Issue #1011
THOUSANDS OF MILES AWAY, WORK HITS HOME Reflecting on building a life-changing bridge in Rwanda
Cover: Opening ceremony for the Karambi Footbridge, AB’s fourth collaboration with Bridges to Prosperity.
www.AmericanBridge.net
CONTENTS
AMERICAN BRIDGE CONNECTIONS Issue #1011
Thousands of Miles Away, Work Hits Home FEATURE - 4 Rob Conroy FEATURED EMPLOYEE - 16 Tappan Zee Bridge in Black and White FEATURE PHOTO - 18 NEW EMPLOYEES - 20 ABIT OF NEWS - 21 CURRENT CONTRACTS - 23 Woolworth Building, Empire State Building, and more FLASHBACKS - 24 Crossing Hell’s Gate EXTENDED FLASHBACK - 26 Extreme Weather Conditions BRIDGE TO SAFETY - 29
FEATURE
THOUSANDS OF MILES AWAY,
WORK HITS HOME
After completing a life-changing span in Rwanda, the American Bridge team reflects on the latest Bridges to Prosperity build.
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Going to work. Dropping the kids
Removing the barriers to access
off at school. Getting to the grocery
is the singular focus of Bridges
store. Visiting your doctor. If you
to Prosperity (B2P), a non-profit
think about your daily routines,
organization that has built more
you’ll probably realize that at some
than 250 footbridges serving over
point, you cross a bridge. Now,
1 million community members
imagine not being able to use that
around the world. This summer,
bridge and have no detour for miles.
American Bridge completed its
AB Staff: Adam Reeve,
fourth pedestrian bridge with
Dan Schwarz, Kara Mullin,
Isolation and limited access to
B2P—a unique suspension span over
Kwadwo Osei-Akoto,
schools, healthcare, food, and
the Mwogo River in Rwanda. Led
Chris Deklewa
commerce are significant risks for
by AB’s Vice President of Special
thousands of rural communities
Projects, Kwadwo Osei-Akoto, the
across the globe.
five adventurous volunteers made their way over 7,500 miles to a
Location: Rwanda
Engineering Partner: WSP (Louis Berger/ Berger Foundation)
project unlike any other.
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MEET THE AB TEAM
Kara Mullin Project Manager
Dan Schwarz Engineering Manager
Chris Deklewa Senior Estimator
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Kara joined American Bridge as a Field Engineer after graduating from Virginia Tech with a Bachelor of Science in Civil and Environmental Engineering. Currently, she is Project Manager for the Edmonton Valley LRT Tawatina Bridge where she oversees the construction of an 853-foot, three span extradosed cable-stayed bridge. Dan is a fixture in AB’s in-house engineering team and has 18 years of experience working on unique and complex projects such as the Woodrow Wilson Bridge Maryland Approach, Las Vegas High Roller, and U.S. 69 Missouri River Bridge. He leads the development of design solutions for bridge construction, rehabilitation, and demolition.
After graduating from Penn State University with a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, Chris joined the AB team as a Field Engineer. His development of alternative methods for steel replacement helped to limit permanent lane closures during rehabilitation of the Peace Bridge, which is a highly-traveled connection between the U.S. and Canada.
Adam Reeve Assistant Project Manager
Kwadwo Osei-Akoto Vice President of Special Projects
Adam has worked on complex bridge construction projects for the past 11 years, including some of AB’s largest jobs, like the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Self-Anchored Suspension Span and Angus L. Macdonald Bridge Suspended Spans Deck Replacement. For the past two years, he has worked on the demolition scope of the Tappan Zee Hudson River Crossing project.
For the past 30 years, Kwadwo has worked for AB on complex projects, primarily in the New York City area. From the Tappan Zee Hudson River Crossing, to the George Washington Bridge Span Upper Level Structural Steel Rehabilitation, and the Delaware Memorial Bridge Dehumidification of Main Cables and Anchorages, Kwadwo leads some of AB’s most challenging and technically demanding work. He has been involved in every B2P project for AB.
Why did you decide to participate in this cycle of B2P?
discussed means and methods, and developed work
KM: Taking part in a B2P build is something I’ve been
Being in a remote area means limited vendors. You
hoping to do for a few years. It’s a great and simplistic
can’t just run to a local tool supplier and pick up
way to help people. A pedestrian bridge is a practical
sockets or a new drill, so we had to make sure we had
solution to a major problem faced by many around the
everything on hand—including spares.
plans. The most difficult aspect of the planning was making sure we had all the necessary tools with us.
world. I jumped at the opportunity to use my professional skills to connect people and make their lives easier.
AR: A lot of the planning was similar to what’s done ahead of a typical AB job. We started by reviewing
DS: I’ve wanted to participate in B2P since AB began
the plans, schedules, and outcomes of previous B2P
partnering with them a few years ago. Each of the past
builds. Using this knowledge, we created a detailed
three trips conflicted with personal events, so I couldn’t
construction work plan with sequencing and procedures
even apply. Fortunately, this one worked out. After
for each stage. We also created a health and safety plan
discussing it with my family, we decided the timing
that outlined controls to mitigate the unique hazards
was right. In the most simplistic terms, I think B2P is
we would face. The team performed quantity take-offs
an organization worth supporting. They’ve identified a
for all materials, created a target schedule, and offered
very specific need for third world countries and have
ideas for potential improvements to the engineer. We
been able to bring significant resources to bear in a
used our in-house engineering resources to model some
relatively short time period. The people of Karambi
of the critical construction stages.
faced challenges getting to market, school, or to just carry out their daily activities. AB is in a position, as
Most of the differences were due to our limited
bridge builders, to make a real and immediate impact
knowledge of the site conditions and available tools
on these communities. This was my opportunity to use
and equipment. Not knowing exactly what would be
my skills to make the world a little bit better, and show
needed or available in Rwanda, we tried to coordinate
my children there are many ways to help others.
our packing lists so that we had enough tools and equipment to handle whatever came up on site.
AR: Ahead of the selection process, Kwadwo suggested I volunteer as the construction manager
lead the American Bridge team.
How much local involvement was there on the project? What was key to successfully communicating and working together?
