I N N O VAT I V E WAT E R A N D S A N I TAT I O N M A N A G E M E N T S Y S T E M T O E S TA B L I S H A G R E E N , B E A U T I F U L , A N D S E L F - R E L I A N T U R B A N I N F O R M A L S E T T L E M E N T
C A S E S T U DY O F L E B A K S I L I WA N G I , B A N D U N G , I N D O N E S I A
1 INTRODUCTION AND UNDERSTANDING CONTEXTD Access to infrastructures such as sanitation, clean water, and sewerage connection is extremely important to the residents of Kampungs, including Lebak Siliwangi. There is often a lack of basic services and infrastructure in Kampungs due to their incremental and individual expansions, especially on clean water, wastewater, and solid waste management system. In the context of informal settlements and using kampung Lebak Siliwangi in Bandung, Indonesia, as a case study, the aims of this study is to explore the resiliency of Lebak Siliwangi’s water and sanitation system management and develop an innovative management system to establish a green, beautiful, and self-reliant Lebak Siliwangi Urban Kampungs.
GOVERNANCE HISTORY & STRUCTURE SPATIAL EVOLUTION OF LEBAK SILIWANGI
DEMOGRAPHY
4943
According to the Statisics Indonesia 2010 Country Report, up to
70%
POPULATION (2015)
of the population is involved in
informal employment and the informal economy. Up to 70% of Indonesians are living in informal housing constructed through self-help
INDONESIA
methods. (Priatna et. al, 2015). The people of Lebak Siliwangi are mostly low income earners and their families, but the close proximity to ITB (Institute Technology of Bandung) has seen an influx of university students through the development of boarding houses.
34 PROVINCES
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
2142
2098
FEMALES IN 2010
MALES IN 2010
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT – INDONESIA WEST JAVA PROVINCE
Indonesia is an archipelago consisting of 17,508 islands located in the Indian and Pacific oceans off the mainland of Southeast Asia. It is the fourth most populous nation in the world and consists of five major islands and 30 smaller clusters (Embassy of Indonesia, 2019). Its population is currently sitting at over 270 million people and this is expected to grow to 287 million by 2025 and as many as 330 million by 2050. According to the World Bank, the 2018 GDP of Indonesia was 1.016 trillion USD. By nominal GDP, this ranks 16th in the world overall but their rank per capita according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Economic Outlook 2018, is 121 USD. This shows the huge disparity between overall GDP and the size of the nation internationally.
9 CITIES
BANDUNG CITY 30 MUNICIPALITIES
DOMESTIC CONTEXT – BANDUNG CITY
COBLONG DISTRICT
Bandung is the capital of West Java, and is situated 180 kilometers east of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta. It is the fourth most populous city in Indonesia and homes approximately 2,480,615 million (2015 census) in the city with 4 million spread over the greater Bandung region. During the 1930s, Bandung was planned to be the capital of the Dutch East Indies due to its strategic location however this was never actualised due to WWII and the Indonesian National Revolution. Known as the ‘Paris of Java’ in the early 20th Century, its Dutch colonial influences, such as large tree lined boulevards and villas are still present today.
LEBAK SILIWANGI SUBDISTRICT (4 RW: RW 5,6,7,8)
– LEBAK SILIWANGI, COBLONG DISTRICT Coblong District is located in the northern area of Bandung City. Coblong covers an area of 743.3 Ha. In 2015 there were 132,002 people with an average population growth rate of 0.93% within the time. The average rainfall is about 322.4 mm with a fairly high range and an average number of rainy days of 23.8 days per month.
RUKUN WARGA (RW) COMMUNITY
4950 4930
Source: Studio Documentary, 2019 Transformation of Lebak Siliwangi from rice paddies to the complex informal settlement is the result of various natural and political elements. The driving factors being the natural topography and Cikapundung river that provides the platform for the formation of rice paddies. This not only attracted the communities but also served as the source of their work and income. With the expansion of communities these rice fields guided the evolving block patterns and alleyways. The other factors being the inefficiency in planning system and constant immigration, that affected the urban grain of the area.
