Hydro-Mediating Interface

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE

Water management in contaminated groudwater sources

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE

Water management in contaminated groudwater sources

Alessio Salvatore Verdolino

‘being and becoming!’ Ernst Haeckel

[1]

[2]

Henri Bergson

[3]

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE -

ABSTRACT

STATEMENT

CONCEPT

structural patterning and lighting PROCESS loop PROTOTYPE three dimentional

[1] of Life: Popular Philosophy

[2]

Study

The Wonders of Biological

technology On

Growth and Form

[3]

culture

Creative Evolution,

5

“Green is now not just something to simply protect but to reinvent.�

Marco Scotini

[4]

related ecological systems

social ecology and ecosophic ethics

–Lullaby– by Chuck Palahniuk

[4]

Vegetation and Politics

Buckminster Fuller

[5]

[5]

EMOTIVE REFERENCES HIDRA - water project for Guinea Bissau

SOURCE: S.ol.co N.G.O

WATER DESALINATION DEVICE [first proposal]

issues that this area is dealing and geological studies and social

[

]

happening in nature and by the

SOCIAL INVOLVEMENT AND DEVOLEPMENT PLAN

EMOTIVE REFERENCES Vascular Systems - Estetic - Body involvement - Fluids embeddedness ESTETIC OF FLOWS AND HUMAN BODY INVOLVEMENT [Lucy McRae]

VASCULAR SYSTEMS AND PLASTINATION

[Gunther von Hagens]

UNPACKING SPACIAL POTENTIALS OF FLOWS

[Tom Wiscombe]

BIOCHEMICAL DESIGN AND BOUNDLESS VASCULAR MESH [Andres Jaque]

TABLE OF CONTETS ABSTRACT PROLOGUE INTRODUCTION

Research Problem

Method

WATER POSSIBILITIES Solar Stills and Desalination process Fluid mechanics [Theory and Prototyping]

WATER PHYSICALITY [Theory and Computational Design]

Design Simulations

[Computational Design and Prototyping]

HIDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE Design [ Tests

DISCUSSION REFERENCES

12

RESEARCH PROBLEM

high density population

Over exploitation - a critical groundwater problem

Impacts due to over-abstraction

14

SALT WATER INTRUSION INTO GROUNDWATERDATABASE EEA - Europe Database - Map

Salt water intrusion

SOURCE: EEA AGENCY

Data available

No Data

Outside data coverage

15

spacial potentials

so called “green

SOLAR STILL

A device for evaporating seawater, in which water is confined in one or more shallow pools, over which is placed a roof-shaped transparent cover made of glass or plastic film; the sun's heat evaporates the water, leaving behind a residue of salt; the vapor from the evaporated water condenses on the surface of the cover and trickles down into gutters, which thus collect fresh water.

Cite: McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms

evaporation

LIQUID water

GAS vapour

condensation

APPROACH

METHOD

METHOD

SOLAR Energy Engngineering - Processes and systems

thermal

desalination

Solar technologies

SOLAR Energy Engngineering - Processes and systems

ONE WORLD’S WATER SUPPLY Where does it come from?

1.74%

4.5% Other

1% Accessible Drinking Water

Ice caps, Glaciers, and Permanent Snow

1.0238%

Other Sources, such as Swamps and Soil Moisture

0.94%

Saline Groundwater

0.076%

Fresh Groundwater

0.022%

Freshwater Lakes source of most our drinkable water

95.5% Oceans, Seas and Bays

0.0007%

Ground Ice and Permafrost

0.006%

Saline Lakes

0.001%

Atmosphere

0.0002% Rivers

SOURCE: U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CAUSE AND IMPACT OF SALT WATER INTRUSION How?

SOURCE: U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

SE RISING VEL LE A-

9.1%

salt-water habitat

salt-water habitat

18,3%

DIG

GROUNDW NG AT GI

25.7%

fresh water

12,8% fresh water

ER

L

O I

AS DG AN

27.0%

plant growth

9.0%

plant growth

CA LS NA

9.4%

subsidence

18,5%

subsidence

AR AL LEVEE ICI TIF

28.8% sediment

BEFORE [coastal habitat] saltwater intrution

CAUSES

11,2% sediment

[coastal habitat] AFTER saltwater intrution

CAUSE AND IMPACT OF SALT WATER INTRUSION Diversified Habitat - Salt Water Intrution

SOURCE: U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Songbird Habitat

[originally]

Mammal Habitat Ridge Vegetation Habitat Ridge Bird Habitat Coastal Vegetation Habitat Coastal Bird Habitat

HABITAT

Crustacean Habitat Oyster Reefs Essential Fish Habitat

Ridge Vegetation Habitat Mammal Habitat Coastal Vegetation Habitat

Wells Cone of Depression Confaminated Water Well

[loss]

Coastal Bird Habitat

Water Table Fresh Groundwater Aquifer Salt Water Intrusion

Crustacean Habitat Oyster Reefs Essential Fish Habitat

Original Salt-Water Interface Cone of Ascenscion

23

24

SOLAR STILL DESIGNS Basin Solar Still - DIY DOUBLE-BASIN SOLAR STILL

The double-basin experimental solar still taken as an example is fabricated as shown in diagram.

The overall size of the inner basin is 590 mm × 440 m m × 440 mm and the outer basin is 600 m m × 460 m m × 460 mm. The solar still has a 3 mm thick top cover, inclined at 17° on all the sides, and supported by steel frames. The upper basin is partitioned into three segments to avoid the formation of dry spots on the higher portion of the inner glass cover. Silicone rubber sealant has been used to seal off and prevent the water leakage between the boxes of the still. A hole in the basin’s sidewall allows saline or wastewater filling, as well as collecting the condensed water. Moreover, this is also used for inserting the thermocouple wires required for temperature measurements. When the still is in operation, the hole is closed with an insulating material to avoid heat and vapor losses.

solar radiation

condensing water droplets

condensing cover 1

saline water inlet upper basin in-built water tank condensing cover 2 lower basin water mass

RESULTS

The average daily output of the still is 2900 mL/m2/day for the double-basin glass solar still. The evaporation of water in the upper basin is caused mainly by condensation that takes place at the glass cover of the lower basin. As a result, the upper basin continues to produce an appreciable amount of distillate during the night. This demonstrates that the performance of the double-basin solar still is much better than a single-slope solar still. The basin temperature reached to a maximum within a short intervals of time due to the point focusing of the concentrator. At the same time, corresponding glass temperature is also increased. This increase in cover temperature is due to the minimum separation of distance between top cover and water surface in the basin. So the influence of air temperature due to convection increased the top cover temperature. The rate of evaporation increases due to increase water temperature in the basin. The temperature difference between water and cover temperature increased the distillation yield rate.

salin water inlet

drainage

blackned surface

SOURCE: ISRN Renewable Energy - “Experimental Study on Various Solar Still Designs”

SOLAR STILL DESIGNS Pyramid Solar Still - DIY PYRAMID SOLAR STILL

A pyramidal glass solar still design with collector area of 1.21 m2 (1.10 m × 1.10 m) is presented as illustrated in the diagram.