CD: I wanted to be a part of this because of all the
AR: There were about ten workers from the local
amazing stories from past years. Most participants told
communities. Since this was the first bridge with steel
me it was the most difficult thing they’ve ever done,
decking (more on that later), B2P also used our project
but the most rewarding. I had an opportunity to use the
to train an additional ten foremen and engineers. All the
skills I’ve developed over my career and put them to
local participants were really hard working and eager
use for a great cause.
to learn. It was an amazing experience to get to know,
because of my experience on AB’s B2P build in Panama. Knowing the type of multi-talented people that make up the Company, I was excited to be able to
work alongside, teach, and learn from everyone on
What did it take to plan for something like this? Was it like a typical AB job?
the project. Most of the foremen and engineers spoke English and could translate, but I picked up a little Kinyarwanda. We found ways to communicate through hand signals and demonstration.
CD: We followed the same process as we would for starting up a new AB project. We studied the drawings,
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How did you prepare for the trip?
those to develop our construction
KM: I watched documentaries about
in the heat to acclimate to the
gorillas in central Africa, read books
expected site conditions.
work plan and schedule. Whenever possible, I tried to work outside
about Rwanda’s history, researched the country’s national parks, and tried
CD: B2P provided a lot of
to learn as much as I could before
information, including drawings,
leaving. The series of calls amongst
their bridge builder manual, and lots
the B2P team members leading up to
of photos from previous builds. I did
the build helped us prepare socially
some research on Rwanda to better
and technically for the trip. We had
understand the geography and
drawings and work plans to prepare
culture. The US Department of State
and study. I also packed my bag two
and Center for Disease Control
weeks in advance!
websites contained a lot of useful travel information.
DS: The first thing everyone seems to ask about are the shots. Yes, we got the CDC-recommended inoculations! I did study Rwanda to
What was the most unusual item you packed?
familiarize myself with the history, geography, and culture. Some
CD: A ¾-ton come-along. I can’t say
people even bought travel guides,
I’ve ever had to pack that for a trip,
which turned out to be pretty useful.
but now I don’t leave home without
One thing I focused on, naturally, was
one. Malaria medication would be a
the engineering side of things. We
close second.
needed to know the forces involved in building the bridge, particularly
KM: A French press for coffee in the
in lifting the towers and tensioning
morning. Rwanda is home to some
the cables. I did some calculations
of the best coffee in the world, and
so we knew what size equipment
the team was happy I brought it.
and rigging was needed. The build team had a lot of discussions before
AR: Kara had some clothing items
leaving to make sure we had our
made for us to wear to the opening
plan. Each time one of us discovered
ceremony, so on the return trip, the
a potential issue, we would get
most unusual item I packed was a
together and try and think of a
chicken print shirt!
solution. This laid the foundation for our mentality on site. We got
DS: A few days before we left, we
together before each operation to
saw pictures of the jobsite and
discuss the best way to perform the
the river levels were very high. The
work, weighing different options and
rainy season had taken its toll and
coming up with a path forward.
it seemed it was going to continue while we were there. I scrambled
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AR: I reviewed all B2P’s construction
to bring some extra rain gear. Of
procedures, plus all of AB’s previous
course, it didn’t rain a drop for the
build plans and schedules. I used
two weeks we were in the country.
Don’t Forget! * Truck/ratchet straps * Soccer balls * Linesman pliers * Clean clothes for the flight home
The existing wooden footbridge provided an unreliable and often unsafe crossing for the community.
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Dan Schwarz attaches metal decking to crossbeams.
What were the unique challenges presented by this project?
We were constantly working with
from the public and animals. Not
and teaching the local participants,
so on this job! On more than one
which allowed us to build close
occasion, a rouge pig made its
relationships with the B2P team.
way onto the job site and had
DS: The bridge we built in Karambi
to be herded to safety. We also
was a typical structure for B2P in
KM: Compared to AB’s previous
consistently had an audience of
terms of span length. The main
builds with B2P, this location
kids. They liked to sing us songs
difference was the decking. B2P
created some new hurdles. Past
and try to get our attention. At
identified the typical timber decking
builds have been in Central
one point, they realized our names
as the weak point in design from a
America, so some team members
were on our hard hats, and took to
longevity perspective. On a bridge
spoke the language and were
heckling those of us whose names
with a 30-year lifespan, the decking
more familiar with the countries
they could read. Adam spent an
would have to be replaced every four
and cultures. No one on our team
afternoon fixing grating to a chorus
to five years. B2P wanted to see if
could speak Kinyarwanda, making
of children yelling “Adam! Adam!
steel grating was a viable alternative,
communication with local crews and
Adam!” and trying to get him to
so they selected our project as a
community members challenging.
whistle for them.
test case. If we were successful, the change would roll out to over 350 bridges in Rwanda. Because the steel decking was chosen, B2P engaged numerous new engineers and foremen from the local staff. This allowed us to train them so that knowledge could be brought
Rwanda is vastly different in terms of environment and geography from our typical project locations. What were some things that we don’t normally face?
to future builds. So, we had a lot
didn’t feel that much different to me. The biggest difference was the lack of machinery and equipment. What we’d typically use a telehandler to move on a jobsite had to be done by hand, like 400-pound steel tower components, spools of
of help. The saying “many hands
KM: On typical AB jobs, we’re able
make light work” definitely applies
to put some sort of protections
and contributed to our success.
in place to separate our work
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CD: Believe it or not, the landscape
wire rope, scaffolding, and timbers.
What was the construction sequence? Did everything go as planned? AR: The construction sequence went pretty much as planned, with very few exceptions. We finished the entire build in five and a half days, which was over four days ahead of schedule. DS: The building plan was put together using B2P’s manuals and we followed the typical construction sequence. The foundations had been built prior to our arrival, and many of the components were already staged. We definitely hit the ground running and finished ahead of schedule.
