Transforming the Neglected: Reinventing Sharjah Neighbourhoods

TRANSFORMING THE NEGLECTED

By Alia Basheer REINVENTING SPACES IN SHARJAH NEIGHBOURHOODS

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TRANSFORMING THE NEGLECTED

By Alia Basheer REINVENTING SPACES IN SHARJAH NEIGHBOURHOODS

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Reinventing The Neglected By Alia Maryam Basheer

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A thesis book for the Final Architectural Project submitted to the Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Art, and Design, American University in Dubai In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture Fall 2020

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Copyright © 2020 by Alia Maryam Basheer All rights reserved

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Approval of the Thesis Book for Final Architectural Project Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Art, and Design, American University in Dubai

TRANSFORMING THE NEGLECTED

By Alia Maryam Basheer Reinventing spaces in Sharjah’s Neighbourhoods

Student Signature: ______________________________ Date: __________________ Professor Name: Professor Signature: _____________________________ Date: __________________

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Thesis Abstract The deserted barren lands call out for a purpose that is more than just parking. The residents of the emirate of Sharjah need more revitalized spaces to create community, engagment and shared memories. In order to fill the void and respond to these concerns, my thesis aims to reinvent and utilize open spaces of Sharjah’s neighbourhoods, into inviting community centres. These would cater to the needs of the people and subsequently improve their wellbeing and quality of the life.

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Acknowledgement I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to my professor Takeshi Maruyama for guiding me throughout the process of this book. Thank you for your advice and help, which allowed me to bring my thoughts into vision.

I would like to thank the friends I’ve made at university who have supported and helped me throughout the years. I will forever be greatful and cherish the memories and the times we have shared.

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Dedication I dedicate this book to my loving parents Basheer Ahmed and Shakila Basheer. Thank you for making me who I am today and for being my biggest supporters since day one. I hope to make you as proud as I am to be your daughter. Thank you for the motivation and strive you have instilled in me. I appreciate the faith you have in me and for remaining constant pillars in my life.

To my grandmother, for her never ending words of motivation and inspiration, and for always cheering me on.

To all my family and friends, thank you for all the support and love.

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Abstract

Sharjah is a city that is rich with an abundance of heritage and culture. It is a city that has multiple prominent features and landmarks that reflect this. To name a few, there is the Heritage District, the Gold Souq, Al Qasba Canal, and the Mahatta Fort. Over the years, some of these landmarks have become popular tourist spots as they represent the culture. Recently more modern landmarks such as Al Majaz Waterfront have been developed for the wellbeing of the public and have become common gathering spots for the residents nearby.

Sharjah is home to a very diverse community with multiple neighborhoods and residential areas.

A community that, for the most part, live comfortably within the confines of their residences. Certain neighborhoods and areas, like Al Majaz, enjoy the luxury of having vast parks and shopping centers near their homes; however, this cannot be said for the majority of the residential areas.

When analysing the overall urban planning of Sharjah, there are three main features that make up the residential areas; apartment buildings, multiple parking lots, and small community parks.

While these three features are utilized well by the overall residents in the area, they require more stimulus and features nearby to improve their overall well- being and communication with their surroundings. There is a scarcity of more public spaces for entertainment and leisurely activities within most of these areas. Neighborhoods in Sharjah consist of a variety of different people in terms of classes and nationalities. These residents require a place to go where they can engage and interact with others in the vicinity of their area.

My proposal is to create a public plaza for a neighborhood in Sharjah to improve its relationship with the area and amongst themselves. These plazas would be situated within the residential neighbourhood above the free sandy lots in order to utilize the space efficiently. These unplanned parking lots are very accessible as they are surrounded by apartment buildings. Hence designing a project above these high traffic points can create a favoured community gathering space for the people around.

This plaza aims to be a multipurpose space with different features that would interest all age groups. The project would be both indoor and outdoor, and consist of a communal gathering center, a weekly market place, leisurely activities, a children play area, etc. This proposal would use the multiple unplanned sandy parking lots while creating something for the community to enjoy.

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Figure 1: Al Majaz Waterfront

Figure 2: Sharjah Heritage Museum

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Understanding Sharjah’s history and background to gain insight on the lives of its residents.

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Chapter 1: Sharjah

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1.1 Introduction

Sharjah is one of the seven Emirates in the UAE and is the third most populated. The city alone contributes to 7.4% of the GDP of the UAE. The Emirate of Sharjah is very rich in its heritage and revolves around the value of Islam and traditional Arabic culture. This Emirate is the only one within the UAE that prohibits alcohol completely. Sharjah takes a lot of pride in its values and its enriched history; therefore it has taken many steps in order to preserve its reputation.

In 1998, Sharjah was awarded the “Cultural Capital of the Arab World� title by UNESCO representing the UAE. This is due to its commitment to art and culture. There are many establishments built in order to conserve the cultural heritage. There are also multiple museums, wildlife preservatories, and cultural centers.

The history of Sharjah dates back to when it was one of the wealthiest towns in the gulf region.

This was when the population of the city was quite low, and their main sources of income came through acts of trade, farming, hunting, and pearl fishing. After this, in 1971, there was a strong British Presence in Sharjah. During this year, Sharjah became a part of the UAE. In the following year, oil was found and production for it started two years later. Since this discovery of oil, Sharjah has developed immensely due to its geographical location.

Sharjah is known for places like Rolla Square, Heritage district, Al Noor Island, and Majaz Waterfront. These popular spots are known for its economic value, its rich culture, touristic location and popular destination for residents and visitors around.

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Figure 3: Key facts on Sharjah’s GDP

Figure 4: Popular locations in Sharjah

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1.2 Popular Residential Neighborhoods

Sharjah is a very popular residential area especially for expats. While different areas in Sharjah cater to different people and classes, all neighborhoods in the city are comprised of similar attributes and programs; • • • •

Residential buildings Small community parks Parking lots Mosques

A survey completed in 2018 by Service Market determined which areas in Sharjah are considered the happiest according to resident satisfaction. The survey’s findings concluded which neighborhoods are most suitable for a healthy lifestyle and families with children. The survey used the feedback of over 1200 residents in the Emirate.

The factors that the residential areas were being rated on included; public transportation and accessibility, sense of community, and facilities.

The findings of the study concluded that Al Khan and Buhaira Corniche were the highest rated neighborhoods in Sharjah with a rating of 3.95 out 5. These neighborhoods were rated the most highly on the finishing of their homes and the availability of parking spaces. Buhaira Corniche is known for its views of the sea and its high-quality apartments. However, residents mentioned that the downside of the area was its lack of parking spaces.

In areas that ranked lower due to scarcity in parking like Rolla, it made up for in accessibility and public transport. Other areas which were ranked highly for its healthy lifestyle were Al Majaz, Buhaira. These areas considered factors like greenery, walking possibilities, noise levels and quality of available facilities such as gyms and swimming pools.

Similar residential communities in Dubai could be compared to Bur Dubai, Karama, Discovery Gardens, Al Nahda, and Greens. These communities are relatively inexpensive as far as Dubai rents go and have similar amenities to those seen in Sharjah.

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Residential Buidlings

Open parking lots

Mosques

Parks

Figure 5: Residential community in Sharjah

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Figure 6: Rent Prices for apartments in popular communities in Sharjah.

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Figure 7: Rent Prices for apartments in popular communities in Dubai.

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1.3 General Population and their Needs, Cultural Difference

When you have such a diverse variety of people living amongst each other, it’s important to create something that appeals to the general public and doesn’t generate any divide. With different cultures comes a variety of beliefs, customs, and foods, hence why it is essential to design a place where the entire community can interact with more people while feeling close to their cultures.

In many places within Dubai, certain parts are predominantly Asian focused or perhaps more nationality oriented. For example, places like Karama or International City. These places in Dubai have created communities that are very culturally infused. However, this cannot be said for the entire UAE. For example, places in Sharjah have a very diverse range of people inhabiting the buildings but not many particular community spaces focused on their culture.

The population in the entire UAE is 9.89million according to the data provided by the World Bank. Dubai’s population in 2020 is 3.38 million according to the information on the official Dubai Government website. The population of Sharjah in 2020 is estimated to be around 1,684,649.

According to the census conducted by the Department of Statistics and Community Development, the population in Sharjah is made up of over 175,00 Emiratis whereas there are more than 1.2 million expatriates in the Emirate.

According to the study, residents mentioned features that they feel are lacking in their area which would enhance their wellbeing and improve livability. Overall, most residents felt there was a lack of sufficient green places within their area. They also felt that there weren’t enough educational facilities nearby for children. Their biggest concerns were the lack of parking spaces.

Global Village is an example of a healthy integration of multiple cultures that invites everyone to come to explore, learn, and appreciate the cultures. This project is at a larger scale than that of what I am proposing; however it achieves its goal by bringing different communities and cultures together.

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Figure 8: Population per Emirate in UAE

Figure 9: Emiratis VS Expatriates population in the UAE

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1.4 Demographics

In terms of Demographics, for the Emiratis, the population of women outnumbers the men. In contrast there is a significantly higher number of male expatriates in the region compared to females. Within the whole of the UAE, 72% of the population is male, and 28% of the population is female.