1920’s–30’s
1940’s–50’s
(151 SUBDISTRICTS)
LOCAL CONTEXT
Lebak Siliwangi is located within the Coblong District and its strategic location presents many benefits such as proximity to shopping, transport and jobs. Originally a Dutch planned botanical garden, Lebak Siliwangi was reclaimed following WWII and converted into rice paddies. The Cikapundung River tracing one side of the kampung plays an equal role in establishing boundaries for expansion. From 1945 onwards, Lebak Siliwangi has transformed through incremental subdivision, expansion and adaptation into a dynamic and thriving informal settlement. The people of Lebak Siliwangi are mostly low income earners and their families, but the close proximity to ITB (Institute Technology of Bandung) has seen an influx of university students through the development of boarding houses.
400
The land, originally agricultural containing rice paddies, began to be occupied by several dwellings dispersed across the region.
1960’s–90’s
Original plots were formed and typically contained a single storey dwelling, a well for water collection and adjacent agricultural land for crop plantations.
1990’s - Today
4910
300
4890 4870
200
4850 4830
100
4810 4790 4770
0 Cipaganti
Sekaloa
Sadang Serang
Coblong District
Lebak Gede
Dago
Lebak Silawangi
4750
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Lebak Siliwangi Population Growth
Coblong District Density 2015 (Person/Ha)
Lebak Siliwangi Sub-District has the smallest population number and lowest population density compared to five other subdistricts in Coblong District, with a population of 4.943 people and a population density of 49.43 people/Ha. In 2015, the population was estimated at 4,943 persons. In which comprised some 1,080 families consisting of 2,098 males and 2,142 females.. Population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population.The average population growth in Lebak Siliwangi is aroung 0,7% per year. In 2015, the population has grown from 4898 to 4943, or 0,91% within the year. > 64 60 - 64 55 - 59 50 - 54 45 - 49 40 - 44 35 - 39 30 - 34 25 - 29 20 - 24 15 -19 10 - 14 5-9 0-4 -10000
Due to limited data, the demographic structure of Lebak Siliwangi will be estimated through the demographic structure of Coblong District. From the pyramid, it is known that the population pyramid is a type of stationary population pyramid. This indicates that the population structure in Lebak Siliwangi is currently being dominated by people of productive age. In other words, it is indicated that Lebak Siliwangi is currently experiencing a 'demographic bonus'. -5000
0
5000
10000
0%
Coblong District Population Pyramid (2015)
7%
1%
Lebak Siliwangi has Bandung Institute of Technology to the east and Cihampelas walk to its west. This strategic location of the kampung among the educational institutes and various commercial and service sectors, has resulted in high level of population growth in the area. The highly dominated professions in Lebak are students (21%) and college students (18%), that again are influenced by its proximity to the educational sector.
6%
21%
8% 9% 18% 13% 17%
Student Scholar Gov't Employees Private Employees Others Entrepreneur/Trader Pensionary Soldier/Police Apparatus Farmer Predicted Unemployment
Employment in Lebak Siliwangi (2015)
RUKUN TETANGGA (RT) NEIGHBOURHOOD
Source: Geospatial Information Agency, 2020
Existing dwellings are subdivided and separated into separate dwellings, commonly for growing families. During this phase, larger scale horizontal expansion is most prevalent.
Houses are incrementally extending and expanding up to boundaries due to population growth and migration.
Source: Studio Documentary, 2019
A M A N D A D I A N W. 1 5 4 1 6 2 0 3 / M U H A M M A D H A I D A R 1 5 4 1 6 2 0 4 / D I M A S M . F A C H R Y Z A 1 5 4 1 6 2 3 3 A M A N D A D I A N W. , M U H A M M A D H A I D A R , D I M A S M . F A C H R Y Z A / / B A N D U N G I N S T I T U T E O F T E C H N O L O G Y, I N D O N E S I A / / 2 0 2 0
Source: Studio Documentary, 2019
I N N O VAT I V E WAT E R A N D S A N I TAT I O N M A N A G E M E N T S Y S T E M T O E S TA B L I S H A G R E E N , B E A U T I F U L , A N D S E L F - R E L I A N T U R B A N I N F O R M A L S E T T L E M E N T
2 EXISTING CONDITION IN LEBAK SILIWANGID
C A S E S T U DY O F L E B A K S I L I WA N G I , B A N D U N G , I N D O N E S I A CHOICES OF SOLID WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM IN STUDY AREA
CHOICES OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM IN STUDY AREA
CHOICES OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICES IN STUDY AREA
ALLEYWAY AND DRAINAGE CONDITIONS
TOPOGRAPHY AND DIRECTION OF WATER FLOW Lebak Siliwangi
(1)
(2)
(3)
Study area is situated at the elevation around 735 – 755 MASL with the direction water flow relatively to the west (Cikapundung River).