Past participants have noted the deep personal connection they’ve felt to the project and community. Did any particular experience resonate with you? DS: It sounds a bit ridiculous, because this is why B2P exists, but I was struck by how much people walk in Rwanda. Everywhere you go, all hours of the day, there are people walking in both directions along the road. On every hillside, there
B2P Sched
ule
SUNDAY: A ft work force, er arriving on site, w e met with preformed t a equipment, and materia n initial inventory of he local all the tools verification ls on site, a , n of the fabr icated piece d completed a dimens io s nal a n d as-built fo MONDAY: undations. One team b egan suspen assembly w it d and assemb h crossbeams while a er fabrication and nother buil led the tow t ers in a ho rizontal pos falsework for TUESDAY: ition. W assembly, b e continued with sus pe u tripped one ilt scaffold towers for nder fabrication and tripping th tower vertic e the commu nity meetin al. We ended the day towers, and gs on each early to att side of the end WEDNESD bridge. AY: We com tripped the pleted the s r u all four ma emaining tower, and spender fabrication, installed an in cable str d set the sa ands. g in THURSDAY : We launch assemblies a e nd anchore d all the suspender-cro d the suspe nder restra ssbeam FRIDAY: W int cables. e safety fenc installed all the steel e installatio decking and n. began the SATURDAY : cleaned up We completed the safe the site, fin ishing by n ty fence installation a oon. nd
are people working in the fields or walking. There are footpaths branching off every road leading to villages and fields you cannot see. I was also touched by the friendliness of the people. They were always quick to wave hello, or exchange a brief
were walking across the existing log bridge in their
greeting, or practice their English. We even tried
traditional kitenge wrap skirts and old t-shirts, carrying
out our limited Kinyarwanda. Thank goodness for
baskets of produce. I noticed they were talking and
Kwadwo’s phrase book!
pointing in my direction. I asked the Rwandan engineer working with me what was going on, and he explained
KM: I was not prepared for the impact I would have on
with a laugh that they could not understand how a
the women in the community. While being a woman
woman was able to climb up the scaffolding!
in a male-dominated field has its challenges, I’ve never felt there was a door I couldn’t open or a goal that was
The women continued across the bridge and stopped
unattainable. I was oblivious the effect that seeing a
right next to us. Again, they were talking and pointing.
female working at heights with men would have on the
Except this time, they were grabbing their breasts.
local women.
My Rwandan colleague laughed harder and said “they don’t believe you’re actually a woman!” I took off my
One of the funniest but most impactful events that
hard had to show my hair, but they still didn’t believe it.
will stick with me is the reaction of two older women
So, I did the only thing I could think of—I grabbed my
who saw me on top of the scaffold structure. They
breasts to show that I am, in fact, a woman!
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“
“ I’ve participated in the B2P program since AB’s involvement began in November 2015. There is nothing more pleasing or fulfilling than to go to a remote area of a third world country where people cannot cross a river just to go to school or the market place, and before you leave, the same people are singing, dancing, and thanking you for all the change you are leaving behind by building them a bridge. How satisfying!”
“
—Kwadwo Osei-Akoto, VP of Special Projects
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“
KM: On the second day of the build, we participated in a community meeting. The women seated nearby continually waved and
It will open your eyes to how much we take for granted each day, compared to many other areas of the world.
smiled in my direction. The meeting ended with a Rwandan song and dance typically reserved for celebrations. The women started to dance and grabbed me to join in, holding my hands. They seemed almost proud to see a woman helping to build that bridge. It was an honor for me to show what women can do. AR: This was the first B2P build that used steel decking. Prior to this, teams used wood decking, which would begin to deteriorate after about five years in the rainy climate. During the initial planning, we were told B2P was considering a switch to steel decking,
“
but we weren’t told that was actually a first or that we were going to be the inaugural use until a few days before we left. I knew this change could present some challenges but would also result in a safer, faster, and higher quality build. I was really excited to be part of the first team to use the new decking. During the build, the decking proved to be a huge success. We saw lots of safety and schedule benefits compared to wood. When we were done, B2P told us that they chose AB to pilot the steel decking because of their experience with us on other projects. It was very humbling to know that B2P thought of AB when making the change. CD: The entire experience was amazing and it was rewarding to see how this community really embraced the bridge. I am most proud of how well-respected AB is as a builder by B2P, and by how well we performed. From the moment we set foot on site, the five of us had one motivation, one goal, one vision. It goes to show that when you put a team together that has a passion for building and trusts one another, anything is possible. We finished the bridge faster than any other B2P suspension bridge build, despite the introduction of the steel grating.
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How will this bridge change the community??
Describe the official opening. What was it like? How did the community react?
KM: One of the major impacts this bridge will have is
CD: The community—actually the country, it seemed—
on the local school. The walk from the bridge site to
was so invested and interested in the project. It was
the school was long, difficult, and took us up a steep
hard to understand their appreciation since we were
hill. The teachers noted that during the rainy season
there in the dry season and the river was relatively easy
when the river is impassable, students that live across
to cross. But when you take that into account, it makes
the river have to walk for hours longer to attend.
you realize how bad it must be when the river does
Considering how difficult the trek was already, it was
flood. We met a shopkeeper on the opposite side of the
hard to imagine making it even more arduous.
country who saw the project on the news!
Thursdays are market days, and many people cross
On opening day, the excitement was palpable. It was
the river with livestock, produce, and other goods. The
especially great to see the children and elderly using
new bridge will allow them to access the market at any
the bridge. It took on an amusement ride persona, with
time of the year, which is important for trade and the
everyone lining up to cross and touch the span. During
community. I would love to go back someday and see
the ceremony, all of the kids were lined up across the
how things have changed.
bridge in their uniforms to get a better view.
What was the most challenging part of the project? What did the team do to overcome it?
What would you say to those considering volunteering with B2P? KM: Do it! Absolutely. I was anxious and not sure what
DS: The most difficult part of construction was the
to expect, but I have no regrets. It was fun and fulfilling.
cable erection and tensioning. To erect the cables, they
The work was physically demanding, but the crew and
had to be lifted from the ground and placed on the
community were so welcoming, gracious, and happy to
towers by hand. While the cable isn’t particularly heavy,
have us that each day was entertaining and meaningful.
it is greasy, dirty, and awkward to handle. Luckily, we had plenty of hands to help out! Once the cable is lifted
AR: Do it. Both builds I’ve been on were outstanding
on top of the towers, the ends must be anchored to
and unlike anything I’ve done in my life.
the foundations with a loop made with cable clamps. Each of the four cables required four clamps, which
DS: I’d absolutely recommend it. I had a great
took a good bit of elbow grease to tighten. When the
experience all around. The travel, while exhausting, was
dead end was anchored, the cables could be set to
a temporary inconvenience that was worth it in the long
the proper tension using the ¾-ton come-along Chris
run. The build just went really well. The people were
packed. The tricky part is that the tension must be set
amazingly friendly and helpful.
surveyed, but the weight of the tensioning hardware changes the geometry. So you have to remove the
CD: It will be one of the most rewarding and fulfilling
come-along each time, creating a laborious process.
things you’ll ever have a chance to do. It will open
Once you’re satisfied with the geometry, the cables
your eyes to how much we take for granted each day,
have to sit overnight and be shot again in the morning
compared to many other areas of the world. There are
to confirm nothing changed. Thankfully, ours did
few other volunteering opportunities that will have this
not and we were able to proceed with the build plan
big an effect on people’s daily lives.
without having to backtrack.
