Alamodoso Magazine 2/2020

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Alamodoso Connections The magazine for Otero and Lincoln County.

Email alamodoso@gmail.com Web Site https://issuu.com/alamodosomagazine Office 806-224-8226 Sales 575-404-9400 Follow us on Facebook at: Discover Alamogordo Page 2-12, 46-97 Discover Tularosa Page 26-38 Discover Cloudcroft Page 98-114 Discover Ruidoso Page 115-126 Discover Carrizozo Page 14-25 Discover Lincoln Page 39-43 Discover Corona Page 20-21 Follow us on Twitter Alamodoso Magazine

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Valentine's Day Traditions All Around the World

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ith Valentine's Day just around the corner, stores are flooded with candy hearts, chocolates and stuffed animals. In the U.S., shelves brimming with teddy bears and boxes of chocolate are typical Valentine's Day fare, but not every country turns to greeting cards and heart-shaped candies to declare love Denmark Although Valentine's Day is a relatively new holiday in Denmark (celebrated since the early 1990s according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark), the country has embraced February 14th with a Danish twist. Rather than roses, friends and sweethearts exchange pressed white flowers called snowdrops.

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Another popular Danish Valentine's Day tradition is the exchange of "lover's cards." While lover's cards were originally transparent cards which showed a picture of the card giver presenting a gift to his sweetheart, the term is now synonymous with any card exchanged on Valentine's Day. On February 14th, men also give women gaekkebrev, a "joking letter" consisting of a funny poem or rhyme written on intricately cut paper and signed only with anonymous dots. If a woman who receives the gaekkebrev can correctly guess the sender, she earns herself an Easter egg later that year.

France With a reputation as one of the most romantic destinations in the world, it's little wonder France has long celebrated Valentine's Day as a day for lovers.

It's been said that the first Valentine's Day card originated in France when Charles, Duke of Orleans, sent love letters to his wife while imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1415. Today, Valentine's Day cards remain a popular tradition in France and around the world.

Another traditional Valentine's Day event in France was the loterie d'amour, or "drawing for love." Men and women would fill houses that faced one another, and then take turns calling out to one another and pairing off. Men who weren't satisfied with their match could simply leave a woman for another, and the women left unmatched gathered afterward for a bonfire.

During the bonfire, women burned pictures of the men who wronged them and hurled swears and insults at the opposite sex. The event became so uncontrollable that the French government eventually banned the tradition all together.

South Korea Valentine's Day is a popular holiday for young couples in South Korea, and variations of the holiday are celebrated monthly from February through April.

The gift-giving starts on February 14th, when it's up to women to woo their men with chocolates, candies and flowers. The tables turn on March 14th, a holiday known as White Day, when men not only shower their sweethearts with chocolates and flowers, but up the ante with a gift.

And for those who don't have much to celebrate on either Valentine's Day or White Day, there is a

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DISCOVER HISTORIC DOWNTOWN ALAMOGORDO third holiday: Black Day. On April 14th, it's customary for singles to mourn their solitary status by eating dark bowls of jajangmyeon, or black bean-paste noodles.

Wales You won't find the Welsh celebrating St Valentine -- instead, people in Wales celebrate Saint Dwynwen, the Welsh patron saint of lovers, on January 25th.

One traditional romantic Welsh gift is a love spoon.

As early as the 17th century, Welsh men carved intricate wooden spoons as a token of affection for the women they loved. Patterns and symbols were carved into these love spoons, each signifying a different meaning. A few examples include horseshoes, which stand for good luck; wheels, which symbolize support; and keys, which symbolize the keys to a man's heart.

Today, love spoons are also exchanged for celebrations such as weddings, anniversaries and births.

China The equivalent to Valentine's Day in China is Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month each year.

According to Chinese lore, Zhinu, a heavenly king's daughter, and Niulang, a poor cowherd, fell in love, married and had twins. When Zhinu's father learned of their marriage, he sent his queen to bring Zhinu back to the stars. Upon hearing the cries of Niulang and the children, the king allowed Zhinu and Niulang to meet once a year on Qixi.

During Qixi, young women prepare offerings of melon and other fruits to Zhinu in hopes of finding a good husband. Couples also head to temples to pray for happiness and prosperity. At night, people look to the heavens to watch as stars Vega and Altair (Zhinu and Niulang, respectively) come close during the starcrossed pair's annual reunion.

England On the eve on Valentine's Day, women in England used to place five bay leaves on their pillows -- one at each corner and one in the center -- to bring dreams of their future husbands. Alternatively, they would wet bay leaves with rosewater and place them across their pillows.

In Norfolk, Jack Valentine acts as a Santa of sorts for Valentine's Day. Children anxiously wait to hear Jack Valentine knock at their doors, and although they

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don't catch a glimpse of Old Father Valentine, children enjoy the candies and small gifts left on their porches.

Philippines While Valentine's Day celebrations in the Philippines are similar to celebrations in Western countries, one tradition has swept the country and led to thousands of couples sharing a wedding day on February 14th. Mass wedding ceremonies have gained popularity in the Philippines in recent years, leading hundreds of couples to gather at malls or other public areas around the country to get married or renew their vows en masse.