The still is filled with saline water to height of 0.05 m. From the economic point of view, the solar still with sawdust insulating material has less cost of fabrication.

Consequently, the cost of fresh water production is less. In the view of ecofriendly material, saw dust would be a good alternative for glass wool. The water storage basin of the still is constructed with dimension 0.95 m × 0.95 m × 010 m of mild steel. The water storage segment is provided of diameter 0.90 m, and the remaining 0.05 m is allowed for the water collection segment.

solar radiation

saline water

RESULTS

The distillate output of the pyramid solar still is 3300 mL/m2/day and that from the top cover cooling effect of hemispherical solar still is 3659 mL/m2/day. This is because the surface area of the hemispherical solar still is greater than the pyramid solar still. Hence, the hemispherical top cover is contacted with air in high rate. This increases the condensate of more droplets in the top cover. The yield rate is much improved for this type of still when compared to single-slope conventional solar still. A shadow effect creates a small amount of shadow to fall over the water surface during in the morning time as well as in the evening time. This drawback is diminished by reducing the height of the basin as well as hemispherical shape top cover.

insulation

basin distuillate channel distillate channel

SOURCE: ISRN Renewable Energy - “Experimental Study on Various Solar Still Designs”

SOLAR STILL DESIGNS Hemispherical Solar Still - DIY HEMISPHERICAL SOLAR STILL

The water storage basin of the hemispherical still is constructed with a diameter of 0.95 m and a height of 0.10 m using mild steel as illustrated in the diagram. The water storage basin is painted black to increase the absorptivity.

The still was filled with saline water to a height of 0.05 m. The top hemispherical cover of diameter 0.945 m and height 0.20 m is constructed of transparent acrylic sheet of 3 mm thickness with solar transmittance equal to 88%. The outer box of the still is constructed of wood of thickness 4 mm with the dimension 1.10 m × 1.10 m × 0.25 m . The bottom of the basin is filled with sawdust (to support the weight of the basin) up to a height of 0.15 m. The sides of the basin are insulated with the glass wool.

hemispherical cover saw dust insulation saline water saline water inlet

measuring jar

RESULTS

The distillate output of the pyramid solar still is 3300 mL/m2/day and that from the top cover cooling effect of hemispherical solar still is 3659 mL/m2/day. This is because the surface area of the hemispherical solar still is greater than the pyramid solar still.

Hence, the hemispherical top cover is contacted with air in high rate. This increases the condensate of more droplets in the top cover. The yield rate is much improved for this type of still when compared to single-slope conventional solar still. A shadow effect creates a small amount of shadow to fall over the water surface during in the morning time as well as in the evening time. This drawback is diminished by reducing the height of the basin as well as hemispherical shape top cover.

SOURCE: ISRN Renewable Energy - “Experimental Study on Various Solar Still Designs”

SOLAR STILL DESIGNS Tubular Solar Still - DIY TUBULAR SOLAR STILL

A Compound Parabolic Concentrator concentric tubular solar still design with a rectangular absorber is presented as shown in the diagram. The inner and outer circular tubes are positioned with a 5 mm gap for the flowing water and air to cool the outer surface of the inner tube. A rectangular trough of dimension 2 m × 0.03 m × 0.025 m is designed and coated with black paint using a spray technique. The water level in the trough decreased due to fast evaporation from the basin, so a dry spot appeared in the basin. This is avoided in successive trials by flowing the water continuously in the still with the help of a graduated tube. This tube maintains a constant level of water in the basin independent of the evaporation rate. This continuous supply of water is maintained by a water storage tank, which is kept near the

2m solar energy

humid air

saline water distilled water collector PARAMETRES

circular container condensation

VALUES

Length of the glass tube__________2 m Length of the rectangular basin___1.96 m Length of the circular basin_______1.96 m Thickness of the glass tube________2.5 mm Weight of glass tube_____________2 kg Weight of the concentric tube_____7 kg Material-top cover_______________Borosilicate Absorber_______________________Copper

evaporation

RESULTS

The distillate output of the tubular solar still is 4500 mL/m2/day.

SOURCE: ISRN Renewable Energy - “Experimental Study on Various Solar Still Designs”

SOLAR STILL DESIGNS CPC-TSS-Pyramid Solar Still - DIY CPC-TSS-PYRAMID SOLAR STILL

The inner and outer tubes are positioned with a 5 mm gap for flowing cold water to cool the outer surface of the inner glass tube. A circular basin of dimension 2 m length and a diameter 0.035 m was designed and coated with black paint using a spray technique. Pyramid solar still of area 1 m × 1 m is designed. The bottom of the still is insulted using saw dust. The solar still insulated with saw dust reduces the cost of fabrication. Consequently, the cost for fresh water production is less. In the view of eco-friendly material, saw dust would be a good alternative for glass wool. The pyramid solar still is coupled with a nontracking CPC with help of insulated pipes. The top cover is cooled by flowing cold water at a constant flow rate of 10 mL/min. It is adjusted by using a pressure head. It is adjusted for maintaining constant water level in the water storage tank initially during the experiment. A graduated measuring jar is used to measure the flow rate. The process is repeated many times until steady cold-water flow in between the tubular cover.

solar radiation

cold water storage tank graduated tubes

concentric tubes

zoom

pyramid solar still concentrator

saline water

distillate output 2 (tubular solar still)

insulated connecting pipes insulation

RESULTS

The total yield of 6928 mL/m2 is collected for tubular solar still coupled with pyramid solar still. Additionally, the heat extraction of water in the pyramid solar still temperature is further increased by the incoming solar radiation. So the water temperature is increased within a short interval of time. The sudden rise in water temperature induced the evaporative heat transfer in the still. Therefore, the distilled yield increases more than conventional solar still. A further increase in yield rate is also observed for the cooling over the pyramid solar still under same mode of operation. Thus, this result conformed that the assistance of concentrator certainly increased the yield rate of distilled water.