Looking at the different age groups, we can see that the largest age group in the UAE, 6.29 million of the population, is within the ages of 25-54. The age group in Sharjah similarly is in the 20 to 39 range. This makes up about 769,00 people. There are also over 57,000 full-time students living in Sharjah.

The overall population of the UAE is around 9.89 Million in 2020; out of this, the expat population comes up to 88% of about 8.447 million people. Many expatriates come to the UAE to seek better jobs to provide for their families in less fortunate countries. When comparing the statistics of nationalities within the country, 11.48% of the residents are Emiratis, 27.49% are Indian (2.63 million), 12.69% are Pakistani and more.

When moving on to employment statistics in the region, according to Statista, the UAE has a very low unelmplyment rate of just 2.4 percent of the total labour force who are available and actively seeking work. The majority of the residents work for the private sector, and around 75,000 work jobs for local or federal governments.

There is an abundance of languages spoken in the region. The official language being Arabic, but English is also spoken throughout the city. Other languages widely spoken in the region include Hindi and Urdu. The majority of the residents practice Islam.

Figure 10: Age of population within the UAE

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The UAE consists of two active social categories; UAE nationals and expatriates. The UAE nationals are divided into social classes; The ruling family, the merchants, the professionals and finally, the Bedouins. Similarly, all workers and immigrants are also classified into groups or skill levels.

There are a total of 5 skill levels in the UAE, as shown below, but the first three are the main ones.

• Level One: This group consists of a variety of different jobs such as a Manager, Engineer, Doctor, Teacer, Accountant, Draughtsman, pharmacist, and many more. The individuals in this class are “professionals”; those who have a university degree or a higher qualification.

• Level Two:

Individuals in this group have completed a diploma in this field. The jobs linked with his class typically involve people with mechanical or technical jobs.

• Level Three:This category includes individuals with a high school or higher secondary qualification. The jobs that can come under this field include a sales executive, Ticketing Clerk, Receptionist, Cashier, Tourist Guide, etc.

• Level Four Include those who are primarily unskilled workers without any qualifications. A and Five: few examples of these professions include; house keepers, general labourers, cleaners, office boys, etc.

The population and society within the UAE are very diverse. This has influenced different parts of the UAE in terms of architecture, cuisines, customs, and music. The integration and fusion of all these cultures have made the UAE a popular destination for expatriates. According to The National, within the UAE, the class system is based on income rather than nationality or background.

Figure 11: Different Nationalities of the UAE

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1.5 Environmental and Climatic conditions

The region of Sharjah has a hot desert with relatively warm winters, a sharp contrast to the extremely hot and humid summers. Sharjah bears similar climatic conditions to Dubai. The temperatures are highest during August, and lowest during January. Temperatures during January can go as low as 13C. During the summer in August temperatures go as high as 47C. There is not much rainfall in the area; however, light rains are quite common during November and May. In a year, the average rainfall is 97mm.

The Emirate is situated in the northeastern part of the Arabian Peninsula. The closest Ocean to Sharjah is the Persian Gulf. The Emirate has many diverse regions and small towns like Al Dhaid, Khorfakkan, and many more.The towns have the environment to grow and produce fruits and vegetables at a large scale. There are also seaside villages. While Sharjah is in a desert region, it is rich in fauna and flora and home to about 3000 plants and more than 100 species of birds and animals.

Sharjah is very diverse when it comes to nature. The Emirate is home to mangroves, mountains, deserts and beaches. Sharjah has the Wasit nature reserves, which is a beautiful nature reserve located on the Sharjah Ajman border. This flourishing wetland is home to 150 species of birds, both migratory and sedentary throughout the year. Also, natural lagoons and water bodies are supported by underground water channels flowing from Hatta Mountain and Al Falaj areas. I would like to integrate the nature and greenery Sharjah has within my project to reflect this aspect. I would like my project to reflect the nature within Sharjah by integrating greenery native to this emirate.

As the UAE is home to many plant species, there are many laws and regulations set in place to preserve them and make sure they remain untouched or disturbed. Within the UAE in 2017, 43 nature reserves have been listed as wetlands of international importance by the Ramsar Convention.

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Figure 12: Sharjah Wasit Nature Reserve

Figure 13: Sharjah animal species

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1.6 Advantages of Living in Sharjah 1.6.1 Affordability Everything is much more affordable in Sharjah. Whether we are discussing rent, schools, or entertainment, it is all much cheaper in this emirate when compared to Dubai. Many residents who live in Sharjah work in Dubai. The reason for this is its stark contrast in prices. When comparing the cost of living between Dubai and Sharjah, there is a clear difference between the two emirates.

These statistics will give a clearer understanding of why so many people choose to live in Sharjah and commute to Dubai on a daily basis. Consumer prices in Sharjah are 22.41% lower than in Dubai. Rent prices in Sharjah are 52.47% lower than in Dubai.

For example in 2018, rents for one bedroom apartments in Sharjah ranged from 14,000 to 20,000 dhs, whereas in Dubai, prices easily hit 30,000dhs. Sharjah apartments are not only much cheaper but also very spacious. Even in terms of essential shopping, most items are much cheaper, especially in the grocery stores. Groceries prices in Sharjah are 22.41% lower than in Dubai. Overall after averaging multiple factors, Expatistan has reached the verdict that the Cost of living in Sharjah is 23% less than in Dubai.

Besides how affordable everything is, Sharjah has fantastic authentic street food of all cultures and cuisines. This attracts residents of all nationalities to try a variety of different foods. The food in Sharjah is supposedly also 18% less than that of its sister emirate.

1.6.2 Accessibility

All amenities are located closely and very conveniently. Most residential neighbourhoods are accessed with supermarkets, restaurants, and hospitals. There are also multiple mosques situated in close proximity to all buildings. Many residents in Sharjah have stated that they would not move out of the Emirate despite working in Dubai. Ehab, who works as an engineer in Dubai and resides in Sharjah, said, “I don’t believe that moving will solve my mobility issues – plus I would rather live in Sharjah despite my daily struggles. Because the environment that it offers suits the dynamics of my family far more than the other emirates. As of now, I want to stay where I am.”

Statistics from the Dubai Statistic Centre revealed that over 1 million UAE residents work in Dubai but choose to live in one of the other Emirates, including Sharjah. In order for such a large percentage of Sharjah’s population to commute successfully between the Emirates it is important to have viable methods of public transport. 21 different buses commute to different routes in and out of Sharjah. A single fare costs only 6 dhs, making it an affordable method of transportation. Besides public busses, there is also the option of taxis, ride hailing services such as Uber, and car hire. This multitude of public transport within the city and heading outwards gives the residents many options for transportation. However, despite there being a variety of transportation methods, the problem of traffic and difficulty parking still persists in the city.

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Figure 14: Price Comparison of groceries found at local stores in Dubai and Sharjah

Figure 15: Price Comparison of meals between Dubai and Sharjah

Figure 16: Price Comparison of means of Transportation between Dubai and Sharjah

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Figure 17: Passengers boarding intercity Sharjah Buses

Figure 18: Sharjah bus shelter

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Figure 19: Sharjah Taxi

Figure 20: Local Supermarket

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1.6.3 Ideal for families

Sharjah is an ideal emirate for families to live and raise their children in. This is because most residential neighbourhoods within the Emirate have access to many facilities and necessities like groceries and pharmacies. Besides this, there are also malls and parks close by making it child friendly. Many residents who grew up in Sharjah have also stated that they would like their children to grow up surrounded by a similar atmosphere. This is due to the community heritage that Sharjah is known for. Certain residential neighbourhoods in Sharjah are lucky enough to be in close proximity to nurseries and schools for children and university students. This makes it a great location to raise children and families.

Sharjah’s project “Sharjah Child Friendly City Project” aims to make Sharjah a candidate city for UNICEF’s global “Child Friendly Cities Initiative.” The motive is to encompass all children and youth living in the area, targeting the ages of 0-18 years.

The Emirate has a wide range of zoos, farms, and wildlife centres which are popular destinations amongst families with children. Places like Al Noor Island, Arabian Wildlife Center, Sharjah Aquarium, Sharjah Science Museum, and even Al Montazah Parks are within close range to the city centre and provide a lot of fun and entertainment to families and individuals of all ages.

According to TripAdvisor, all these projects have a 5-star rating given by the visitors and with a minimum of 50 reviews. For example, Al Montazah Parks has 1,220 positive ratings from visitors who ticked the “excellent” option out of 1,287, who rated it less than it. Due to the abundance of heritage, entertainment, and educational potential these sites have, it is a learning experience for all.

Sharjah is also known for its family oriented events such as the Sharjah Light Festival, Children’s Reading Festival, Islamic Art Festival, Sharjah Film Festival and more. These events run annually and bring in a large amount of visitors. The Children’s Reading Festival is the most popular event which is held at the Expo Centre in Sharjah. This event brought in over 300,000 visitors in 2019. The Light Festival lights up all landmarks and government buildings throughout the region in variety of bright colours. These events are admired and appreciated by all residents in the emirate.