Italy Originally, Italians celebrated Valentine's Day as the Spring Festival. The young and amorous gathered outside in gardens and such to enjoy poetry readings and music before taking a stroll with their beloved.

Another Italian Valentine's Day tradition was for young, unmarried girls to wake up before dawn to spot their future husbands. The belief was that the first man a woman saw on Valentine's Day was the man she would marry within a year. Or he'd at least strongly resemble the man she would marry.

Today, Italians celebrate Valentine's Day with gift exchanges between lovers and romantic dinners. One of the most popular Valentine's Day gifts in Italy is Baci Perugina, which are small, chocolate-covered hazelnuts wrapped with a romantic quote printed in four languages.

Brazil With Carnival held sometime in February or March each year, Brazilians skip the February 14th celebration and instead celebrate Dia dos Namorados, or "Lovers' Day," on June 12th. In addition to the usual exchanges of chocolates, flowers and cards, music festivals and performances are held throughout the country. Gift giving isn't limited to couples, either. In Brazil, people celebrate this day of love by exchanging gifts and sharing dinner with friends and relatives, too.

The following day is Saint Anthony's Day, which honors the patron saint of marriage. On this day, single women perform rituals called simpatias in hopes that St. Anthony will bring them a husband.

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THE HARD COUNTRY

Story by Junior Thurman, Artesia, NM

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had warned them, "You boys are making a big mistake, hope you've said your prayers!" The three foolish saddle tramps lay on the ground, their drawn pistols close to their hands one still clutched in the hand of the unlucky, unmoving gunslinger.

They had been warned, country justice is quick and hard........It was indeed a hard country.

I was not only fast with a gun, I had been described as dashing and debonair, was said to be extremely handsome by some of the female townsfolk, “My, what a handsome devil", and was widely known as the fastest gun in the country, a legendary figure in the untamed west. I hated to do it, but these were some really bad outlaws who had lynched the local sheriff.

The last few years of their lives consisted of a merciless killing spree all over the country. As we faced off in the middle of the street at high noon, the onlooking crowd scattered.........I let them draw first, and then took em out quicker'n the blink of an eye. The poor devils had no chance against me.......

"Time to get up, you gonna sleep all day?"

Dang, I hate when my wife wakes me from a good dream, before I can enjoy the praise, handshakes, pats on the back, appreciative looks Story continues page 12 Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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from the pretty young ladies, and posing with the outlaws for photos before riding off into the sunset. Oh well, time to blow the smoke off the barrel of my pistol, holster it, get up, head for the bathroom, then to the kitchen for a hot cup of coffee, limping a little from an old injury, seriously detracting from the imposing appearance of a young gunfighter.

I made it to my recliner in the living room, grabbed my bottle of ibuprofen, and my iron pills, chased em with some hot coffee, and began planning to meet the furies of the day that awaited me.

I could see, looking toward the kitchen, the trash can was full, and needed to be dumped.....that's just great!, I was gonna have to make a trip to the alley, along with my regular morning chores, feeding the cat, starting the water on the lawn, milking the cow, slopping the hogs, ha, just kidding, I ain't got no cow or hogs, but I do need to go to the store for some milk and bacon.

If I go to the store, that means I gotta shave, have to keep up my appearance for the pretty young lady in the bakery section, I think she can tell by the way I handle my grocery cart, I'm not just another elderly pretty face, and I'm a little more agile than the normal old timers that visit her section of the grocery store. I always stop and chat with her, impressing her with my worldly knowledge and wisdom, selecting a few sweet bakery products with icing, a half dozen caramel iced donuts, and a couple of creme filled long johns, "for my wife", I tell the young lady.

Back home, chores completed, dang near time for my mid morning nap, and "chapter two" of my gunslinging saga..........

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HELP WANTED ALAMOGORDO

How America Could Have Lost World War I: A GermanMexican Alliance?

Story by The National Interest

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t was one hundred years ago when Mexico almost invaded the United States.

In January 1917, German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann dispatched a coded telegram to Heinrich von Eckardt, the German ambassador to Mexico. With Germany locked in bloody stalemate with the Allies in France, and Britain’s naval blockade strangling the German economy, Kaiser Wilhelm’s government was about to make a fateful decision: declare unrestricted submarine warfare, which would allow U-boats to sink merchant ships on sight.

That also meant sinking the ships of neutral powers, most especially the United States, which would likely respond by declaring war on Germany. But Zimmermann had instructions for his ambassador: “We make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the Story continues page 15 Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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Discover Carrizozo

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DISCOVER CARRIZOZO following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.”

This was the famous Zimmermann Telegram.

Decoded by the British, who passed it on to the Americans, it became a justification—along with unrestricted submarine warfare—for the U.S. declaration of war on Germany in April 1917.

In the end, Mexico turned down the proposal. But what if Mexico had declared war on the United States?

In fact, Mexican president Venustiano Carranza did order his government to study the German offer, according to Friedrich Katz, in his book The Secret War in Mexico. Carranza’s decision wasn’t surprising.

In Mexican eyes, the United States had illegally seized one-third of Mexico’s territory during the 1847 Mexican-American War, including what are now the states of California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico. In 1916, a U.S. Army expeditionary force had entered Mexico in pursuit of the notorious revolutionary Pancho Villa, who had raided American territory.

