Designing for a Second Life: Shelters for Migrant Construction Workers

DESIGNING FOR A SECOND LIFE: SHELTERS FOR MIGRANT CONSTRUCTION WORKERS Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture of the University of Calicut

Submitted by

Aleesha Antony VGASEBC007

Under the guidance of

Ar. Varun Gopal Assistant Professor

B.Arch. Thesis June 2023

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CERTIFICATE Certified that this thesis report titled “Designing for a Second Life: Shelters for Migrant Construction Workers” is the bonafide work of Aleesha Antony who carried out the work in this school during the period February 2023 to June 2023 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE of the UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

ADVISOR

PRINCIPAL

Ar. Varun Gopal

Ar. Tony Joseph

Assistant Professor

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the individuals who have supported and assisted me throughout the journey of completing my thesis. Their contributions, guidance, and support have been invaluable, and I am truly grateful for their presence in my academic endeavour.

First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge my mentor, Ar. Varun Gopal, for his unwavering guidance, invaluable expertise, and profound passion for the subject that has been an endless source of inspiration. Ar. Varun Gopal's belief in my abilities and his constant encouragement have propelled me to push the boundaries of my knowledge and explore new horizons. His patient and insightful feedback, coupled with his ability to challenge my thinking, have undoubtedly shaped the trajectory of my research and enhanced the quality of my work. I am truly fortunate to have had the opportunity to learn from such a remarkable mentor, and I will forever be grateful for his instrumental contributions to my academic and personal growth.

I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to Nikhil, the workshop assistant, and Joel Xavier Jose, fourth year student, for their invaluable assistance in the model making process. Their technical expertise and support were instrumental in bringing the design concepts to life, and I am grateful for his dedication and willingness to help.

Furthermore, I would like to extend my gratitude to Ar. Soumini Raja Phd., the Head of the Department, for her guidance and encouragement in establishing a sense of inquiry and deep interest within the subject during the dissertation. Her valuable insights and mentorship have been instrumental in shaping my research and refining my understanding of the topic.

I would also like to thank Ar. William George for his expertise in prototyping and iterating the design. His valuable inputs and suggestions have greatly contributed to the development and refinement of the temporary shelter concept. I am truly grateful for his support and guidance throughout the process.

Finally, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation to my family and friends who have contributed to this thesis in various ways, whether through discussions, feedback, or simply being a source of motivation. Your contributions have been vital to the completion of this work, and I am truly grateful for your presence in this journey.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction: Architectural Inquiry and Project 1.1 Abstract 1.2 Critical Design and Research Scholarship 1.3 Project Rationale, Brief, and Methodology 1.4 Project Scope and Limitations

8 9 12 16

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Case Studies Analysis and Inferences 2.1 Primary Case Study 01 and Design Exercise 2.2 Primary Case Study 02 2.3 Secondary Case Study 01 – Belapur Housing, Charles Correa .

2.4 Secondary Case Study 02 – Expandable House, Urban Rural Systems .

17 20 22 24

Architectural Design 3.1 Prototype Generation 3.2 Iteration 01 3.3 Iteration 02 3.4 Iteration 03

26 29 35 40

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Conclusion 4.1 Reflection on Architectural Enquiry References

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44 . 46

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LIST OF FIGURES List of Drawings and Diagrams Drawing 1: Diagrammatic exploration of flexible reversible architecture Drawing 2: Thesis Methodology Drawing 3: Context map of Location Drawing 4: Plan drawing of Labour Shed Drawing 5: Diagrammatic floor plan showing Built-unbuilt ratio (left), activity-based floor plan diagram (right) Drawing 6: Exploded Isometric Drawing of Design Exercise Drawing 7: Context map of Location Drawing 8: Plan drawing (top), activity-based floor plan diagram (bottom) Drawing 9: Context map of Location Drawing 10: Programmatic Adaptability Drawing 11: Criteria and Conditions established for prototype generation Drawing 12: Exploded isometric drawing of Iteration 01 Built Module Drawing 13: Connection of cross-bracing to post (left), Connection of floor board to Isection (middle), Connection of component façade panels and openings (right) Drawing 14: Three types of modules Drawing 15: Cluster Iteration 01 for Prototype Iteration 01 Drawing 16: Cluster Iteration 02 for Prototype Iteration 01 Drawing 17: Hoist able roof mechanism (left), Railing jointed floor system(right) Drawing 18: Exploded isometric drawing of Prototype Iteration 02 Drawing 19: Electrical Connection of modules Drawing 20: Activity based clustering iterations Drawing 21: Exploded Isometric Drawing of Prototype Iteration 03 Drawing 22: Plan and Section of Sanitation Block Drawing 23. Cluster Iteration 01 Drawing 24. Cluster Iteration 02 Drawing 25. Cluster Iteration 03 Drawing 26. Cluster Iteration 04 List of Tables Table 1: Catalogue of Reversibility of Connections List of Photographs Figure 1: Inter-state migration pattern in India Figure 2: Material Lifecycle of Temporary shelters at construction sites currently Figure 3: Annual Growth of Seasonal Migrants in Kerala Figure 4: Frequency of migrant workers in Kerala visiting Home-states in 2018 8

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Figure 5: Different durability rates of building components Figure 6: Structure of WonderFrame by William McDonough Figure 7: Joinery of structure of the Natural Pavilion Figure 8: Assembly of the modular system Figure 9: Mass migration of migrant workers during lockdown Figure 10: Examples of on-site ‘jugaad’ observed Figure 11: Overcrowded sleeping space(left), Pit latrines (middle), Open washing and bathing space(right) Figure 12: Comparative diagram of clustering plan to fractal geometry Figure 13. Tectonic Adaptability

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Introduction: Architectural Inquiry and Project 1.1 Abstract In India, the inequalities in development and urbanization post-independence has resulted in interstate migration from less affluent states to more affluent states like Kerala, Maharashtra etc. The migrants who come for work to these states often work and live in poor conditions and face social isolation or discrimination. The most significant evidences of this othering of this group of lower socio-economic status was seen when the Coronavirus lockdown saw the mass migration of tens of thousands of workers from factories and workplaces in search of a way home, one of the biggest mass movements of people in the country since the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947. Their rights are not protected by the government, private or public institutions that hire them or the middle-men who facilitate their migration.

In Kerala, the construction sector provides employment to the largest proportion of workers from outside the state. The majority of the workers engaged in such work are young single men from backward communities in rural areas, predominantly from Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal. Since their main objective is to save money and send it home, they often compromise on their living conditions by sharing a single rented room with 8-10 people or living in poorly maintained on site temporary shelters. Government

Figure 1. Inter-state migration pattern in India

schemes like PMAY Scheme do not cater to the temporary and transient housing needs. Most of these seasonal migrant workers who visit their home state at least twice a year do not imagine their shelters as permanent houses. As mobile populations, they require temporary, dignified and affordable housing solutions in the city.

