Carlton Strategic Plan

Carlton Urban Design & Planning Report Introduction to Urban Design & Planning Semester 2, 2017 ALYSE KNAPE // 759021 22/10/2017 TUTOR; Ben Cooke

Site Area

Figure 1; Melbourne Buildings Map (QGIS, 2017)

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1.0 INTRODUCING CARLTON Contents

In this section you will find; 1.0 Landmark Map 1.1 Introduction to Carlton (Site Location) 1.2 Justification for Site Boundary 1.3 Purpose and Aims of Structure Plan 1.4 Outlines of the Themes to Discuss

// 4 // 3 // 3 // 5 // 5

2.0 SITE ANALYSIS

In this section you will find; 2.1 Site Analysis; Issues & Opportunities // 7 2.2 Housing Affordability & Addordable Housing // 8 2.3 Planning for Ageing in Place // 9 2.4 Future Planning & Heritage Overlays // 10

3.0 VISION

In this section you will find; 3.0 Purpose of Vision Statement 3.1 Vision Statement 3.2 Stakeholders

// 11 // 11 // 12

4.0 OBJECTIVES

In this section you will find; 4.1 Purpose of Objectives 4.2 Principles & Objectives

// 13 // 14

5.0 ACTIONS

In this section you will find; 5.0 Actions Outline 5.2 Design Program 5.2 Policy 5.3 Precedents

6.0 IMPLEMENTATION 6.0 Implementation Outline 6.1 Implementation Timeline

// 15 // 16-17 // 18 // 19

// 20 // 21

7.0 SUMMARY

In this section you will find; 7.0 Conclusion

// 22

8.0 IMPORTANT INFORMATION 8.1 Glossary 8.2 Figures 8.3 References

// 23 // 24 // 25

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1.0 Introduction

1.1 Carlton is an inner urban area to the north of the

Melbourne CBD, nestled between Fitzroy and North Melbourne. The area has developed its own unique cultural significance resulting from its rich history of industrialisation and following post-industrial settlements.

The target study area is a 17.1-hectare site. The site’s borders are encapsulated by ‘paths’ (Lynch, 1960), which are the roads surrounding the site; Swanston St to the west, Lytton St to the north, Lygon St to the east and Grattan St to the south.

The site features tree-lined streets with a charming abundance of heritage buildings and homes, mixed with new residential developments. It is distinctly separated into residential and retail districts, with different forms of transport intersecting the site at multiple points (See Figure 11).

1.2 The decision to focus on this site was influenced by initial group interests in the topics of housing, retail and transportation.

Figure 2; Carlton Study Area, (Apple Maps, 2017).

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1.0 INTRODUCING CARLTON 1.3

This Urban Design and Planning Report aims to consolidate issues in the study area in relation to housing and to introduce a proposal to improve the site. This implementation will be achieved by introducing a set of objectives aligning to a vision for the site and actions will be proposed for implementation.

1.4 The themes discussed in this report will focus mainly on ‘liveable’6 and ‘sustainable’7 housing design and planning. In addition; transport connections and access, local employment and heritage capabilities and constraints will be discussed relative to the vision statement.

Figures 4 & 5;

Physical Differences in Housing in Carlton Site Area, (Avraam, 2017).

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2.0 Site Analysis

Maps Left > Right

Basemap Carlton Study Area (QGIS, 2017) 7. Site Area Buildings Map (QGIS, 2017) 8. Planning Permits Overlay Map (Landchecker, 2017).

9. Planning Zone Overlays 6.

(Landchecker, 2017).

10. Heritage Overlays (Landchecker, 2017)

Map

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2.1 SITE ANALYSIS ISSUES Access to suitable housing for a rapidly growing population presents a unique challenge for Australian cities and their town planners.

Significantly, according to Levy, “Housing is probably the area in which physical planning decisions have their greatest social effects” (Levy, 2016).

OPPORTUNITIES According to Baum & Gleeson (2010), places like Carlton ‘can mitigate the inequality which is expressed in stratified income and living standards, ‘housing stress’1 and subsequent ‘social exclusion’2 of some groups in the Carlton community’.