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Figure 21: Popular destinations in Sharjah

Figure 22: Family playing in Sharjah Park

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Figure 23: Sharjah’s Largest fountain in Al Majaz Waterfront

Figure 24: Restaurants and Cafe’s at Al Majaz Waterfront

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Figure 25: Vistors at the Children Reading Festival

Figure 26: Vistors at the Children Reading Festival

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Figure 27: Al Noor Mosque during Sharjah Light Festival

Figure 28: Building in Al Qasba during Sharjah Light Festival

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Figure 29: Sharjah Light Festival

Figure 30: Film Screening during Sharjah Film Festival

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1.7 Disadvantages 1.7.1 Concerns of Residents As Sharjah is very densely populated, the need for parking spaces is very high. Time and time again, residents have complained due to the lack of spaces available due to overcrowding.

This lack has forced many to resort to obstructive parking. Due to how crowded the Emirate is, one of the biggest concerns for residents is mobility issues.

In 2015, Sharjah Police got about 245 calls daily about motorists complaining about obstructive parking. In many cases where motorists park their cars in sandy areas, which become makeshift parking lots, many leave their phone numbers on the windshield of the car they block for when the blocked car needs to be removed. This problem is seen multiple times in crowded areas like Abu Shagara.

1.7.2 Unplanned Parking Due to the abundance of Sharjah complaints regarding parking issues, the municipality aims to include as many areas available and convert them into paid parking zones to prevent misuse.

In 2019 the Sharjah Municipality targeted to add 5,000 parking spaces. In 2018 they managed to convert a number of empty sandy areas into proper parking zones with 2,700 slots.

One of the biggest problems that come with unplanned parking and free sandy areas is that many motorists take advantage of the free areas and park their vehicles there for long periods, making it difficult for others to find parking slots.

The aim of these paid parking zones is to save drivers from being discouraged from parking for indefinite periods of time. Parking rates are particular to different areas. Fees are structured based on three factors; residents of an area, shop owners, and finally, customers.

Sharjah Municipality had launched an awareness drive called “Parking Space for your happiness� to promote the new services launched in the Emirate. While the municipality has aims and solutions to reduce this issue, it is still a major cause for concern. According to the National UAE paper, many residents of Al Majaz have resorted to parking in different neighbourhoods and taking taxis home. In 2012, the municipality announced work on new multi-storey car parks in the emirate. This project cost Dhs 125 million. Unfortunately, 8 years later, the problem of parking still persists despite their efforts as the population continues to grow steadily.

In January 2020, the Sharjah municipality had revealed a trial period for smart cars equipped with technologies that would assist inspection staff in monitoring parking violations. These smart cars are currently operating in the field, experimentally monitoring violations without registering any violations. These smart cars are equipped with many cameras and sensors to monitor violations. Every smart car can monitor 3,000 vehicles per hour. As the Emirate has 40 thousand parking places, a more efficient method of the inspection was necessary to monitor parking problems.

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Figure 31: Unorganized parking lot in Sharjah

Figure 32: Unorganized parking lot in Al Majaz area

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Figure 33: Unbuilt Muncipality Parking building

Figure 34: Multistorey Parking Building Under Construction

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Figure 35: Paid Parking spots in Sharjah

Figure 36: Organized open parking lot

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1.7.3 Need for more Public Spaces

Sharjah has succeeded in including multiple indoor and outdoor facilities for the public. This ranges from large modern malls fitted with many facilities to small museums or art galleries. There are large-scale outdoor projects in Sharjah, such as Majaz Waterfront, Al Qasba, and Al Noor Island, close to the city centre. These projects are closely located together, which increases the value of the area greatly. This residential area attracts a large number of tourists as well as residents from different nationalities due to the abundance of amenities nearby.

However, most of Sharjah’s amenities besides these are located quite far from the central city such as Sharjah National Park, Arabian Wildlife Center. Aside from these, most of Sharjah’s attractions are focused on art or museums.

Nonetheless for the rest of Sharjah that’s not on the border of the sea or the beach, there is a lack of leisure activities. I feel all neighbourhoods could be enhanced by taking similar concepts of Majaz Waterfront with its walking belt, play area, cafes and green spaces, but at a smaller scale to provide entertainment and a leisure outlet. Most neighbourhoods are fitted with a small park in order to satisfy the residents. Besides the community parks, there is a lack of public spaces within the majority of these neighbourhoods. Residents in these areas could greatly benefit from a public plaza or a space dedicated for themselves without having to drive elsewhere to enjoy leisurely activities. There is a lack of public spaces in a walking distance within the majority of these neighbourhoods.

To summarise this chapter, I would say that Sharjah is the Emirate that is home to a large population of multinationals. While the Emirate has provided its residents with public features like Al Majaz Waterfront and Qasba, its residents at a larger distance away from the city centre or the sea do not have many amenities. The emirate has a very densely populated community that would benefit greatly from small plazas placed within communities.

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Figure 37: Men resting in their truck

Figure 38: Men resting in their truck

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Figure 39: Boys playing in the Heritage Museum

Figure 40: Game of cricket being played on the streets

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Figure 41: Game of cricket being played on the streets

Figure 42: Children playing on the roads of Abu Shagara

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Understanding how public spaces can transform areas from empty and underused, to thriving hubs for community and shared experience.

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Chapter 2: Public Space & Community

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2.1 Main Features of a Public Plaza

Characteristics of successful public plaza or gathering spots include a realm that promotes social interaction and a sense of community. Examples of these spaces can include plazas, town squares, marketplaces, and public greens, etc. These spaces aim to promote human contact and social activities. They are a safe and welcoming space for all users and visitors. They have design and architectural features that are aesthetically pleasing and interesting. Community involvement is one of the key features of a successful plaza. Small plazas placed in neighbourhoods should generally reflect the local culture or history of the place but at the same time have its own identity and be unique.

Public Plazas require activities that make the space attractive for people to come and participate in. These activities can range anywhere between commerce, entertainment, performances, recreational, cultural, etc.

2.2 Benefits of a Public Plaza

Plazas around the world have been known to enhance local economic vitality, pedestrian mobility, access to public transit, and safety. For example, looking at the dense city of New York as a case study. The city lacks open space, especially in high pedestrian activity areas or low-income neighbourhoods. Underutilized spaces in Pearl Street in New York, are used for parking.

Replacing a plaza with activities seating and stalls in its place creates a pedestrian destination, builds community partnerships, and supports local development. Plazas are public squares that act as “crossroads for human activity�.

A study in Perth, Australia, investigated the effects of parks on residents within proximity of 1.6km from homes. Their findings showed that there was a significant positive relationship between the number of parks within the neighbourhood and its effects on the mental health of the community. Similarly, another study done in Los Angeles, shows that the mental scores of adults living within 400m from parks were the highest compared to those who lived 800m away.

In European cities, which are typically denser than Australian cities, the small areas of public open spaces make neighbourhoods more pleasant and benefits the community by enhancing mental health and increased life satisfaction.

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Figure 43: Pearl Street in New York, Underutilized spaces used for parking.

Figure 44: Pearl Street in New York, Piaza created with seating and planting.

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2.3 How Public Spaces Strengthen Community

Public Spaces all around the world have been utilized in ways to bring people together. These places have been converted into functional spaces that bring business and jobs for people, and at the same time, connect the community. Public areas shape community ties in neighborhoods and are the perfect environment for interactions. These spaces not only help people feel better by improving their wellbeing but also makes them more active. These spaces should reflect the diversity and would encourage people to live effortlessly.

It’s important to have a sense of local identity within these public hotspots. One of the biggest points that public spaces tackle is improving social participation. According to the study done

by Soul of the Community in 2008-2010, findings show that social offerings in beautiful spaces are the primary drivers for community attachment. These spots spark economic growth and foster attachment. The study shows that there is a strong positive correlation between resident attachment and local GDP growth.

Multiple functions can be seen within a public plaza that sparks people’s interest and boosts the local economy. For example, shops, restaurants, cafes, and other features all have the potential to intrigue visitors.

There are areas in Sharjah such as Rolla, which is a public open souq where multiple objects like fabrics, food, clothing, and more are sold. This space gathers people from all over Sharjah and creates an abundance of jobs. Many of the workers or labourers who can be seen in the parking lots are unemployed and living in their trucks’ confined within the sandy areas. If there were a place that would create more jobs for these men and others within the neighbourhood, they would be able to live better, more comfortable lives. The workers in these areas come from many nationalities and are mostly lower class. The use of jobs has given them away to live better and created stability in their lives.

Besides market places, Dubai has a considerably larger amount of trendy open spaces for people to visit such as La Mer, City Walk, BoxPark, The Walk JBR, and more. The abundance of these public hotspots in Dubai can be seen lacking in Sharjah. For example, City walk is situated amongst many residential neighbourhoods such as Al Safa, Umm Suqeim, Jumeirah, Al Satwa, and Sheikh Zayed high-rise towers. Its accessibility and walkability of the area have made it a very popular hub among the community and residents nearby, as well as attracts visitors from further away distances.

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Figure 45: Public Street Markets

Figure 46: Public Street Markets

Figure 47: Public Street Markets

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Figure 48: Public Spaces in Dubai: La Mer

Figure 49: Public Spaces in Dubai: City Walk

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Figure 50: Public Spaces in Dubai: The Walk, JBR

Figure 51: Public Spaces in Dubai: Kite Beach

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2.4 Case Study of Public square: Jemaa el-Fna Square

Architect: Location: Marrakes, Morocco Project Year: 1922 Category: Cultural Square/ Souq BUA: Jemaa El Fna is a square that has developed itself over the years and become a prominent destination in the city. It is famous for its culture and heritage, and has been identified as a “Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity”by UNESCO in 2001.