The concept that could address this need for transformable and temporary tectonics could come from the larger concepts of Circular Economy and Reversible Architecture. ‘Reversibility’ is defined as a process of transforming buildings or dismantling its systems, products and elements without causing

Figure 2. Material Lifecycle of Temporary shelters at construction sites currently

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damage. Designing the building for disassembly while managing affordability could allow for multiple lives of the building.

The thesis could examine the living conditions of construction workers and their families in temporary building construction sites and identify the challenges of continuous relocation.

The architecture evolved from this study could offer a possibility of cheap temporary construction that is also re-constructible and durable made using available scrap resources at construction sites. The project would attempt to meet the physical demands of the unpredictable work locations while also creating humane social environments for the workers and their families.

1.2 Critical Design and Research Scholarship 1.2.1. Need for Transient Housing for migrant construction workers in Kerala The Construction sector in Kerala heavily depends on migrant labour and engages the largest proportion of such workers in the state. Workers are generally provided free accommodation and transport to the work sites. In many cases, they are housed at the construction site itself.

Temporary labour camps made of corrugated sheets, typical of construction sector all over India can be found within or near such construction sites. But these labour camps even of large-scale construction projects are often in poor condition due to their temporary nature not to mention the unsafe environmental conditions of a construction site. For a user group that is so pivotal to the infrastructural development of Kerala in the coming years, social accommodation by the host state is necessary; and it should start from humane and dignified living conditions that cater to their needs.

The recent trend in the employment sector in Kerala shows a large inflow of migrant workers from states such as West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand besides the neighbouring states.

This points to an urgency in accommodation of other state migrant workers into society.

Figure 3. Annual Growth of Seasonal Migrants in Kerala

Also, it has been observed in many studies that a large majority (82%) of the population of migrant workers in Kerala travel back home twice or more in a year.

This creates a need for adaptability of the transient housing model to accommodate different user groups that may occupy it.

Figure 4. Frequency of migrant workers in Kerala visiting In the current scenario, when workers Home-states in 2018 aren’t provided with housing by an external contractor or agency they are observed to compromise on hygiene and privacy by sharing small rental rooms with 8-10 people in order to save and send home more money. Therefore, contractors and investors must allocate budget for ethical and safe construction practices that account for the wellbeing of the people

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involved in the making of a project and any housing solution provided must be affordable and if possible even profitable than the existing scheme for the contractors in order to incentivise providing humane living conditions to the workers.

The aforementioned problems and needs of migrant workers can be addressed through the understanding of reversible architecture and transformable tectonics that would allow a certain adaptability and flexibility for living that has the safety, security and permanence of a home but also the transience and temporality that would be required for a nomadic user group such as the migrant construction workers of Kerala.

1.2.2. Reversible Architecture and its potential for Temporary Shelters ‘Reversibility’ is defined as a process of transforming buildings or dismantling its systems, products and elements without causing damage. Design solutions that can guarantee high reuse potential of the building, systems, products and materials and that have high transformation potential are described as reversible. The general static approach to building integration ignores that building systems, products, components and materials have different degrees of use and technical durability.

Reversible Architecture accounts for this and allows exchangeability at different levels of the building. Temporary shelters that need to be transported from site to site require design that accounts for this varying durability of its components.

Through disassembly, adaptability and Figure 5. Different durability rates of building components reuse this model allows the multiple lives of a structure and its sustained use.

Reversible Architecture is especially useful to achieve sustainable and economically viable solutions for nomadic user groups, as its characteristics allow for portability.

Spatial reversibility is also an integral part of reversible architecture where the space and structure has the capacity to accommodate different functions without causing major reconstruction works, demolition and material loss. As varying groups of people from different parts of India with distinct patterns of living cohabit the shelters periodically, there is a need for the spaces designed for them to allow flexibility. This concept effectively applied in the design for shelters for migrant construction workers can give them a sense of belonging and ownership over the spaces the live in.

To achieve reversible architecture, there is a need to attain a certain level of technical reversibility. This can be achieved to varying degrees depending on the connection between two members of the structure. As shown in the table below (Table 1), from irreversible to increasing reversibility, the structural separability of components decides the degree of disassembly that is possible.

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Table 1. Catalogue of Reversibility of Connections

Many innovative experimental design strategies have been successfully built and dismantled to educate and inform about the potential of this field of architecture. These have been case studied and explained based on the building system that the design primarily addresses: 14

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I.

Foundation 1. WonderFrame – Developed by William McDonough, the WonderFrame enables reversible architecture and supports the principles of the circular economy by allowing for the easy disassembly, reuse, and relocation of buildings. The design engineered a single structural module that can be used to form any building system including foundation, walls and roof.

Figure 6. Structure of WonderFrame by William McDonough

II.

System 1. The Natural Pavilion – Designed by DP6 Studio, the Natural Pavilion can be completely dismantled and rebuilt in a different configuration because of its fully dry jointed wood and steel connections. The multiple lifecycles have been imagined and accounted for in the design stage of the building allowing for smooth transition and adaptability.

Figure 7. Joinery of structure of the Natural Pavilion

Figure 8. Assembly of the modular system

1.3 Project Rationale, Brief and Methodology 1.3.1. The Critical Enquiry This thesis report aims to explore the possibilities of designing temporary shelters for migrant construction workers, considering their unique needs, vulnerabilities, and the shortcomings of current housing schemes. By addressing the transient housing needs of these workers and 15

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their families, this project strives to contribute to the creation of inclusive and sustainable urban environments in India.

The rationale for this thesis project lies in the urgent need to address the housing challenges faced by migrant construction workers in India. By designing a second life for a temporary housing prototype, we can develop innovative solutions that ensure the provision of safe, dignified, and affordable shelters for these workers and their families. This project seeks to bridge the gap between the living conditions experienced by migrant workers and the existing housing schemes, aiming to enhance their overall well-being, quality of life, and social integration.

1. Urbanization in India In India, significant inequalities exist in the development of various states, with affluent cities such as Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Maharashtra attracting a higher influx of migrants compared to less affluent states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh. This pattern of migration creates an urgent need to provide suitable housing solutions for the migrant construction workers who seek better livelihood opportunities in these urban centers.