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However, when Mexican officials studied the proposal, they concluded that Germany would never be able to ship sufficient munitions (especially given the inevitable American blockade), and that annexing three U.S. states would lead to permanent conflict with America. Ironically, given the current furor over Mexican illegal immigrants in the United States, the Mexican government worried in 1917 that adding millions of Americans to Mexico’s population would mean that Mexicans couldn’t be sure “whether we had annexed them or they had annexed us.”

As Katz, an Austrian refugee from Hitler who became one of Mexico’s most important historians, put it: “All these reports show that Carranza did not want to rush into war with the United States, and certainly not on the basis of a German offer of Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. But it can also be surmised from these indications that he wanted to keep Germany in reserve for the eventuality, which Carranza considered a probable one, of an American attack on the Mexican oil fields.”

So what if Carranza had decided to ally with Germany and attack the United States, either to recover lost territory or to preempt a feared American seizure of Mexican oil? In 1917, the Mexican army numbered perhaps sixty-five thousand to one hundred thousand soldiers. In 1914, the U.S. Army had just ninety-eight thousand men. By the end of 1918, it had swelled to four million, of which two million had been sent to France. America also had tanks and aircraft (provided by the British and French while American industry geared up for war), a huge navy and plenty of money.

Short of Kaiser Wilhelm’s spike-helmeted legions storming New York and Baltimore, there was no way Mexico could seized the southwestern United States.

Yet this didn’t matter to Germany. What Mexico could do was tie down American troops and equipment that otherwise would have been sent to Europe. Not that many U.S. troops would have been needed to stop a Mexican invasion, though recent history warns that many, many troops would have been needed to occupy Mexico. But a second Mexican-American war could easily have triggered a disproportionate response, as the American public demanded that the troops stay home and defend the nation.

And that’s where history might have changed. The focal point of global events in 1918 was France and Belgium, not Mexico or Texas. Russia, gripped by Bolshevik revolution, had pulled out of the war by 1918, leaving Germany free to transfer fifty divisions Story continues page 47 Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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n February 1, 1896, Col. Albert Jennings Fountain and his eight-year-old son Henry were on the last leg of the 150-mile trip from Lincoln, New Mexico, to their home in Mesilla. They’d been on the rough road for nearly three days, braving cold winter winds and temperatures. They passed the White Sands area as daylight faded; they were about to become the subjects of a great Old West mystery.

What happened to the colonel and his boy? It’s a question that’s been posed for more than 110 years. A few books included the odd chapter to the case, but it’s only now that someone has written a full-length treatment of the Fountain disappearance—first-time The Threat of Death That somebody had it in for Albert Fountain was no surprise. He’d always been a “love him or hate him” kind of guy—an attorney, politician and public figure who spoke his mind. He made some powerful enemies, so threats against his life were all too common. His reputation also took a hit when he served as defense counsel at Billy the Kid’s 1881 murder trial.

In Lincoln in January 1896, the colonel obtained grand jury indictments against rancher Oliver Lee, his pal Bill McNew and 21 others on charges of cattle rustling. A dangerous man, Lee had at least one killing Story continues next page Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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to his credit; He and McNew also served as Dona Ana County deputy marshals. The deputies were close associates of Judge Albert Fall, a leader of New Mexico’s Democrats—and a bitter enemy of Albert Fountain. The indictments came down; Fountain took much of the evidence with him on the return to Mesilla.

He knew the trip was dangerous. On the last day of the grand jury, somebody handed him a note stating, “If you drop this we will be your friends. If you go on with it you will never reach home alive.”

His son Henry had traveled with him, after Albert’s wife insisted nobody would kill the man in front of a little boy. And they certainly wouldn’t hurt the kid.

As father and son made the lonely journey home, the elder Fountain saw a number of riders watching them from a distance. They never got close enough to identify. Others who passed the Fountains on the road saw the men too and urged the colonel to be careful.

But he wanted to get home, and he didn’t want to show any fear. The trip continued.

The Investigation When they failed to arrive home on February 2, folks went looking for them. Searchers found their empty wagon, and some of Henry’s clothing. A large bloodstain covered the ground near where the wagon had left the road. Not far away, shell casings proved at least one man had knelt behind some brush and fired a rifle. Something bad had taken place—but just what?

A top Pinkerton agent was hired to look into the case. Legendary lawman Pat Garrett was also called in.

Tracks from the crime scene—most were convinced Albert and Henry had been murdered—led to Oliver Lee’s ranch. Yet the evidence was circumstantial, and nobody had found any bodies. Investigators also faced numerous roadblocks thrown up by Lee and his men, and their friend Albert Fall.

A grand jury handed down indictments against Lee, McNew and Texas hardcase James Gilliland later that year, but the accused made themselves scarce. Not until three years after the murders, in May 1890, were Lee and Gilliland put on trial. (McNew was never brought to trial.) And they were charged only in the murder of Henry Fountain. The defense lawyer Albert Fall was one of the best, ripping into witnesses and blowing big holes in the prosecution’s case. The jury deliberated just eight minutes before finding the defendants not guilty. Nobody was ever tried for the murder of Albert Jennings Fountain.