This is one of Morocco’s largest and most popular destinations. It is a large market place situated in the main square of Marrakesh. Throughout the day the marketplace is crowded with food stalls, snake charmers, and water sellers. As the evening comes, the marketplace transforms into a more entertainment oriented marketplace. Dancers, peddlers, musicians, astrologers, and magicians surround the area adding to the entertainment. As night descends more food stalls appear.

Within the square, there are traditional souks where locals and tourists can enjoy tourist shops and cafes. Another section of the square is home to more cafes and gardens and is considered the quieter section of this area. This location is home to multiple activities and constantly changing shops and stalls. There is also a street theater in the area.

The spectacle of this square is that it’s events are repeated daily yet each day it is different as everything changes. Jemaa El-Fna square has become a symbol of the county due to its focus on cultural traditions performed through musical, religious, and artistic expressions.

This case study shows how a bustling marketplace with a variety of different services and features can bring together communities and become an attraction and a focal point within the neighbourhood. This marketplace gives lots of job opportunities to a large demographic of people as they are allowed to have their own stalls and make money without restrictions.

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Figure 52: Jemaa el-Fna Square

Figure 53: Stall in Jemaa el-Fna Square

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Figure 54: Market Place in Jemaa el-Fna Square

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Figure 55: Market Place in Jemaa el-Fna Square

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My project proposal and its characterists that will respond to the issues highlighted in previous chapters.

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Chapter 3: Project Proposal

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3.1 Public Plaza

After analysing Sharjah’s neighbourhoods, there is room for opportunity where an additional feature can be used in order to enhance the livability and wellbeing of the residents. I propose to redefine neighbourhoods by adding elevated public plazas above the multiple sandy lots in Sharjah.

My proposition is to create a space created for the people. I want to create elevated plazas above multiple open ground parking lot spaces between the residential buildings. These plazas will provide shade for the cars parked below and will not take up much space on the ground.

There will be a gathering space or hotspot within the plazas that will create a lot of attention and interest for people in the surrounding buildings. The plaza is a multipurpose facility that can serve as a weekly marketplace where residents can take part in by having their stalls. It aims to be a congregational space and a recreational meeting point.

The floating or elevated plaza reflects the identity of the expats. They don’t have their roots placed firmly in the country; however, they still have a place there. The plaza has a sense of symbolism. It will be placed in Sharjah as it is home to a very diverse multicultural community and, at the same time, is very affordable. The reason I have chosen the site to be over parking lots is due to the accessibility of these spaces. Residential areas in Sharjah consist of three main features; buildings, small community parks, and parking lots. I want to make use of these vast parking lots by creating a point of interest which would allow residents to participate and be involved in their neighbourhood. A space that people will appreciate and connect to will help them feel more in touch with their neighbourhood.

In the Emirate focused on the Beduin heritage and history of Sharjah, I want to create spaces of distinction more oriented towards the majority population of expats. The exterior of these would reflect the architecture of Sharjah, whereas the interior would be a contrast of a combination of cultures and be a hub for the expats of the community. This public plaza has the potential to bring multiple jobs to people and reduce unemployment in the area.

Street markets all around the world have attracted a wide range of visitors, tourists, and residents. This can be seen in the souk or marketplaces in Al Rolla, Sharjah. In Dubai these markets can be seen in Deira. They are a cultural hub infused with many Asian products and food, as well as products that are based in the UAE like clothes or Oud. These marketplaces invite a huge amount of visitors. Having smaller scale projects such as these would benefit the community by giving them jobs, a market place to shop and enjoy.

The Spot is a public hotspot in Milwaukee designed by 4MKE. This public space was created by converting a portion of a parking lot into a fun community setting for the residents nearby. Residents enjoy food prepared by local vendors, live performances and games for children.

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Figure 56: The Spot-4MKE. Parking Lot in Milwaukee: Before

Figure 57: The Spot-4MKE. Parking Lot in Milwaukee: After

67

Figure 58: Visitors lounging in The Spot

68

Figure 59: Children playing in The Spot

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3.2 Affordable Architecture for the Community

The project should reflect its setting and not stand out individually. The aim is to create a project that feels like something that belongs and enhances the area rather than something misplaced. In residential areas like Al Qasimiya or Abu Shargara, the majority of the population is middle class with the exception of lower class and higher class. Whereas Al Majaz consists of high rise buildings facing the Corniche. The residents within this area are mostly higher class and middle class. The aim is to design an affordable structure so that it can be built and adapted to multiple areas throughout the emirate.

Similarly, the same way parking rates is specific to different sectors in the Emirate, the architecture of the plaza can reflect the community in the area. This plaza would use materials that are sustainable, recyclable and reusable.

3.3 Elevated Architecture

As my proposal is to be elevated above the lots in order to not disturb or add to the parking problem in Sharjah. Elevated architecture is best suited for densely populated cities throughout the world. These structures minimize their footprint.

The plazas which I am proposing would be elevated to prevent any destruction of open sandy lots which would add to the ongoing parking problem that the emirate faces. These plazas would be multipurpose permanent structures to bring the community together and improve communication and connections.

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Figure 60: Architecture designed using local materials : Al Seef

Figure 61: Example of Elevated Architecture: Unilever Building In Rotterdam

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Learning from examples of projects which succesfully tackle similar issues in terms of design and purpose.

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Chapter 4: Case Studies

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4.1 Case Study 1: Metropol Parasol

Architect: J.Mayer H. Architects Location: Seville, Spain Project Year: 2011 Category: Public Plaza BUA: 5,000m² A popular example of elevated architecture with similar aspects to the Plaza that I propse is the Metropol Parasol in Spain. The Metropol Parasol is situated within the density of Seville. It has a unique, organic space that allows a wide range of activities to be performed. This infrastructure was a force that created a lot of movement and activity at the square and transformed it into a social and cultural hub where residents, visitors, and tourists can gather. The square under the Metropol Parasol used to operate as a parking lot. However, due to the structure acting as a shaded structure, the space below has converted into a more liveable structure.

The functions within the structure range from an archaeological museum, a farmers market, an elevated plaza, bars, and restaurants, as well as a panoramic terrace. The materials used include timber with a polyurethane coating. This creates a relationship between the historic city and the contemporary city. Its multicultural mix used program allows for the development of culture and commerce within the heart of the city.

This case study shows how an elevated structure can transform the underutilised space below into a functional gathering space due to the shading of the structure above. It also demonstrates how to integrate an elevated structure within a very densely populated city is the most ideal way to make the most of the space without overcrowding, yet at the same time having a maximum number of functions and amenities within.

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Figure 62: Metropol Parasol Exterior

Figure 63: Metropol Parasol Exterior

75

Figure 64: Metropol Parasol Exterior

Figure 65: Metropol Parasol Exterior

76

Figure 66: Metropol Parasol Exterior

Figure 67: Metropol Parasol Exterior

77

Figure 68: Site Plan

Figure 69: Program

78

Figure 70: Section Of Metropol Marasol

Figure 71: Section Of Metropol Marasol

Figure 72: Elevation Of Metropol Marasol

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4.2 Case Study 2: Muscat’s Marsa Plaza

Architect: ACME Location: Oman Project Year: 2019 Category: Public Plaza BUA: 5500m² In 2019 Oman completed a 5500m² outdoor public plaza. This project was designed by ACME. The materials and patterns of the shading canopy have been based and developed from the local context, such as Omani stone and patterns based on the traditional geometries and vernacular types. The aim of the structure is not just as an amenity for the local community but to be used as a destination for the wider public. The glazed facades are sheltered by screens and canopy overhangs that allow for a pleasant microclimate within. This reduces the need for climate control.

This public square is the first in Muscat. It is situated in a prime location of Al Mouj, Muscat, to gather residents and visitors to enjoy cultural activities and events that take place in the plaza.

The plaza has multiple amenities and facilities such as outdoor cafes, stage area for installation and events, public shaded seating areas, interactive water feature, meeting areas for families, and walking trails.

This case study shows how the use of having a public square with basic amenities and lots of open space creates opportunity, can easily attract visitors, and improve the standard of the area. The shading device used in this design also reflects the deisgn used throughout the project.

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Figure 73: Muscat Marsa Plaza Exterior

Figure 74: Muscat Marsa Plaza Exterior

81

Figure 75: Muscat Marsa Plaza Aerial View

Figure 76: Muscat Marsa Plaza Exterior

82

Figure 77: Muscat Marsa Plaza Exterior

Figure 78: Muscat Marsa Plaza Exterior

83

Figure 79: Site Plan

Figure 80: Ground Floor

84

Figure 81: Section

Figure 82: Sections

85

4.3 Case Study 3: Urban Island (Unbuilt Project)

Architect: Erick Krsitanto Location: Seattle, USA Project Year: Unbuilt Category: Multipurpose Sports Park BUA: This unbuilt proposal is set in the dense city of Seattle and is designed by Erick Krsitanto. The concept for this project revolved around activities and objects in a park setting. The architect did not want to take up grass space for activities, so he designed an elevated pavilion that had facilities above, such as areas for sports, entertainment, education, cultural activities, shops or food vendors, and even a swimming pool. For the circulation within and into the pavilion, the architect has provided visitors with a jogging ramp, a bike ramp, stairs, and an elevator.