It can achieve better social outcomes by ‘implementing multiple levels of planning policy to support these different groups’ and by ‘structuring space and place to mitigate the harmful impacts of inequality and ‘socio-spatial disparities’3 which emerged in the site analysis.

This will allow Carlton to respond to population growth and change.

WHY is this happening in Carlton?

Rapidly growing population and insufficient housing stock.

+ 45% = Lack of integral elderly communtiy, due to lack of planning policy for ageing-in-place.

?

Lack of state and Commonwealth planning policy for affordable housing.

50.7% of renters in ‘rental stress’ due to lack of local employment opportunities and high rental prices.

2016

2036

“By 2036, the population is expected to be 45% higher than in 2016” (ABS, 2017).

10.8%

14.8%

“Carlton’s Senior (55+) Population is set to grow by 2036” (ABS, 2017).

“Lone person households will continue to be the predominant household structure in Carlton over the next 20 years” (ABS, 2017).

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$$$

2.2 ‘HOUSING AFFORDABILITY’ & AFFORDABLE HOUSING’ 4

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Housing is not affordable for a large portion of residents, impacting ‘liveability’6 and ‘sustainability’7; the planning scheme needs to work to ensure housing stock becomes more affordable to provide

inclusivity and diversity in Carlton.

ISSUE Carlton presents distinctly stratified groups with contrasting income levels, and therefore housing availability is affected by the residents’ ranging socio-economic statuses According to the Carlton Community Plan, although some residents live above standard terms, ‘in contrast many people in Carlton are living with much poorer standards of income, education, employment, housing and socio-economic status’ (The City of Melbourne, 2010).

The issue of housing affordability is closely linked with various social aspects within the Carlton community and will continue to affect the ability of the municipality to cater for the needs of its residents now and into the future.

Housing stress in Carlton might present possible consequences of gentrification which will lead to the exclusion of lower-income community members.

OPPORTUNITY Carlton has the opportunity to ensure that housing stays affordable to allow these integral existing members of the community to ‘remain active community participants’ (Beer, 2007). ‘Thus, planning takes on the vital role of facilitating this necessary change and building a resilient city’ (Freeman & Tranter, 2011).

IN RENTAL STRESS NOT IN RENTAL STRESS

50.7% of Renters are in ‘Rental Stress’ (ABS, 2017)

IN HOUSING STRESS NOT IN HOUSING STRESS

Figure 11: Planning Zone Overlays (Landchecker, 2017) 3.4% of homeowners are in ‘Housing Stress’ (ABS, 2017)

= General Residential Zone = Residential Growth Zone = Commercial 2 Zone = Mixed Use Zone = Public Use Zone = Capital City Zone = Road Zone

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2.3 PLANNING FOR AGEING IN PLACE Providing suitable housing,

transport and so-

cial infrastructure for a growing ageing-population presents a significant challenge for Carlton.

Planning can facilitate ageing-in-place to foster better social

outcomes.

ISSUE As Carlton’s population continues to age, the demand for the facilitation of ageing in place will undoubtedly grow.

The application at 482-492 D rummond St, is for the use and redevelopment of a Residential Aged Care Facility, car parking and bike facilities.

At present, the site lacks sufficient direction and provisions for adequate spaces and places for the elderly to socialise, live and learn (Displayed in Figure 12). A minimal amount of elderly persons were observed moving in or around the site.

This lack of sufficient planning is exemplified by the number (or lack thereof) of active applications submitted to the Victorian Planning Register to service Carlton’s ageing population. Among a considerable amount of applications (Displayed in Fiure 13), only one of these active applications includes provisions for residential aged care facilities. This application is outside the sites borders.

OPPORTUNITY Carlton is therefore faced with the important challenge to provide sufficient suitable housing and service options for its ageing community.

This will give Carlton the opportunity to enable its ageing population to continue living within the municipality, contributing to the local identity and livelihood.

Figure 12; Inaccessible Housing Stock (Avraam, 2017).