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TITLE HERE FEATURED EMPLOYEE
ROB CONROY PROJECT MANAGER
Rob Conroy has been just about everywhere. From college in snowbound northern New York, to building piers from sunny Caribbean shores, Rob has honed his experience on complex bridge and marine projects. We asked Rob about his career, favorite projects, and got some words of wisdom from a seasoned field leader. Give us a little background on yourself. How did you originally become interested in civil engineering? Growing up, I always liked math and was interested in how things were made. Originally, I wanted to be a surveyor, so I got my Associates in Civil Engineering and took every survey course I could. It was then I realized the importance of continuing my education and went on for my Bachelors. Later, I also earned a Masters in Civil Engineering. You attended Clarkson University, which is in northern New York State. How did you find your way from the snowbelt down to the Bahamas and Caribbean? I’ve always wanted to live in Florida. I’m not a cold weather person and had seen more than my share of snow plows. I left the Big Dig in Boston to go to Panama City, Florida and once that job ended, I knew I wanted to stay south. That’s when I interviewed with AB in Tampa. Part of the hard sell by management included the proverbial carrot of the opportunity to live in “paradise.” That’s how I was introduced to the Islands. I’m still waiting for the paradise part, though.
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You’ve held many roles over the course of your career, from field engineer to superintendent to project manager. What do you think was the reason for your continued growth? I’ve been lucky to have been part of different types of projects. A lock and dam feeding into the Mississippi, a deep tunnel in Chicago, the Big Dig in Boston, precast segmental bridges, and marine work. My exposure to to different facets of construction helps my day-to-day approach to issues. I can certainly say I’ve been involved with “once in a lifetime” types of construction projects. There are much smarter and more experienced people on our jobs, and I’ll be the first to admit I don’t know something, but I’ll always consider input from anyone. Not only does the old salty construction super that has seen it all have good ideas, but many times ideas come from the guy on the shovel down in the trench. I think my willingness to work with others at any capacity with the same goal in mind has been a benefit. Do you have any role models or mentors that helped to shape your approach to work or your job? At any given time during our careers, I think we all look to someone that is currently influencing us and try to incorporate their good qualities into our daily activities. At each stage of my professional life, I’ve had mentors, but it depends on the location and the project. I can always point to a place and time where I recognized someone that approached problems from a different perspective, and I would try to emulate their way of
The real reward is being part of a team and working together toward a common goal. We all have very different roles, but none is more important than the other when it comes to achieving these goals.
thinking. I also find role models in the guys I’ve worked with on a daily basis. American Bridge was lucky enough to have a handfull of expats that showed tremendous fortitude under extreme conditions and long hours for the sake of the company. You’ve been heavily involved in many of AB’s marine projects over the years. What is unique about marine construction? What is something that readers may not know about the challenges of this type of work? Having equipment on the water adds an additional set of concerns beyond the normal challenges associated with construction. The last project I was on was especially difficult since we were in open ocean with limited protection and we had to endure two hurricane seasons and winter Nor’easters. Mother Nature is certainly unpredictable, and throughout the course of every day, we were re-evaluating the weather, determining if we should work, run to the moorings, or run to safe harbor six miles away with the equipment. Lots of your jobs are on remote or small islands. What are the challenges and benefits of these locations? Our Caribbean work adds the challenges of shipping logistics, dealing with import customs, immigration, and the differences in culture. From a quality of life perspective, it’s very difficult dealing with boredom off the job and the mundane lifestyle of a small island. Not getting to what they consider a grocery store by Wednesday means that you may be looking at bare shelves come Friday. We’ve been in the Islands many years and for the most part have mitigated finding good help through old contacts, but labor is always an issue. Bringing expats over also has its challenges since most people have this impression that working in the Islands is “beer in hand, toes in sand.” Seventy-five percent of the expats that are first timers will hit a wall at three months and self-destruct. As far as benefits, it’s certainly an adventure to work on the islands. Always prepare for the unexpected.
What was the most challenging project you’ve ever worked on? Since working for American Bridge most of my experience has been in the Islands. In comparison to some of the other AB projects, our work is somewhat straightforward. I’d have to say my most recent assignment at Coco Cay was challenging from every perspective. We ran a true seven days a week for much of the project with no redundancy in staffing or man power. The elements were relentless and unpredictable. Our success or failure relied on the equipment floating on barges, so we paid constant attention to it and preserve our ability to work. Maintaining a man camp for 45 Bahamians and all the logistics involved with that required 24/7 efforts. The owner was on a tight schedule so the pressure from them had its trickle-down affect. Living on a small island of 400 people for long stretches of time took its toll mentally and physically. By the job’s end, every expat was battered but those that ground it out certainly showed what they were willing to do for American Bridge. We were lucky to have the team we did, from our project superintendent to the foreman and operators. What is the most rewarding aspect of your job? The payoff for doing what we do comes from the final product. It’s nice to look back at a structure and see everyone’s efforts memorialized in something that many people outside of construction either take for granted or look at and wonder how that was constructed. The people we work with from job to job are really a cast of characters and it adds an aspect that I don’t think anyone outside of this industry experiences. I’ve also met some great people in this business which wouldn’t have happened otherwise. If you could pick any AB project throughout history to work on, which would It be and why? The Vegas Wheel. I used to get the weekly picture reports from Hokey (legendary AB Superintendent) and it would amaze me. I know there was a lot of planning and engineering involved from the whole staff, and the concept that you’re building something for people to enjoy is an added benefit. Moreover, it was a very visual job that really showcased American Bridge’s talents. Tell us something people may not know about you. I wish I could sing and headline a heavy metal band.
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TITLE HERE FEATURE PHOTO
Tappan Zee Bridge in Black and White Assistant Project Manager David Nagy snapped this picture as the main span of the old Tappan Zee Bridge made its slow retreat from its former home. Built by American Bridge in 1955, the cantilevered truss is being dismantled as part of the new Tappan Zee Hudson River Crossing project. Teams utilized strand jacks and a carefully-engineered sequence to accomplish the lowering.