The space below the platform is open, which allows the green park space below to be completely maximised. The space below is not allotted to any particular programs as the aim is to keep it open for lounging, strolling, and relaxing without any obstructions from the ongoing park activities held above. The platform has a space within the center to allow the sun to shine down into the grass below. The variety of vertical circulation provided within the structure is developed to meet the user’s preferences and encourage them to lead and maintain a more active life.

The aim of this project is to separate park activity from nature. This allows residents and city dwellers to maximise the green spaces they have without losing any activities. With the use of an elevated project, the visitors benefit from cultural and exercise aspects as well as greenery to relax.

This case study can show how elevated structures situated in densely populated cities can affect the area positively. Creating elevated architecture helps preserve what is below without eliminating any of the existing space.

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Figure 83: Urban Island Exterior Renders

Figure 84: Urban Island Exterior Renders

87

Figure 85: Urban Island Interior Renders

Figure 86: Urban Island Exterior Renders

88

Figure 87: Urban Island Interior Renders

Figure 88: Urban Island Interior Renders

89

Figure 89: Site Plan

Figure 90: Section

90

Figure 91: Ground Floor

Figure 92: Functions

91

Figure 93: Activity Sports Functions

Figure 94: Concept

92

Figure 95: Circulation Diagram

Figure 96: Events Diagram

93

94

Figure 97: Concept Diagrams

95

4.4; Case Study 4; Tenri Station Plaza

Architect: Nendo Location: Japan Project Year: 2017 Category: Public Plaza / Train Station BUA: 6,000m² This 6,000 square meter plaza is situated in Japan, and was built in 2017 by the architect Nendo.

This large project’s plan includes cafes, shops, bicycle rentals, a play area, an outdoor stage, a meeting space, and an information kiosk. The main goal of this project was to encourage the local community to gather by providing a space for events, tourist information, and leisure facilities for local residents. The plaza in itself is an ambiguous space that is entirely a cafe, a playground, and a large piece of furniture altogether.

Tenri Station in Nara, Japan is the main train station in the city, connected by two rail lines and serves roughly 10,000 people per day. Before the plaza was built, the area bustled with people during peak commute times but remained deserted during the rest of the day.

The design of this plaza was inspired by old tombs called ‘Cofun’ and consists of multiple capsules. Within these Cofun, there are multiple features and working spaces for people to explore and enjoy. They are arranged at different heights and consist of a play space for children, a lounge, a study space for reading books, and a stage for public screenings.

This case study can show how a public facility or space can transform an area completely from solely a train station to a public hub. This plaza became a focal point for all ages of people, residents, and visitors.

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Figure 98: Tenri Station Exterior

Figure 99: Tenri Station Exterior

97

Figure 100: Tenri Station Exterior

Figure 101: Tenri Station Exterior

98

Figure 102: Tenri Station Interior

Figure 103: Tenri Station Exterior

99

Figure 105: Concept

Figure 106: Section

100

Figure 107: Program

101

4.5; Case Study 5: The Court

Architect: Rozana Montiel, Alvin V Wallach Location: Veracruz, Mexico Project Year: 2016 Category: Community Centre BUA: 788m² The Court is a project that acts as an indoor court that optimizes a restricted space to generate a varied activity program. The project is situated within a public housing unit located in the port of Veracruz. The court initially was uncovered and underused public space. Due to extensive abrasion and exposure from the elements, ( sun, heat, rain), a pitched portico style cover was designed. The pitchde room covers the existing plaza and leaves a portion open for outdoor seating and trees.

The sheltered section is a double height space that allows for a multipurpose sports field,as well as enclosed spaces like recreational areas for children, activity rooms and bathrooms. There are mezzanines on the upper level which allows the public to observe the activities going on below. The court below has been used widely for sports games, a barbershop and even a study area for children.

As the site is close to the ocean, the architects had to choose durable and efficient materials.

They used steel for the main structure of the portico, and the enclosed areas are filled in with bricks. The architects also used patterned bricks to allow air to pass through within certain areas of the project. This also creates geometric shadows throughout the day.

This case study shows how an enclosed sheltered structure can build life and create interaction in a place that was once under utilised due to harsh climatic conditions.

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Figure 108: The Court

Figure 109: The Court

103

Figure 110: Program Ground Floor

Figure 111: Program Ground Floor

104

Figure 112: Program Ground Floor

105

Figure 113: Elevation

106

Figure 114: Extruded Axonometric

107

4.6; Case Study 6: Shanghai Nanxiang Neighborhood Center Architect: XYP Design+Technology Location: Shanghai, China Project Year: 2018 Category: Community Center BUA: 12,000m² This community center was designed not only to be a place for commerce or entertainment, but also a place that provides public services and communication opportunities for its neighbourhood. The design concept was to reflect and embody the traditional spatial context of villages with the use of courtyards in modern architecture. This design aspect of using semi public and public spaces, creates social links between neighbours and people.

This community centre consists of several courtyards placed in different levels to mirror the organization of old villages in Nanxiang that have disappeared due to urbanization. These “squares” provide space for communication and gathering. There are stairs leading above to different levels of green platforms and other amenities. The community centre consists of main features such as a small library, tea rooms, health centers, gymnasiums, community organizations, and even an underground supermarket for the surrounding residents. From the exterior the community centre looks like a typical modern four story building. However its spatial identity is consistent with those seen in traditional villages. The project is also called a “Sky Village”due to its lifted courtyards.

This project shows the necessity of designing a space with the main idea of providing space for communication opportunities. This center displays how to design a modern center for the residents in the neighbourhood with many amenities, while reflecting and representing the heritage and background of the city.

Overall, the case studies selected provided me with different methods of creating elevated structures. It gives a better understanding of the different types of functions that could be integrated in order to improve wellbeing and the mental health of the society. It shows the importance of creating public spaces, as they have the potential of improving the value of the neighbourhood as well.

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Figure 115: Shanghai Nanxiang Neighbourhood Centre Exterior

Figure 116: Shanghai Nanxiang Neighbourhood Centre Exterior

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Figure 117: Shanghai Nanxiang Neighbourhood Centre Exterior

Figure 118: Shanghai Nanxiang Neighbourhood Centre Exterior

110

Figure 119: Shanghai Nanxiang Neighbourhood Centre Exterior

Figure 120: Shanghai Nanxiang Neighbourhood Centre Exterior

111

Figure 121: Site Plan

Figure 122: Floor Plan

112

Figure 123: Top View

113

Figure 124: Extruded Axonometric

114

Figure 125: Elevation

Figure 126: Section

115

4.7; Case Study 7: Chongqing Toayuanju Community Centre Architect: Vector Architects Location: Chongqing, China Project Year: 2015 Category: Community Center BUA: 10,000m² This community center is located in the mountains of Toayuan Park. The center has three main programs; a cultural, athletic, and a public health center. These three independent buildings are connected by a continuous roof creating one unified volume. The project also consists of two courtyards; a sloped garden and a green plaza where community activities and gatherings can take place. The design concept was to fuse the architectural form and the hilly landscape together.

The community centres bring forth various types of people including regular citizens, residents within the neighbourhood, as well as users and staff of the center. The design therefore considers factors such behavioural patterns of the visitors such as strolling, gathering, performing, reading, training, exercising, health consulting and more. There are designated spaces for these behaviours as well as open fluid spaces. The aim of this community centre is to create public energy of urban life within the city.

The program of this project includes a playground, reading areas, bookstore, medical centre, cultural center, gym, restaurants, music room, multifunction room, badminton court, resting areas, outdoor swimming pool, resting areas, a yoga room, etc. The layout of all these functions are laid out over the span of three levels.

This case study shows how to design a space with a large range of outdoor and indoor facilities that directly affect the wellbeing of people positively. The program of this centre is wide so it creates interest in a diverse range of people of different age groups. This project shows that even if it isn’t within the main proximity of a neighbourhood, it still attracts many visitors due to its functions.

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Figure 127: Chongqing Toayuanju Centre Exterior

Figure 128: Chongqing Toayuanju Centre Exterior

117

Figure 129: Chongqing Toayuanju Centre Interior

Figure 130: Exterior

118

Figure 131: Chongqing Toayuanju Centre Interior

Figure 132: Upper Level

119

Figure 133: Chongqing Toayuanju Centre Interior

Figure 134: Sport Court

120

Figure 135: Chongqing Toayuanju Centre Stteps

Figure 136: Landscape

121

Figure 137: Ground Floor

122

Figure 138: First Floor

123

Figure 139: Second Floor

124

Figure 140: Roof Plan

125

Figure 141: Extruded Axonometric Diagram

126

Figure 142: Elevations and Section

127

Chongqing Taoyuanju Community Center Floor

Function

Quantity

Total Area (sqm)

Playground

1

144

Children's Medical Center

1

108

Examination Room

12

251

Waiting Area

1

58

Operating Room

5

162

Meeting Room

5

161

Lobby

1

233

Reading Area

1

427

Bookstore

9

104

Meeting Room

3

225

Classroom

5

175

Resting Area

2

112

Ground Floor

2321 First Floor Outdoor Terrace

1

2213

Entrance hall

3

510

Lobby

1

259.54

Resting Area

1

100

Infusion Area

1

150

Laboratory

4

127.36

Class Room

6

265.90

Dancing Room

4

287.76

Music Room

7

210.87

Gym

1

187.68

Multifunction Room

1

206.80

Dressing Room

1

131.3

Baminton Court

8

1410

Restaurant

1

380 6436

Second Floor Resting Area

1

219

Chess Room

10

522

Aerobics Area

1

288

Gym

1

152.9

Spinning Room

1

97

Yoga Room

1

243

Outdoor Swimming Pool

1

500 2021

128

Third Floor Cultural Center

1

2450

Sport Center

1

3381

Community Health Centre

1

1413

Restaurant

1

422

Outdoor Swimming Pool

1

500

Green Area

1

4822 12988

Area Analysis Table

129

The process of selecting potential sites that would respond well to my project proposal using a curated criteria. An indepth site analysis is conducted to come to the conclusion regarding which site would benefit the most from my proposal.