The temperature difference (Tw - Tc) is one of the key parameter that affects the productivity of a solar still.

basin distillate water distillate output 1 (pyramid solar still)

SOURCE: ISRN Renewable Energy - “Experimental Study on Various Solar Still Designs”

SOLAR STILL DESIGNS Hemispherical Concentrator Solar Still - DIY HEMISPHERICAL CONCENTRATOR SOLAR STILL

A single-slope solar still design with hemispherical concentrator and hemispherical basin absorber are presented as shown in the diagram. The basin of a typical single-slope solar still is transformed to a hemispherical shape. It is made up of copper 4 mm thick. The diameter of the absorber is 0.22 m, and it is welded to the bottom of the still without any water leakage.

The bottom and sides of the inner surface of the basins and outer surface are painted black for good solar absorption. 6 mm inside diameter inlet pipe is provided for pouring water and inserting the thermocouples to measure the temperature inside the still. The top cover is made up of transparent glass sheet of thickness 2 mm of solar transmittance 90%. The dimension of the glass plate is 0.30 m × 0.30 m. The top cover is tilted at a 16° slope.

cold water containing tank

stand

water collection segment

spherical absorber

solar

RESULTS

The distillate output of the hemispherical-concentrator solar still is 3500 mL/m2/day

concentrator

SOURCE: ISRN Renewable Energy - “Experimental Study on Various Solar Still Designs”

SOLAR STILL DESIGNS Hemispherical Concentrator Solar Still - DIY HEMISPHERICAL CONCENTRATOR SOLAR STILL

A spherical solar still design with collector area of 0.28 m2 is presented. The still consists of a shallow circular basin of diameter 0.60 m that is made of steel. The circular absorber basin is coated with black paint for maximum absorption of incident solar radiation. The circular basin is fixed at the middle of the spherical aluminum mesh at radial height of 0.28 m.

The saline water is stored in a basin with a capacity of 16 liters. The basin in the spherical solar still is fitted without having any physical contact with the top cover made of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) sheet. The LDPE sheet of thickness 0.107 mm is spread over the spherical mesh. A gap of 0.03 m is maintained between the circular basin and top cover. The evaporated water, which is condensed on the top cover, passes between this gap, and drips down towards the distilled water collection segment as illustrated in the diagram, shows the pictorial diagram of the spherical solar still with total height of about 0.63 m.

solar radiation

aluminium mesh

water storage

valve

water evaporation

water inlet

water droplets

basin LDPE polyethylene cover

outlet

RESULTS

The distillates yield around 2300 mL/m2/day obtained for spherical solar still. This type of solar still receives radiation that is transmitted from the spherical transparent surface. At the same time, the water vapor is condensed in the larger spherical surface. Hence more water droplets are condensed on the surface. The contact in the spherical surface still with air is more than a single slope solar still.

Hence the rate of condensed distillate yield is increased.

support

measuring

SOURCE: ISRN Renewable Energy - “Experimental Study on Various Solar Still Designs�

SOLAR STILL DESIGNS Watercone Solar Still WATERCONE® SOLAR STILL

The WATERCONE® system can be referred to as a one step water condensation process with a 40% effectiveness degree (GTZ Germany). Based on evaporation levels of 8.8 Liters per square meter (average solar irradiation in Casablanca, Morocco), the WATERCONE® (with a base diameter of roughly 80 cm) yields between 1.0 to 1.7 Liters of condensed water per day (24 hours). The salty / brackish Water evaporates by way of solar irradiation and the condensation from that Water appears in the form of droplets on the inner wall of the cone.

These droplets trickle down the inner wall into a circular trough at the inner base of the cone.

The WATERCONE® is a long lasting UV resistant PET product and can be used up to 5 years daily. The material is non-toxic and 100% recyclable. The black pan for the saltwater is already made out of 100% recycled material.

solar radiation

tap to collect water condensing cover

By unscrewing the cap at the tip of the cone and turning the cone upside down, one can empty the potable Water gathered in the trough directly into a drinking device.

Based on this concept, the cone does indeed apply innovative solutions to a problem, which has been a curse to mankind for millennia: turning salt water into potable water in an uncomplicated, cheap and swift manner.

distillate channel basin

SOURCE: www.watercone.com”

SOLAR STILL DESIGNS Eliodomestico Solar Still ELIODOMESTICO SOLAR STILL

This project is intented to bring good water to te families in the developing countries at no operating cost, starting from sea water.

At the end of the day Eliodomestico delivers 5 liters of fresh drinking water. The lower basin is specifically designed for the transport over the head, supporting this common habit.

Eliodomestico is entirely made from poor, widely available materials. The technologies involved in the production are very simple and popular. This also make the maintenance much easier.

-

solar radiation

no electricity no filters easy maintenance good impact on the local economy no impact on the environment

expansion nozzle

black water boiler

protective covering in earthenware

pressure valve

It works like an uspside down coffe maker: during the day, the heat of the sun raises up the steam pressure into the black water boiler. The steam is forced down through the expansion nozzle, thus condensing against the lid.

lid condenser

SOURCE: www.gabrielediamanti.com

SOLAR STILL DESIGNS Productivity - DIY BASIN SOLAR STILL

PYRAMID SOLAR STILL

HEMISPHERICAL SOLAR STILL

3 l

3l

until .5 per day

until per day

4l

until per day

CPC TSS-PYRAMID SOLAR STILL

Compound Parabolic Concentrator TUBULAR SOLAR STILL

HEMISPHERICAL CONCENTRATOR SOLAR STILL

5l

until per day

7l

3 l

until .5 per day

until per day

INFLATABLE SOLAR STILL

SPHERICAL SOLAR STILL

2 l

ELIODOMESTICO

1 l

until .5 per day

until .6 per day

2l

until per day

34

WATERCONE速

7l

until per day

Buckminster Fuller

[5]

FLUID MECHANICS Water physicality PRESSURE

Absolute Pressure, Gage Pressure and

EVAPORATION

Heat source, Vapor circulation, Condensation

HEAT + ENFLATION - 1

MULTIPLE FLUID PATHS CONTROL from one source

Flexible sealed cover 25cm max

5cm

+

Water input Baloon (deflated) Water-Air interface [25cm]

Steam container Sealed water container [17째C]

HEAT + ENFLATION - 2

pressure accumulator

d= 10cm condensation

50cm

range of 25 - 60 cm

velocity gradients

Commercial baloon water pump

+

complete but not enflation

50째C

water basin

SOLAR STILL DESIGNS Fluid dynamics Notions - Water Flow rates

SOURCE: global.britannica.com; www.engineeringtoolbox.com

BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE

In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli’s principle states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid’s potential energy.

The Bernoulli Equation can be considered to be a statement of the conservation of energy principle appropriate for flowing fluids. The qualitative behavior that is usually labeled with the term "Bernoulli effect" is the lowering of fluid pressure in regions where the flow velocity is increased. This lowering of pressure in a constriction of a flow path may seem counterintuitive, but seems less so when you consider pressure to be energy density. In the high velocity flow through the constriction, kinetic energy must increase at the expense of pressure energy.