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TITLE HERE NEW EMPLOYEES
NEW EMPLOYEES Kathryn Harrigan Project
Patrick Aylmer General Foreman,
Madison Dugina Staff
Administrator, SR 679 (Pinellas
SR 679 (Pinellas Bayway)
Accountant, Coraopolis, PA
Bayway) Structure E, Pinellas
Structure E, Pinellas County, FL Kayley Adams Field Engineer,
County, FL Nicholas List Senior Project
Third Street Bridge Rehabilitation,
Dennis Suh Assistant Project
Manager, SR 11 Lake Pontchartrain
San Francsico, CA
Manager, SR 520 Montlake to
Bridge Rehabilitation,
Lake Washington I/C and Bridge
Baton Rouge, LA
Replacement, Seattle, WA
Carmelo Chavez Assistant Project Manager, SR 520 Montlake
Joseph Schuck General Foreman,
to Lake Washington I/C and
St. Kitts Cruise Pier, St. Kitts
Bridge Replacement, Seattle, WA
Roadway Replacement,
Bohua Wang Field Specialist,
Davin Hazirjian Project Manager,
New York, NY
Edmonton Valley Light Rail
Tappan Zee Hudson River
Tawatina Bridge, Alberta, Canada
Crossing, Tarrytown, NY
Superintendent, Washington
Alexandra Hyska Field Specialist,
Jordan Spano Field Engineer,
State Convention Center Addition,
Edmonton Valley Light Rail
Coraopolis, PA
Seattle, WA
Tawatina Bridge, Alberta, Canada
Jamie Wu Field Engineer,
Beth Habazin Receptionist,
Queensboro Bridge Upper
Coraopolis, PA
John Wilson Safety Supervisor, Queensboro Bridge Upper
Ronald Utley Project
James Van Horn General
Denis Nyakeriga Field Engineer,
Roadway Replacement, New York, NY Bracken Murray HR Generalist,
Manprett Sra Field Specialist,
Washington State Convention
Edmonton Valley Light Rail
Center Addition, Seattle, WA
Tawatina Bridge, Alberta, Canada Cecilee Wade Project
Coraopolis, PA Michael Mejaki Project Engineer,
Counsel, Coraopolis, PA
Paul Prowant General Foreman,
Administrator, Washington State
St. Kitts Cruise Pier, St. Kitts
Convention Center Addition,
Queensboro Bridge Upper
Seattle, WA
Roadway Replacement,
Brian Pizer Senior Financial
New York, NY
Analyst, Coraopolis, PA
Gregory Garvin Senior ECM System Administrator, Coraopolis,
Matthew Rolf HSE Manager I,
Sara Horsey Construction
Washington State Convention
Scheduler, Coraopolis, PA Mick Preston Field Engineer, SR
Center Addition, Seattle, WA James Wells General Foreman, St. Kitts Cruise Pier, St. Kitts
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PA
Chavis Lunceford Estimating
520 Montlake to Lake Washington
Manager, Coraopolis, PA
I/C and Bridge Replacement, Seattle, WA
Andrey Novikov Assistant Project
Sean Aho Project Engineer, SR 520
Richard Henderson Chief Operating
Manager, SR 520 Montlake to
Montlake to Lake Washington I/C
Officer, Coraopolis, PA
Lake Washington I/C and Bridge
and Bridge Replacement, Seattle, WA Sarah Olsen Field Engineer,
Replacement, Seattle, WA Oscar Camacho Project Engineer,
Washington State Convention
Matthew Nowaczek Field Engineer,
SR 679 (Pinellas Bayway) Structure
Center Addition, Seattle, WA
Verrazano Bridge Main Cable &
E, Pinellas County, FL Cesar Alvarado Field Engineer,
Suspender Rope Inspection, New York, NY Madeleine Hughan Field Engineer,
Miguel Garcia Project Engineer,
Verrazano Bridge Main Cable &
Washington State Convention
Suspender Rope Inspection,
Center Addition, Seattle, WA
New York, NY
Washington State Convention
ABIT OF NEWS
Center Addition, Seattle, WA
ABIT OF NEWS Welcoming AB’s Chief Operating Officer In September, AB welcomed Richard Henderson, PE as COO. Rich brings over 25 years of experience in the heavy civil and construction materials industries holding roles from estimator to Area Manager and Project Controls Director. Most recently, he served as Vice President of Webber Group and Managing Director of Southern Crushed Concrete, the largest concrete recycling operation in Texas. Upon joining the company he said, “I am really excited about the opportunity to be part of a company with such a rich history and to be a part of American Bridge’s next chapter.” Welcome, Rich!
Jim Van Horn joins AB as General Counsel Jim joined the AB team in June after moving back to Pittsburgh from Northern Virginia. He is an experienced general counsel and construction attorney, having spent the last 15 years in the engineering and construction industries. His work spans both US and international matters. He has managed State, Federal and private contracts in addition to corporate law. In addition, he also authored “Driven to Team: A Brief Look into Joint Ventures in Pursuit of Government Contracts” which was published in The Federal Lawyer magazine. AB is excited to have Jim as a part of our team!
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ABIT OF NEWS dehumidification, main cable elastomeric wrap installation, roadway and sidewalk reconstruction and anchorage vault roof construction. Leading the team is Katherine Quillin-Bucek, Dave Geesaman, Joe Tumas, Wade Barie, and Aaron Patton who employed exemplary safety practices throughout the project to make sure everyone went home safe.
Peace Bridge Rehabilitation On Friday, June 21 the newly-renovated Peace Bridge fully opened to traffic. The bridge, located between Buffalo, NY and Fort Erie, ON, spans the Niagara River and connects the United States and Canada. AB crews braved challenging winter conditions to complete the scope of work that included roadway replacement, steel superstructure strengthening and widening, rehabilitation of the approaches, and lighting and electronic lane control replacement. Despite the notorious Buffalo winters, crews finished the project safely and on time.