130

Chapter 5: Site Selection and Site Analysis

131

5.1 Site Selection

For the the site selection for my project, I focused on residential areas in Sharjah. My primary focus was choosing a residential neighbourhood that was densely populated and had potential for development. I researched popular neighbourhoods in the area and selected sites that had many buildings and lots of open sandy lots. I narrowed this search down more and looked into areas that lacked in leisurely functions and spaces such as parks and spaces designed for pedestrians. This lack would allow my project to fulfill the needs and provide activities and leisurely facilities for the residesnt there.

During the selection process I looked for areas that had connected sandy lots which would create a unique sprawling site. This would allow my project to have an interesting spatial arrangement. One of the issues I aim to solve from my project’s desgn would be to link these lots with the local amenities provided and solve the issue of walkability in certain areas.

While my project is set to be focused mainly on the community and the residents of the buildings within the areas, another target of my project is to bring in visitors from around the emirate.

Due to this reason, another selection criteria I had was to be situated in an area that had access to main roads and was close to landmarks.

Using this criteria I selected 3 sites that are all close to Al Khalid Lake and are in close proximity to main roads. As my project is to be a community centre with both indoor and outdoor spaces, another criteria I had was that the area should not be too loud.

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5.2 Selection Criteria

The judgement criteria was created and altered to respond to the goal of the project. The criteria I have used for the selection of my sites are the following: • • • • • • •

Dense Residential Area Lots of Open Sandy Parking Areas Lack of Public Spaces Accesible to Greenery Lack Of Greenery Not Pedestrian Friendly Sound Levels

Using this Criteria the 3 potential sites I have chosen are: • Site A: Abu Shagara • Site B: Al Majaz • Site C: Al Tawuun These three sites satisfy the criteria and all have different spatial configurations and issues that I would be able to solve using design. All selected sites would benefit greatly with the use of my project.

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5.3 Selected Sites

134

Site A: Abu Shagara: 37,492 sqm

Site B: Al Majaz 2: 33,047sqm

Site C: Al Tawuun: 31,339 sqm

135

5.4 Site Analysis: Amenities

In this site analysis I have highlighted some of the basic amenities provided in the area that residents require. This gives me an idea of how developed the area is and which facilities are more common. By understanding which amenities are most common in the sites, I am able to get a sense of what the residents and locals of the area prefer or lack.

Site A: Abu Shagara

136

Site B: Al Majaz 2

Site C: Al Tawuun

137

Site Analysis: Landscape

In this site analysis I show the proximity of the site to nature and recreational areas such as parks.

By understanding whether or not these locations are enriched with nature I will be able to analyse which sites would benefit most from the use of parks and other outdoor spaces.

Site A: Abu Shagara

138

Site B: Al Majaz 2

Site C: Al Tawuun

139

Site Analysis: Accessibility

In this site analysis I show the access points around these areas. I am able to understand the level of walkability in the area and whether or not it is pedestrian friendly. These diagrams show the level of local roads and main roads provided within the areas.

Site A: Abu Shagara

140

Site B: Al Majaz 2

Site C: Al Tawuun

141

Site Analysis: Sound

In this site analysis I can understand which parts of the sites are the loudest and not the most suited for outdoor spaces.

Key Loudest

Site A: Abu Shagara

142

Quietest

Key Loudest

Quietest

Site B: Al Majaz 2

Key Loudest

Quietest

Site C: Al Tawuun

143

Site Pictures Site A- Abu Shagara

144

1.

2.

145

3.

4.

146

5

6.

147

7.

8.

148

9.

10.

149

Site Pictures Site B- Al Majaz

150

1.

2.

151

3.

4.

152

5.

6.

153

7.

8.

154

9.

10.

155

Site Pictures Site C- Al Tawuun

156

1.

2.

157

3.

4.

158

5.

6.

159

7.

8.

160

9.

10.

161

Site Analysis: Selection Criteria Table

Judging from the criteria table I have determined that Site C, Al Tawuun, is the most suitable and would benefit most from my project.

The measurement used allows me to rate which sites have the most qualities of the criteria that I have highlighted.

162

Site Analysis: Site Dimensions

89.86

61.38

116.16 51.27

89.19 29.59

109.97 41.40

89.96

Site C: Al Tawuun = 31,339 sqm

163

Summer Solsitice: 6am

Summer Solsitice: 3pm

Summer Solsitice: 6pm

164

Winter Solsitice: 6am

Winter Solsitice: 3pm

Winterr Solsitice: 6pm

165

Sun Path Diagram

166

Key 0-5km/h 5-10km/h 10-15km/h 15/20km/h 20-25km/h 25-30km/h

Wind Rose Diagram

167

1 5

2

4

1

3 6 3

2

4

Key

7

5

1

Expo Centre Sharjah

2

Al Arab Mall

3

Victoria International School

4

Egyptian Trade Centre

5

Al Khan Lagoon

6

Safeer mall

7

Ansar mall

6

7

Nearby Landmarks

168

Public Acces: Bus Stops

24 13 42

40

12

20 13 27

13

16 14 13

3

25

22

13

13 13

20

21

27

21 13

22

26

13

22 17 27

23

32

24

11 11

11

18 18 16

17

21

18

40 2

28

18

25 22

23

28

18

19 21

26 19

20

19

20 13

Building Heights (No. of Floors)

169

5.5 Spatial Program Sector

Space

Area (sqm)

Quantity

Total Area (sqm)

Entertainment Public Plaza

400

1

400

Market Place

300

2

600

Food & Drink

300

2

600

Exhibition Space

300

1

300

Multipurpose Hall

300

2

600

Community Services Room

20

1

20

Multipurpose Rooms

40

5

200

Park

600

1

600

Salon

40

1

40 3,360

Shopping Grocery

50

2

100

Retail Stores

50

6

300

Clinic

50

1

50 450

Education Study Rooms

25

5

Computer Room

50

1

125 50

Workshops

60

3

180

DayCare

150

1

150

Library

300

1

300 805

Sports Activity Sports Courts

300

4

1200

Gym

200

1

200

Studio

70

3

210

Walking track

150

1

150

Cycling track

210

1

210 1970

Miscellaneous Lobby

100

2

200

Offices

30

5

150

Prayer Room

60

1

60 410

BOH Storage

12

4

48

Security

25

2

50

Restrooms

30

4

120

Kitchen

50

2

100 318

Parking Parking

2

7000

Total

17,175

Indoor

15,415

Outdoor

1,760

Circulation

170

-

20%

2862

Indoor/Outdoor

Public/Private

Capacity

Entertainment Both

Public

250

Both

Public

150

Both

Publlic

150

Indoor

Public

100

Indoor

Semi Public

100

Indoor

Semi Public

10

Indoor

Semi Public

15

Outdoor

Public

400

Indoor

Semi Public

15

Shopping Indoor

Public

20

Indoor

Public

25

Indoor

Private

20

Indoor

Semi Public

10

Indoor

Semi Public

20

Indoor

Semi public

20

Indoor

Semi Public

70

Indoor

Semi Public

120

Education

Sports Activity Both

Semi Public

60

Indoor

Semi Public

40

Indoor

Private

14

Outdoor

Public

40

Outdoor

Public

20

Miscellaneous Indoor

Public

Indoor

Private

40 5

Indoor

Private

30

BOH Indoor

Private

2

Indoor

Private

8

Indoor

Private

3

Indoor

Private

20

Parking Indoor

Public

250

171

5.6 Bubble Diagram Grocery BOH

Offices Park Market Place

Lobby

Offices

Food & Drink

Restrooms Public Semi Private Private Acces Points

172

Day Care

Public Plaza

Exhibition Space

Offices

Offices

Sports Facilities

Market Place

Multi Purpose Hall

Food & Drink

Multi Purpose Hall

Class rooms

Offices

Lobby

Library

Restrooms

Services Workshops

173

5.7 Relationship Matrix

Key Should Possible Would be Nice

174

175

Brainstorming ideas and concepts that would be able reflect the characteristics and purpose of the project, as well as respond efficiently to the selected site.

