Holbrook (Vice-Chair), Andrew Klekociuk (Treasurer), Zanna Chase (Secretary), Gary Meyers (General Member), and Craig Macaulay (General Member and Media Representative). Congratulations to all involved and thank you for your ongoing commitment to AMOS. As many of you will appreciate, it is largely through the activities of the regional centres that we engage directly with our members and the broader community.

At our May meeting, AMOS Council approved two important changes to the national sub-committees. First, the Education Committee was renamed the Education and Outreach (E&O) Committee to better reflect the breadth of activities it undertakes. AMOS Past President, Blair Trewin has kindly volunteered to serve as Interim Chair to oversee the expansion of the committee and its activities.

I’d like to formally acknowledge Philip Riley, who decided earlier in the year to retire from the position of Chair of the Education Committee. Philip served as Chair for the last five years and I’m grateful that he will continue to be a member of the new E&O Committee.

Second, I’m pleased to announce the creation of the AMOS Equity and Diversity (E&D) Committee. Former AMOS National Secretary Ailie Gallant, who will be its Chair, has led this initiative. The E&D Committee will focus on issues surrounding equity in our sector, including career opportunities and progression, diversity, and inclusion of under-represented groups. These are areas that are certainly deserving of attention in our profession.

I’ll end this column with a teaser of things to come. The AMOS awards committee is currently in the final stages of creating a number of new prestigious AMOS awards that will expand our recognition of excellence in our discipline. A formal announcement of these awards and their selection criteria will be made in the coming months.

Todd Lane

News from the Centres

Melbourne Centre News Katherine Sadler and Kane Stone

University of Melbourne representatives, Melbourne Centre On 10 April 2014, the Melbourne AMOS centre together with the Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, the Monash Sustainability Institute, the Victoria University Institute for Strategic Economic Studies, the Victorian Centre for Climate Change Adaptation Research, and RMIT University, presented a public event at The University of Melbourne to mark the release of the second part of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (Working Group II). The report focusses on impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability, both globally and regionally, and features diverse topics such as resource management, human health, and the detection and attribution of observed impacts.

The Master of Ceremonies, Rob Gell, introduced the overview presentations and did a great job of leading the panel and audience through a stimulating discussion. The panel included the report’s authors: Professor Roger Jones (Coordinating Lead Author of Chapter 2: Foundations for decision making), Professor Lesley Hughes (Lead Author of Chapter 25: Australasia), Professor Jon Barnett (Lead Author of Chapter 12: Human security), Dr David Lobell (Lead Author of Chapter 7: Food production systems and food security), and Dr Kathleen McInnes (Lead Author of Chapter 5: Coastal systems and low-lying areas).

Roger Jones gave the first presentation—a brief summary of the overall findings of the report—and discussed the current and future impacts of climate change. He then talked the audience through one of the report’s more complicated figures (Chapter 18, Figure 18.3), illustrating the observed impacts attributed to climate change and the degree of confidence in the attribution.

Lesley Hughes, who had been held up in Sydney due to bad weather, arrived just in time to present her talk. This

was an overview of the Australasian section of the report, describing the impacts specific to our region. She outlined eight key risks for the Australasian region that can be managed by mitigation and adaptation to differing degrees.

These included the risks to coral and native species (which could potentially be delayed but not avoided), flooding, water shortages, heat waves, potentially severe bushfires (that could possibly be mitigated and adapted to), the increased risk of damage to coastal infrastructure, and the decrease in agricultural production if extreme global warming scenarios are realised. She pointed out that adaptation has already occurred but we must decide when and where to switch from incremental to transformative adaptation.

After their respective presentations, Roger and Lesley joined the other panel members for a discussion and answered questions from the audience. Questions and statements from the audience were interesting and thought-provoking, and included topics as varied as discussing climate change as a driver in the recent NASA-based study on the possible impending collapse of industrial civilisation; the importance of public support for policy change; future food security; and political activity versus changes in climate as drivers of change.

Due to the interest displayed by the audience, the event was extended for a short time past the scheduled closure of proceedings. The willingness for discussion showed that there is a healthy amount of public interest and concern relating to climate change and future adaptation and, coupled with an excellent panel, led to a very successful event. The event was recorded and is available for view on the AMOS Melbourne Centre YouTube page1.

1

www.youtube.com/channel/UC0XvixIRVREtHrT41TdHVRQ

From left to right: Master of ceremonies Rob Gell and panel members Professor Roger Jones, Dr David Lobell, Dr Kathleen McInnes and Professor Jon Barnett.

Image: Shannon Mason.

Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Vol. 27 page 43

NSW Centre News Fiona Johnson Chair, NSW Centre

The NSW Centre has tried out a new initiative this year to promote AMOS to undergraduate, Masters and Ph.D. students with events held at three universities. At the University of Sydney we had a joint event with the Institute of Marine Science with a number of speakers inspiring students on the range of opportunities available to them in studying marine science and oceanography.

At the University of New South Wales, a pizza and drinks networking opportunity gave students a chance to chat with academics and researchers about careers in climate research and industry. At the University of Newcastle, we held a very successful barbecue with over fifty students (mostly undergraduates) and we actually ran out of food! Students had questions regarding AMOS, how to sign up and general questions regarding courses at the University of Newcastle that align with climate change

and climatology. Daniel Baird was also presented with the 2013 AMOS award for Academic Achievement at this event, which will hopefully inspire this year’s students as well.