2. Vulnerabilities of Migrant Construction Workers The construction industry in India employs a large number of workers from poor socioeconomic backgrounds. These workers face several vulnerabilities, including long working hours, low wages, unsafe working environments, social isolation, and limited access to basic services such as education, healthcare, sanitation, and safety. Many of them currently live in makeshift accommodations, such as roadside tents and temporary sheds, which lack proper ventilation, basic facilities, and essential services.

3. Impact of the Pandemic on Migrant Workers The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the challenges faced by migrant construction workers.

During the lockdown, tens of thousands of workers were left stranded without pay and had to embark on long journeys back to their home villages. This mass movement of people highlighted the urgent need for temporary shelters that can provide safe and dignified living conditions for migrant workers during times of crisis, ensuring their well-being and stability.

Figure 9. Mass migration of migrant workers during lockdown

4. Housing for 'All' Existing housing schemes, like the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), focus on providing permanent houses in cities. However, these schemes do not cater to the temporary and transient housing needs of seasonal migrant workers. As a mobile population, these workers require temporary and affordable housing solutions that can accommodate their unique living and working patterns. The lack of suitable housing options forces them to live in open spaces, rented rooms, or within their workplaces, often enduring deplorable conditions.

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1.3.2. Project Brief The architectural proposal aims to address the pressing need for humane, affordable, and temporary housing solutions for migrant construction workers and their families. The design should foster a sense of community and a feeling of home for the residents while accommodating their transient lifestyle.

The following are the design objectives derived from the identified concerns: 1. Humane and Affordable Housing - Provide safe, comfortable, and hygienic living conditions that prioritize the well-being and dignity of the residents.

- Incorporate adequate ventilation, natural light, and insulation to ensure a healthy and comfortable living environment.

- Optimize the use of resources and materials to reduce construction costs and make the housing affordable for the target population.

2. Sense of Community - Design communal spaces that encourage social interaction, fostering a sense of belonging among the residents.

- Create gathering areas, such as common courtyards or shared recreational spaces, to promote social cohesion and communal activities.

- Integrate amenities and facilities that encourage community engagement, such as communal kitchens, multipurpose halls, and outdoor gathering areas.

3. Sense of Home - Design the shelters to provide a sense of privacy and personal space for individuals and families, ensuring that they can personalize their living areas.

- Incorporate elements that evoke a homely atmosphere, such as warm colours, natural materials, and personalized storage solutions.

- Integrate cultural considerations and design elements that reflect the diverse backgrounds and preferences of the residents, creating a sense of familiarity and comfort.

Drawing 1. Diagrammatic exploration of flexible reversible architecture

4. Temporary and Transient Housing - Design the shelters to be easily assembled, disassembled, and relocated as needed to accommodate the transient nature of the residents' work.

- Focus on modular and flexible design solutions that allow for easy customization and adaptation to different site conditions and user needs.

- Consider the environmental impact and sustainability of the shelters, incorporating energy-efficient systems and materials that can be reused or recycled.

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1.3.3. Methodology

Drawing 2. Thesis Methodology

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1.4. Project Scope and Limitations 1.4.1. Project Scope The scope of this architectural thesis project is to design a temporary shelter for migrant construction workers. The primary objective is to create a safe and comfortable living environment for the workers who are often faced with challenging living conditions during their employment on construction sites. The project aims to address their basic needs, such as accommodation, sanitation, and communal spaces, while considering the constraints of a temporary structure.

1. Accommodation: Designing sleeping quarters or dormitories that can accommodate a significant number of workers, while ensuring privacy and comfort.

2. Sanitation Facilities: Providing adequate and hygienic toilet and bathing facilities, taking into account the cultural and gender-specific requirements of the workers.

3. Common Areas: Creating communal spaces where workers can relax, socialize, and engage in recreational activities during their leisure time. These spaces may include dining areas, verandas and outdoor spaces.

4. Basic Amenities: Incorporating essential amenities like kitchens, laundry facilities, and storage areas to meet the daily needs of the workers.

5. Environmental Considerations: Integrating sustainable design principles to minimize the environmental impact of the shelter, water conservation measures, and waste management strategies.

6. Cultural Sensitivity: Recognizing the diverse cultural backgrounds of the workers and considering their customs, traditions, and preferences in the design of the shelter.

1.4.2. Limitations 1. Temporary Nature: The project should focus on the design of a temporary shelter, which implies certain limitations in terms of construction materials, methods, and durability. The shelter should be designed to be disassembled and moved if necessary.

2. Cost Constraints: The budget for the project may impose limitations on the choice of materials, construction techniques, and the extent of amenities that can be provided within the shelter.

3. Contextual Factors: The project should adapt to fit the requirements of different geographical locations, climate conditions, and soil conditions despite its standardization.

4. Social Dynamics: The project should be sensitive to the potential social dynamics among the workers and their interactions within the shelter. Design considerations should aim to create a harmonious and inclusive living environment.

5. Maintenance and Upkeep: Since the shelter will be occupied by a large number of people, the design should account for ease of maintenance and address issues related to wear and tear, cleanliness, and repairs.

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Case Study Analysis and Inferences 2.1. Primary Case Study 01 and Design Exercise Location: Labour Shed, Avani Institute of Design This case study analysis focuses on the labour shed in the construction site of Avani Institute of Design, located in Kozhikode, Kerala. The study aims to identify the problems associated with the current typology of temporary shelters provided for migrant workers involved in the ongoing construction. Additionally, it explores the workers' resourcefulness in constructing their own furniture using materials found on-site. The analysis serves as valuable insights for proposing improved temporary shelters that address the identified challenges while ensuring the safety, comfort, and well-being of the migrant construction workers.

Challenges with the Current Typology of Temporary Shelters: Drawing 3. Context map of Location 1. Lack of Ventilation and Natural Light: The existing temporary shelters for the workers suffer from inadequate ventilation and limited access to natural light. This results in poor indoor air quality, discomfort, and potential health issues for the occupants.

2. Insufficient Protection from Harsh Weather Conditions: The current shelters fail to provide adequate protection from the elements, such as heavy rain, strong winds, and extreme temperatures. This exposes the workers to discomfort, health risks, and impacts their overall productivity.

3. Lack of Hygiene and Cleanliness: The temporary shelters exhibit deficiencies in maintaining proper hygiene and cleanliness standards. Inadequate sanitation facilities and insufficient waste management contribute to unhygienic living conditions, which can lead to health concerns and reduced well-being of the workers.

4. Unsafe Electrical Wiring: The electrical wiring in the current shelters poses safety hazards. Poorly installed or makeshift electrical connections increase the risk of electrical accidents and fires, endangering the lives of the workers.