Diagram illustrating a derivation using Bernoulli's Law

Pipe Material: PVC Hazen Williams Coefficient, C = 150

CALCULATIONS

The Hazen Williams formula is an empirical equation that can be used for turbulent flow of water at typical ambient temperatures. The turbulent flow requirement is not very limiting. Most practical applications of water transport in pipes are in the turbulent flow regime.

Pipe

Water Flow Rate, m3/hr

Length

Pipe Diameter , mm

Material Aluminum

Hazen-Williams Coefficient 130 - 150

m

3

4

6

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1

0,1

0,3

0,9

3,5

10,1

21,5

38,6

62,4

93,6

133,0

Brass

130 - 140

Asbestos Cement

140

2

0,1

0,2

0,6

2,4

6,9

14,8

26,6

42,9

64,4

91,5

Concrete

100 - 140

4

0,1

0,1

0,4

1,6

4,8

10,2

18,3

29,5

44,3

62,9

Copper

130 - 140

6

0,1

0,1

0,3

1,3

3,8

8,2

14,7

23,7

35,6

50,6

Glass

12

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,9

2,6

5,6

10,1

16,3

24,5

34,8

Metal Pipe

30

0,0

0,0

0,1

0,6

1,6

3,4

6,2

9,9

14,9

21,2

PVC, CPVC

D is the pipe diameter in mm L is the pipe length in m

130 130 - 140 150

Hazen-Williams coefficients are used in the Hazen-Williams equation for friction loss calculation in ducts and pipes.

Coefficients for some common materials used in ducts and pipes can be found in the left table

SOLAR STILL DESIGNS Thermodynamics Notions - Dew Point

SOURCE: www.oxforddictionaries.com ; en.wikipedia.org

DEW POINT

The atmospheric temperature (varying according to pressure and humidity) below which water droplets begin to condense and dew can form.

The dew point is the saturation temperature for water in air. The dew point is associated with relative humidity. A high relative humidity implies that the dew point is closer to the current air temperature. Relative humidity of 100% indicates the dew point is equal to the current temperature and that the air is maximally saturated with water. When the moisture content remains constant and temperature increases, relative humidity decreases.

Thermal Conductivities of Selected Materials, W/m.K (values at 20째C, unless otherwise stated Good Conductors

Average Conductors

Poor Conductors

Diamond

2000

Ice (0째C)

2.20

Brick, insulating

0.150

Silver

429

Concrete

1.70

Asbestos

0.090

Copper

400

Soil

1.50

Fiberglass

0.040

Aluminum

220

Glass

1.00

Glass wool

0.040

Iron

80

Water

0.60

Styrofoam

0.033

Lead

35

Epoxy

0.59

Air (dry)

0.026

Stainless steel

14

Body fat

0.20

Silica aerogel

0.004

Granite

3

Snow

0.16

Vacuum

0

MEASUREMENT

Devices called dew point meters are used to measure dew point over a wide range of temperatures. These devices consist of a polished metal mirror which is cooled as air is passed over it. The temperature at which dew forms is, by definition, the dew point. Manual devices of this sort can be used to calibrate other types of humidity sensors, and automatic sensors may be used in a control loop with a humidifier or dehumidifier to control the dew point of the air in a building or in a smaller space for a manufacturing process.

Up: Graph of the dependence of the dew point upon air temperature for several levels of relative humidity.

Left: Graph of Dewpoint vs. Air Temperature at Varying Relative Humidities. Based on the Magnus-Tetens approximation.

[11]

1

On the Saudi Arabia’s northeastern desert coast2 1

3

2

3 [12]

[12]

MANGROVE

A tree or shrub which grows in tidal, chiefly tropical, coastal swamps, having numerous tangled roots that grow above ground and form dense thickets.

Genera in several families, in particular Rhizophora and related genera (family Rhizophoraceae), and Avicennia (family Verbenaceae or Avicenniaceae) Cite: www.oxforddictionaries.com

41

MANGROVE ROOT SYSTEMS ROOTS

Red mangroves, which can survive in the most inundated areas, prop themselves above the water level with stilt roots and can then absorb air through pores in their bark (lenticels). Black mangroves live on higher ground and make many pneumatophores (specialised root-like structures which stick up out of the soil like straws for breathing) which are also covered in lenticels.

These “breathing tubes� typically reach heights of up to 30 cm, and in some species, over 3 m. The four types of pneumatophores are stilt or prop type, snorkel or peg type, knee type, and ribbon or plank type. Knee and ribbon type may be combined with buttress roots at the base of the tree.

42

DIAGRAM OF MANGROVE ROOT SYSTEMS ROOTS

1. PROP-ROOTED MANGROVE (RHIZOPHORA)

Red mangroves, which can survive in the most inundated areas, prop themselves above the water level with stilt roots and can then absorb air through pores in their bark (lenticels). Black mangroves live on higher ground and make many pneumatophores (specialised root-like structures which stick up out of the soil like straws for breathing) which are also covered in lenticels.

These “breathing tubes” typically reach heights of up to 30 cm, and in some species, over 3 m. The four types of pneumatophores are stilt or prop type, snorkel or peg type, knee type, and ribbon or plank type. Knee and ribbon type may be combined with buttress roots at the base of the tree.

nutritive roots

split in outer cortex air space inner cortex soil surface

peg root

nutritive roots

2. PROP-ROOTED MANGROVE (SONNERATIA)

PNEUMATOPHORES

Specialized ‘breathing’ root developed in some plant species that grow in waterlogged or strongly compacted soils, e.g. mangroves. The aerial part of the root contains many pores, enabling gas exchange with the atmosphere.

Internally, a well developed system of intercellular spaces allows gases to diffuse throughout the submerged portion of the roots.

Note the split area in outer cortex which allow gaseous exchange between the outside and the interior of the root. There are also air spaces in the cortex.

anchoring roots

3. KNEE-ROOTED MANGROVE (BRUGUIERA) site of secondary root development

a.

b.

Structure of 4 month-old pneumatophores of M. vinidera.

a) Micrografy of the transverse section of a pneumatophere showing the area of the protective tissue. b) Pneumatophore apex showing the root cap with the statoliths (polarized light) (Pr) Projections of the cells; (SG) Starch grains.

SALICORNIA

Salicornia is a genus of succulent, halophyte (salt tolerant) flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae that grow in salt marshes, on beaches, and among mangroves.

Salicornia species can generally tolerate immersion in salt water. They use the C4 carbon fixation pathway to take in carbon dioxide from the surrounding atmosphere.