176

Chapter 6: Concept Design Process

177

6.1 Concept Development

To create my concepts I first focused on my program and the elements that I wanted to be in my design. To name a few of the guidelines that I used to form my concepts; • • • •

Elevated Features Outdoor Park A ‘path’ the spans through the entire length of the sites A Functional Roof

The justification Key Concepts that I used to justify these guidelines were: Elevated features: To create space below for landscape, outdoor seating for visitors, as well as parking. Another reason for the elevation is to create distance from the project and the noisy two way Al Ittihad road which accommodates a full total of 10 lanes. Creates shaded areas below. Another reason I am keen on creating my outdoor spaces on an higher level as it is much safer for children to play in opposed to on the ground level where possibilities of children running onto the busy roads is possible.

Outdoor Park: There is a lack of greenery and outdoor spaces for people hence why a large outdoor park park is necessary.

Pathway: An elevated pathway that connects the sites above ground level is necessary so it doesn’t disrupt the roads below. The aim of the pathway is to create a pedestrian connection from Al Ittihad Road to the Expo Centre in Sharjah.

I’ve created multiple design concepts throughout the concept stage that accommodate these guidelines and create unique spatial environments. From all the design concepts that i’ve done, I have chosen three concepts to focus and develop. The three selected concepts are Ramps, The Ribbon and Enclosure.

178

Ramps

The Ribbon

Enclosure

179

6.2 Concept 1: Mood Board

Figure 143: Snohetta’s Proposal for New Nation Gallery and Ludwig Museum

Figure 144: Snohetta’s Proposal for New Nation Gallery and Ludwig Museum

180

Figure 145: BIG, Amager Bakker, Coopenhaagen

Figure 146: BIG, Amager Bakker, Coopenhaagen

181

Concept 2: Mood Board

Figure 147: 3LHD- Zamet Sports and Cultural Centre, Croatia

Figure 148: 3LHD- Zamet Sports and Cultural Centre, Croatia

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Figure 149: Perkins+Will “Green Ribbon Design” proposal for Heping Park, China

Figure 150: NEXT Architects, Lucky Knot Bridge, China

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Concept 3: Mood Board

Figure 151: Tabanlioglu Architects + Emre Arolat Architects, Zorlu Center, Turkey

Figure 152: Tabanlioglu Architects + Emre Arolat Architects, Zorlu Center, Turkey

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Figure 153: Tabanlioglu Architects + Emre Arolat Architects, Zorlu Center, Turkey

Figure 154: BIAD UFO- Beijing TV Studio

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6.3 Concept 1: Ramps

This concept uses ramps as circulation for my main pathway. The inclined roofs can accommodate parks and seating areas. In this design i’ve created 4 separate blocks each which cater to my different segments such as shopping, educational, sports and community.

Due to the design language of the ramps I was able to create shaded spaces below as well that can be used differently per site configuration.

With these concepts there are two access routes. One can be used directly from the ramp. And another from the interior of the buildings.

Keywords: Incline Slide Bridge Slope Vertical Angled Pathway Span Wings Track

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Concept 1: Physical Model Perspective 2

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6.4 Concept 2: The Ribbon

This concept includes fragmented stepped sections of different heights, lengths, and widths. The components of my project are linked by a large cascading ribbon that spans throughout the entire length of the project. This ribbon has potential to act as a pathway as well as a shading device.

This concept includes parks and greenery on the roofs of the buildings. The design of this concept creates a stacked or stepped effect in its elevations. As there is distance between the builing components this allows for rays of light to reach to the ground level. This allows the ground level to be used for not only parking but also creates interesting shaded areas below that can be used for seating.

Keywords: Fragmented Subtraction Angled Spatial Quality Uneven Disruptive Connected Snake-like Stepped Variety Unique Configurations

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6.5 Concept 3: Enclosure

The main idea of this concept is to create an enclosed floating platform to create a separation from the density of the residential buildings around. Another prominent feature of this concept is the inclined hill that connects the ground level to the top of the platform. The blocks lining the platform vary between functional spaces and walls. Placed on the platform include blocks with more programs. The enclosure creates a certain maze-like environment within.

As this concept acts as a floating structure, it creates a shaded a ground level that would be suited for parking, BOH functions, as well as seating areas. This elevated structure creates a sort of envelope that aims to make visitors feel as if they’ve entered a different place altogether. This special experience acts like a paradise island above that is surrounded functions and necessities solely based on the residents needs and wants. This concept integrates lots of greenery which creates an inviting connection from the ground level to the platform above. This creates a park like experience while being surrounded by indoor functions such as shops and restaurants.

Keywords: Secluded Hidden Inviting Floating Shelter Protection Island Excluded Oasis Envelope

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68. FI.jpg (2000×1333). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc.com/ media/images/5ef1/229e/b357/6529/f500/022a/large_jpg/FI.jpg?1592861306 69. images (259×194). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic. com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTzhZLfX5a3UPiA4tDDYPQyIIPfA7pKCiYa_g&usqp=CAU 70. images (259×194). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic. com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTzhZLfX5a3UPiA4tDDYPQyIIPfA7pKCiYa_g&usqp=CAU 71. images (259×194). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic. com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTzhZLfX5a3UPiA4tDDYPQyIIPfA7pKCiYa_g&usqp=CAU 72. DaqxlbmXcAEKrLH.jpg (1200×800). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://pbs. twimg.com/media/DaqxlbmXcAEKrLH.jpg 73. 131_ACME_016_Marsa_Plaza_Francisco_Nogueira.jpg (750×500). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5ef1/2062/b357/658c/7f00/03c8/ newsletter/131_ACME_016_Marsa_Plaza_Francisco_Nogueira.jpg?1592860736 74. images (275×183). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic. com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRtBJ16a1B-6NEGPXzxZQE3If_lemwSHPjxzw&usqp=CAU 75. 1599145506102131_ACME_018_Marsa-Plaza_Francisco-Nogueira_web.jpg (1680×1121). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://architizer-prod.imgix.net/media/mediadata/uploads/1599145506102131_ACME_018_Marsa-Plaza_Francisco-Nogueira_web.jpg?q=60&auto=format,compress&cs=strip&w=1680 76. Gallery of Muscat’s Marsa Plaza / ACME - 26. (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https:// www.archdaily.com/942196/muscats-marsa-plaza-acme/5ef11e45b3576529f500021c-muscats-marsa-plaza-acme-sections?next_project=no 77. 131-_Marsa_plaza-_ACME-_Site_plan.jpg (2000×1194). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5ef1/1e79/b357/6529/f500/021d/large_ jpg/131-_Marsa_plaza-_ACME-_Site_plan.jpg?1592860271 78. 131-_Marsa_plaza-_ACME-_GF_plan.jpg (2000×1414). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5ef1/1dce/b357/658c/7f00/03bc/large_ jpg/131-_Marsa_plaza-_ACME-_GF_plan.jpg?1592860097 79. 131-_Marsa_plaza-_ACME-_GF_plan.jpg (2000×1414). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5ef1/1dce/b357/658c/7f00/03bc/large_ jpg/131-_Marsa_plaza-_ACME-_GF_plan.jpg?1592860097 80. 131-_Marsa_plaza-_ACME-_GF_plan.jpg (2000×1414). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5ef1/1dce/b357/658c/7f00/03bc/large_ jpg/131-_Marsa_plaza-_ACME-_GF_plan.jpg?1592860097 81. Gallery of Muscat’s Marsa Plaza / ACME - 26. (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https:// www.archdaily.com/942196/muscats-marsa-plaza-acme/5ef11e45b3576529f500021c-muscats-marsa-plaza-acme-sections?next_project=no 82. Gallery of Urban Island Prototype 01 / Erick Kristanto - 5. (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://www.archdaily.com/212855/urban-island-prototype-01-erick-kristanto/view-ofan-event-under-the-platform 83. Gallery of Urban Island Prototype 01 / Erick Kristanto - 10. (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://www.archdaily.com/212855/urban-island-prototype-01-erick-kristanto/ view-of-the-left-corner-of-the-platform