5. Absence of Thermal Comfort: The lack of proper insulation and thermal regulation in the existing shelters result in discomfort during both hot and cold weather conditions. Inadequate thermal comfort affects the workers' productivity and overall well-being.

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Drawing 4. Plan drawing of Labour Shed

Drawing 5. Diagrammatic floor plan showing Built-unbuilt ratio (left), activity-based floor plan diagram (right)

Resourcefulness of Workers and Safety Concerns: Observations reveal that the workers demonstrate resourcefulness by utilizing various materials found on-site, including bent bars, plywood, cement particle boards, cushions, and scrap steel sections, to construct their own furniture for seating and storage. While these makeshift furniture pieces serve their temporary purpose and are easily dismantled, they often lack proper structural stability and safety precautions. This raises concerns about the safety of such furniture within their living spaces, emphasizing the need for improved and safer alternatives.

Design Exercise: The design exercise aims to address the immediate problems Figure 10. Examples of on-site identified through the case study. Additionally, a component‘jugaad’ observed based design is implemented for fast assembly and maintenance. The built spaces are interspersed with shared semi-built spaces for common activities. The doors are designed to be swivel and sliding, providing flexibility depending on the time of day.

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The grid is established based on the size of the V-board, which is 4ft by 8ft. The provided foundation is a simple post-beam foundation. The column posts above each foundation are taken from construction site steel scaffolding. The service core is pushed to one end, with the washing area adjacent to it. This arrangement allows for the separation of plumbing, water supply, and septic tanks without inconveniencing workers' lives. At the same time, it keeps the sanitation facilities in close proximity and maintains a sense of dignity.

Drawing 6. Exploded Isometric Drawing of Design Exercise

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2.2.

Primary Case Study 02

Location: Labour Shed, Thondayad Highway, Kozhikode, Kerala This case study analysis focuses on the labour shed in the construction site of Thondayad Highway, located in Kozhikode, Kerala. The study aims to understand the living conditions and challenges faced by the migrant workers involved in the construction process.

Specifically, it explores the issues of overcrowded sleeping space, pit latrines, and open washing and bathing spaces. The analysis provides valuable insights for proposing improved temporary shelters that address these challenges, ensuring the well-being, safety, and dignity of the migrant construction workers.

2.2.1. Living Conditions and Challenges: 1. Overcrowded Sleeping Space: The current labour shed accommodates approximately 25-30 workers, resulting in overcrowded sleeping conditions. The limited space available compromises the workers' privacy, comfort, and quality of sleep, which can have adverse effects on their physical and mental Drawing 7. Context map of Location well-being.

2. Pit Latrines: The existing sanitation facilities consist of pit latrines, which pose several challenges. Pit latrines often lack proper ventilation, sanitation, and maintenance, leading to unhygienic conditions and unpleasant odours. The workers' health and overall hygiene are compromised due to inadequate sanitation provisions.

3. Open Washing and Bathing Space: The absence of enclosed and private washing and bathing spaces in the labour shed creates discomfort and compromises the workers' dignity. The lack of proper facilities for personal hygiene negatively impacts the workers' well-being and adds to their hardships.

Figure 11. Overcrowded sleeping space(left), Pit latrines (middle), Open washing and bathing space(right)

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2.2.2. Worker Demographics: In this case study it has been observed that the majority of the migrant workers come from West Bengal and Jharkhand. There is also a smaller percentile of workers from Bihar and Orissa. However, it is important to delve deeper into the worker demographics to understand the significance of their cultural backgrounds, preferences, and needs.

1. Cultural Backgrounds and Preferences: The workers' cultural backgrounds play a crucial role in shaping their way of life, traditions, and habits. Cultural factors encompass various aspects, such as food preferences, religious practices, social customs, and daily routines. Understanding these cultural nuances is vital in designing temporary shelters that accommodate and respect the workers' specific cultural needs. For example, provisions for communal spaces for group activities, prayer areas, or spaces for cultural celebrations can contribute to fostering a sense of belonging and well-being among the workers.

2. Formation of Groups: The workers tend to form groups within themselves based on their place of origin, cultural backgrounds, or the language they speak. These groups serve as a support system and a way to maintain a sense of familiarity and community while being away from home. Group formation helps in creating a support network for the workers, as they can relate to each other's experiences, language, and cultural practices. These groups often provide emotional support, share resources, and facilitate communication within their respective communities.

3. Communal Understanding: Despite the formation of groups based on different criteria, there exists a sense of communal understanding among the workers. This implies that even though they may have distinct identities within their own groups, there is a recognition and respect for each other's cultures and backgrounds. This understanding fosters a sense of unity, cooperation, and mutual support among the diverse groups of workers. It is important to acknowledge and leverage this communal understanding to create an inclusive and harmonious living environment within the temporary shelters.

Drawing 8. Plan drawing (top), activity-based floor plan diagram (bottom)

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2.3.

Secondary Case Study 01 - Belapur Housing, Charles Correa

Location: Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra The case study focuses on the Incremental Belapur Housing project designed by Charles Correa. This analysis examines the clustering and planning principles adopted by the architect, with a particular emphasis on incrementality. It also explores the customization potential offered by the kit of parts designed for the housing, resulting in five main types of housing typologies.

2.3.1. Clustering and Planning Principles: 1. Incrementality: Charles Correa's Incremental Belapur Housing project follows a principle of incrementality, allowing for future expansion as and when necessary. Each dwelling is allocated an individual plot, providing the residents with the flexibility to customize and expand their homes according to their evolving needs. This approach promotes a sense of individuality within a dense community and accommodates the changing requirements of the residents over time.

2. Hierarchical Open Spaces: Drawing 9. Context map of Location The dwellings are organized in clusters, with each house having its own small open space, ensuring privacy. Seven dwellings are grouped around an intimate courtyard, and three such clusters combine around a larger space. The clusters ultimately converge around the largest community space, fostering interaction and a sense of belonging among the residents.

3. Range of Housing Typologies: The Incremental Belapur Housing project offers a variety of housing typologies to cater to different income groups, including lower, middle-, and upper-income segments. Despite the wide income range (a ratio of 1:5), the plot sizes vary less, ranging from 45 sq.m to 75 sq.m. The kit of parts enables the creation of diverse housing types within the predetermined plot sizes, accommodating various family sizes and needs.

4. Expandable Units: The housing units are designed with expandability in mind, allowing residents to incrementally grow their homes as required. The individual plots and the absence of common walls between neighbouring dwellings facilitate easy expansion. This customization potential enables residents to adapt their living spaces based on their evolving needs, creating a sense of ownership and long-term sustainability within the community.