Cite: www.gbif.org

44

DIAGRAM OF SALICORNIA SALT ANATOMICAL SYSTEM ANATOMY OF A HALOPHYTE

Some salt-tollerant plants, or halophytes, have evolved mechanisms at the root, leaf and cell level for thriving in the presence of saltwater.

The cells that make up the oter layer, or epidermis, of each rootlet are nearly impervious to salt (NaCl). In addition, the inner layer, or endodermis, has a waxy layer between each cell that force water to pass through the cells, wich filter out more salt.

SALT TOLLERANCE

One quantitative measure of salt tolerance (halotolerance) is the total dissolved solids in irrigation water that a plant can tolerate. Seawater typically contains 40 grams per litre (g/l) of dissolved salts (mostly sodium chloride).

Beans and rice can tolerate about 1-3 g/l, and are considered glycophytes (as are most crop plants). At the other extreme, Salicornia bigelovii (dwarf glasswort) grows well at 70 g/l of dissolved solids, and is a promising halophyte for use as a crop.

H2O vapor H2O vapor

H2O

Na+Cl-

leaf cell

turgor pressure

H2O Cl

Na+

Stomata distribution pattern in members of tribe salicornieae in Iran A and C; Salicornia persica, B; Salicornia europaea, D; Halocnemum strobilaceum, E; Halostachys belangeriana, F; Arthrocnemum macrostachyum

waxy layer

H2O

Na+Cl-

rootlet H2O Cite: “Irrigating Crops with Seawater” for E.P. Glenn; J.J. Brown; J.W. O’Leary [1998]

Na+ClCite: “Morphological Study of Salicornieae (Chenopodiaceae) Native to Iran” for G. Zare; M. Keshavarzi

CACTUS

A succulent plant with a thick fleshy stem which typically bears spines, lacks leaves, and has brilliantly coloured flowers. Cacti are native to arid regions of the New World and are cultivated elsewhere, especially as pot plants.

Family Cactaceae: numerous genera and species.

Cite: www.oxforddictionaries.com

CACTI VASCULAR SYSTEMS

SOURCE: Cacti_Biology_and_Uses

VASCULAR TISSUE

Vascular tissue, which is involved in movement of substances in plants, is highly specialized in cacti. The main and largest vascular bundles occur in the stele, which lies between the inner cortex and the pith. The two tissue types are the xylem, which serves to move water as well as dissolved nutrients, and the phloem, which distributes photosynthetic products and other organic molecules.

Primary xylem and phloem develop during the initial stages of growth, and, periodically, secondary tissues subsequently develop. Vascular tissue also occurs in the cortex (cortical bundles) and the pith (medullary bundles).

Secondary xylem and phloem: a.

b.

mesophyl cells

bundle sheath

a) Peniocereus stratus, distinctive short living fibers; b) Echinocereus schmollii, abundant wide-band tracheids.

c.

d.

vascular bundle (vein)

xylem vessel air space beneath

phloem

stoma c) Pachycereus pringlei, sclereid in the collapsed phloem and dilatated rays; d) Wilcoccia poselgeri, phloem parenchyma cells with tannins between noncollapsed phloem and cortical cells.

Scale bars: a, b, d = 20

, c = 1 mm.

CACTUS MEABOLIC PERFORMANCE Succulents undergo cycles of filling and emptying water-storage EPIDERMIS

The epidermis is the outermost layer of cells through which all exchanges with the environment occur; it also provides important taxonomic characters to help distinguish between closely related

STELE

The main and largest vascular bundles occur in the stele, which lies between the inner cortex and the pith.

The two tissues are:

XYLEM

which serves to move water as well as dissolved nutrients

PHLOEMA which distributes photosynthetic products and other organic molecules.

INNER CORTEX

Most of the water in the “stems” of cacti is in the Inner Cortex.

COLLAPSIBLE CORTEX

Special type of tissues that has flexible and apparently elastic walls.

SOURCE: Cacti_Biology_and_Uses

[13]

[13]

The Phenomenon of Teilhard: Prophet for a New Age,

ORTHOGENESIS Mapping

Grid - maxLenght

Camber - minPath

Density - min/maxPath

ORTHOGENESIS Marphologies

51

ORTHOGENESIS Morphology - Spatial Arrangement of Vascular Vessels VASCULAR BUNDLES

Variations of the vascular cylinder are based upon direction and height of the helix, upon the number of traces per leaf and the nature of leaf insertion.

(K. J. DORMER, 1954)

TRANSITION

The transition from leaf trace to vascular bundle happens as soon as an apically laid out leaf trace gets in contact with the existing vascular system.

Axial bundles are usually interconnected thus creating a communicating conductive system. The areas, where the leaf traces branch, are the nodes, the in-between sections are called internodes.

(K. J. DORMER, 1954)

52

ORTHOGENESIS Morphology - Collapsible Membrane COLLAPSIBLE CORTEX

Walls that can flex and wrinkle, allowing the cells to collapse to a very small size without damaging themselves or their walls.

The system has several regions: a region of collapsible cells that give up their water very easily and a region of more resistant cells. As the stem begins to lose water in a drought, it is the collapsible cells that give up water first, shrinking as they do so, and remaining healthy.

The resistant cells will absorb that water and remain fully hydrated.

(Mauseth, J. D. 1995)

53

ORTHOGENESIS Morphology - Vacuoles - Tracheid VACUOLES

- Tracheid -

- Vessel members -

54

Cactus plants have specialized tissues known as vacuoles to store water. While all plants have vacuoles, and all vacuoles store water, water-storing plants have specialized vacuoles that can store more water. The cells can also handle more dehydration than other species and can rehydrate themselves.

55

[14]

producing and consuming locally reducing energy use sustainable local businesses [14]

and creating

[14]

SALT WATER INTRUSION INTO GROUNDWATERDATABASE Denmark - Cloride and Sodium - Ecovillages

GEOLOGICAL DATABASE DENMARK

Groundwater analyses per compound Cl and Na.

ECOVILLAGE

With the increasing evidence of human-initiated climate change, people throughout the world are coming together to try to reduce their carbon footprint.