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Ranney Ranch: An Eco-Friendly Southwestern Cattle Ranch

Cattle ranches in the West often get a bad reputation. Overgrazing has decimated the environment in places like my former home state, Colorado. I remember many times during my years of hunting and fishing in Colorado, walking through a cow pie studded landscapes where the grass was almost gone. Sagebrush and cactus could barely gain a foothold so denuded were some of the places I hiked.

For most of the last three decades, I thought our public lands and private ranches were nothing more than over-used cow feeding land. That is until I met Nancy Ranney in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

It was at the International Food, Wine, and Travel Writers Association annual conference I heard Nancy speak on a culinary panel discussion when I realized there was hope.

Nancy is a Harvard graduate with a masters degree Story continues next page Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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in Landscape Architecture who took over the family ranch near Corona, New Mexico. The 1990s were a drought-ridden era of misery inflicted upon the land, animals, and humans who inhabited the Southwest.

Nancy knew there was a new and better way to manage her family's 18,000-acre ranch and instigated herd rotation and regenerative soil management practices to bring back the native grasses. The ranch's pasture was a monoculture of blue gramma grass when Nancy took over in the early 2000s. The herd had been reduced to try and get through an extreme drought, and the ranch's future was looking shaky.

The plan was to keep the cows moving, instead of being allowed to graze in place for days, and start restoring native grasses. The ranch's ecosystem was in shambles, and birds, as well as other species, were disappearing at an alarming rate. The health of the soil was suffering, and Nancy knew it was vital to the quality of the herd to bring the soil back to health. To do so, it would take restoring the landscape to an intact ecosystem of microbes, grass, and other high-prairie plants that would feed the life forms that make up a healthy landscape.

I asked Nancy what she had in mind when she started turning the ranch around and she told me, "The key was to keep the herd moving across the landscape, never grazing long enough in any one place to damage the plants and now allowing seeds dormant in the soil — viable for over 100 years in the Southwest — to grow." Once the native grasses started to come back, so did most of the life forms that rely on the ecosystem

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fter selling the Maxwell Land Grant and relinquishing his position as largest private landholder in America, Lucien B. Maxwell retired to Fort Sumner, New Mexico.

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e purchased the buildings of the old fort for $5,000 and crafted a new 20- room mansion from what had been the officers’ quarters, also remodeling other buildings at the old fort to house the many Mexican-American and Indian employees who moved their families so they could remain with him.

Among his visitors at the new home were such legendary figures as Texas cattleman Charles Goodnight and New Mexico cattle baron John Chisum.

But it was a legendary old West outlaw who left his mark most permanently on Maxwell’s home: Billy the Kid. After Lucien Maxwell died, his Fort Sumner mansion became the home of his only son, Peter Maxwell. Pete continued managing the family's cattle and sheep ranching and was responsible for many employees, but he mostly lived quietly in the shadow of his then-famous father.

It was during that time that Fort Sumner became a popular hangout for Billy the Kid, and “The Kid” knew Peter Maxwell quite well. More importantly, he Story continues page 24 Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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2020

NEWMEXICOMAGAZINE PHOTOCONTEST EXHIBIT We’re happy to announce the Grand Opening of the 19th Annual New Mexico Magazine Photo Contest Winner’s Exhibit. The Official Opening Celebration is the weekend of Friday, January 24th through Sunday, January 26th.

Twenty-six winning New Mexico images were selected from over 1,500 entries by over 350 photographers. Among the 22 winners, 6 are from outof-state. In addition to the Grand Prize winner, there are at least 4 winners in each of the following categories: Animals, Landscape, Mobile (phone), New Mexico Experience, New Mexico Enchanted Parks, and People.

This is our 5th consecutive year as the Exclusive Host of the New Mexico Magazine Photo Contest Winners. One of the benefits of being the Largest Photography Gallery in the State of New Mexico is that we are able to display these Winning Photographs all year long. So, make sure to plan on stopping by when you are in the area.

The January 2020 issue of New Mexcio Magazine includes this comment from Sue Price of Ellisville, Missouri, in the “Posted” section: “We vacation every autumn in Alto, near Ruidoso, and this year went to see New Mexico Magazine’s Photo Contest winners in Carrizozo at the Tularosa Basin Gallery of Photography...It is a state-of-the-art facility and, oh my, around every aisle and corner are New Mexico photos more amazing that one can ever imagine. Who knew? Go there now. Carrizozo might be small, but it sure is mighty.”

We also have many other new Photographs in the Gallery. Two of this years’ Winners, Timothy Baca and Jake Werth, have now joined the Gallery. Another new Photographer is John Able. His work is on our Large Panorama Wall.

Remember, we’re open 6 days a week – Wednesdays through Mondays, 10-5, with Sundays, 12-5.

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2nd Place, Landscape - “Bisti Milky Way” ©Jake Werth

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23 The Tularosa Basin Gallery of Photography features an exclusive exhibition of the complete New Mexico Magazine photo competition, in the state's largest gallery devoted to the photographic arts.

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NM Magazine Photo Contest Gala 1/25/2020 On Saturday, January 25th, nearly 100 photographic aficionados and artists gathered at Carrizozo's Tularosa Basin Gallery of Photography to celebrate the winners of the 2020 New Mexico Magazine Photo Competition.