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Figure 12. Comparative diagram of clustering plan to fractal geometry

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2.4. Secondary Case Study 02 – EXPANDABLE HOUSE, URS Location: Batam, Indonesia This case study analysis examines the expandable house as a sustainable response to the challenges faced by rapidly developing cities like Batam in Indonesia. The rapid urbanization and influx of migrant construction workers in cities like Batam necessitate innovative solutions to address the challenges of housing and infrastructure. This analysis explores the expandable house project, which presents a viable approach to accommodating migrant workers by leveraging tectonic and programmatic adaptability.

2.4.1. Tectonic Adaptability: •

•

Hoist able RoofsThe expandable house incorporates hoist able roofs that allow for flexible configuration and vertical expansion. This tectonic feature enables the addition of up to three floors, accommodating the fluctuating resource needs and income of the residents. The hostable roof system, provided by the developer or state housing agency, offers a cost-effective solution for temporary shelters, as it can be easily installed, dismantled, and transported to different locations as needed.

Retractable Facade SystemsThe expandable house utilizes retractable facade systems, allowing for versatile spatial configurations. These systems enable the integration of income-generating functions, such as shops, cafes, garages, and cottage industries, within the dwelling itself. By adapting the facade to different activities and requirements, the expandable house promotes economic opportunities for migrant construction workers while optimizing the use of available space.

Figure 13. Tectonic Adaptability

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2.4.2. Programmatic Adaptability: •

•

•

Domestic DensificationThe expandable house encourages domestic densification in the vertical dimension, facilitating co-location of dwellings and employment opportunities.

This programmatic adaptability supports the integration of temporary shelters for migrant construction workers within the existing urban fabric, minimizing the demand for arable land and expensive infrastructures. By maximizing land use efficiency, the expandable house contributes to the sustainable development of cities.

Decentralized SystemsTo ensure self-sufficiency and reduce reliance on centralized infrastructure, the expandable house integrates decentralized systems for water, energy, and waste management. Rainwater harvesting, solar electricity generation, and septic tank systems are seamlessly incorporated within the house design. This programmatic adaptability empowers migrant construction workers to manage their own resources and create a more sustainable living environment.

Productive LandscapesRecognizing the importance of self-sufficiency and diversified resource bases, the expandable house integrates food and building material production locally.

By incorporating bamboo plantations and kitchen gardens, the house design enables migrant workers to engage in productive activities. This programmatic adaptability not only enhances the living conditions but also contributes to economic resilience and community development.

Drawing 10. Programmatic Adaptability

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Architectural Design 3.1.

Parameters for Prototype Generation

This framework establishes the parameters for prototype generation of temporary shelters for migrant construction workers. The iterative process considers five key parameters: portability, dismantlability, anthropometry, adaptability, and incrementality.

3.1.1. Portability: •

•

•

•

Fit in Standard Truck SizesTo fulfil the portability parameter, prototypes should be designed to fit within standard truck sizes when dismantled. This requirement ensures ease of transportation and enables the shelters to be relocated as needed.

Carriable Density/Weight of MaterialsThe design should prioritize materials with a carriable density and weight, considering the limitations of the workers who may need to transport or assemble the shelters independently.

Foldable/Space-Saving DesignPrototypes should incorporate foldable or space-saving features to optimize storage and transportation efficiency. This design consideration facilitates the easy assembly and disassembly of the shelters.

Availability and CostThe availability and cost of materials should be considered to ensure the prototypes are economically feasible and can be constructed using locally accessible resources.

3.1.2. Dismantlability: •

•

•

•

Archetypical JoineryThe design should incorporate archetypical joinery methods that enable easy dismantling and reassembly. This approach ensures that the components of the shelter can be separated without causing damage or requiring specialized tools.

Separable Parts Based on Component LifespanPrototypes should be designed with separable parts based on the lifespan of components. This allows for efficient replacement and maintenance of individual elements, prolonging the overall lifespan of the shelter.

Dry Jointed ConstructionDry jointed construction methods, such as bolted connections or interlocking systems, should be employed to facilitate dismantling and reassembly without the need for wet trades, minimizing construction time and cost.

Allows ExchangeabilityThe design should allow for the exchange of components or modules, accommodating changes in user requirements or adapting to varying site conditions.

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3.1.3. Anthropometry: •

•

•

Minimum StandardsPrototypes must adhere to minimum standards regarding living space, ventilation, lighting, sanitation, and safety regulations to ensure the wellbeing and comfort of migrant workers.

Laws and ActsDesigns should consider local acts and laws that govern the rights and living conditions of migrant workers, ensuring compliance and promoting social justice.

Inclusivity to All UsersPrototypes should be inclusive, considering the needs of all users, including women and children. This involves providing safe and separate spaces for different genders, accessible facilities, and amenities that cater to diverse family structures.

3.1.4. Adaptability: •

•

•

•

Transformable SpacesPrototypes should incorporate transformable spaces that can adapt to various functions and activities, providing flexibility to meet the evolving needs of migrant workers.

Activity DependentDesigns should consider the specific activities and daily routines of the workers, providing appropriate spaces for rest, communal interaction, cooking, and personal hygiene.

Divisibility of SpacesDesign should enable the allocation of different areas for privacy or communal use as required with time.

Multi-functionality of SpacesThe easy exchangeability of spaces from use to another maximizes the utilization of space and resources.

3.1.5. Incrementality: •

•

Flexibility to accommodate varying occupancy and spatial requirementsThe design should incorporate flexible elements that can adapt to different occupancy levels and spatial needs. This may include modular furniture, movable partitions, or collapsible elements that can be easily adjusted or reconfigured.

Arrangements of spaces that can be easily expanded or contracted based on demandThe layout of the shelter should allow for easy expansion or contraction of spaces as per the changing demands. This could involve the use of demountable walls or partitions that can be added or removed to modify 30

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the size of rooms. Additionally, open floor plans or adaptable room divisions can provide versatility and enable the reconfiguration of spaces to suit different purposes.

Consideration of future growth and the ability to integrate additional modules or units seamlesslyThe design should anticipate future growth and the potential need for additional space. It should allow for the seamless integration of extra modules or units, ensuring a smooth expansion process. This could involve incorporating standardized connection points or structural systems that can accommodate the addition of new modules without compromising the overall integrity of the shelter.

Drawing 11. Criteria and Conditions established for prototype generation

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3.2.

ITERATION 01

3.2.1. Prototype Design Strategies To satisfy the established criteria of dismantlability, anthropometry, and adaptability, the first design iteration of temporary shelters for migrant construction workers incorporates three main principles: raised floor system, component-based design, and removable screw footing.