Anthony Kiem (NSW AMOS Vice-Chair) presenting Daniel Baird with his award. Image: Andrew Magee.

Michael Logan showing images of the destruction caused by the October 2013 Bushfires. Image: Fiona Johnson.

In our normal technical seminar program, we had a fascinating talk by Michael Logan on the weather that caused the October 2013 Lithgow Bushfire. This was a great chance for attendees to learn more about the mechanisms of bushfires and the work that the Bureau of Meteorology does in supporting the emergency services in these events.

It was held just before Easter and we enjoyed hot cross buns, as well as more traditional seminar nibbles.

We are planning to hold an AMOS members’ “Christmas in July” dinner, so stay tuned for more details about this soon.

Brisbane Centre News Michael Hewson

Secretary, Brisbane Centre The Brisbane Regional Centre held its AGM “in the pub” at the “The Fox” on the 29th April… all five of us.

We talked about the fact we had to cancel the 2013, then 2014, AMOS “Climate Change, Impacts on our Health, Home and Work” public forum due to a lack of bookings and it clearly wasn’t the right “thing” for Qeensland. We also discussed our responsibilities for hosting the 2015 AMOS conference. I am happy to say some of you have responded to a recent request and the science committee will be “up and running”. Thanks for that.

Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Vol. 27 page 44

Your Brisbane Regional Council committee this year is: Andrew Wiebe (chair), myself (secretary), Michael Gray, Rob Webb and Dr Joanna Burston. We will try and hold some members events this year. Also, we in the committee are concerned that our regional centre capacity (or willingness, or both) to meet and engage as a collegium has been severely limited in recent years. Let’s see what we can do about that.

Conference reports

AMOS National Conference 2014: Southern Investigations 12–14 February 2014, Hotel Grand Chancellor, Hobart, Tasmania Helen Phillips1, Andrew Klekociuk2, Andrew Marshall3 and Phil Reid3 Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies,University of Tasmania Australian Antarctic Division 3 Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Bureau of Meteorology 1 2

The eve of the conference was marked by a well-attended AMOS Public Lecture, held at the University of Tasmania’s Stanley Burbury Theatre. Professor David Karoly (University of Melbourne) gave a thought-provoking lecture entitled “Climate change science and solutions for Australia”. Prof Karoly is an internationally recognised expert in climate change and climate variability. His lecture gave a review of the science of climate change and the associated regional impacts in Australia. He also described the global emission reductions that are needed to meet the globally agreed target of limiting global warming to less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels.

The lecture was followed by an energetic discussion between the audience of approximately 320 people and an expert panel comprising Dr Susan Wijffels and Prof Tom Trull (CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research), Prof Ian Allison (University of Tasmania), and Prof Karoly.

Dr Tony Press, Chief Executive Officer of the Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre was the Master of Ceremonies, and skillfully moderated the discussion. Opening and closing remarks were made

by Dr Blair Trewin (immediate Past President) and Dr Andrew Marshall (Conference Convenor). Sponsorship for the event was kindly provided by Inspiring Australia and the University of Tasmania, in addition to the

conference sponsors. More information and a video of the lecture can be found here1.

The first day began when Theresa Sainty gave the Welcome to Country to the 403 participants at the Grand Chancellor Hotel on Hobart’s vibrant waterfront, and then the conference was officially opened by His Excellency The Honourable Peter Underwood AC, Governor of Tasmania.

Over the three days of conference six keynote lectures, 190 oral presentations and 300 poster presentations were delivered. Some of the posters were preceded by “lightning lectures”, which were fun and engaging. The speakers provided tempting summaries that left the audience wanting to find out more—nicely capturing the spirit of lightning lectures!

Dr Jorgen Frederiksen, CSIRO Fellow (Marine and Atmospheric Research) and Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, gave the RH Clarke Lecture “Modes of Climate Variability and Climate Change”.

Priestley Medal winner, Dr Matthew Wheeler, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (Bureau of Meteorology), gave the lecture “Real-time forecasting of modes of tropical intraseasonal variability: The MaddenJulian and Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillations”. The remaining four plenary talks were presented by Dr Katrin Meissner (Climate Change Research Centre, University of www.events.utas.edu.au/2014/february/climatechange-science-and-solutions-for-australia2 1

Speaker and panel members for the AMOS Public Lecture “Climate change science and solutions for Australia”, Stanley Burbury Theatre, University of Tasmania, 11th February 2014. From left to right Prof Tom Trull, Prof David Karoly (Speaker), Dr Susan Wijffels and Prof Ian Allison. Image from Andrew Klekociuk.

Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Vol. 27 page 45

New South Wales), Dr David Thompson (Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University), Dr Rob Massom (Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre and Australian Antarctic Division), and Dr Andy Hogg (Australian National University). The talks gave compelling evidence of the key role of the Southern Hemisphere ocean, atmosphere and cryosphere in Earth’s climate variability and change.

Students were well represented at the conference, leading approximately 25% of the oral presentations and 12% of the posters. Judging of student presentations was conducted by 27 attending delegates, organized by Andrew Klekociuk, Zanna Chase and Midj Jones of the local organizing committee. First prize in the Oral Presentation category went to Tim Cowan with honourable mentions to Linden Ashcroft, Sjoerd Groeskamp, Michelle Ho, Stephanie Jacobs, Andrew King and Teresa Parker. In the Poster Presentation category, first prize went to Chloe Lucas with honourable mentions to Mitchell Black, Darren Cox, Henry Ellis, Andrew Magee, Fiona McRobie, Henrique Rapizo and Jackson Tan. Congratulations to all of those people, and special thanks to the judges for their help.