Figure 13: Planning Permits Overlay Map (Landchecker, 2017). = Approved = Pending = Rejected = Other

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2.4 FUTURE PLANNING & HERITAGE OVERLAYS The feasibility of any future planning proposals is significantly inhibited by the decisions of past planners regarding extensive

heritage overlay

controls. The municipality is presented with the challenge to facilitate positive developments in Carlton, whilst maintaining its significant heritage character.

ISSUE The ability of planners to integrate appropriate and effective strategies regarding affordable, liveable and sustainable housing in Carlton will continue to be restricted by planning overlays, policies and procedures carried out in the past. This ‘enduring physicality of the city’ presents unique opportunities and limitations as the municipality plans for future growth (Harris & Smith, 2011).

Increasingly diverse housing stock will allow more people to reside in Carlton, however, the high expense of these properties will likely only be available to those belonging within the medium to high socio-economic bracket. This could subsequently exclude groups such as elderly residents, or cause them to experience ‘housing stress’ (Traill, 2017).

OPPORTUNITY This gives Carlton the unique challenge and opportunity to prevent issues with ‘spatial justice’8, including spatial disparities and social exclusion as it is related to housing (Whitzman, 2017).

Carlton must approach this regeneration with consideration of culturally significant ‘places’ to ensure local identity is upheld.

Figure 14; Heritage Character in Carlton (Avraam, 2017).

11.3 ha 17.1 ha heritage overlayed H0844 ‘To ensure that any development happens in a manner appropriate to the significance, character and appearance of the heritage area’ (Heritage Overlays, 2017).

Figure 15; Heritage Overlays Map (Landchecker, 2017)

= Heritage Overlay = Site Outline = No Hertiage Overlay

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3.0 Vision

3.1 THE VISION FOR CARLTON

The vision statement will be encompassed within the following defined goals and objectives and will be evident in the actions pertaining the desired outcome.

This vision has been informed and crafted through site analysis and research in relation to housing and transport issues in Carlton.

Carlton will transition into a community-driven locality which boasts outstanding inclusive and diverse socio-spatial outcomes.

These will be achieved through collaborative and participatory planning approaches which will involve the diverse Carlton community at every stage

In the face of population growth and environmental change,

Better Community

Carlton will become the most socially equitable locality in Melbourne by striving for sustainable and liveable approaches to housing, transport and socio-spatial outcomes.

Better Housing

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3.2 STAKEHOLDERS USERS

GOVERNANCE

INFLUENCERS

PROVIDERS

People and groups who will use or move through the spaces and places within the site.

They may have some input to the planning decisions.

Bodies and peoples who have some form of control over the happenings within the site and its broader context. They will influence the ability to make planning decisions.

Groups and individuals who have an effect on the happenings within areas of the site and may influence the impact of planning decisions.

Groups and individuals who will contribute assets to the happenings within the site. They may impact planning decisions and will facilitate development.

Elderly Community Families of Elderly Residents of Carlton Visitors Retail Suppliers Local Employees; Retail, University of Melbourne, RMIT, Royal Melbourne Womens Hospital, Carlton Connect (Future) Thru-traffic and Commuters parking in Carlton University of Melbourne / RMIT Students Tourist Attraction Operators; Melbourne Museum, Queen Vic Market, Cinema Nova Bus/Tram Drivers Community Groups; New Hope, Older Tenants Group, Princes Hill Community Centre

State Government (DELWP) Local Council ; Yarra City Federal Government Australian Retail Association

Property Developers Elderly Community Community Groups Private Investors Transport Operators; Yarra Trams, Dysons etc Heritage Conservation Groups Community Members

Property Developers Federal Government Community Groups Private Investors Transport Operators

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4.0 Objectives In this section, you will find the objectives of the structure plan, with a corresponding outline of the actions needed to help deliver the overall vision for Carlton.

“If communities support

ageing-in-place through appropriate infrastructure, older adults can be empowered to continue as active citizens and volunteers for many years,

enriching communities through their time and experience�

Alley et al. 2008.

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4.1 PRINCIPLES & OBJECTIVES $

1.Affordable housing to promote demographic diversity.