These strategies are implemented to ensure ease of maintenance, flexibility, and efficient construction.

1. Raised Floor System: The design incorporates a raised floor system, which allows for easily maintainable and exchangeable service ducts. This feature enables efficient installation, repair, and replacement of electrical and plumbing services within the shelter. By elevating the floor, these systems can be accessed without disruptive interventions, ensuring the longevity and adaptability of the shelter.

2. Component-Based Facade System: A component-based facade system is employed, where the facade components are modular and easily replaceable. This design approach allows for the quick replacement of damaged or worn-out facade elements, ensuring the longevity and visual appeal of the shelters. The use of modular components also facilitates future adaptations and customization according to the users' preferences and site-specific conditions.

3. Removable Screw Footing: The shelters are supported by a removable screw footing system. This foundation method involves drilling the screw footings into the ground, which can be quickly and easily done by two individuals. When the shelter needs to be relocated, the screw footings can be removed, leaving only holes in the ground. This approach minimizes the environmental impact and allows for the efficient reuse of the site without leaving a permanent footprint.

3.2.2. Cluster Iterations The cluster iterations are generated based on the combination of three types of modules: built module, semi-built module, and sanitation module. These modules have dimensions of 3m by 4m each. The clusters explore optimum built-unbuilt relationships to accommodate the specific activities of the migrant construction workers.

Each cluster iteration consists of four clusters, and each cluster can accommodate a total occupancy of 16 people. The clusters are composed of the following modules: 1. Built Modules (4 units): These modules serve as sleeping units, with each module accommodating four beds.

The built modules provide the necessary privacy and personal space for the occupants, ensuring a comfortable resting environment.

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Drawing 12. Exploded isometric drawing of Iteration 01 Built Module

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Drawing 13. Connection of cross-bracing to post (left), Connection of floor board to I-section (middle), Connection of component façade panels and openings (right)

2. Semi-Built Modules (3 units): Among the semi-built modules, two are dedicated to cooking activities, providing a space for meal preparation and communal dining. The third semi-built module is designed for washing activities and is positioned adjacent to the service core module in all cluster iterations. This configuration ensures convenient access to sanitation facilities and promotes efficient water usage.

3. Sanitation Module (1 unit): The sanitation module serves as the central facility providing sanitation amenities. It includes two showers, two latrines, and one washbasin. This module is strategically placed to provide easy access to sanitation facilities for all cluster occupants.

Drawing 14. Three types of modules

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These cluster iterations explore different spatial arrangements and configurations based on specific constraints and requirements. By considering the activities and needs of the migrant construction workers, these cluster iterations aim to provide efficient and adaptable living environments within the temporary shelters.

Cluster Iteration 01: In this iteration, the cluster design features a central service core module, surrounded by unit size courtyards. The central service core module contains the sanitation facilities and is easily accessible to all occupants within the cluster. The courtyards, placed between the built and semi-built modules, provide open spaces for social interaction, relaxation, and recreational activities.

Drawing 15. Cluster Iteration 01 for Prototype Iteration 01

Cluster Iteration 02: In contrast to the first iteration, this cluster design features a peripheral service core module, situated at the periphery of the cluster. The built and semi-built modules surround a larger, four-unit size common courtyard located at the center of the cluster. This common courtyard serves as a shared recreational space for all occupants. The arrangement allows for better utilization of the open space, creating a larger communal area that can accommodate group activities, meetings, and social events.

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Drawing 16. Cluster Iteration 02 for Prototype Iteration 01

3.2.3. Conclusion SWOT Analysis: 1. Strengths – • DismantlabilityThe design allows for the complete dismantling of the shelters, enabling easy transportation and relocation to new sites. This feature enhances the adaptability and reusability of the structures.

• Improved ventilation and Natural lightThe modifiable component-based façade system allows more control over light and air quality inside.

• Better protection from harsh weather conditions, animals and pestsThe raised floor system and sturdier building elements allows for this without compromising on the reusability and temporary nature of the elements.

• Removable Screw FootingThe use of removable screw footings provides a simple and efficient foundation method, minimizing the environmental impact and allowing for the shelters to be easily relocated as needed.

2. Weaknesses• Module size – The module being un-equidimensional may be disadvantageous for prefabrication.

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Fixed Built-unbuilt ratios – The not transformable nature of the modules while in use does not create flexibility of spaces.

3. Opportunities• Hygiene and Cleanliness StandardsIntegration of improved sanitation facilities and waste management systems can contribute to better hygiene and cleanliness, reducing health risks and improving the overall living conditions for the workers.

• CustomizationThe component-based design enables customization of the shelters to suit specific site conditions, cultural preferences, and user requirements, enhancing user satisfaction and comfort.

• ScalabilityThe modular nature of the shelters allows for scalability, with the potential to expand or contract the living spaces based on the demand and changing needs of the migrant construction workers.

4. Threats• Cost ConstraintsThe implementation of the design principles may incur additional costs in terms of materials, assembly, and maintenance, which could pose challenges in terms of affordability and scalability.

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3.3.

ITERATION 02

3.3.1. Design Strategies To satisfy the established criteria of dismantlability, anthropometry, adaptability and portability the second design iteration of temporary shelters for migrant construction workers incorporates three main principles: railing jointed floor system, hoistable roof and furniture mountable inner structural system. These strategies are implemented to ensure ease of maintenance, flexibility, and efficient construction.

1. Railing Jointed Floor System: The modules are equipped with a railing jointed floor system, allowing them to be moved as a whole according to the users' needs. This feature enables easy reconfiguration of the space and provides flexibility for accommodating different preferences and activities.

2. Hoistable Roof: The hoistable roof in this iteration is hinged at the center, allowing it to be converted from a flat roof to a sloping roof configuration. This adaptability caters to different climatic requirements and helps optimize the shelter's performance.

The edge of the roof is designed to support both configurations, ensuring stability and functionality.

3. Furniture Mountable Inner Structural System: To enhance the ease of movement, the beds, tables, and storage spaces are designed to be easily attached to the inner frame of the module. This feature ensures that the furniture and personal belongings remain securely anchored within the moving module, enabling effortless relocation while maintaining a sense of continuity for the users.

Drawing 17. Hoistable roof mechanism (left), Railing jointed floor system(right)

3.3.2. Components and Materiality • • •

Foundation: Standard steel sections and precast concrete foundation blocks are used to provide a sturdy base for the shelter.

Flooring: V-board floorboards are employed for the module's flooring, offering durability and ease of installation.