The gala evening event, hosted by Warren and Joan Malkerson, included a wine and hors d'oeuvres reception, live discussions with 16 of the winning photographers, an elegant supper by chef Fran Altieri and staff, and a Champagne toast.

Guests Jim Boswell and Rose Lorraine Reams, owner of Carrizozo's

Grand Prize - “Lauren Grey Hawk” ©Ron Cooper

Gallery owner and host, Warren Malkerson welcomed photographers and guests to the Tularosa Basin Gallery of Photography. The 15,000 sq. ft. gallery and events venue displays nearly 1,000 fine art images, representing more than 40 photographers specializing in New Mexico subjects; and includes the Red Door Underground Gallery, hosting select artists shows; as well as the Carrizozo Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Museum.

Music was provided by Ryder (left) and Lanelle Lemons.

Photo contest "New Mexico Experience" category winner, Sarah Maxfeldt (center, in black), with husband (in cowboy hat) who was featured in her winning photo, "End of the Work Day".

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2nd Place, Mobile - “Quarai Ruins” ©Oliver Knudsen

2nd Place, Animals - “Morning Preen” ©Jenna Crovo

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knew Pete's sister, Paulita, even better. She is thought to have probably been the main reason Billy stayed so close to Fort Sumner even when he knew that Sheriff Pat Garrett was breathing down his neck.

Billy the Kid was not a native westerner; rather, he was born on the east side of New York City, in 1859, as Henry McCarty. He moved west with his mother and stepfather, finally reaching New Mexico in 1873.

By 1877, using the name William Bonney, he had killed his first man and launched his brief but colorful career as an outlaw. Over the next four years, he became one of the most notorious of the Old West’s outlaws, weaving a legend which still fascinates observers of that period.

One night in mid-July 1881, Garrett burst into Peter Maxwell’s home at Fort Sumner looking for Billy the Kid. He woke Pete Maxwell and asked him if Billy was around. Just as he was asking, “The Kid,” who was visiting Paulita, sleepily stumbled into Pete’s bedroom and asked "Quien es?" ("Who is it?"). Sheriff Pat Garrett spun around, fired his gun, and killed Billy the Kid on the spot.

Lucien B. Maxwell’s home in Fort Sumner would have been significant enough for just having been the final home of the West’s largest land baron. It gained far greater infamy, however, as the place where one of the old West’s most famous outlaws was gunned down.

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15 Handy Things You Can Do With Ashes from Your Fireplace A wood-burning firepla

Story courtesy of Bob Vila wood burning fireplace or stove adds both ambience and welcome heat during the winter months. But what to do with all the ashes those cozy fires leave behind? There are lots of ways to recycle wood ash. Before you scoop the next batch of ashes in the trash, check out these ashy tips.

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Add to Compost Adding wood ash to your compost pile is a wonderful way to both recycle that waste and boost the potassium level of your compost. There’s a reason Story continues next page Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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gardeners call compost “black gold”—it's a gold mine of nutrition for your plants in the spring.

Clean Up Stains on the Driveway You can remove oil stains from your asphalt or concrete driveway with ashes from your fireplace.

Sprinkle the ashes on top of a stain, let them sit for several hours to absorb the oil, then sweep it all away with a broom.

Control Slugs and Snails Gardeners have long used ashes to deter slugs and snails from their veggie beds. Because wood ash is a natural desiccant, and the bodies of slugs and snails have such a high water content, the critters are loath to cross it. So, put a ring of wood ash around plants to keep these pests at bay.

Make Soap When you mix wood ash with water, you get lye, which is a common ingredient in traditional soap Story continues next page Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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DISCOVER TULAROSA -making. Throw in a form of fat and add a lot of boiling and stirring, and you’ve got homemade soap.

Polish Metal Wood ash is a mild abrasive, so if you mix it with a little water to make a paste, you can polish up silver and other metals.

Slow Algae Growth While wood ash won’t actually kill algae, ashes can help to control it. Because wood ash is so high in potassium, sprinkling it into a pond will encourage the other plants to grow and compete with the algae, keeping it in check.

Remove Skunk Stink If your pet has ever had a run-in with a skunk, you know how hard it is to get rid of the stench! Because fireplace ashes absorb odors, you can use them to get your pet smelling better, faster. Just rub ashes into your pet's fur to absorb the smell.

Clean Up Soot Simply mix ashes and a little water into a paste, then use it as a mild abrasive to get that glass shiny and clean again.

Make Natural Bleach When wood ash is mixed with water, the resulting substance is called lye water. Lye water is often used in soap, but it can also be used by itself as a bleaching agent. A cupful added to a load of wash should do the trick.

Put Out Fires Just like sand, fine wood ash can smother a small fire. Keep a bucket of ash close to the fire pit or fireplace in case you need to extinguish any wayward embers.

Control Humidity Wood ash is a desiccant that you can put to use in humid spaces, like a damp basement or poorly ventilated bathroom. Just a small tray of wood ash in the corner can help draw the humidity out of a room.

Deter Ants Sprinkle a layer of wood ash over those ant hills to force them to relocate.