Providing affordable housing in the site will prevent the social exclusion of some groups from Carlton’s population. This will allow Carlton’s population to remain diverse in terms of age and physical abilities.

The goal is to provide the networks and infrastructure for community involvement for senior residents, to create a stronger senior community and foster the wellbeing of ageing residents.

2.Community driven, inclusive development to provide good social outcomes.

Involving members of the community in planning and development decisions and actions will ensure that changes made in Carlton act to serve the current members of the community, whilst also providing for future residents.

Active participation in the planning process will allow older residents to feel like a valuable member of their community, fostering additional positive social outcomes.

This will allow Carlton to become resilient in the face of population growth and change.

4. Maintain the heritage character of the municipality.

The transformation of Carlton should still consider the culturally-significant heritage character of the area to ensure that the character and charm is not lost.

3.Create employment opportunities to foster a more liveable and sociallysustainable locality.

To further ensure that low-socio-economic persons can remain in Carlton and continue to contribute to the municipality, local employment opportunities are essential.

Ultimately, development will increase the allocation of affordable housing, whilst also ensuring that there is access to jobs and volunteering opportunities within the municipality to support senior citizens to stay in Carlton.

5. Connected by sustainable transport options to improve connectivity.

Good housing should be connected by great public- and active-transport infrastructure to discourage the use of the private motor-vehicle.

These transport options need to be accessible to `disabled persons and senior citizens should be provided with additional support to use this network.

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5.0 Actions This strategic plan will suggest one major design proposal, alongside policy implementations to support this development. Actions will align with the overall vision and objectives for the site.

Actions will be implemented in one of two ways; Suitable actions will be implemented in the design program at 96 Grattan St, in line with achieving the overall vision.

The remainder of actions will be implemented in the form of planning policy to ensure that the overall vision is achieved in terms of servicing the senior community in Carlton.

The design proposal will combine co-housing principles with innovative community-

operated-development initiatives to produce a unique, vibrant space which fosters

positive socio-spatial outcomes in Carlton.

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5.1

DESIGN PROGRAM

The development at 96 Grattan St will act as a pilot project for future housing development in Carlton.

Better housing will be achieved with communitydesigned-and-run facilities focused on principles of enhancing the quality of life for senior citizens.

In turn, the creation of better housing will provide the infrastructure and essential services (Baum & Gleeson, 2010) to foster a better, more resilient, community.

This will be reflected in the strength of the senior community in Carlton, as well as a stronger Carlton community overall, with these seniors acting to enrich their municipality.

Figure 16; Site to be Redeveloped, (Apple Maps, 2017, Edit by Author).

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5.1 DESIGN PROGRAM ‘Liveable Housing Design’ Provide practical advice for building homes that are suitable for people in all stages of life, to cater for changing circumstances and support ageing-in-place’ 7 (Moreland City Council, 2014).

The design schedule will initially comprise wtwo residential developments, with provisions for flexible expansion opportunities at a later stage. The model will follow precedents set at Woodstock House in Balaclava and across Melbourne’s Nightingale Projects. It will also mimic some qualities of international co-sharing models.

The facility’s target user audience are elderly residents who are being displaced by gentrification in Carlton. Therefore, design and development must follow liveable housing design principles.

In the first development, council will work with locals, developers and investors to create a design and plan for the precinct.

The land and property is owned and built with council funding, with operative power delegated to community groups. (Woodstock Street Community Housing, 2017).

In the second development, private investors and property owners will have the opportunity to own the residential properties as assets, to provide the funding capacity for the project to go forward. This addresses the challenge of providing affordable housing stock, due to its high cost.

This development will be supported by a council incentive to ensure 15% of residences built are affordable within or below market value for lowincome earners, specifically retired senior citizens. (Nightingale Housing, 2017). This development will also be designed with liveable housing design principles.

The design program will also include a set of community-led share spaces, such as community gardens, BBQ areas with outdoor seating and walkways.

Shared spaces will facilitate the coming together of the members of these housing developments and community groups to create a co-sharedesque environment and to strengthen the connections of the residents.