Wall Panels: Interchangeable wall panels are incorporated, allowing for versatility in material selection. Options include ACP panels, aluminium mesh sheet panels, 38

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wooden panels, woven bamboo panels, and bamboo itself. Louvers are provided for ventilation and natural lighting.

Roofing: The roofing materials consist of polycarbonate roofing, chosen for its lightweight nature and ability to transmit light effectively.

Frame Structure: Aluminium sections are utilized for the frame structure, ensuring strength and structural integrity.

Drawing 18. Exploded isometric drawing of Prototype Iteration 02

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3.3.3. Electrical Connection Each module is individually supplied with electricity from the source (grid, solar, battery, etc.). The electrical connection is established through c-channels, facilitating easy movement of the module. When the module is unlocked and moved to a new position, the electrical connection is momentarily interrupted until it reconnects to the next base and is locked in place.

Drawing 19. Electrical Connection of modules

3.3.4. Cluster Iterations In the activity-based cluster iteration, the design considers the communal aspects and shared spaces within the shelter cluster: 1. Common Cooking and Dining Area: The semi-built space formed between the built modules can serve as a shared cooking and dining area. This arrangement promotes interaction and community engagement among the workers. Additionally, an unbuilt courtyard space at the centre of the cluster can provide a gathering spot for various activities.

2. Open Washing Areas: Adjacent to the service core, open washing areas are strategically placed to provide convenient spaces for users to wash and dry their clothes. By locating these areas close to the service core, plumbing requirements can be minimized, optimizing the shelter's infrastructure.

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3. Reconfiguration for Recreation: After work, the modules can be reconfigured to create sit-out spaces or recreational areas. This flexibility allows workers to relax and unwind, promoting their well-being and social interactions within the shelter cluster.

4. Congregational Area for Festivals or Celebrations: On special occasions such as festivals or celebrations, modules can be rearranged to form a larger semi-built congregational area. By moving a module along the x-axis, the shelter can provide a space for collective gatherings and communal events.

Drawing 20. Activity based clustering iterations

3.3.5. Conclusion SWOT Analysis: 1. Strengths – • Flexibility and Ease of ReconfigurationThe railing jointed floor system and hoistable roof allow for easy movement and reconfiguration of the modules, providing flexibility to accommodate different needs and preferences of the users.

• Efficient Space UtilizationThe furniture mountable inner structural system enables secure anchoring of furniture and personal belongings, optimizing space utilization within the modules.

• Versatile Material SelectionThe interchangeable wall panels offer a range of material options, including ACP panels, aluminium mesh sheet panels, wooden panels, woven bamboo panels, and bamboo itself. This versatility allows for customization and adaptation to different climatic conditions and user preferences.

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The use of materials such as polycarbonate roofing and aluminium sections for the frame structure ensures a lightweight yet durable shelter design, suitable for easy transportation and long-term use.

2. Weaknesses – • Electrical Interruption during Module MovementWhile the electrical connection is established through c-channels, the momentary interruption when moving a module may cause inconvenience for users, especially if they rely heavily on electricity for their daily activities.

3. Opportunities – • Modular Expansion and AdaptationThe modular nature of the design allows for future expansion and adaptation as the migrant worker population fluctuates or as the construction project evolves. This scalability provides flexibility for accommodating changing needs.

4. Threats – • Construction and Maintenance CostsThe use of certain materials, such as aluminium sections and polycarbonate roofing, may increase construction and maintenance costs compared to traditional construction methods. This could pose a financial challenge for implementing the design on a large scale.

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3.4. ITERATION 03 3.4.1. Design Strategies Iteration 03 of the temporary shelters for migrant construction workers focuses on incorporating foldability as a key design concept to enhance the utilization potential of the shelter cluster. The design aims to satisfy the five established parameters of portability, incrementality, adaptability, anthropometry, and dismantlability. The following strategies have been adopted to achieve these goals: 1. Folding Facade SystemThe shelter modules are equipped with a folding facade system, allowing the walls to move along with the frame. This provides easy flexibility and adaptability, enabling users to modify the internal layout of the module as per their requirements. The foldable walls further contribute to incrementality by allowing the expansion or reduction of the module's size based on the number of occupants or specific needs.

2. Hinged Roof SystemThe roof of the shelter also incorporates a hinged system, enabling it to fold along with the frame. This design feature enhances the adaptability of the shelter by allowing adjustments to the roof configuration based on climatic requirements or user preferences. The hinged roof system ensures efficient space utilization and optimal performance.

3. Variability in Clustering of ModulesThe third strategy focuses on providing variability in the clustering of the shelter modules within a simple 9-by-9 grid. This design iteration offers numerous permutations and combinations of module arrangements, accommodating different user groups and their specific needs. The flexibility in clustering ensures that the shelter can be tailored to suit various site conditions and occupancy patterns.

3.4.2. Components and Materiality The choice of components and materials is crucial for the functionality, durability, and sustainability of the temporary shelters. In Iteration 03, the following components and materials are utilized: • Foundation - Standard steel sections and precast concrete foundation blocks are used as the foundation system. This provides a strong and stable base for the shelters, ensuring structural integrity and resistance to external forces.

• Flooring - V-board floorboards are employed for the shelter's flooring. This material offers durability, ease of installation, and maintenance. It provides a sturdy and comfortable surface for the occupants.

• Wall Panels - The design incorporates interchangeable wall panels, allowing for versatility in material selection. Options include ACP panels, aluminium mesh sheet panels, wooden panels, marine wood, and woven bamboo panels. The choice of materials depends on factors such as availability, cost, climate resilience, and aesthetic considerations. Louvers are included in the design to facilitate natural ventilation and maximize the entry of light.

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• Roofing - Polycarbonate roofing is chosen for its lightweight nature and effective light transmission. This material allows natural light to enter the shelter, reducing the need for artificial lighting during the daytime. It also provides protection against rain and other weather elements.

• Frame Structure - Aluminium sections are used for the frame structure of the shelter.

Aluminium offers strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion. It is lightweight, making it easier to handle during transportation and assembly.

Drawing 21. Exploded Isometric Drawing of Prototype Iteration 03

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3.4.3. Sanitation and Services The sanitation and services aspect of the temporary shelters for migrant construction workers focuses on providing adequate facilities for hygiene and daily necessities. In Iteration 03, the following features are incorporated: •

•

•

Sanitary Facilities: The design utilizes a biodigester tank for the sanitary facilities within the shelter. This eco-friendly solution helps manage waste effectively and reduces the environmental impact. An Indian Orissa pan is chosen as the sanitary fitting, ensuring user comfort and familiarity.

Ventilation: Sufficient ventilation is incorporated into the design, both on top and below the floor.