[15]

[15]

SITE MAP Denmark - Ecovillage - Dyssekilde HOUSING TYPOLOGY

Communal productive garden

Workshop area community space

Natural water pond

AgorĂ

Personal Greenhouse

Residential housing

2

O Xylem

METHABOLISM Desalination process

+

-

01. How the Vacuole’s System works: Greenhouse effect, Evaporation, Dew Point

03. How salty water evaporate and condense.

02. Two vascular systems: Hot-Water and Cold-Water circularity.

04. How clean water is stored and used for direct dripping irrigation

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE Vacuoles Solar Radiation Analysis

TOP VIEW VACUOLE FAMILIES [EXPANTION]

AXONOMETRIC VIEW VACUOLE FAMILIES [ORIENTATION]

[10째]

[25째]

[45째]

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE Vacuole composition - Prototype - Vascular Network

Fresnel Lens Heating - Spraying Vessels

OUTER density vessels simulation INNER density pipes simulation

External membrane Cooling - Condenser Vessels Clean Water collector Collapsible membrane NaCl Phloema H2O Xylem

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE Vacuole composition - Prototype - Membrane matter

Fresnel Lens

Hydrophobic surface simulation Heating - Spraying Vessels

External membrane [latex] Cooling - Condenser Vessels Clean Water collector

Collapsible membrane Run-off surface simulation

NaCl Phloema H2O Xylem

64

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE Vacuoles runoff membrane orientations

VACUOLE FAMILIES by slope

[10째]

[15째]

[45째]

[65째]

SALT WATER ACCUMULATION AND RECEPTACLES CLEAN WATER COLLECTING CHANNEL

CLEAN WATER STORAGE MEMBRANE

65

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE 1:1 Testing Vacuole

TEMPERATURE Tests average: 25째C

WATER-PUMP MODEL: Syncra Silent 3.0 Volt: 230 - 240 Hertz: 50 Watt: 45 Ampere: 0,21 Q.max [l/h]: 2700 Q.min [l/h]: 1100 Head max [m]: 3

COLD-WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM Water + Ice: 10째C -15째C 66

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE 1:1 Testing Vacuole

TEST1 _TIME

testing

00:40:17

TEST_1 DATE: 17-06-2015 SITE: BARCELONA (SPAIN) WEATHER GENERAL CONDITIONS: SUNNY ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE [hPa]: MAX.1021,1 TEMPERATURE: MIN.17,9 MAX.24,4

MIN.

1018,8

DURATION OF THE TEST: 01.00.00 HARVEST: 22 cl OBSERVATIONS: abundant water leakage; instant condensation; receptacle problems with not working valve.

TEST_2 DATE: 18-06-2015 SITE: BARCELONA (SPAIN) WEATHER GENERAL CONDITIONS: PARTLY SUNNY ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE [hPa]: MAX.1021,4 MIN.1017,2 TEMPERATURE: MIN.19,3 MAX.25,7 DURATION OF THE TEST: 01.00.00 HARVEST: 17 cl OBSERVATIONS: water leaking; slow condensation: low sun radiation exposure.

DATE: 18-06-2015 SITE: BARCELONA (SPAIN) WEATHER GENERAL CONDITIONS: PARTLY SUNNY ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE [hPa]: MAX.1021,4 MIN.1017,2 TEMPERATURE: MIN.19,3 MAX.25,7

20cl

TEST_3

DURATION OF THE TEST: 01.00.00 HARVEST: 20 cl OBSERVATIONS: water leaking; fast condensation; low sun radiation exposure.

67

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE Prototype Composition - Overview

Greenhouse Cultivation area Water basin Prototype 1:1 wall-section

- Composite structural frame

- Identification Vacuoles through solar analysis

- Vascular System

68

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE Prototype Organism

Vacuoles composition

THERMOCLINE 3D printed joinery +

-

Aluminium radiant

COLD-WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM

Methacrylate structural frame Methacrylate opening

Polycarbonate opening

HOT-WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM

PVC water pipes network

Water source + Water pump

SALT COLLECTION [1] WATER CYCLE [2]

[1] [2]

69

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE 1:1 Prototype Fabrication

3D printed joinery

condenser vessel copper pipes

methacrylate lens

Prevulcanized Latex application

CNC - vacuole plaster molds (used as plant pots during final exposition)

70

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE Water Harvesting - Valuation

PRODUCTIVITY 1 vacuole [tambient temperature

2 l/day 20째C; Texposition

6 hours]

1 storage vacuole [PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

2,5 l :

prevulcanized latex

retention elongation of 700% = 60%

[1]

strength in tension = 18,75 MPa]

[2]

LEGEND clean water collecting channel H2O Xylems

[2]

nodes drip irrigation water quality control

[3]

[1]

testing vacuole

[2]

1:1 testing wall section

[3]

storage vacuole

71

DESIGN - TESTS - DESCRIPTION

1.

The overall sizes (1.) of the Testing Vacuole are: Area: 227710 mm2 Side1-2-3: 659,2 mm - 590 mm - 621,3 mm The solar still has a 2mm thick top cover lens (2.) with bounding(1-2) dimention of 566,7 mm × 140 mm.

The vacuole inter-surface (3.) is inclined at 15°, and supported by methacrylate frame. The upper membrane is partitioned into two segments (latex - lens -latex) to help the formation of wet spots on the higher portion of the

e1

Sid e

3

Sid

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE -

Side2

2.

Bound1 Bound2

B A

A

between the upper cover and the bottom one of the still. A hole in the basin’s bottom cover allows saline water to pour out when the level of water to evaporate is at maximum limits (Whmax).

From the inside is insert and sealed with liquid latex the micro-chilled pipes, relized in copper tubes, extarnal diametre of 6mm, with hand shape (4.)

The latex membranes, both the uper and the bottom one, once relized with paint technique on plaster molds, are

191,3 mm

3.

Whmax 37 mm

4.

37

5,

membrane. The condensation is faster on the chilled-pipe, as expected, than on the lens, but the design itsel of the combination chilled-pipes/lens is not well completed. The alternation of geometric curvatures in the lens could be reversed from an A-B-A (2.) in a B-A-B so the one, in consequence, of the copper hand.

The basin temperature reached to a maximum within a short intervals of time due to the point focusing of the concentrator lens. At the same time, corresponding glass temperature is also increased. This increase in cover temperature is due to the minimum separation of distance between top cover and water surface in the basin.

mm

20

4,

2

mm

3

RESULTS The average daily output of the still is 2500 mL/m2/day for the testing vacuole solar still. The evaporation of water

between water and cover temperature and micro-chilled pipes increased the distillation yield rate. As mention in

WALL SECTION PROTOTYPE 1:1 The overall sizes (5.) of the 1:1 Prototype are: Side1-2-3: 2300 mm - 1105 mm - 1063 mm General slope angle: 43,9°

Angle

Side3

5.

e2

Sid

72

Side1

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE -

Experiment of advanced piping molding for latex.

DESIGN - TESTS - OBSERVATIONS

DESIGN POTENTIAL The material used as protective membrane for the vacuoles is prevulanized latex (natural latex). It come in a liquid form so it can be applied as paint uppon a porous surface (ex. plaster) or in molds with a dry time of 24 hours at ambient temperature (18째C - 25째C).