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At Horse Feathers Gallery, we often tell our customers that we have everything from jewelry to furniture. We take great pride in featuring as many local Southwest artists as we can, including the Native tribes of New Mexico, Texas and our southern neighbors in Mexico.

We invite you to come visit us and see for yourself, whether you need gifts for the holidays, or decot and furniture for your home or office, we’d love to help you find that perfect piece - and support the local artists in the process.

This month we’re featuring Ana Trillo.

MY PASSION IS MY ART, MY PURPOSE IN LIFE IS TO SHARE IT WITH OTHERS. I was born January 26th, 1970. I was brought up in El Rucio a very small community nine miles south of Mata Ortiz, where I lived to the age of 15. I then moved to Mata Ortiz where shortly after that I began to raise my family and start to learn about making pottery. I have four boys who are all trained as potters as well. My boys are Adrian, Ricardo, Martin and Daniel.

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DISCOVER TULAROSA I have had the opportunity to travel a lot in the United States doing shows and pottery making demonstrations. One of my goals is to continue learning English so that I can better tell about the history of Mata Ortiz pottery.

I continue to live and create beautiful pottery in Mata Ortiz and I have a Gallery and Studio at my home. Pottery and painting are my passion but I feel the purpose for my life is to share my art with the world.

I hope you will come visit me in Mata Ortiz and let me share with you the magnificent beauty that is Mata Ortiz pottery.

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The Pottery Of Mata Ortiz In the remote river valley on the plains of Northern Mexico, a remarkable arts revival has taken place.

There, in the village of Mata Ortiz, over five hundred potters are leading a renaissance of the area’s indigenous potter traditions, making highly collectable earthenware, including fine polychrome pieces, blackon-black, red pottery and animal figures.

Pieces vary from those which focus on the traditional designs of Casas Grande and Mimbres civilizations to more contemporary work which is similar to the work of Native American artists of the Southwest.

Thesec potters continually experiment with new styles, clays and paints. They use brushes hand made from human hair which allows for very fine line work.

Each pot is made locally from dug clay which is very plastic and has high resistance to the thermal shock during a firing.

Mata Ortiz pottery ranks among the finest contemporary ceramics found anywhere in the world and collections are housed in renowned museums throughout North America.

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I

f you’re a February birthday girl, or are shopping for one, you should know that this month’s birthstone is rich in history and meaning.

Gorgeous purple amethysts have been prized since the time of the ancient Greeks. Because of their grapelike color, the Greeks associated these gems with the wine god, Bacchus. They believed that wearing an amethyst could protect you from drunkenness—in fact the word amethystos meant “not drunk” in ancient Greek. According to gemstone lore, amethyst jewelry keeps its wearer clear-headed and clever. Artist Leonardo da Vinci wrote that amethysts enhance intelligence and protect against evil thoughts.

Because of its rare beauty and the expense it took to create the color for fabric, purple has long been considered a regal color, so amethysts frequently appear in royal and religious jewelry.

Buddhists have believed that amethyst enhances meditation, and the gem is often used for Tibetan prayer beads. Various cultures have associated amethyst with peace, balance and courage, and ascribed to it the ability to cure insomnia and relieve pain.

Until the 19th century amethysts were as valuable and expensive as emeralds, sapphires and rubies, but then a large deposit of amethysts was discovered in Brazil. Although this lowered the gems’ financial value, the trove of Brazilian gems allowed large amethysts to be used more frequently in jewelry. They are often found in eye-catching cocktail rings from the Art Deco and Retro eras.

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A one bowl chocolate cake recipe that is quick, easy, and delicious!

Ingredients â—? 2 cups all-purpose flour Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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DISCOVER TULAROSA ● 2 cups sugar ● 3/4 cup unsweetened cocoa powder ● 2 teaspoons baking powder ● 1 1/2 teaspoons baking soda ● 1 teaspoon salt ● 1 teaspoon espresso powder ● 1 cup milk buttermilk, almond, or coconut milk ● 1/2 cup vegetable canola oil, or melted coconut oil ● 2 large eggs ● 2 teaspoons vanilla extract ● 1 cup boiling water Instructions Preheat oven to 350º F. Prepare two 9-inch cake pans by spraying with baking spray or buttering and lightly flouring.

For the chocolate cake: ● Add flour, sugar, cocoa, baking powder, baking soda, salt and espresso powder to a large bowl or the bowl of a stand mixer.

Whisk through to combine or, using your paddle attachment, stir through flour mixture until combined well. ● Add milk, vegetable oil, eggs, and vanilla to flour mixture and mix together on medium speed until well combined.

Reduce speed and carefully add boiling water to the cake batter until well combined. ● Distribute cake batter evenly between the two prepared cake pans. Bake for 30-35 minutes, until a toothpick or cake tester inserted in the center of the chocolate cake Story continues next page

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comes out clean. ● Remove from the oven and allow to cool for about 10 minutes, remove from the pan and cool completely.

Frost cake with Chocolate Buttercream Frosting.