This promotes air circulation within the shelter, reducing the risk of unpleasant odours and providing a more comfortable living environment.

Service Core: The shelters include a designated service core that houses the necessary infrastructure for utilities such as water supply, electrical connections, and other essential services.

This centralized service core optimizes the distribution of resources and simplifies maintenance operations.

Drawing 22. Plan and Section of Sanitation Block

3.4.4. Clustering Iterations In the activity-based clustering iterations, the design emphasizes maximizing the utilization of space and creating variable functional areas within the shelter cluster: 1. Compact Sleeping Units – During night-time, the sleeping units form compact arrangements, optimizing space utilization within the shelter cluster. This configuration allows for maximum occupancy while maintaining a comfortable living environment.

Drawing 23. Cluster Iteration 01

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2. Shared Cooking Space – The built modules can be folded to create a shared cooking space in the middle of each cluster. This arrangement promotes communal interaction and fosters a sense of community among the migrant construction workers. The shared cooking area becomes a central hub for socializing and preparing meals together.

Drawing 24. Cluster Iteration 02

3. Washing Spaces – The design incorporates washing spaces that require the absence of floorboards for easy cleaning and access to the service core for water supply. This arrangement minimizes plumbing requirements and simplifies maintenance while providing convenient washing facilities for the workers.

Drawing 25. Cluster Iteration 03

4. Semi-Open Shared Spaces – On special occasions or festivals, larger semi-open shared spaces can be formed in the middle of the cluster by reconfiguring the modules. This flexibility allows for the creation of congregational areas for collective gatherings and celebrations within the shelter community.

Drawing 26. Cluster Iteration 04

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3.4.5. Conclusion SWOT Analysis: 1. Strengths – • Easy Dismantlability and PortabilityThe foldable design elements contribute to the ease of dismantling and transportation of the shelter modules, enabling mobility and flexibility for relocation.

• Multi-User Group FriendlyThe variability in module clustering allows for customization and adaptability, accommodating different user groups with varying needs and preferences.

2. Weaknesses – • Limitation of Folded Unit UtilizationOnce the shelter modules are folded, their internal space cannot be utilized until they are unfolded, which may result in temporarily lost functionality during the folding process.

3. Opportunities – • Mass Customization and StandardizationThe design iteration provides opportunities for standardization while allowing customization to meet specific requirements. Mass customization can streamline the production process and lead to cost savings and increased efficiency in the construction and deployment of the shelters.

4. Threats – • All Iterations within a Fixed GridOne potential threat is the constraint imposed by the fixed grid system. While the grid offers a structured approach and ease of assembly, it may limit the flexibility to create different layouts or expand the shelter cluster beyond the defined grid. This constraint may restrict the scalability and adaptability of the temporary shelters in certain contexts.

Conclusion 4.1.

Reflection on Architectural Enquiry

In conclusion, the architectural enquiry into temporary shelters for migrant construction workers has resulted in the development of a comprehensive framework and two iterations that address the critical parameters of portability, dismantlability, anthropometry, adaptability, and incrementality.

The first iteration demonstrated the successful implementation of raised floor systems, component-based facade systems, and removable screw footing, showcasing strengths in dismantlability, improved ventilation and natural light, weather protection, and efficient foundation methods. However, some weaknesses were identified, such as the module size not being equidimensional and fixed built-unbuilt ratios that limited the flexibility of spaces.

The second iteration presented a more evolved design with the integration of railing jointed floor systems, hoist able roofs, and furniture mountable inner structural systems. These 47

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strategies offered strengths in flexibility, efficient space utilization, versatile material selection, and lightweight yet durable construction. However, a potential weakness was the momentary electrical interruption during module movement, which could be addressed through further refinement.

Opportunities lie in enhancing hygiene and cleanliness standards, customization possibilities, and scalability for accommodating future growth. However, cost constraints may pose challenges to the widespread implementation of these designs.

Overall, the reflection on the architectural enquiry highlights the importance of designing temporary shelters that not only meet the basic needs of migrant construction workers but also prioritize their well-being, comfort, and social interactions. The iterative design process has been instrumental in refining the prototypes, addressing shortcomings, and identifying potential areas for further development.

As we move forward, it is essential to continue exploring innovative design strategies and integrating feedback from migrant workers and stakeholders to ensure that the shelters truly cater to their needs and aspirations. By combining architectural innovation with social considerations, we can create a positive impact on the lives of migrant workers, providing them with dignified and humane living conditions while they contribute to the growth and development of our society.

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Chandran, Anish, and Chinnu Mariam Chacko. "Exploitation of In-Migrant Construction Workers in Kerala: A Case Study." Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies 4, no. 37 (2017).

Joshi, Sharadbala, Dhaval Monani, Asima Sahu, and Anurita Bhatnagar. "Shelter Solutions for Migrant Construction Workers." Ahmedabad, India: Anant National University, September 2022.

Johnson, Cassidy. "Strategies for the Reuse of Temporary Housing." University College London, Development Planning Unit, Lecturer.

Krishnan, Hari PK. Interstate Migrant Workers in Kerala: A Study on Their Quality of Life and Welfare Measures. Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala: Kerala Institute of Tourism & Travel Studies.

Parida, Jajati Keshari (PI), and K. Ravi Raman (Co-PI). "A Study on In-migration, Informal Employment and Urbanization in Kerala." Bathinda, Punjab: Central University of Punjab, March 2021.

Peter, Benoy. "Labour Migration to Construction in Kerala, India." Technical Report, June 2017.

PTI. “India Ranks Third among Top 10 Countries for LEED Green Buildings.” The Economic Times, Economic Times, 23 Jan. 2018 economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/india-ranks-third-among-top-10countries-for-leed-green-buildings/articleshow/62619975.cms.

Reja, Md Selim, and Bhaswati Das. "Well-being and Susceptibility of Interstate Migrants in India: A Study of Kerala's Migrant Construction Workers from West Bengal." Population Geography: A Journal of the Association of Population Geographers of India, July 2022.

Reyes, Alejandro. "Factory City Tijuana: Tooling Space for Work and Living." Honors Thesis, Bachelor of Architecture in Architecture Major, Gerald D. Hines College of Architecture and Design, University of Houston, May 2022.

Shamna, T. C., and K C Baiju. "The Emerging Issues of Immigrant Labourers in the Construction Sector of Kerala." Department of Economics, Central University of Kerala.

Turab, Yusaf. “Sustainable Architecture for India - The Hindu.” Sustainable architecture for India The Hindu, June 22, 2012. https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-andgardens/sustainable-architecture-for-india/article3558934.ece.

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