This innovative program is more inclusive and therefore, more diverse than the co-share method, as co-share schemes often exclude low-income earners from the project due to expensive buy-ins. (“Introduction to Cohousing and Ecovillages | Cohousing Australia”, 2017)

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5.2 POLICY` 1.1 Introduce policy to increase the number of affordable housing $

options in Carlton over a ten-year period.

1.2

Manage population growth by securing diverse, well-designed and accessible housing options over a twenty-year period.

2.1 Implement amenity impact controls for planning applications

in Carlton to ensure that development appropriately considers equal opportunities for residents. (Aged care, public amenity, low-income housing etc.)

2.2 Promote community involvement in the planning process

through consultation, feedback sessions and community engagement programs.

3.1 Engage community organisations and businesses with incentives to provide local volunteering and paid employment opportunities.

4.1 Implement new planning controls over the valuable heritage sites in Carlton, while simultaneously ensuring that well-designed housing and mixed-use development can continue to improve the locality.

5.1 Improvements to PT routes, accessible transport options and new or updated infrastructure, particularly for older adults in and around Carlton.

Figure 18; Moving Toward Better Housing and Better Community in Carlton.

(Avraam, 2017).

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5.3

PRECEDENTS

WOODSTOCK HOUSING PROJECT, BALACLAVA

NIGHTINGALE PROJECTS, MELBOURNE

CO-HOUSING MODELS; WORLDWIDE

- Boarding house built on council land - Houses long-term residents of St Kilda who have been displaced by gentrification.

- Seeks to redevelop under-utilised land - Provides a modern notion of a ‘meeting place’ in the communal laundry facilities.

The Nightingale Housing Project in Melbourne “exists to support, promotes and advocate for high-quality housing that is ecologically, socially and financially sustainable”.

(Nightingale Housing, 2017).

Cohousing models ‘address the key issues of affordability, ecological impact and community building’.

Within their model, the nightingale has three key aims which resonate with the vision for the site at Carlton, these The vision for the project is “one that brings together are; aspirations for social sustainability, with objectives for 1. Build social connection, connection to services and environmental, economic and cultural sustainability. community management; (Woodstock Street Community Housing, 2017).

2. Contribute positively to neighbourhoods and urban culture through quality urban design; This vision aligns with key aspects of the vision for the site 3. Promote affordability by providing access to in Calrton, with a large focus on social sustainability. housing purchase at below market price.

Figure 19; Woodstock Boarding House ((Woodstock Street Community Housing, 2017).

Figure 20; Nightingale Community Model (Nightingale Housing, 2017).

(“Introduction to Cohousing and Ecovillages | Cohousing Australia”, 2017)

The principles of co-housing resonate with the community-building vision for Carlton, these include; - Individual, private homes - Community relationships and multi-use common facilities - Elements of self-management, trust and familiarity - Stronger sense of neighbourhood “The Stradgraven layout is a cohesive layout which engages not only the residents, but the local community as well”. (“LEGil Design » Archive » Danish Co-Housing”, 2017) This layout is being used as a possible example for design in Carlton.

Figure 21; Stradgraven Co-Housing Layout (“LEGil Design19 » Archive » Danish Co-Housing”, 2017)

6.0 Implementation The actions will be undertaken in short-, medium-, and long-temporal programs which will involve several levels of community engagement and participation and additional research to ensure the vision for Carlton is achieved.

The implementation stage will aim to provide solutions to issues identified at site, the exact nature of these space and place issues will nevertheless be impacted by other external forces outside the scope of this report. Additional consideration into the impacts of these forces should be taken into consideration when analysing this report.

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Strategy Catalyst Projects are highlighted in Red.

$

1.1 1000 affordable homes built by

Type

Partner

P

Policy

A

Advocacy

R

Research

D

Design

0-5yrs

P

R

A

D

Private Investors, Private Developers, Comunity Groups.

P

R

A

D

Land Owners.

P

R

A

D

Developers.

P

R

A

D

Community Groups.