Ingredients ● 1½ cups butter 3 sticks, softened ● 1 cup unsweetened cocoa ● 5 cups confectioner’s sugar ● ½ cup milk ● 2 teaspoons vanilla extract ● ½ teaspoon espresso powder Instructions ● Add cocoa to a large bowl or bowl of stand mixer. Whisk through to remove any lumps. ● Cream together butter and cocoa powder until well-combined. ● Add sugar and milk to cocoa mixture by adding 1 cup of sugar followed by about a tablespoon of milk. After each addition has been combined, turn mixer onto a high speed for about a minute. Repeat until all sugar and milk have been added. ● Add vanilla extract and espresso powder and combine well. ● If frosting appears too dry, add more milk, a tablespoon at a time until it reaches the right consistency. If it appears to wet and does not hold its form, add more confectioner’s sugar, a tablespoon at a time until it reaches the right consistency.

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Beer Braised Enchiladas with Beer Mole ● 6 boneless chicken thigh fillets ● 1 tsp kosher or sea salt ● 2 tbs olive oil ● 1/2 to 2/3 cup Stout Beer 12 tortillas ● 2/3 cup mozzarella cheese For the Mole: ● 2 dried ancho chilies, stem and seeds removed ● 2 dried anaheim chilies, stem and seeds removed Story continues page 41 Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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DISCOVER LINCOLN - Billy the Kid Country

DISCOVER LINCOLN Home of the Lincoln County War

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DISCOVER LINCOLN - Billy the Kid Country

VISITING LINCOLN Lincoln Historic Site is unique in that it manages most of the historical buildings in the community of Lincoln. This most widely visited state monument in New Mexico is part of a community frozen in time— the 1870's and 1880's. Through a gift from the Hubbard Family Trust, the historic site now includes 17 structures and outbuildings, 7 of which are open year round and 2 more seasonally as museums. Most of the buildings in the community are representative of the Territorial Style of adobe architecture in the American Southwest.

Lincoln is a town made famous by one of the most violent periods in New Mexico history. Today's visitors can see the Old Lincoln County Courthouse with museum exhibits that recount the details of the Lincoln County War and the historic use of the "House" as store, residence, Masonic Lodge, courthouse, and jail. Walk in the footsteps of Billy the Kid, Pat Garrett, and other famous and infamous characters of the Wild West. Trace the events of 1878 through the Courthouse and the Tunstall Store, with their preserved 19th-century atmosphere.

Remarkably, the Tunstall Store contains displays of the original 19th-century merchandise in the original shelving and cases! Continue your walk through history by visiting El Torreón (a defensive tower built by native New Mexican settlers in the 1850s), the San Juan Mission Church, the Convento, Dr. Woods' House, the Montaño store and other historic structures throughout the town. The Anderson-Freeman Visitor's Center & Museum features historical exhibits in a timeline starting with American Indian prehistory and ending with the Lincoln County War. A 22 minute video about the Lincoln County War and the community is shown every half hour.

Visiting Information Open 9:00am to 5:00pm 7 days a week. (7 of the 9 buildings begin closing at 4:30).

Closed New Year's, Easter, Thanksgiving, &Christmas A 22 min. video at Visitor's Center every half hour.

Admission Prices: Adults - $5.00 Children 17 and under - Free Phone: 575-653-4025 Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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● 2 dried guajillo chilies, stem and seeds removed ● 4 prunes ● 1 stick mexican cinnamon ● 1 cup Stout Beer such as Allagash Black ● 1/2 cup of water ● 1/4 cup dry roasted almonds ● 2 tbs olive oil ● 1/2 cup onions, chopped ● 3 cloves of garlic, chopped ● 1/4 cup bittersweet chocolate ● 3/4 cup Stout Beer such as Allagash Black ● 3/4 cup chicken broth ● 1 tsp sesame oil ● 1/4 cup tomato puree ● 1 tsp smoked paprika ● 1 tbs sugar ● 1 tbs creamy peanut butter Toppings (if desired): ● 1/2 cup mexican crema ● 2 tbs chopped green onions INSTRUCTIONS ● In a pot over medium heat, at the 3 types of dried chilies, the prunes, cinnamon stick, 1 cup beer and enough water to submerge the chilies. Bring to a boil, cover and remove from heat. Allow to soak, covered for 20 minutes.

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DISCOVER LINCOLN - Billy the Kid Country ● In a skillet, add the almonds and toast over high heat, tossing frequently until toasted, about 5 minutes, remove from skillet and add to a food processor. In the same skillet, add the olive oil and allow to get hot but not smoking. Add the onions and sauté until translucent, add the garlic and cook for about 30 seconds. Add to the food processor ● In a pot over medium high heat, add the 3/4 cup beer, 3/4 cup chicken broth and chocolate. Cook until the chocolate has melted, stirring frequently. Once the chocolate has melted, add the contents of the pot to the food processor along with the sesame oil, tomato puree, smoked paprika, sugar and peanut butter.

Removed the chilies and the prunes that have been soaking from the pot and add to the food processor, discard the cinnamon stick. Turn the food processor on and puree until smooth, about five minutes. Add a bit of the soaking liquid from the chilies pot to achieve the right consistency. Return the mole to a pot on the stove to keep warm, adding more soaking liquid or hot water to thin if mole starts to thicken.