A real highlight of this year’s conference was the education and outreach session. This was the first time a session of this type has been run at an AMOS conference. Angela Maharaj (Macquarie University) and Erik van Sebille (University of New South Wales) organised and ran a highly interactive and stimulating session which featured both local and interstate speakers presenting on a wide range of issues related to science education at all levels.

The conference report wouldn’t be complete without mention of the vibrant social events. The “icebreaker” was held at the CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research waterfront cafeteria—a warm evening of catching up with colleagues from around the country. The conference

dinner at Hobart’s famous Museum of Old and New Art (MONA) began with a sunny, scenic trip up the Derwent River on the MONA ROMA ferry, in the company of her stoic cow and sheep. We were welcomed to MONA with pre-dinner drinks and canapés served downstairs in The Void, and then had the opportunity to explore the museum for an hour before dinner. Dinner and presentations were accompanied by Cary Lewincamp’s delightful sounds of Tasmanian life on his custom made seven-string guitar.

The evening ended with a night time ferry trip back to Hobart with our souvenir Cary Lewincamp CD in our bags.

The local organizing committee gratefully acknowledges the generous sponsorship of our conference from: t

ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science (Gold sponsor)

t

Bureau of Meteorology (Gold sponsor)

t

Australian Antarctic Division (Bronze sponsor)

t

Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (Bronze sponsor)

t

CSIRO (Bronze sponsor)

t

Antarctic Tasmania and Science Research Development unit of the Department of Economic Development, Tourism and the Arts (Bronze sponsor)

t

Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania

t

Tasmanian Climate Change Office (Public Lecture sponsor)

t

Australian Institute of Physics (Public Lecture sponsor)

t

Inspiring Australia (Public Lecture sponsor)

The 31st American Meteorological Society Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology 31 March–4April 2014, San Diego, California, USA Martin Bergemann and Jackson Tan

ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria On 31st March 2014, more than 650 researchers descended upon lovely San Diego under not-so-lovely weather for the American Meteorological Society’s 31st Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology. This biennial conference brings together the latest research on tropical weather and climate.

The Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science was represented by a number of researchers and students. Our associate investigator Kevin Walsh chaired two sessions, and gave a talk on tropical cyclones and climate change in a high-resolution model. Hamish Ramsay, Michael Horn and Yingjun (Jun) Chen represented our tropical cyclone researchers and did a great job presenting their latest results in an array of talks and posters. On the Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Vol. 27 page 46

convection front, Jackson Tan and Martin Bergemann shared their work on changes in organised convection, its representation in climate models, and the identification of coastal convection.

The conference has traditionally been in a tropical venue, allowing office-dwelling researchers a sample of the weather they investigate. Unfortunately, this year’s conference witnessed an infestation of bad weather. This, combined with a fascinating range of talks that led to some heated discussions, guaranteed any temptation to slip off to the beach rapidly disappeared.

The conference featured talks ranging from cyclone dynamics, convection and the Madden-Julian Oscillation

to monsoons. One of the highest attended presentations, which was unfortunately held in too small a room, was on radiative-convective equilibrium by Kerry Emanuel. With the help of a simple radiative transport model Emanuel hypothesised that a warming environment might lead to a critical point in the radiative-convective equilibrium (RCE), a so-called bifurcation. Beyond this critical point any deviation from RCE can lead to either a drier or moister atmosphere. This might have a profound effect on climate. He also pointed out that radiative-convective equilibrium still remains an interesting problem in climate science.

Mark Lander gave a talk that led to particularly heated discussions. He claimed that super typhoon Haiyan was more intense than super typhoon Tip in October 1979 and was the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded.

Because there were no aircraft measurements available for Haiyan, Lander presented some remote sensing

techniques to assess the intensity of the storm. His suggestions provoked a remarkably intense controversy among the tropical cyclone specialists that lasted for about 30 minutes.

Another talk that attracted more people than there were seats for was by Shang-Ping Xie, who investigates the change in tropical rainfall in a warming climate using coupled models. He argued that ocean warming patterns are important for precipitation changes. This reflects the warmer-get-wetter view that has been gaining traction recently.

The Max Eaton Award for presentation went to Allison Wing. She presented her work examining feedbacks during different stages of convective aggregation. Using idealised models, she showed that different mechanisms are at play during the development and maintenance of self-aggregation.

A day with good weather in San Diego. Image: Jackson Tan

Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Vol. 27 page 47

Articles

Severe winds in south-east Tasmania, 9 February 2014 Paul Fox-Hughes

Tasmania and Antarctica Regional Office, Bureau of Meteorology, Hobart, Tasmania Address for correspondence: P.Fox-Hughes@bom.gov.au Sunday 9th February 2014 was always going to be an interesting day. The 2013–2014 Tasmanian fire season had started slowly following a very wet winter (300+ flood warnings issued), and a cooler than average December. January, however, was warm and dry, allowing the ample finer fire fuels like grasses and heathlands to dry substantially. By early February, forests had started to dry sufficiently to support fire activity as well. As a consequence, any warm to hot and windy day would result in a fire weather warning.