CHALLENGES FOR URBAN WATER SUPPLY
(4) Source: Suhartini, 2019 Source: Maryati, 2020
Source: Maryati, 2020 and Dadi, 2020
According to picture, it can be seen that the distribution spatial pattern choices of water supply services in Study Area is relatively random. In addition, based on secondary data, the majority of people in Lebak Siliwangi use water supply services by PDAM (46.31%), Individual Well (30.10%), and Communal Well (18.67%).
According to picture, it can be seen that the distribution spatial pattern choices of waste water treatment system in Study Area is relatively clustered. In addition, based on primary & secondary data, the majority of people in Lebak Siliwangi choose informal waste water treatment by directly into the drainage and river (83.26%).
Source: Maryati, 2020 and Dadi, 2020
According to picture, it can be seen that the distribution spatial pattern choices of solid waste treatment system in Study Area is relatively clustered. In addition, based on primary & secondary data, the majority of people in Lebak Siliwangi use solid waste treatment system by pay the collector directly (54.67%), personally (33.78%) and coordinated by RW (11.26%)
Based on the picture, there are known types of open (2) and closed (3) drainage. The drainage is quite clean despite used to dispose of waste water. Moreover, in there are alleys that do not have drainage (1). River known as natural drainage is used to drain wastewater from sewerage network (4). It can be used for input data in the development of advanced concepts that utilize rainwater and strormwater,
A. THE ACTIVE, BEAUTIFUL, CLEAN (ABC) WATERS PROGRAMME IN SINGAPORE
3
ABC Water Concept
LITERATURE REVIEWD
Source: Singapore’s National Water Agency, 2018
The ABC Waters Programme aims to transform waterways and reservoirs in Singapore beyond their drainage and water storage functions, to create clean and beautiful rivers and lakes while allowing these spaces to be used for community bonding and recreation by integrating the environment, waterbodies and the community. It is a strategic initiative to improve the quality of water and life by harnessing the full potential of our waterbodies.
Linkages Between Abc Water and Lebak Siliwangi We intended to adopt a concept from the ABC Water System Concept in Singapore that is related to the naturalization of the drainage network system, the development of green open space which also functions as a natural reservoir, and the application of the Zero Delta Q concept which requires each infrastructure (buildings or houses in general) prevents runoff water as it enters the drainage system or river system, by retained, treated and used it first.
Study Area
PDAM (Performance of Drinking Water Company) is gained a status as a regional enterprises who imposes tariffs for users (±Rp900-2.100/m3 ). In general, it causes low-income people prefer to use communal/individual well. The use of well water is not the best choices. It can causes a decrease of groundwater level (0.5-12m/year). On the other hand, PDAM faced water supply crisis, especially in the summer. Therefore, providing resilient and accessible infrastructure could be a challenge that must be faced.
B. COMMUNITY-BASED WASTE WATER TREATMENT Community-based Waste Water Treatment is a concept of neighborhood scale communal wastewater treatment by utilizing attached growth biofilter technology. This concept is implemented by installing a relatively small sized wastewater management plant at several points along the drainage flow. The main purpose of this concept is not to change wastewater into raw water that can be reused for daily needs, but rather to maintain the aesthetics and quality of the environment. The results of wastewater treatment with this concept can also be used for activities such as watering plants, cleaning some items that do not interact directly with daily life and even manipulating the drainage into fish ponds.
C. WASTE BANK (BANK SAMPAH) Waste Bank is an innovative participative concept of solid waste management which is one form of 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) concept application. In general, this concept seeks to spur the community to collect and sort waste between organic and inorganic waste by providing incentives to the public in the form of money to be paid according to the type and amount of garbage that deposited. Institutions that are willing to give a sum of money for that solid waste are called ‘waste bank’. The manager of the 'waste bank' will sell the solid waste to the larger collectors or process that into something with greater money value.