Edmonton Valley Light Rail Tawatina Bridge Project This year the team celebrated another safety milestone (see Issue #1010) going two years without a recordable injury! Leading the team is Kara Mullin, Bruce Young, and Ryan Drebert. The project, which is located in Alberta, Canada, includes demolition of an existing pedestrian bridge and construction of an 853foot (260 m), three span extradose cable-stayed bridge and pedestrian walkway over the North Sakatchewan River for the Edmonton LRT. Delaware Memorial Bridge Dehumidification Design-Build This year American Bridge was awarded the ENR Mid-Atlantic Region Award of Merit for Highway/Bridges by Engineering News-Record. For this project, AB partnered with WSP (formerly Ammann & Whitney) to design, build, and install a dehumidification system on the 3,650-foot, twin span suspension bridge. The modified design-build project will protect the main cables from corrosion in order to extend their service life. In 2014, the project was only the second contract of its kind in North America. Joseph Rynn earned his New York PE. Already a PE in Pennsylvania, Joe is a Senior Project Engineer working on the Queensboro Bridge Upper Roadway Replacement spanning the East River in New York.
South 10th Street Bridge Rehabilitation and Dehumidification Project In September, the project team celebrated two years without a recordable or lost-time injury! The scope of work includes main cable and anchorage
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CONTRACTS
CURRENT CONTRACTS WV Corridor H – Kerens to U.S. 219 Tucker/Randolph Counties, West Virginia Edmonton Valley Light Rail Tawatina Bridge Edmonton, Alberta, Canada South 10th Street Bridge Rehabilitation and Cable Dehumidification Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Coco Cay Pier Development Little Stirrup Cay, Bahamas SR 11: Lake Pontchartrain Bridge Rehabilitation Slidell, Louisiana Pinellas Bayway Structure E St. Petersburg, Florida Veterans Drive Rehabilitation St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Forth Road Bridge Expansion Joint Replacement Edinboro, Scotland, United Kingdom Verrazano Bridge – Main Cable & Suspender Rope Inspection New York, New York Washington State Convention Center Addition Seattle, Washington St. Kitts Cruise Pier Basseterre, Saint Kitts Anthony Wayne Bridge Dehumidification Toledo, Ohio SR 520 Montlake to Lake Washington I/C and Bridge Replacement Seattle, Washington 40 Ave. NE Over Placido Bayou Bridge No. 157154 St. Petersburg, Florida Third Street Bridge Rehabilitation Project San Francisco, California Queensboro Bridge Upper Roadway Replacement Long Island City, New York Delaware Memorial Bridge Pin and Link Upgrades New Castle, Delaware St. George Ferry Terminal Slips 3,4,5, & 6 Staten Island, New York I-235 from NW 50th St I/C to NW 63rd St Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Lewis and Clark Viaduct Kansas City, Kansas Peace Bridge Rehabilitation Buffalo, New York and Fort Erie, Ontario
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FLASHBACKS
FLASHBACKS
WOOLWORTH BUILDING
EMPIRE STATE BUILDING
Location: New York City, NY
Location: New York City, NY
Completion Date: 04/30/1913
Completion Date: 08/04/1930
AB Order #: C-4200
AB Order #: F-6450
The Woolworth Building was conceived by Frank W.
In January 1930, AB was awarded the structural steel
Woolworth, the founder of the “Five-and-Dimes” stores,
package for the iconic Empire State Building. As general
to be the company’s headquarters. In September 1910,
contractor, AB erected 54,000 tons of structural steel
construction began and by October 1911, the first above-
which was fabricated at the Ambridge, PA plant. The
ground steel was erected. AB supplied steel, fabricated,
project involved more that 3,500 workers at its peak,
and erected the 60-story office building. The steel came
erecting the frame in only 20 weeks and building four
from AB’s foundries in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh and
and a half stories per week. When the building officially
took 45 weeks to manufacture. July 1912 saw the official
opened on May 1, 1931, it surpassed both the Woolworth
topping out ceremony, two weeks ahead of schedule.
and Chrysler Buildings as the tallest in the world at
The building officially opened in April 1913 and broke
1,454 feet. In 1955, the American Society of Engineers
the record as the tallest in the world at 792 feet. It
selected the Empire State Building as one of the seven
has been a National Historic Landmark since 1966 and
greatest engineering achievements in American history.
a designated New York City landmark since 1983. It
Today, it is the 5th tallest completed skyscraper in the
remains one of the 100 tallest buildings in the U.S. and
U.S. and 45th tallest in the world.
one of the 30 tallest buildings in New York City.
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BAYONNE BRIDGE Location: Staten Island, NY / Bayonne, NJ
VERRAZANO NARROWS BRIDGE
Completion Date: 03/14/1931
Location: Brooklyn / Staten Island, NY
AB Order #: F-5730-2
Completion Date: 11/21/1964 AB Order #: V-4803-13, V-6520-36, V-6967
On November 21, 1928, AB was awarded the contract
When built, the Verrazano Narrows Bridge bonded the
to fabricate and erect the steelwork for the Bayonne
five New York boroughs, expressways, turnpikes, and
Bridge. The arch was erected using temporary steel
thruways of the Northeast to bypass the congested
bent falsework and a kingpost to assist in maximizing
Manhattan streets. AB held the prime construction
the cantilever reach. A traveling A-frame derrick with
contract for the cables and suspended spans. The
a 90-ton capacity and a single boom of 70 feet was
scope entailed the largest airspinning of cables on a
also used for arch erection. Once completed in 1931, it
project. The four main cables are 36 inches in diameter
broke the record as the longest steel arch bridge in the
and contain 38,469 tons of wire, which would stretch
world with an arch span of 1,675 feet and a total length
143,000 miles. AB also fabricated and erected the
of 5,780 feet. Today, it is the fifth longest arch bridge
6,690-foot-long suspended truss which weighs 44,000
in the world based on the main span length. It ranks
tons. From 1964 until 1981, it held the record as the
second in the U.S. behind the New River Gorge Bridge
longest suspension bridge in the world with a central
(AB Order # K-5867-81) in West Virginia which was also
span of 4,260 feet and a total length of 13,700 feet.
constructed by AB.
Today, it is still the longest suspension bridge in the U.S. and the 15th longest in the world.
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TITLE HERE EXTENDED FLASHBACK
CROSSING HELL’S GATE AB Order #: C-4699-4700 Completion Date: September 1916 Owner: NY Connecting RR Co.