Numerical weather guidance for a number of days ahead of the 9th was consistent in suggesting a cool change would cross Tasmania during the day, with fresh to strong and gusty winds around the time of the change, possibly reaching gale force, and a hot, dry airmass ahead of it. It was fairly clear that Sunday could be a fire weather warning day—if the change was delayed until the afternoon (and there was some uncertainty over the timing from day to day in the lead-up to the 9th). Figure 1 displays mean sea level pessure charts for 0000 UTC (11:00 a.m. Australian Eastern Daylight Savings Time) on (a) 8th and (b) 9th February, illustrating the approaching front and tightening northerly pressure gradient on successive days.

What added particular interest to the day in prospect was the nature of the change—the upper level trough accompanying the change looked to tilt “negatively”. A negatively tilted trough is oriented (in the Southern Hemisphere) from the south-west to north-east. Figure 2 shows 300 hPa geopotential height analyses for (a) 0000 and (b) 1200 UTC 9th February. The upper level trough can be seen just west of Tasmania at 0000 UTC, oriented almost due north-south. By 1200 UTC, it has crossed the state, assuming a more northeastward tilt in the process. Such features have been associated with a

(a)

broad range of severe weather events both in Australia and internationally, from abruptly increasing fire weather to heavy rainfall events and active, tornadic fronts, because of an enhanced capacity for the exchange of air between the upper and lower troposphere. So, it looked like the 9th would be busy for the forecasters on a number of fronts.

By Sunday morning, a severe weather warning for damaging winds and a fire-weather warning were in place, and, as the day progressed, temperatures climbed steadily into the thirties, eroding a weak inversion and allowing mixing to the surface of stronger winds aloft. Fire dangers increased to “Very High” to “Severe” over much of eastern Tasmania. The front became evident on radar off the west coast during the early afternoon, with the line of strongest echoes resembling a “Line Echo Wave Pattern1”, characteristic of potentially damaging convective winds.

The line was an active thunderstorm region, as indicated by lightning sensors.

Coastal Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) at Strahan Airport and Low Rocky Point recorded increased and gusty, but unexceptional, winds with the passage of the front. Shortly afterwards, however, the elevated and exposed Scotts Peak Dam AWS reported a gust of 83 knots (154 km hr-1), prompting an upgrade to a severe weather warning for south-east Tasmania, and calls to fire managers at the State Incident Room at the Tasmania Fire Service Headquarters, warning of the impending change. The frontal line appeared to lose its coherent radar structure as it traversed the mountainous region of southern Tasmanian, but reformed as it reached the south-east coast, and proceeded to cause chaos. Numerous 1 Line Echo Wave Patterns are squall line radar signatures with, as their name suggests, a wavy appearance. The bowing of the line is generally the result of (very) strong outflow winds immediately behind the line.

(b)

Figure 1. Australian Bureau of Meteorology mean sea level pressure charts at 0000 UTC on (a) 8th and (b) 9th February 2014.

Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Vol. 27 page 48

(a)

(b)

Figure 2. Australian Bureau of Meteorology 300 hPa geopotential height charts for (a) 0000 and (b) 1200 UTC 9th February 2014. structures were damaged, at least 70,000 electricity customers lost power and a fatality occurred as a tree was blown onto a vehicle south of Hobart. In Hobart itself, a gust of 130 km hr-1 occurred (a February record) and the Hobart Cup was postponed for the first time in its 130year history. On a lighter note, a visiting (off-duty) US National Weather Service forecaster felt moved to stand out in the wind and rain, having never experienced such conditions before! In northern Tasmania, the character of the change was somewhat different, but still characteristic of negatively tilting troughs. Immediately ahead of the

change at several locations in the north-east, dewpoint temperature, and hence humidity, dropped sharply and fire danger increased abruptly.

In summary, then, Sunday 9th February 2014 bore out its promise of being a very busy day for forecasters.

The character of the trough that crossed Tasmania was favourable for enhanced vertical exchanges of air through the depth of the troposphere, with resultant strong winds, periods of abruptly lower relative humidity and decreased static stability leading to strong convection.

The highs and lows of the Murrumbidgee River at Hay— 1873 to 1910 Milton Speer

Visiting Fellow at the Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales Milton Speer has an interest in the weather and climate of Hay and its local district stemming from his ancestors settling there in the late 1870s. This article was originally published in the Riverine Grazier on 23 April 2014 and is reproduced here with permission.

In each issue of the Riverine Grazier, from November 1873 through the first half of the 20th century, the height of the Murrumbidgee River at Hay was routinely included from a gauge located (apparently) at the Hay wharf. The height was recorded as a measurement above or below a reference point termed, “normal summer level”. From comments made, it appears that if the height had fallen to below 4 ft above the normal summer level, then only lightly laden vessels were able to dock at the wharf. Once the level reached 3 ft above the normal summer level all navigation stopped.

The accompanying graph (Figure 1) shows the river heights from November 1873 until December 1910. Zero on the graph indicates the “normal summer level” reference point and, where below summer level measurements were recorded, they are shown as negative values. There were well over 3000 measurements during this period. Only the first January value for each year is marked on the x-axis while all gauge readings are plotted on the graph itself.

Owing to the winter/spring rainfall maximum along the catchment to the east, it can be seen that the lowest river Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Vol. 27 page 49

level was typically reached during summer while river peaks occurred mostly during winter/early spring.

The Australian Bureau of Meteorology has identified possible La Niña and El Niño periods (see Figure 1). As expected, river height readings during La Niña periods were higher than during El Niño periods, as indicated on the graph.