P

R

A

D

3.1 New housing development to

P

R

A

D

3.2 Volunteering opportunities to be

P

R

A

D

4.1Research and implement new

P

R

A

D

P

R

A

D

2030.

1.2 20% of new development to be

purposed for ageing in place (liveable housing design and community spaces).

2.1 20% of new development to be purposed to benefit older adults in Carlton

2.2 Each major council or govt

development to include opportunities for community involvement in the planning process.

Time Frame

5-10yrs10-15yrs 15+yrs

Relative Cost

$ $$ $$$

< $100,000 $100,000 - $1 mil > $1 mil

$$$

2.3 New housing development to be

IMPLEMENTATION TIMELINE

developed by 2025. Should include a central community space, as well as varying residential developments.

provide some mixed-use with the capacity to include retail spaces.

provided within community-led programs for seniors.

overlays to allow new development to occur whilst maintaining heritage character.

5.1 Ensure that transport options are accessible to all physical abilities by advocating to State Government to

Property Developer/s, Private Investor/s, Community Groups.

$$

Developers.

Community Groups.

Independent Researchers, Community Focus Groups.

$ $

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7.0 Summary

Carlton presents unique issues and opportunities in housing its growing population in a liveable and sustainable manner.

The site presents with issues of affordability, supporting the ageing population, and making significant change among extensive heritage overlays.

Thus, opportunities are presented to improve the liveability and social sustainability of these demographic groups to support a better community overall.

The vision for better housing to create a better community has been reached in the planning of an innovate housing development to act as a model for future housing development in Carlton.

Key stakeholders have been considered to provide the best possible design and policy solution to aid the senior and ageing population to age in place and to foster a stronger community.

It must be noted that the design program is in its infantile stages, and thus the overall success of this program cannot be confirmed yet.

Implementation barriers, including community attitudes, financing, government controls and other unforeseen barriers may hinder the impact of the original program.

It is essential that the program is developed and altered over time to suit the changing needs of its community, ensuring that the vision for the site is kept at the forefront of these changes.

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8.1 Glossary In order of first appearance.

1. ‘Housing Stress’

‘Household expenses above 30% of the household’s income is considered as a catalyst for housing or rental stress’ (Traill, 2017).

2. ‘Social Exclusion’

The un-equal opportunity of some groups to live and contribute to the community based on their socio-economic status, age, ability etc.

(Whitzman, 2017).

3. ‘Spatial Disparities’

8. ‘Spatial Justice’

Providing equal opportunity to live and thrive in a well-serviced area to all socio-economic backgrounds. (Whitzman, 2017).

9. ‘Liveable Housing Design’

Provide practical advice for buildings homes that are suitable for people in all stages of life, to cater for changing circumstances and support ageing-in-place’ (Moreland City Council, 2014).

Unequal resources and services depending on the socio-economic status and resident location of an individual or family (Whitzman, 2017).

4. ‘Housing Affordability’

‘A relative measure; the capacity to enter the housing market; based on cost and affordability’ (Moreland City Council, 2014).

5. ‘Affordable Housing’

Well-located housing in relation to transport and services where the cost of housing (mortgage repayment or rent) is no more than 30% of the household’s income’ (Moreland City Council, 2014).

6. ‘Liveability’

The movement to ‘promote growth and development through creating mixed-use development in which a diverse range of people live, work and play in clean, safe and vibrant neighbourhoods’ (Alley at al., 2007).

7. ‘Sustainability’

Environmental and social outcomes; ‘developing a practical future vision that creatively combines vibrant, liveable communities with a lighter footprint on the planet and a deeper connection to place and people’ (Sanyal, Rosan & Vale, 2012).

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8.2 Figures

Figure 1: Melbourne Buildings Map, Made by Alyse Knape (QGIS, 2017).

Figure 2: Carlton Study Area, (Avraam, 2017) Figure 3: Landmarks Map, Made by George Avraam, Edited by Alyse Knape(NearMap, 2017) Figures 4 & 5; Physical Differences in Housing in Carlton Site Area (Avraam, 2017).

Figure 6; Basemap, Made by Wenxi Chen (QGIS, 2017) Figure 7; Site Area Buildings Map, Made by Alyse Knape (QGIS, 2017).