1898. New York has just been
establishing their headquarters in
The four-lane swing bridge crossed
consolidated into five boroughs:
the city, new transportation links
the Harlem River, connecting
Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The
were needed, and quickly. From
Manhattan to The Bronx. This bridge
Bronx, and Staten Island. Over 3.4
that point on, construction began
became the first of many that AB
million people were living within
on skyscrapers and transportation
would construct to help build New
these boroughs, with more arriving
infrastructure signifying industrial
York City’s transportation network.
every day. With the consolidation,
and commerical growth of the
AB would become a part of New
New York City had the highest
newly united city. A product of this
York and New Jersey’s history by
population in the United States and
growth was a cheaper, higher quality
working on several historic bridges
was the first to surpass three million
construction material: steel. A new
and buildings that broke records
residents.
era of modern industry had begun.
for being the tallest, longest, and heaviest. These structures
Before 1900, there were only seven
1901. The newly-established
included the Empire State Building,
bridges and one tunnel to carry
American Bridge Company enters
Woolworth Building, Verrazano
traffic between the five boroughs.
the New York construction market
Narrows Bridge, Bayonne Bridge, and
With immigrants arriving daily
with the the 145th Street Bridge.
the aptly-named Hell Gate Bridge.
at Staten Island and businesses
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In 1614, a Dutch explorer navigated
Railroad (HR&PC). The plan was
up the East River through what is
to have the HR&PC cross the East
now known as the strait between
River between The Bronx and
Randall’s Island and Astoria Park.
Queens and eventually connect to
Because of the clear opening and
the East River Tunnels and Penn
strong currents, he used the phrase
Station. However, this plan would
“Hellegat” to describe the waterway.
require building a bridge to carry rail
This name stuck as explorers
tracks over the East River.
continued to sail through the strait and recognized the hazardous
Architect Henry Hornbostel
conditions that included rocks and
and engineer Gustav Lindenthal
tumultuous currents. This phrase
conceived the bridge that would
evolved into Hell Gate.
connect Astoria, Queens to Ward
View from the deck
and Randall’s Islands. Hornbostel Prior to the Hell Gate Bridge being
and Lindenthal’s design consisted
thousands of feet of viaduct
built, freight trains and trucks
of three bridges and several miles
approaches, also modeled after
stopped at a rail terminal and
of viaducts. The bridges included
Romanesque arches and aqueducts.
transferred their shipments onto
a fixed metal truss bridge over
floating barges to travel on the East
the Bronx Kill between the Bronx
Before becoming known as the Hell
River to New Jersey and beyond.
and Randall’s Island, the Little Hell
Gate Bridge, it was named the New
This caused the narrow waterway to
Gate skew-deck four-span reverse
York Connecting Railroad Bridge.
become congested, overcrowded,
bowstring between Wards and
Construction began in July of 1912.
and rife with safety issues A safer
Randall’s Islands, and the iconic
AB was awarded the contract for
and more efficient alternative had to
span over Hell Gate that would
the fabrication and erection bridge,
be devised.
connect Queens to Ward and
which included a 978-foot arch
Randall’s Islands.
main span, deck, and 63 approach
In the early 1900s, spurred by the
spans. The overall length of the
industrial growth of New York City,
The four-track bridge over the
entire structure is 16,900 feet, or
the idea began to form of linking
Hell Gate is a through arch,
just over three miles. The bridge and
the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR)
beginning below the main deck and
viaducts were constructed of steel,
with the New York, New Haven, and
peaking above it. The main span
the towers of steel and masonry,
Hartford Railroad (New Haven).
is supported by a steel bowstring
and the piers for the viaducts of
truss arch and is anchored to
reinforced concrete. Because of the
The link between the regions would also include the
massive towers covered with stone
robust design and high carbon steel
Harlem River and
masonry. The stone towers of the
composition, it has an expected life
Port Chester
bridge above the road deck don’t
span of 1,000 years.
serve a structural function and were designed to complete the
The towers on the Queens’ side
overall aesthetics. The design was
of the bridge sit on solid bedrock
chosen to mimic a Roman
reaching only 15 to 18 feet below the
triumphal arch and was
ground level. However, the Wards
only made possible by the
Island tower utilizes 15, 18-foot
use of the high-quality
diameter caissons to provide solid
steel that was being
footing for the tower reaching down
developed. On either side
between 94 and 123 feet.
of the main span extends
Construction of the Hell Gate Bridge
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1901
Pocantico Hills
1906
Woolworth Building
1913
halves were joined, backstays were used as counterweights to
Hell Gate Bridge
1916
keep the structures balanced. By the time the two structures
Yankee Stadium
1923
Several 300-ton jacks and gusset plates were used to secure
Empire State Building
1930
Bayonne Bridge
1931
Chrysler Building
1931
Triborough Bridge
1931
Bronx-Whitestone Bridge
1939
United Nations Building
1949
Tappan Zee Bridge
1955
bridge the longest, but it also held the record as the heaviest
Arthur Kill Railroad Bridge
1959
with over 80,000 tons of steel being used in construction.
Throgs Neck Bridge
1961
Today, the Hell Gate Bridge is the 17th longest main steel-arch
Verrazano Narrows Bridge
1964
span in the world.
Williamsburg Bridge
1997
George Washington Bridge Hanger Replacement
2000
Bayonne Bridge Secondary Floor Beam Repairs
2004
BUILT BY AB: NEW YORK CITY ICONS
145th Street Swing Bridge
When erecting the arch, AB did not use falsework. Instead, the arch was built outward simultaneously from each abutment in two halves until the superstructures met at the crown. Until the
met, there was only a 5/16th inch gap when closing the arch. the two sections of the arch together permanently. Once completed, it was estimated that over one million rivets were used. The rivets used have the longest grip—over nine inches— of any bridge in New York City. Upon completion in September 1916, the bridge broke the record for the longest main steel arch span in the world at 1,017 feet. It held that title for 15 years until the Bayonne Bridge, also built by American Bridge, opened in 1931. Not only was the
AB has and continues to play a major role in New York and New Jersey’s infrastructure growth. Between the two states, AB has constructed or rehabilitated 187 structures. The most notable bridges include the Bronx-Whitestone, Throgs Neck, George Washington, RFK Triborough, Spuyten Duyvil, Arthur Kill Railroad Bridge, Tacony-Palmyra, Tappan Zee Hudson
FK Triborough Bridge Rehabilitation R / Deck Replacement
2004
River Crossing, and Queensboro. These structures make up
HX Drawbridge Rehabilitation
2006
evolution of the New York City area construction market and
Bronx-Whitestone Bridge Structural Improvements
2009
RFK Triborough Bridge Miscellaneous Structural Repairs
2011
George Washington Bridge Span Upper Level Structural Steel Rehabilitation
2015
Tacony-Palmyra Mechanical Rehabilitation
2017
Spuyten Duyvil Bridge Rehabilitation
2018
2018
Tappan Zee Hudson River Crossing Project
surrounding communities, so we may continue to develop
Verrazano Narrows Bridge Main Cables & Suspender Rope Inspection
2018
2019
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Queensboro Bridge Upper Roadway Replacement
an important part of our history, and give us insight into the
innovative solutions for infrastructure needs.