The highest recorded flood during the period November 1873 to December 1910 was 25.5 ft on 01/10/1879 (La Niña period). This was 9.5 inches short of the 1870 flood level. However, there was an even higher flood level reached some decades earlier. The riverbanks at Hay used to start overflowing once a height of 22 ft above the normal summer level was reached.

There were no dams upstream of Hay before 1910 so the rainfall at the top of the catchment on the south-west slopes of the Southern Highlands would result in a rise of the Murrumbidgee at Hay after about two weeks (Riverine Grazier, 18/07/1905).

The Federation Drought (1895–1902) clearly stands out with very low readings through both summer and winter.

Even after 1902, abnormally low river levels persisted until 1906. In 1900, notably an El Niño year, there were high river height readings from winter to early spring (a

maximum of 23.9 ft, 17 July) as there was in the winter of the 1891 El Niño year (a maximum of 24.8 ft, 24 July).

Another feature on the graph is the very low river levels during the mid-1880s when drought conditions were also prevalent. In correspondence to the Riverine Grazier (“The

Rainfall at Hay” for 1901, Riverine Grazier, 03/01/1902), it was considered, in the opinion of district pastoralists, a more severe drought because annual rainfall totals of many district stations were less than during the Federation Drought.

Figure 1: The Murrumbidgee River heights between November 1873 and December 1910.

Scientist in Residence at the Sydney Morning Herald Fiona Johnson Chair, NSW Centre

Get to the point earlier! Why should the reader care?

What’s the hook? These were the key points that I learnt during my week as a Scientist in Residence at the Sydney Morning Herald (SMH) in March. Through the Australian Science Media Centre I was linked with the Science Editor (Nicky Phillips) at the SMH to help with the reporting surrounding the release of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group II (IPCC WG II) report.

During the week I wrote an opinion piece, two articles and filmed a short video on the IPCC and WGII. I also helped the journalists to interpret the science and implications for Australia and to create the script for a “furry fact”: an animated cartoon about the IPCC process. At the same time I learnt about how a newspaper is put together, the opportunities and challenges from the digital age and the danger to your self-esteem from reading the online comments on an article you’ve written. I also learnt that journalism is certainly not the career for me. The power of communicating to the public was exciting, but it’s relatively easy when it’s an area on which you are already an expert. The journalists have to keep up with a range of Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Vol. 27 page 50

areas, chase contacts and write the article... and then do it all again the next day.

Watching the editors debate what should go in the next day’s paper and negotiating on the length and prominence of the articles was interesting. Seeing all the photos from the day’s news was definitely a highlight. You could easily make some of the stories out of the photos alone but then for other stories the lack of a captivating image was a problem.

Part of the process was also in learning we can work well with the media. Seeing the journalists struggling to get hold of experts in time to clarify key points in their stories has made me appreciate more the need to be contactable when working with a journalist on a story. The editors also reinforced with me that young scientists shouldn’t be afraid to propose opinion piece ideas. It was a fascinating week and I wouldn’t hesitate to recommend the same opportunity to other scientists—even if only to show you whether any long held dream to be Clark Kent at the Daily Planet would be better than your current career!

Meet a Member

Julie Arblaster Where does this find you?

Sitting in our new home surrounded by boxes, which seem to be taking a lot longer to unpack than they did to pack.

What do you do?

I’m a scientist in the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research at the Bureau of Meteorology in Melbourne. My research focuses on understanding recent and future climate change, improving understanding of both the basic physics and dynamics of the climate system and what is driving the changes we’re seeing in Australia and globally.

Why did you get into it?

I didn’t grow up as a “weather weenie” even though I come from an agricultural town in the Mallee region of Victoria where climate variability has a huge impact.

It was more serendipitous. During the first year of my undergraduate degree—in which I had planned to major in chemistry—I took a class called The Planet Earth and found the meteorological aspects fascinating. This led me to a degree in atmospheric science and work experience at the Bureau and the many opportunities that I have been fortunate to have since.

AMOS member, Julie Arblaster in the Mount Cook National Park (January 2014). Image: Julie Arblaster.

How do you relax?

I really enjoy the mix of creative and analytic tasks in my day-to-day job as well as the international nature of the work. Through being in research, I have been able to live and work overseas, forging many friendships and collaborations with people from all over the world. The interaction with other sections of the Bureau—forecasting, climate services, policy and others—also makes for a rich working life.

I sing in the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra Chorus, a choir of about 100 men and women who perform regularly in concerts with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. I’m not sure how it works physically (is it endorphins?) but no matter how hard a day I’ve had I’ll be a happy little vegemite by the end of our rehearsals. Being a country girl I also need to get amongst trees regularly, either bushwalking with my partner or a simple stroll through the botanic gardens. I used to relax by playing the piano and I’m hoping to get back into it during my upcoming maternity leave, though the baby may have other ideas!

What did you want to be when you were 10?

What is your favourite holiday destination?

It was a toss between a flight attendant and a back-up singer on The Midday Show. The flight attendant idea soon fell off the list—I was never going to be tall enough according to the criteria back then.

We just returned from a blissful week on Lord Howe Island. I can’t recommend it enough. Along with the lack of mobile phone and internet access, the scenery, hiking, biking, snorkelling, diving and dining are all superb.

What is the best thing about what you do?

Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Vol. 27 page 51

Snapshot

Showers over Kakadu 22 April 2014 Sebastian Salopiata

This image was taken from the Arnhem Highway at the edge of the Kakadu National Park and shows rainfall from cumulus congestus clouds at the very end of the wet season. There are two distinct rain shafts, which are likely to be associated with the upper cloud in the background that may have glaciated (these may therefore

Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Vol. 27 page 52

be small cumulonimbus calvus clouds). Also notice that the vegetation at the bottom of the figure is very green following the wet season.

If you have an image of the weather near you to share, send it to duncan.ackerley@monash.edu, or post it on the AMOS Facebook page. — Ed

Charts from the Past with Blair Trewin

21 May 1975 In the midst of what was otherwise an exceptionally wet few years, the summer and autumn of 1974–1975 was relatively dry in southeastern Australia. For most of this period, warmth was not a particular feature, but the middle months of 1975 saw two periods of exceptional warmth—one in late July (covered in the October 2007 issue) and one in the second half of May. A large ridge of high pressure became established across the Australian subtropics, centred on about 30°S, from the 16th onwards. A strong westerly flow became established south of this ridge and covered Tasmania and the southern coast of Australia. On the 16th, one of southern Australia’s most significant coastal flooding events occurred, when large swells and high tides breached a levee at Port MacDonnell in the far south-east of South Australia, inundating areas up to 300 m inland and flooding dozens of properties.

Two days later, very heavy rain (208 mm in two days at Lake Margaret) in western and central Tasmania resulted in major flooding in the Derwent and Huon catchments, which was reported locally as being the worst since 1960.

The flow over southeastern Australia turned northwesterly on the 20th. Warm air had gradually been building in central Australia during the week, with maximum temperatures in Alice Springs rising from the low 20s to the high 20s (Celsius), and the strong northwesterly winds brought this warmth to South Australia and Victoria. The first serious warmth was on the 20th, when it reached 30.4°C at Ceduna and 27.5°C at Ouyen.

The most significant heat was on the 21st. At Melbourne, the temperature reached 26.7°C, easily a late-season record and the only instance of a day above 25°C in the second half of May. Numerous other late-season records were set

in the south-east mainland, including Orbost (26.6°C), Laverton (26.5°C), Deniliquin (26.3°C), Wilcannia (29.8°C) and Kyancutta (31.3°C). Separately, it was also much warmer than usual in the far north of Australia; Darwin’s 35.3°C was its second-latest day (up to 30th June) of 35°C or above on record.

Southern Victoria cooled from the following day, but areas further north remained warm, not cooling significantly until the low which had been south of South Australia drifted across Tasmania on the 25th and 26th. The 22nd was the warmest day of the event in much of South Australia, with late-season records at Adelaide (27.0°C), Snowtown (29.6°C), Oodnadatta (31.1°C) and Robe (21.5°C), while in western New South Wales, late-season records were still being set on the 24th (27.5°C at Cobar). It went on to be the warmest May on record for much of northwestern New South Wales. The event was less significant in eastern New South Wales, with Canberra and Sydney both falling short of late-season records. No major impacts were reported from the warm weather.

In Tasmania however, no station reached 20°C during the event, and further rain (25–50 mm over 20th–22nd May in parts of the west) caused some renewed flooding in the Derwent, Huon, Forth and Mersey rivers, although not to the same extent as earlier in the week. There were also rainfalls in the 25–50 mm range in the south-west of Western Australia, where it was rather cold in the southwesterly flow, Kondinin recording a maximum of 10.5°C. It is worth noting that some of the records referred to in this article were broken during the May 2014 warm spell—Ed.

Synoptic chart for 0000 UTC (1000 AEST), 21 May 1975E

Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Vol. 27 page 53

The Research Corner with Damien Irving

Authorea: the future of scientific writing?

It’s fair to say that LaTeX has gained widespread acceptance as the tool of choice for writing scientific scholarly articles.

In comparison to a typical “what you see is what you get” (WYSIWYG) editor like Microsoft Word or Apache OpenOffice, the most radical aspect of LaTeX is that you don’t immediately see how your document will be typeset.

Documents are instead prepared by writing a plain text input file that includes markup commands to specify the formatting, before invoking the LaTeX program to (typically) generate a final PDF document.

Since the LaTeX software and associated text editors like Texmaker are free to download, most scientists do all their document preparation on their own computer.

While this is a perfectly valid workflow, it fails to take advantage of the fact that we now live in a web-enabled and highly interconnected world. As Alberto Pepe noted in his presentation at the I Annotate 2013 conference in San Fransisco, today’s scientists are doing 21st century science, writing up using 20th century writing tools (e.g.

Microsoft Word, LaTeX), then locking that text away in a 17th century format (i.e. the PDF of a journal paper today has much the same format and accessibility as a scanned copy of a journal article from hundreds of years ago).

In an attempt to bring scientific writing into the 21st century, a number of online LaTeX editors have begun to appear in recent years. An obvious advantage to online editing is that you don’t need to have LaTeX installed on your machine; however, since installation is both free and relatively straightforward, this hardly represents a compelling reason for scientists to change the way they write. Instead, it’s the opportunity for collaboration and sharing that has the science community so excited about online LaTeX editing.

Online LaTeX editing is an area that many people are trying to innovate in at the moment (I came across a number of “sorry we’re shutting down because we couldn’t make any money” posts in researching this article); however, the two editors that have gained the most traction are ShareLaTeX and writeLaTeX. In a nutshell, these editors are to LaTeX what Google Docs is to WYSIWYG editors like Word and OpenOffice. External collaborators can view and edit the document and there are comment and chat features for discussing changes. They also provide a kind of WYSIWYG functionality, as the PDF output can be generated alongside the text editor as you type.