Thanks to these manufacturing features, the membrane envelope can be equipped with optional: 1) used for inserting the thermocouple wires or arduino sensor required for temperature measurements. This will allow 2) used for inserting humidity sensor. Humidity levels have to be checked several times throughout the day, particularly during the afternoon when temperatures and sunlight will be at their highest levels. If the ventilation system is not automatic, the vents should be turned on or opened if the temperatures rise above 27째C. Temperatures should not dip below 10째C during the night.

3) used for inserting a thermostat venting control system. This particular method to control greenhouse temperature levels is typically quite successful as it does not rely on human control and will turn on automatically when temperatures get too high or too low. Large operations typically need an automated system to keep interior temperatures at the correct levels.

Moreover, another line of research can be focused on the structural potential through a compound water-pipes used (petrol based) and for an architectural integrity of the project itself. A net structure would give continuity to the physical and compositional design of the greenhouse.

The geometry of the vacuole, now, is not evolved enough to compose a high perfomative vacuoles system this because the main research focus was the functioning of the vacuole solar still. Searching on a more organic evolution of the greenhouse envelope can bring to new design parametres to apply to the prototype, such as the lens design, or the inner colling micro-pipes.

PHYSICAL STATES OF WATER Now the HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE is working if there is a pump that link the water source with itself. Next step of research could be focused on vaporized water, this to avoid electicity needs for the system as well as optimization

Experiment on salt-water for latex net and thickness for expansion and light control.

and be conducted in condensation vacuoles.

73

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE Upcoming features - Hydro-mediating system - Maximize efficiency - Prototyping - Aquaponic farming - Aquaponic Tray System - Food production capacity - Communal area - Energetic implementation: Solar Panels, Cooling turbines - Transportability - Modular Strategy - Building Device - Urban Device

74

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE Project Future Implementation - Research

[1] Hydrovacuoles_Epidermis

[2] Collapsible vascular tissue

HIGH RADIATION SURFACE vacuoles; solar pannels; opacity; shadow; expansive geometric gradient

[3] NaCl Phloema network MEDIUM RADIATION SURFACE smaller vacuoles; solar pannels; transparency; openings; ventilation; geometric interface gradient

LOW RADIATION SURFACE storage vacuoles; transparency; openings; electronics; ventilation; tightening geometric gradient

75

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE Greenhouse Research GREENHOUSE ANALYSIS_ [case studies]

01.

01PRO.

HYDROVACUOLES EPIDERMIS

VASCULAR MESH

MEMBRANE

VASCULAR WATER STRUCTURE

GREENHOUSE ANALYSIS_ [solar radiation and new development]

76

02.

02PRO.

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE Project Application

GREENHOUSE PANELS

INTERNAL SHADING SAIL

STRUCTURE + COLLAPSIBLE NET MEMBRANE

WATER MAIN TANK + BIOFILTER

VACUOLES + ROOF SYSTEM

AQUAPONIC TRAY SYSTEM 77

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE -

DISCUSSION

Groups are trying to move away from the dependence of fossil fuels and consumerist practices. There is a focus on local production and consumtion, forging meaningful relationships and living as sustainably as possible. Many initiatives are encouraged, such as reducing energy use, creating sustainable local businesses, localizing farming and creating environmentally minded communities. This social movement closely connected with the so fast evolving technological one can be a strong answer to the nowadays ecological problem.

Data-driven future, inexpensive sensors, cloud computing and intelligent software, “hold the potential to transform and fertilizer. But it will also - help satisfy the rising demand for transparency in farming.

Consumers increasingly want to know where their food came from, how much water and chemicals were used, and when and how it was harvested. “Data is the only way that can be done”. “The rest of the world has to get the productivity gains with data,” .[18] Solar still design can be pushed towards future studies with other approaches to the problem of water, thinking that study nature’s principles, utilize algorithmic software, reduce the environmental impact of fabrication can bring us to another vision of the devices. Imagine on greenhouse structure, walls, roofs, canopies build with 100% biodegradable materials (latex for instance) that can help regulate automatically light, thermal losses, humididty control, an entire athmosperich building that can produce our food and energy, that can utilize not only contaminated groundwater sources but waste water from housing: through the design, this must be the aim!

These ideas are meant to inspire an approach to greenhouse designs (and why not building) that will solve the with more of the same technology. and one that is appropriate to its place. Architects should look to cacti as well as tree/nature as a model because

[18]

“The Internet of Things and the Future of Farming”, The New York Times (online journal), August, 3, 2015

78

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE -

REFERENCES

BOOKS - EEA Topic Centre on Terrestrial Environment (2006), The changing faces of Europe’s coastal areas. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen.

- Hèctor Muñoz, Jermaine Joseph (2010), Hydroponics, Home-Based Vegratable Production System. Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture, Guyana.

- Hensel, M., Menges, A. & Weinstock, M (2010). Emergent Technologies and Design: towards a biological paradigm for architecture. London: Routledge.

-Joel Malcolm, Faye Arcaro (2011), The IBC of Aquaponics. Backyard Aquaponics, Australia.

- Mark W. Rosegrant, Ximing Cal, Sarah A. Cline (2002), World Water and Food 2025: Dealing with Scarcity. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington D.C. - Otto F. (1971). IL3 Biology and Building. Stuggart: IL University of Stuggart.

- Park S. Nobel (2002), Cacti, biology and uses. University of California Press, London, UK. - Schuster-Wallace C.J., Sandford, R. (2015), Water in the World We Want, catalysing national water-related sustainable development. United Nation University, UNU-INWEH - Soteris A. Kalogirou (March 2009), Solar energy engineering: process and system. Elsevier’s Science & Technology Department, Oxford, UK. - Thompson, D. (1961). On Growth and Form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

ARTICLES - Helga Wiederhold, Johannes Michaelsen, Klaus Hinsby, Broder Nommensen (June 2014). SWIM 2014, 23rd Salt Water Intrution Meeting. NEUE PERSPEKTIVEN, Hannover.

- Ilaria Bombelli (2014), Mondo vegetale e politica. Domus online journal, Milan.

- Marc Van Iersel, Stephanie Burnett, Jongyun Kim (2010), How much water do your plants really need?. Greenhouse Management online journal, Cleveland, OH, USA - Soteris A. Kalogirou (March 2005), Seawater desalination using renewable energy source: Department of Mechanical Engineering. Higher Technical Institute, Cyprus.

- Steve Lohr (August 2015), The Internet of Things and the Future of Farming. The New York Times, New York, USA. - T.Arunkumar, K.Vinothkumar, Amimul Ahsan, R. Jayaprakash, Sanjay Kumar (2012), Experimental Study on various Solar Still Designs. ISRN renewable Energy online journal.