Source: Studio Documentary, 2019
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I N N O VAT I V E WAT E R A N D S A N I TAT I O N M A N A G E M E N T S Y S T E M T O E S TA B L I S H A G R E E N , B E A U T I F U L , A N D S E L F - R E L I A N T U R B A N I N F O R M A L S E T T L E M E N T
C A S E S T U DY O F L E B A K S I L I WA N G I , B A N D U N G , I N D O N E S I A
4 ANALYSISF CLEAN WATER ANALYSIS
C. ABC Water System Reservoir Potential Location
B. Potential Rainwater Supply Coblong District Rainfall Debit Projection (mm/month)
A. Clean Water Demand Projection
D. Implementing The ABC Water System in Lebak Siliwangi
500
Clean Water Demand Projection (liter/day)
400
1700000
300 200
1650000
100 0
1600000
2017
1550000 1500000 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
The following is the result of an analysis of the demand projection for clean water in the Lebak Siliwangi Village using the Juktis Clean Water Supply method, DG Cipta Karya. It was calculated by using population projection baseline data which is then multiplied by a clean water demand standard (210 liter/person/day). It is predicted, the need for clean water in the Village of Lebak Siliwangi in 2030 using scenario 1 is around 1,664,944 liters/day and 1,682,909 liters/day for scenario 2.
2018
2019
2020
2021
The graph on the above shows analysis result of the projected rainfall and rainfall days in the Coblong District. The important thing to note from the projection results is that in addition to the relatively high rainfall discharge, the rainy day every month in Coblong District is also projected to always be greater than 0. This result indicates the high potential supply of raw water that sourced from the rainwater runoff, which it’s technically possible to be manipulated and used as a daily raw water source for the community. Coblong District Day of Rain Projection (day/month) 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
Source : Analysis Result, 2020
Based on the analysis of the availability of open space around the Lebak Siliwangi area, there are several potential locations that can be developed into a catchment area and reservoir, namely the Bandung city zoo, the Lebak Siliwangi Forest, several green spaces within Bandung Institute of Technology. Based on the slope and visibility to be developed, the Bandung city zoo and the Lebak Siliwangi Forest are determined as the best potential location. Existing Condition of Clean Water
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
The result show that in total the amount of rain water discharge at Coblong District is around 2202.1 mm/month in 2019 and it projected will increase into 2268.8 mm/month in 2022. Beside of that the average of day of rain at Coblong District is around 22.6 day/month and projected will slightly decrease into 22.5 in 2022.
WASTE WATER ANALYSIS
Most people in Lebak Siliwangi use PDAM (clean water company) as their daily source of clean water, when some the others use private wells, ground water pumps and communal wells.
OR
The concept of ABC Water System can basically be implemented in the form of developing natural reservoirs as catchment areas, building designs that are green-based and can accommodate rainwater for utilization and naturalization of existing drainage systems. If we implement this concept by manipulating the zoo and Lebak Siliwangi Forest in the north into a catchment area as well as the reservoir of this system, coupled with the implementation of rain water harvesting in every house in the area, assuming capture efficiency water by 50%, then at least 53.6% water needs in the Lebak Siliwangi area at 2030 will be fulfilled. It should be noted that before rain water is collected in a reservoir, there are several treatment processes to remove dissolved solids (TDS) components and some inorganic components that are considered dangerous if it interacted directly with human body.
SOLID WASTE ANALYSIS
A. Waste Water Demand Projection
B. Existing Condition of Waste Water
Waste Water Production Projection (liter/day)
Scenario 1
Source: Singapore’s National Water Agency, 2018
2022
Scenario 2
1350000 1300000 1250000 1200000 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Source : Analysis Result, 2020
The following is the analysis result of the projection for wastewater production in the Lebak Siliwangi Village using the assumption that the total discharge of wastewater produced will be equivalent to 80% of the use of clean water. Therefore, it is obtained that the predicted production of wastewater in the Village of Lebak Siliwangi in 2030 using scenario 1 is around 1,331,955 liters / day and 1,346,327 liters / day for scenario 2.
Source : Analysis Result, 2020
A. Solid Waste Demand Projection
Lebak Siliwangi already has infrastructure such as drainage networks that also function as sewerage networks, sewerage control lever and communal septic tank in several point. Most people in Lebak Siliwangi still manage waste water informally, ie by being discharged directly into drains or rivers without treatment. Main Drainage System
OR
Secondary /Tertiarry Drainage System
Scenario 1
B. Existing Condition OF Solid Waste
Scenario 2
In Lebak Siliwangi there has been a system of transporting waste from each house by officers to the TPS (smaller form of landfill) which is coordinated by the local RW.