While this is an exciting step forward, the end result for a document on ShareLaTeX and writeLaTeX is still a PDF that locks away the text in that familiar 17th century (and not to mention proprietary) format. To fully exploit the advantages of the web, a different model is clearly needed.

Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Vol. 27 page 54

Alberto Pepe and his co-founder Nathan Jenkins might just be on the way to establishing that new 21st century model for scientific writing and publishing. At the most basic level, their new website Authorea1 offers most2 of the features that ShareLaTeX and writeLaTeX do in terms of collaborative editing and commenting. In fact, their referencing (just put in a DOI and it figures out the rest), backup (you can link to your GitHub account instead of just DropBox), PDF export (pick a journal and it will format accordingly), and IPython notebook (you can include the code that was used to generate your figures) functionality represents a step forward on their competitors. At a higher level, Authorea provides a way forward from that 17th century publishing format. While it does allow authors to export to PDF, the most novel thing about Authorea is that it complies your LaTeX text to HTML. Instead of locking your text away in a proprietary format, Authorea makes it available on the web for anyone to view and comment on.

One of the most exciting advances in scientific publishing in the last few years has been the rise of pre-print servers like arXiv. Since there is such a long time-lapse between when authors submit a manuscript and when the work is published, scientists are posting their work (in PDF format) to a pre-print server as soon as it’s done, so that the wider community can read their work while it’s being reviewed. In a recent interview, Nathan revealed that his “crazy long-term dream” is to fundamentally change the way that pre-publishing works. His hope is that people will pre-publish with Authorea instead, whereby their article is available in HTML format and people can comment directly on different sections of the text. This model is essentially a mix between old-school PDF journal articles and new-age blog posts, which is why there’s so much buzz around Authorea at the moment.

I recently created an account for my Ph. D. thesis, so why not give Authorea a try for your next journal paper or manuscript?

A version of this article is available on my blog3 which provides hyperlinks to more information on many of the topics covered.

1

www.authorea.com/

2 It should be noted that with writeLaTeX and ShareLaTeX you basically get complete access to all of the markup commands and packages that LaTeX offers. Authorea makes some minor compromises in order to compile to HTML, which are outlined in a handy cheat sheet (https://authorea.com/users/3/articles/6868/_show_article) In other words, they cater to the needs of the vast majority of LaTeX users, but if you’re in the advanced minority of users who require highly specific figure or output formatting options then writeLaTeX or ShareLaTeX might be a better option.

3 http://drclimate.wordpress.com/2014/04/20/authorea-thefuture-of-scientific-writing/

Calendar

2014

2015

July

January

7–11 14 Conference on Cloud Physics, Westin Copley Place, Boston, MA, USA. th

7–11 14th Conference on Atmospheric Radiation, Westin Copley Place, Boston, MA, USA. 28–1 August 11 Annual Asia Oceania Geosciences Meeting, Sapporo, Japan. th

August 16–21 1st World Weather Open Science Conference, Montreal, Canada.

18–22 16th Conference on Mountain Meteorology, San Diego, CA, USA.

September 22–26 13 Brazil.

th

Quadrennial ICACGP Symposium, Natal,

November 3–7 27th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Madison, WI, USA. 13–14 6th Leonardo Conference on the Hydrological Cycle: HYPER Droughts, Prague, Czech Republic.

4–8 95th AMS Annual Meeting, Phoenix, USA.

May 3–7 Joint Assembly (AGU-GAC-MAC-CGU), Montreal, Canada.

June 22–2 July 26th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Prague, Czech Republic.

July 15–17 AMOS National Conference, Brisbane.

2016 January 10–14 AMS Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, USA.

February 21–26 AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting, New Orleans, LA, USA.

19–21 Meteorological Society of New Zealand Annual Conference, Forecasts: From Minutes to Decades, Wellington, New Zealand.

December 15–19 The 47th Annual American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal

Articles — Vol. 63 No. 4, December 2013 Pepler and Coutts-Smith. A new, objective database of East Coast Lows.

Grace. A stochastic model for runs of extremes in a daily meteorological variable.

Mackerras. Lightning flash density 1995–2010, Brisbane, Australia.

Le Marshall et al. The considerable impact of Earth observations from space on numerical weather prediction.

Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Vol. 27 page 55

Regular features: Evans. Seasonal climate summary Southern Hemisphere (autumn 2013): significant heat across Australia.

Wu. Quarterly numerical weather prediction model performance summary—July to September 2013.

BAMOS Author Guidelines

For all submissions: The Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society (BAMOS) accepts short (<2500 words) contributions of original research work for peerreview and consideration in the “Science Articles” section.

Longer articles will be considered at the discretion of the Editor and Editor-in-Chief. Articles submitted to BAMOS should also be appropriate for the whole AMOS community (from weather enthusiasts to professional members) and should aim to be concise without using excessive scientific jargon.

For the peer-reviewed “Science Articles” section, authors should follow these guidelines: 1.

Articles should be submitted as a PDF or Word document (or similar) for peer-review and include all figures and tables either within the main text or consecutively at the end of the article.

2.

Articles should have a line spacing of 1.5 or more using a font size of 12. Articles should preferably be written using Times New Roman or Arial.

3.