80

HYDRO-MEDIATING INTERFACE -

REFERENCES

WEB

html ].

- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) [ http://www.geus.dk/UK/data-maps/Pages/default.aspx ]. gan_ haschani_maim/hashvu_kama_maim.htm ].

- UrbanFarmers AG, Conceptual De from-the-roof-taking-on-buckminster-fuller-2012-challenge/ ].

81

WATER IN THE WORLD WE WANT

WORLD WATER

WATER DESALINATION

Catalysing National Water-Related Sustainable Development

Food and water mangament in agriculture

Option Or Distraction For A Thirsty World?

Date: February 23, 2015 Source: UN University INWEH

Date: November 05, 2012 Source: Nature Climate Change Summary: Are we headed current water policies continue, so will high toward a worldwide levels of food water crisis? The insecurity, increasing demand for environmental water among degradation, and households, industry, water-related ill health. the environment, and Further neglect of especially agriculture water issues could is making global water produce a genuine scarcity a perilous water crisis, which in possibility.What will turn could lead to a happen to food food crisis. But we can production and avoid these outcomes global food security if we make as water becomes fundamental policy increasingly scarce? changes now.The What steps can we authors show exactly take to avert threats which policies and to global food supply, actions could ensure the environment, and sustainable and the livelihoods of those efficient water use, lacking access to enough food for the clean water? Using world’s people, and state-of-the-art adequate drinking computer modeling to water for all. show how water availability and Web: International Food policy demand are likely to Research Institure "World water and food to 2025" evolve, World Water ifpre.com, 2002. and Food to 2025 <http://www.ifpri.org/public ation/world-water-and-foo contends that if

Summary: A UN report on water and the Sustainable Development Goals underscores the issue's forecast links with conflict, especially in many already-troubled world regions. It also underscores the need to crackdown severely on corruption in the water sector as “a crime against humanity.”

Web:

82

UN University INWEH. "World must achieve international water goals to preempt looming conflicts born of desperation." ScienceDaily.

ScienceDaily, 23 February 2015. <www.sciencedaily.com/rele ases/2015/02/150223104 203.htm>.

d-2025>.

ROBOTIC GARDENING TECHNOLOGY

Date: June 22, 2007 Source: World Wildlife Fund

Date: July 07, 2014 Source: NASA

Summary: Making drinking water out of sea water is a growing trend but a potential threat to the environment that could also exacerbate climate change, says the World Wildlife Fund in a global review of desalination plants worldwide. They found that some of the driest and thirstiest places are turning to desalination. These include regions where water problems affect large, populous areas -- Australia, the Middle East, Spain, the UK and US, with India and China following suit.

Summary: For more than a half-century, NASA has made the stuff of science fiction into reality. Researchers are continuing that tradition by designing robots to work in a deep-space habitat, tending gardens and growing food for astronaut explorers. It sounds like a concept from Star Wars, but a team of graduate students from the University of Colorado Boulder is now developing the innovative technology to make it possible.

Web:

Web:

World Wildlife Fund.

"Desalination: Option Or Distraction For A Thirsty World?." ScienceDaily.

ScienceDaily, 22 June 2007. <www.sciencedaily.com/rele ases/2007/06/070621203 448.htm>.

NASA. "University students developing robotic gardening technology."

ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 7 July 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/rele ases/2014/07/140707113 524.htm>.

THE CHANGING FACES OF EUROPE'S COASTAL AREAS

SEAWATER DESALINATION USING RENEWABLE ENERGY

SOLAR-THERMAL POWERED DESALINATION:

Date: June, 2006 Source: EEA

Date: March, 17 2005 Source: DMI Cyprus

Date: March, 17 2005 Source: Faculty of Computing and Inf. Tech. (FCIT)

Summary: This report provides information on the state of the environment in the coastal areas of Europe, and provides evidence of the need for a more integrated, long-term approach.

Since 1995, concern about the state of Europe's coastline has led to a number of EU initiatives, which build on the concept of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM). ICZM attempts to balance the needs of development with protection of the very resources that sustain coastal economies. It also takes into account the public's concern about the deteriorating environmental, socio-economic and cultural state of the European coastline.

The report serves the purpose of developing the EEA's approach on integrated spatial assessment with a view to understanding changes in coastal systems and monitoring progress towards sustainable development. It focuses mainly on the environmental dimension, which is used as an entry point to analyse the relationship between society and the natural environment in coastal zones.

Web: European Environmental

Agency "Ehe changing faces of Europe's costal areas" EEA.com, 2006. <www.eea.europa.eu/public ations/eea_report_2006_6 >.

Its Significant Challenges and Potential

Summary: The origin and The paper includes a Summary: In arid areas where continuation of review of various large-scale mankind is based on systems that use development has water. Water is one of renewable energy already occurred, e.g. the most abundant sources for parts of resources on earth, desalination. Finally, the Middle East and covering three-fourths some general North Africa, the of the planetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface. guidelines are given extraction of fresh The only nearly for selection of water via desalination inexhaustible sources desalination and plants requires very of water are the renewable energy large energy oceans, which, systems and the consumption. This however, are of high parameters that need motivates the salinity. It would be to be considered. development of feasible to address solar-desalination the water-shortage systems, which are problem with seawater desalination systems desalination; however, that are powered the separation of salts by solar energy. With from seawater requires the goal of identifying large amounts of key technical energy which, when challenges and produced from fossil potential opportunities fuels, can cause harm solar-desalination, we to the environment. review a variety of Therefore, there is a solar energy need to employ technologies used for Web: Department of Mechanical environmentally-friendly capturing and Engineering, Higher Technical Institute Cyprus, energy sources in concentrating heat 2005. order to desalinate energy, and also <http://www.sciencedirect.c om/science/article/pii/S036 seawater. review various 0128505000146>.

technologies for desalination systems including advanced techniques for energy-recovery.

We compare the cost-effectiveness, energy-efficiency, and other relevant quantities of these potential technologies for solar-desalination systems.

We observe that the most favorable locations are those with high solar irradiance, lack of fresh water, but access to large brackish water sources and/or proximate seawater.

Web: Department of Computer

Science, Duke University, Durham, USA, 2015 <http://www.cs.duke.edu/~re if/paper/solar/SolarDesal/S olarDesal.pdf>.

83

CONTACTS

Alessio S. Verdolino MAA Architect Via Arrigo Boito 12/A 70017 Putignano - Italy e-mail: v.verdolino@gmail.com tlf.: +39 3487102695 (IT) WhatsApp: +34 722489556 (ES) Skype: aleverdo473 ISSUU: http://issuu.com/alessio.s.verdolino YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHpperFazivjV50nziHNHlg Vimeo: https://vimeo.com/user17596150