Figure 8; Planning Permits Overlay, (Landchecker, 2017).

Figure 9; Planning Zone Overlay Map, Alyse Knape, (Landchecker, 2017) Figure 10; Heritage Overlays Map, (Landchecker, 2017).

Figure 11; Planning Zone Overlay Map, Alyse Knape, (Landchecker, 2017) Figure 12; Inaccessible Housing Stock (Avraam, 2017).

Figure 13; Planning Permits Overlay, (Landchecker, 2017).

Figure 14; Heritage Character in Carlton (Avraam, 2017).

Figure 15; Heritage Overlays Map, (Landchecker, 2017).

Figure 16; Site to be Redeveloped (Apple Maps 2017, Edited by Author).

Figure 18; Moving Toward Better Housing and Better Communtiy in Carlton (Avraam, 2017).

Figure 19; Woodstock Boarding House (Woodstock Street Community Housing, 2017).

Figure 20; Nightingale Community Model (Nightingale Housing, 2017).

Figure 21; Stradgraven Co-Housing Layout, (“LEGil Design » Archive » Danish Co-Housing”, 2017)

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8.3 References APA 6TH

Alley, D., Liebig, P., Pynoos, J., Banerjee, T., & Choi, I. H. (2007). Creating elder-friendly communities: Preparations for an aging society. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 49(1-2), 1-18.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). 2011 Census QuickStats. Melbourne: Australian Bureau of Statistics.

Baum, S., & Gleeson, B. (2010). Space and Place: Social Exclusion in Australia’s Suburban Heartlands. Urban Policy And Research, 28(2), 135-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08111141003693133 Beer, A., Kearins, B., & Pieters, H. (2007). Housing affordability and planning in Australia: The challenge of policy under neo-liberalism.

Housing Studies, 22(1), 11-24.

Levy, J. M. (2016). Contemporary urban planning (10th ed). Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Education.

Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city. Cambridge [Mass.] : MIT Press, c1960.

Moreland City Council. (2014). Affordable Housing Strategy 2014-2018.

Moreland: Moreland City Council.

Nightingale Housing. (2017). Nightingale Housing. Retrieved 10 October 2017, from http://nightingalehousing.org/ Sanyal, B., Rosan, C., & Vale, L. (2012). Planning Ideas That Matter: Livability, Territoriality, Governance, and Reflective Practice (Livability, Territoriality, Governance, and Reflective Practice) (pp. 91-121). MIT Press.

Freeman, C., & Tranter, P. (2011). Accessing Space: Mobility. In Children and Their Urban Environments: Changing worlds (pp. 181–202). London: Earthscan.

Traill, A. (2017). Social Planning. Lecture, University of Melbourne, JH Mitchell Theatre.

Harris, R., & Smith, M. (2011). The History of Urban Studies; A Comment. Journal of Urban Affairs, 33 (1), 99-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ The City of Melbourne. (2010). Opportunities for Carlton; The Carlton j.1467-9906.2010.00547.x/full Community Plan. Melbourne: City of Melbourne.

Heritage Overlays. (2017). Victoria State Government; Environment, Land Water and Planning. Retrieved 20 August 2018, from https://www. heritage.vic.gov.au/legislation/heritage-overlays

Whitzman, C. (2017). Planning Issues in my City: Spatial Disparities in Melbourne. Lecture, Herbert Wilson Theatre, University of Melbourne, Parkville.

Introduction to Cohousing and Ecovillages | Cohousing Australia.

(2017). Communities.org.au. Retrieved 9 October 2017, from http:// www.communities.org.au/knowledgebase/introductory/introduction-co-housing

Woodstock Street Community Housing.. (2017). Content.environmentdesignguide.com.au. Retrieved 10 October 2017, from http://content. environmentdesignguide.com.au/awards_search?option=showaward&entryno=2007030263

LEGil Design » Archive » Danish Co-Housing. (2017). Legildesign. com. Retrieved 12 October 2017, from http://www.legildesign.com/archives/388

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