17500 17000 16500 16000 15500 15000 2020 2021 2022 2023 Source : Analysis Result, 2020
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
The following is the result of an analysis of the projection for solid waste production in the Lebak Siliwangi Village that was calculated by using population projection baseline data which is then multiplied by a solid waste production standard. Therefore, it is obtained that the predicted production of wastewater in the Village of Lebak Siliwangi in 2030 using scenario 1 is around 16,728 liters / day and 16,909 liters / day for scenario 2. This result indicate a a high enough potential for support the development of waste bank concepts.
A M A N D A D I A N AW. D H1A5I 4D1A6R2, 0D3 I M/ AMSU HMA. MFMA CA HD RHYAZ IAD A/ /R B1A5N4D1U6 N2 G0 4I N/ SDTIIMT UA TS E MO. FF TA ECCHHRNY OZ AL O1G5Y,4 1I6N2D3O3N E S I A / / 2 0 2 0 M A, NMDUAH AD M I AMN A W.
Collecte d by an officer, some of them are coordinat ed by RW
I N N O VAT I V E WAT E R A N D S A N I TAT I O N M A N A G E M E N T S Y S T E M T O E S TA B L I S H A G R E E N , B E A U T I F U L , A N D S E L F - R E L I A N T U R B A N I N F O R M A L S E T T L E M E N T
C A S E S T U DY O F L E B A K S I L I WA N G I , B A N D U N G , I N D O N E S I A
5 IMPLICATIONS ON PLANNING POLICYG Develop catchment areas and reservoirs as well as rainwater treatment infrastructure with the ABC Water System ‘green’ design in Bandung City Zoo and Lebak Siliwangi Forest. These two infrastructures then channeled by utilizing gravity to the Lebak Siliwangi Area. Utilization of these two lands will be carried out with collaborative way and without reducing the quality of the existing environment at all.
MINIMALIZE
Main Drainage System
CREATIVE PROCESS
PROCESS Within the Lebak Siliwangi Area, several open spaces will also be developed into something similar using a collaborative approach with the community. In addition, the drainage naturalization will also be conducted, which secondary tertiary drainage will be carried out with community self-help and the main drainage will depend on the government decision at a higher level. RAIN WATER HARVESTING
+
Furthermore, with coordinated by the local RW, ABC Water System will also be developed in each building, whether in the form of a roof top garden, vertical garden, biopore, rainwater collection channels or in other forms. Aside from allowing the community to use rainwater as a daily source of raw water (non - consumable), this concept hopefully can give a birth to the new beautiful and green Lebak Siliwangi.
ABC WATER SYSTEM Source : Analysis Result, 2020
Government • Build the main infrastructure • Maintain, operate and manage the main infrastructure • Negotiate with zoo institution (We need their land to be developed into the main infrastructure site with propose a ‘site upgrading’ program) and also the community • Naturalize the main drainage system
RECOMMENDATIONS ON SOLID WASTE
RECOMMENDATIONS ON WASTE WATER
RECOMMENDATIONS ON CLEAN WATER
• • • STAKEHOLDERS • Zoo Owner/Maneger • Main infrastructure land owner • Benificiaries of site upgrading program
•
Community Build the local pipe system Operate, maintain and manage the local pipe system Pay some subsidized tariff to gov’t for the raw water utilization Independently build a rainwater harvesting system that coordinated by local RW Naturalize the secondary drainage system
Secondary /Tertiarry Drainage System
Source: Studio Documentary, 2019 Develop at least 10 points neighborhood scale waste water treatment installation along the existing sewerage channel with 2 installations at each point. The location choosement of the installation is based on consideration of slope conditions, priority is placed on existing sewerage control lever location or on intersection between sewerage networks, and also the service area. This concept seeks to minimizes wastewater disposal without any processing, directly to the main drainage system (rivers). This concept is complementary to the ABC Water System implementation.
Waste Bank Institution
• Buy the sorted solid waste from the community. • Proccess the collected solid wastes into a goods with a greater value of money and use.
Source : Analysis Result, 2020
Government
➢Green and Beautiful concept reflected on the buildings appearance transformation into a ‘green’ archithectural design with various vertical gardens growing in every corner of the building walls. ➢Green and Beautiful concept reflected on the naturalization of the drainage system, so the drainage will be seen complementary with the buildings ‘green’ design. ➢Cleaner water in the drainage system will stimulate the growth of natural ecosystems. ➢This uniqueness also indirectly will spur the growth of community based tourism.