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84. view-of-the-bike-ramp.jpg (528×264). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https:// images.adsttc.com/media/images/55e8/914e/46fe/9f75/3200/0030/medium_jpg/view-ofthe-bike-ramp.jpg?1441304881 85. figure-ground.jpg (528×435). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images. adsttc.com/media/images/55e8/91ae/46fe/9f75/3200/0033/medium_jpg/figure-ground. jpg?1441304978 86. site-section_120126.jpg (528×193). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/55e8/91ec/46fe/9f75/3200/0035/medium_jpg/site-section_120126.jpg?1441305043 87. site-plan-746.jpg (528×352). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images. adsttc.com/media/images/55e8/91d0/46fe/9f75/3200/0034/medium_jpg/site-plan-746. jpg?1441305010 88. circulation-diagram-2b.jpg (528×242). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https:// images.adsttc.com/media/images/55e8/9226/46fe/9f75/3200/0037/medium_jpg/circulation-diagram-2b.jpg?1441305099 89. multiple-magnets.jpg (528×207). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images. adsttc.com/media/images/55e8/925c/46fe/9f75/3200/0039/medium_jpg/multiple-magnets.jpg?1441305157 90. 02-active-circulation.jpg (528×173). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/55e8/9207/46fe/9f75/3200/0036/medium_jpg/02-active-circulation.jpg?1441305071 91. main-diagrams.jpg (528×92). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images. adsttc.com/media/images/55e8/9242/46fe/9f75/3200/0038/medium_jpg/main-diagrams. jpg?1441305129 92. main-diagrams.jpg (528×92). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images. adsttc.com/media/images/55e8/9242/46fe/9f75/3200/0038/medium_jpg/main-diagrams. jpg?1441305129 93. CoFuFun-by-Nendo-4-213x151.jpg (213×151). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2017/06/CoFuFun-by-Nendo-4-213x151. jpg 94. Tenri_Station_plaza_CoFuFun05_takumi_ota.jpg (750×500). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/593e/72c8/e58e/ce22/6a00/0040/ newsletter/Tenri_Station_plaza_CoFuFun05_takumi_ota.jpg?1497264822 95. nendo-tenri-station-plaza-cofufun-architonic-tenri-station-plaza-cofufun17-takumi-ota01. jpg (560×373). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://image.architonic.com/ imgArc/project-1/4/5208373/nendo-tenri-station-plaza-cofufun-architonic-tenri-station-plaza-cofufun17-takumi-ota01.jpg 96. images (275×183). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic. com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR1H0iH-1DWBTHMal2yn3fCGDBgEcZ0Sav5bQ&usqp=CAU 97. Tenri_Station_plaza_CoFuFun25_takumi_ota.jpg (528×352). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/593e/7150/e58e/cede/7900/0117/ medium_jpg/Tenri_Station_plaza_CoFuFun25_takumi_ota.jpg?1497264446 98. Tenri_Station_plaza_CoFuFun26_takumi_ota.jpg (528×352). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/593e/7184/e58e/ce22/6a00/003a/

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112. 11.jpg (750×500). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc.com/ media/images/5ba0/c34a/f197/cc1b/4800/0011/newsletter/11.jpg?1537262397 113. 03.jpg (528×367). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc.com/ media/images/5ba0/c277/f197/cc1b/4800/000f/medium_jpg/03.jpg?1537262186 114. 12.jpg (528×344). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc.com/ media/images/5ba0/c391/f197/cc1b/4800/0012/medium_jpg/12.jpg?1537262461 115. Siteplan.jpg (528×522). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images. adsttc.com/media/images/5ba0/c667/f197/cc36/9f00/0194/medium_jpg/Siteplan. jpg?1537263166 116. floor_.jpg (528×274). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc. com/media/images/5ba0/c546/f197/cc36/9f00/0191/medium_jpg/floor_.jpg?1537262896 117. site_plan_01.jpg (528×528). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images. adsttc.com/media/images/5ba0/c637/f197/cc1b/4800/001b/medium_jpg/site_plan_01. jpg?1537263109 118. Iso_plan.jpg (528×1323). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5ba0/c599/f197/cc36/9f00/0192/medium_jpg/Iso_plan. jpg?1537262989 119. elevation.jpg (528×308). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images. adsttc.com/media/images/5ba0/c5d8/f197/cc1b/4800/0019/medium_jpg/elevation. jpg?1537263038 120. section.jpg (528×131). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images. adsttc.com/media/images/5ba0/c5eb/f197/cc1b/4800/001a/medium_jpg/section. jpg?1537263070 121. 01(4).jpg (750×433). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc. com/media/images/5637/d2d4/e58e/ce6e/6400/0032/newsletter/01(4).jpg?1446499013 122. 01(27).jpg (528×352). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images. adsttc.com/media/images/5637/d469/e58e/ce6e/6400/003b/medium_jpg/01(27). jpg?1446499413 123. 01(36).jpg (528×352). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images. adsttc.com/media/images/5637/d52a/e58e/ce27/a900/0040/medium_jpg/01(36). jpg?1446499608 124. 01(8).jpg (528×352). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc. com/media/images/5637/d319/e58e/ce27/a900/0036/medium_jpg/01(8).jpg?1446499077 125. 01(3).jpg (528×352). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc. com/media/images/5637/d2a9/e58e/ce6e/6400/0031/medium_jpg/01(3).jpg?1446498969 126. 01(17).jpg (528×352). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images. adsttc.com/media/images/5637/d3b5/e58e/ce6e/6400/0036/medium_jpg/01(17). jpg?1446499234 127. 01(2).jpg (528×279). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc. com/media/images/5637/d292/e58e/ce6e/6400/0030/medium_jpg/01(2).jpg?1446498947 128. 01(25).jpg (528×352). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc. com/media/images/5637/d434/e58e/ce6e/6400/0039/medium_jpg/01(25).jpg?1446499362 129. 01(39).jpg (528×352). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images. adsttc.com/media/images/5637/d547/e58e/ce27/a900/0041/medium_jpg/01(39).

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130. fp-2.jpg (528×748). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc. com/media/images/5637/d5af/e58e/ce6e/6400/0041/medium_jpg/fp-2.jpg?1446499742 131. fp-3.jpg (528×748). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc. com/media/images/5637/d5c2/e58e/ce6e/6400/0042/medium_jpg/fp-3.jpg?1446499766 132. fp-4.jpg (528×748). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc. com/media/images/5637/d5e9/e58e/ce6e/6400/0043/medium_jpg/fp-4.jpg?1446499800 133. Axonometric__diagram.jpg (528×413). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https:// images.adsttc.com/media/images/5637/d563/e58e/ce27/a900/0042/medium_jpg/Axonometric__diagram.jpg?1446499671 134. elevation_1.jpg (528×228). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images. adsttc.com/media/images/5637/d552/e58e/ce6e/6400/003e/medium_jpg/elevation_1. jpg?1446499659 135. elevation_2.jpg (528×217). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images. adsttc.com/media/images/5637/d584/e58e/ce6e/6400/0040/medium_jpg/elevation_2. jpg?1446499709 136. section.jpg (528×197). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images. adsttc.com/media/images/5637/d5d2/e58e/ce27/a900/0044/medium_jpg/section. jpg?1446499788 137. metalocus_snohetta_17_1280.jpg (1956×1100). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://www.metalocus.es/sites/default/files/styles/mopis_news_carousel_item_desktop/public/file-images/metalocus_snohetta_17_1280.jpg?itok=QxVWIm2y 138. New-National-Gallery-and-Ludwig-Museum-Snohetta_dezeen_784_0.jpg (784×560). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2015/04/ New-National-Gallery-and-Ludwig-Museum-Snohetta_dezeen_784_0.jpg 139. big-copenhill-amager-bakke-power-station-ski-slope-copenhagen-hufton-crow-photography_dezeen_2364_hero-a-1024x576.jpg (1024×576). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2020/10/big-copenhill-amager-bakke-power-station-ski-slope-copenhagen-hufton-crow-photography_dezeen_2364_hero-a1024x576.jpg 140. images (251×201). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://encrypted-tbn0. gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcShjHy_fkbg_HkIvp4_FTar4GZQw4NRfaocKA&usqp=CAU 141. 3LHD_099_Zamet_Centre_photo_by_Miljenko_Bernfest_18.jpg (600×400). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://land8.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/3LHD_099_Zamet_Centre_photo_by_Miljenko_Bernfest_18.jpg 142. 3lhd-centre-zamet-rijeka-croatia-04-1209029043.jpg (750×422). (n.d.).

Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/55f6/dabc/adbc/01e0/0e00/010a/newsletter/3lhd-centre-zamet-rijeka-croatia-04-1209029043. jpg?1442241205 143. b3eb01ad29aff1eb1f0f17c6a443ee7f.jpg (400×300). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://i.pinimg.com/originals/b3/eb/01/b3eb01ad29aff1eb1f0f17c6a443ee7f. jpg 144. images (275×183). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://encrypted-tbn0. gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRbGF9Y5vTABFUBMJR79O0QnWQj19CyWYJjSg&usqp=CAU 145. images (275×183). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://encrypted-tbn0.

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146. maxresdefault.jpg (1280×720). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://i.ytimg. com/vi/TS9FQmkqrHc/maxresdefault.jpg 147. DaqxlbmXcAEKrLH.jpg (1200×800). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https:// pbs.twimg.com/media/DaqxlbmXcAEKrLH.jpg 148. Iso_plan.jpg (528×1323). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5ba0/c599/f197/cc36/9f00/0192/medium_jpg/Iso_plan. jpg?1537262989 149. veracruz_court_img_5751.jpg (750×805). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/579b/5a9b/e58e/cee6/f700/00b9/newsletter/ veracruz_court_img_5751.jpg?1469799060 150. rozana-montiel-estudio-de-arquitectur 151. court-rozana-montiel-white-architecture-veracruz-mexico_dezeen_2364_elevation-plans.jpg (2364×1440). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2018/03/court-rozana-montiel-white-architecture-veracruz-mexico_dezeen_2364_elevation-plans.jpg 152. elevation_1.jpg (528×228). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://images. adsttc.com/media/images/5637/d552/e58e/ce6e/6400/003e/medium_jpg/elevation_1. jpg?1446499659 153. 1200px-EAA_Zorlu_Center.jpg (1200×885). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/EAA_Zorlu_Center.jpg/1200px-EAA_Zorlu_Center.jpg 154. Phoenix-international-media-center1.jpg (584×421). (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/images/e/e1/Phoenix-international-media-center1.jpg

All images not included in the list of figures are done by author.

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