Articles should be split into sections, with the heading for each section numbered consecutively and using a font size of 14. For example (these are title examples, headings are made at the authors’ discretion):

t

Raymond, D.J., 1993. Chapter 2: Observational constraints on cumulus parameterizations. In: The representation of cumulus convection in numerical models, Meteorological Monographs, 24 (46), 17–28, American Meteorological Society, Boston, USA. t

t

4.

An abstract is not required; however, should the author(s) wish to produce one it should not be more than 150 words in length.

5.

Acknowledgements to be included after the final work section and before the references.

6.

References should follow these example formats:

t

Journal Articles:

Jung, T., Ferranti, L. and Tompkins, A.M., 2006, Response to the summer of 2003 Mediterranean SST anomalies over Europe and Africa, Journal of Climate, 19, 5439–5454. t

Books:

Holton, J.R., 2004, An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology. Academic Press, New York. 535 pp.

Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Vol. 27 page 56

Web sites:

Department of Sustainability and Environment, 2012, Bushfire history - Major bushfires in Victoria, www.dse. vic.gov.au/fire-and-other-emergencies/major-bushfires-invictoria/ 7.

We recommend that the author(s) make at least two suggestions for referees to undertake the peer-review.

8.

Once peer-review has been completed, a final version of the document should be sent to the editor either in Word format or as plain text. The document should also include figure and table captions and the references but no figures. Figure files should be sent separately (they may be in any format and the editor will confer with the author(s) on the resolution and formatting).

9.

Galley-proofs will be sent to the author(s) for final checking before publication.

2. Method 4. Conclusions

Theses:

Trewin, B., 2001, Extreme temperature events in Australia.

PhD Thesis, School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia.

1. Introduction 3. Results

Book chapter:

BAMOS also accepts a wide range of non-peer-reviewed work, for example news items, charts from the past, conference reports, book reviews, biographical articles and meet a member. AMOS members are therefore encouraged to submit articles that would be of general interest to the AMOS community without necessarily requiring peer review. File formats should follow those given above; a word or plain text document should be submitted (which includes any figure captions and tables) along with any figure files given separately.

All articles should be either posted or emailed to the editor with any questions on the formatting also directed to the editor (see the inside back cover of this issue for contact details).

2014 AMOS Council Executive

President Vice-President Secretary Treasurer Past President

Todd Lane Mary Voice Damien Irving Angela Maharaj Blair Trewin

Ordinary Members Ailie Gallant Andrew Klekociuk Adam Morgan Neville Nicholls Andy Pitman Ian Watterson

03-9905 3216 03 6232 3382 03-9905 4424 03-9902 0111 02-9385 9766 03-9239 4544

AMOS Executive Officer Jeanette Dargaville GPO Box 1289, Melbourne VIC 3001 (attn: AMOS admin officer) Phone 0404 471 143 E-mail: admin_officer@amos.org.au

03-8344 6516 04-1994 9952 03-8344 6911 02-9385 0593 03-9669 4623

Sub-Committee Convenors Public Relations Awards 2015 Conference Education and Outreach Equity and Diversity

Centre Chairs ACT Adelaide Brisbane Darwin Hobart Melbourne NSW Perth

Vacant Mark Williams Andrew Weibe Blair Trewin Ailie Gallant

0419 519 440 04-5046 0676 03-9669 4623 03-9905 3216

Bob Cechet Darren Ray Andrew Wiebe Ian Shepherd Andrew Marshall Louise WIlson Fiona Johnson Merv Lynch

02-6268 8883 08-8366 2664 04-5046 0676 08-8920 3821 03-6232 5184 03-9239 4619 02-9385 9769 08-9266 7540

Representatives AMOJ Science & Technology Australia

David Karoly

03 8344 4698

Steven Phipps

02-9385 8957

AMOS is represented on the relevant Australian Academy of Science committees..

2014 Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society ISSN 1035-6576

Editor / Science Editor

Duncan Ackerley Monash Weather and Climate School of Mathematical Sciences Monash University, VIC 3800 Phone: 03-9902 4900 Email:duncan.ackerley@monash.edu

Editor-in-chief

Assistant Editors Diana Greenslade, Blair Trewin and Linden Ashcroft.

Regional Sub-editors Michael Hewson (Brisbane) Caecilia Ewenz (Adelaide) Shannon Mason (Melbourne) Fiona Johnson (NSW) Clem Davis (ACT)

Stewart Allen Email: Stewart.Allen@bom.gov.au

Contributors

Typesetter

Advertising Manager

Tom Naughtin Email: tom@amos.org.au

Assistant Science Editor Willow Hallgren Email: whallgren@tpg.com.au

Blair Trewin Damien Irving

Please contact the AMOS Executive Officer.

Publisher

AMOS, GPO Box 1289, Melbourne VIC 3001, Australia

Contributed articles, news, announcements and correspondence for the Bulletin should be sent to the editor no later than 25 July 2014. They will be reviewed and the galley proofs returned to the author if requested. An ASCII version of the text is required via e-mail or digital media to minimise typographic errors.

The Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society is produced and distributed with the assistance of CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research and the Bureau of Meteorology.

AMOS Website: www.amos.org.au

All new!

Vaisala RS41 Radiosonde

Innovations For Extreme Weather Read more www.vaisala.com/gen4 or contact us sales.melbourne@vaisala.com

www.vaisala.com

WEA-MET-Advert Australia Soundings 2014-AD-215x275.indd 1

25.2.2014 15.03