3rd Partees Industry
STAKEHOLDERS
• Build the main installation • Monitoring and quality controlling
Community • Build the pipe network system • Maintain, operate and manage the whole system of this infrastructure.
A GREEN, BEAUTIFUL, AND SELF - RELIANT LEBAK SILIWANG GREEN & BEAUTIFUL
This concept seeks to spur the community to collect and sort solid waste between organic and inorganic waste by providing incentives to the public in the form of money to be paid according to the type and amount of garbage that deposited. Then, the waste bank institution will sell the solid waste to the 3rd partees industry or process that (prioritized) into something with greater money value. If this concept implemented, it will provides direct economic benefits to the community and also environmental benefits because of solid waste reduction.
• Search the 3rd partees industries that need our products or some type of our sorted solid waste. • Manage the money.
STAKEHOLDERS
• Buy a processed product or the sorted solid waste from waste bank.
• Collect and sort the solid wastes. Store it periodically to the waste bank.
Community
FURTHER CHALLENGES SELF - RELIANT
➢ Self – Reliant concept reflected on how Lebak Siliwangi can utilize rainwater resources as a source of raw water sustainably, so it can reduce the burden of groundwater utilization. ➢ Self – Reliant concept reflected on how Lebak Siliwangi can turn its wastewater into a cleaner water, so it won’t polluting the environment and can also used again to watering the plants, cleaning some tools and etc. ➢ Self – Reliant concept reflected on how Lebak Siliwangi can manage its solid waste issue and turn it into a business opportunities. ➢ Self – Reliant concept reflected on how Lebak Siliwangi can do its self - healing with using 'Let the mother earth do her job' concept.
➢ How to educate the public about the benefits and standard procedures for utilizing the ABC Water System concept. ➢ How to change public's perception that ABC Water System is no longer seen as add-ons, but as part of planning norms in the water resources management policy context. ➢ Detailed environmental research for rain water quality. ➢ Negotiation process with the Zoo Owner and the other 3rd Partees. ➢ Detailing the financial planning in the operation and maintenance of ABC Water System and wastewater treatment installation that also considerate ability and willingness to pay of the community. ➢ It takes some people who want to manage a waste bank that must be also followed by a good entrepreneurial skills.
REFERENCES Arvidsson, Helen et. al. 2016. Engaging with and Measuring Informality in the Proposed Urban Sustainable Development Goal. Journal African Geographical Review. Volume 36, Issue 1 // Asteria, Donna dan Heru Heruman. 2015. Waste Banks as an Alternative of Community – Based Management Strategy in Tasikmalaya. Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan. Volume 23, No. 1: 136 – 141 // Bandung City Development Plan (RPJMD) 2014-2018 // Cahyana, Gede. 2008. Studi Isu Lingkungan di Kecamatan Coblong Kota Bandung. Jurnal Sosioteknologi Terapan Vol IX // Singapore’s National Water Agency. 2018. Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters Design Guidelines: 4th Edition. Singapore: Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, and Ministry of Health. // Geospatial Information Agency https://tanahair.indonesia.go.id // Indonesia National Development Plan (RPJMN) 2020-2024 / Kirana, Gregoria Junita. 2019. Model Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum di Kawasan Permukiman Kumuh di Kota Bandung.// Maryati, Sri. 2020. Informal Settlement in Indonesia. Joint Studio 2020 Lecture // PDAM Tirtawening https://pambdg.co.id // Rusdiana, Dadi. 2020. History of Tamansari. Joint Studio 2020 Lecture. Statistics Indonesia. Kota Bandung Dalam Angka 2019 // Statistics Indonesia. Kecamatan Coblong Dalam Angka 2011-2016 // UNDP. 2020. Goal 6: Clean water and Sanitation https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html
A M A N D A D I A N AW. D H1A5I 4D1A6R2, 0D3 I M/ AMSU HMA. MFMA CA HD RHYAZ IAD A/ /R B1A5N4D1U6 N2 G0 4I N/ SDTIIMT UA TS E MO. FF TA ECCHHRNY OZ AL O1G5Y,4 1I6N2D3O3N E S I A / / 2 0 2 0 M A, NMDUAH AD M I AMN A W.