BRIDGE TO SAFETY
EXTREME
WEATHER CONDITIONS When thinking of dangerous
Heat Cramps
weather events, tornadoes,
Heat cramps occur due to
hurricanes, and other natural
dehydration and large amounts
disasters come to mind. However,
of salt loss through exercise or
more fatalities than
extreme temperatures—both heat
strenuous activity. Some signs to
hurricanes (7),
and cold—are often disregarded
watch out for include muscle pains
as significant health risks. Heat
or spasms in the stomach, arms,
has been the deadliest weather
or legs. If you or a coworker are
condition over the last 30 years.
experiencing these symptoms,
In 2018, cold and heat both caused
tornadoes (10), and lightning (20).
notify a supervisor immediately and Weather conditions such as the
get to a cooler location and out of
heat and cold can affect anyone.
the sun. Remove excess clothing
However, construction workers are
and take sips of cool sports drinks
especially vulnerable due to very
with salt and sugar. If the cramps
nature of their work taking place
last more than an hour, it’s time to
almost exclusively outdoors.
seek medical help.
Heat Exhaustion Heat exhaustion typically occurs after a person has been exposed to high temperatures and is dehydrated. Signs to be aware of include heavy sweating, paleness, muscle cramps, tiredness, weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, or fainting. If these signs are recognized, tell a supervisor immediately and get to an airconditioned place and lie down. Hydrate by sipping cool sports drinks, loosen or remove clothing, or
Teams poured Pier Cap 14 on the Pinellas Bayway Structure E in the early morning hours, due to Tampa’s extreme heat.
29
take a cool shower. Get medical help if
Frostbite
symptoms worsen or last over an hour.
Frostbite can occur when extremities like your fingers, toes, ears, and nose are
Heat Stroke
exposed to cold temperatures for long
AB job sites in Florida,
Heat stroke, also known as sunstroke, is
periods of time, if you’re at a high altitude,
St. Kitts, St. Thomas,
the most serious heat-related illness and
or if you’re in a cold, windy environment.
and Louisiana take
a medical emergency. If not recognized, it
Some signs of frostbite include pain or
lots of steps to reduce
can damage the brain and other internal
tingling, redness, a blue or splotchy look,
risk of heat illnesses.
organs and even cause death. It can occur
and blisters. If severe and left untreated,
These measures include
as a progression from heat cramps or
damage to body tissue could occur. To
rotating employees
exhaustion, or it can strike without any
help prevent against frostbite, be aware
for heavy physical
previous signs.
of the weather forecast, bring an extra set
tasks, setting up tents
of clothes, stay hydrated, and recognize
to shade work areas,
Symptoms include an extremely high
the signs—both for yourself and your
drinking ice water,
body temperature (above 103 degrees);
colleagues!
taking extra breaks, and
red, hot, and dry skin with no sweat; rapid,
even snacking on cold
strong pulse; dizziness; confusion; or
Hypothermia
dill pickles at lunch to
unconsciousness. If you notice these signs,
Normal body temperature is around 98.6
restore electrolytes.
call 911 or get the person to a hospital
degrees. Hypothermia occurs when the
immediately. While waiting for help, place
body loses heat faster than it can produce
the worker in a shady or cool area, apply
it. If your internal temperature dips below
ice packs or ice, provide fluids, and stay
95 degrees, organs begin to lose their
with the worker until medical help arrives.
ability to function. You’re particularly at risk for hypothermia when you’re exposed
AB crews working on the Peace Bridge Rehabilitation project in Buffalo, NY know that the peak of winter there can be brutal. High winds, snow, and freezing temperatures can make conditions on a bridge even more difficult. The team used their OSHA
Cold Stress
to freezing temperatures or cold water.
Wind Chill describes the rate of heat loss
If you or a colleague is experiencing
on the body resulting from the combined
symptoms like uncontrollable shivering,
effect of low temperatures and wind.
memory loss, disorientation, incoherence,
As winds increase, heat is carried away
slurred speech, drowsiness, and apparent
from the body at a faster rate, reducing
exhaustion, immediately call 911. If you
both skin temperature and internal
can, move the person to a warm place,
body temperature and inducing cold
but do not apply direct heat! Be gentle
stress. Signs of cold stress can include
with them and avoid sudden or jarring
tingling, aching, numbness, redness or
movements.
blistering. Always plan ahead by wearing the appropriate clothing, taking breaks
Always be aware of current and predicted
when needed, and working in pairs. If
weather conditions, and look out for your
left untreated, cold stress could lead to
colleagues, friends, and family. Stay safe
frostbite and hypothermia.
out there!
training, utilized several layers of clothing, and were aware of their surroundings to reduce potential injuries, hazards, and illnesses.
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Peace Bridge teams battled the snowy and cold Buffalo, NY winters.
CONNECTIONS CONTRIBUTORS EDITOR Heather Engbretson CONTRIBUTORS Ashley Poore Rob Conroy Chris Deklewa Nate Flowers Ron Fontenot Kara Mullin Kwadwo Osei-Akoto Adam Reeve Dan Schwarz Brant Wietasch GRAPHIC DESIGN www.TaraHoover.com
Fraud & Ethics Hotline: 888-247-3198
info@americanbridge.net 412-631-1000
www.AmericanBridge.net
1000 American Bridge Way Coraopolis, PA 15108 United States of America - FEATURE Thousands of Miles Away, Work Hits Home
Issue #1011
29 - BRIDGE TO SAFETY Extreme Weather Conditions
26 - EXTENDED FLASHBACK Crossing Hell’s Gate
24 - FLASHBACKS Woolworth Building, Empire State Building, and more
23 - CURRENT CONTRACTS
21 - ABIT OF NEWS
20 - NEW EMPLOYEES
18 - FEATURE PHOTO Tappan Zee Bridge in Black and White
16 - FEATURED EMPLOYEE Rob Conroy
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INSIDE THIS ISSUE
CONNECTIONS