To make the chicken: ● Sprinkle each side of the chicken thigh fillets with salt. Heat the olive oil in a pot over medium high heat. Add the chicken thighs and cook on each side until slightly browned. Add enough beer to barely cover the chicken, cover and reduce heat to maintain a low simmer. Allow to simmer until cooked through, about 20 minutes. Remove chicken from pan and shred with two forks. ● Fill warm tortillas with shredded chicken, and cheese, roll and place 3 or four on each plate. Top with mole sauce, mexican crema and green onions..

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CHOCOLATE-BALSAMIC VEGETABLES ● 1 lb Carrots ● 1 lb Beets ● 2 Sweet Potatoes ● 1 teaspoon Salt

Mark your calendars for May 16th, 2020!

● 2 Tablespoon olive oil ● ⅔ cup balsamic vinegar ● 2 ounces chopped chocolate block Kitchen Tools You May Find Helpful

Join us for the second annual Rio Bonito Folk Festival sponsored by New Mexico Historic Sites, Fort Stanton, Inc., the Friends of Historic Lincoln, and the Museum of New Mexico Foundation!

Enjoy a day of live folk music, New Mexico craft beer and wine tastings, regional food vendors, a children's activity area, and much more!

● Vegetable peeler More information to follow regarding the musical lineup and tickets. Stay tuned!! ● Sharp kitchen knife Story continues next page

108 Kit Carson Rd | PO Box 36 | Fort Stanton, New Mexico 88323 | (575) 354-2250

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FIESTA MOBILE HOMES ● Cookie sheet

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● Spatula ● Whisk ● Medium-sized pot INSTRUCTIONS ● Pre-heat oven to 425F. ● Peel and cube the carrots, beets, and sweet potato into a 1 inch dice. Place on a large sheet tray (or two smaller trays) in a single layer, and season with the salt and olive oil, tossing to coat. ● Place in the pre-heated oven and roast for 25 to 35 minutes, being sure to turn the vegetables with a spatula every fifteen minutes. ● While the vegetables roast, prepare the glaze.

INSTRUCTION FOR GLAZE ● In a medium pot, over medium-high heat, add the balsamic vinegar. Bring to a boil, and then reduce heat to medium. Simmer, uncovered, until half of the vinegar has evaporated, leaving about ⅓ cup of vinegar reduction. ● Using a whisk, add the chocolate, whisking constantly until melted. Remove from heat and set aside. ● Once the vegetables are roasted, drizzle the balsamic-chocolate glaze over the vegetables, toss to coat, and serve immediately.

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FIESTA MOBILE HOMES

Brain Teasers That Will Leave You Stumped 1. A man pushes his car to a hotel and tells the owner he’s bankrupt. Why? 2. What is special about these words: job, polish, herb?

3. Forrest left home running. He ran a ways and then turned left, ran the same distance and turned left again, ran the same distance and turned left again. When he got home, there were two masked men. Who were they?

4. A man stands on one side of a river, his dog on the other. The man calls his dog, who immediately crosses the river without getting wet and without using a bridge or a boat. How did the dog do it?

5. In 1990, a person is 15 years old. In 1995, that same person is 10 years old. How can this be?

6. A sundial has the fewest moving parts of any timepiece. Which has the most?

7. Arnold Schwarzenegger has a long one. Michael J. Fox has a short one. Madonna does not use hers. Bill Clinton always uses his. The Pope never uses his.

What is it?

8. A man was walking in the rain. He was in the middle of nowhere. He had nothing and nowhere to hide. He came home all wet, but not a single hair on his head was wet. Why is that?

8. The man was bald.

7. Their surname 6. An hourglass—It has thousands of grains of sand.

5. The person was born in 2005 BC. 4. The river was frozen.

3. The catcher and the umpire 2. They are pronounced differently when the first letter is capitalized.

1. He’s playing Monopoly.

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DISCOVER ALAMOGORDO

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from the Eastern to the Western Front. In spring 1918, the Germans launched a massive offensive in France that nearly won the war.

What helped revive the exhausted British and French armies were the divisions of fresh Yank troops streaming off the transport ships and into the trenches.

If those troops had stayed in America, it is possible that World War I might have ended later than it did, or perhaps even in a compromise peace instead of a German defeat.

Fortunately, none of this happened. In the end, the Zimmermann Telegram did accomplish something: it hastened Germany’s downfall.

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Contributed by Gloria Marie, Owner of Globug on New York

I found this printed copy of "Advice to Parents from Preschoolers" in a box of 1940's papers. The Douglas MacArthur ones went to a museum.

Here's something all parents should be aware of... ● Please don't walk so fast when we go places together-my legs are short and I can't keep up with your long legs. Besides, there are many things I need to see and investigate along the way. ● My attention span is short- lots of things last too long-like shopping and visiting and sometimes even the games you play with me. ● When I'm frightened of a big dog or something, please pick me up and hold me; that helps more than telling me you won't let anything hurt me. ● Sometimes it would be nice if you would talk to me and explain why we have to do things, or tell me what is going to happen ahead of time when it is something new to me-then I'll know what to do. Sometimes, you might even just have a conversation with me about anything, it would make me feel I belonged to this family too.

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DISCOVER ALAMOGORDO ● Sometimes big people get in such a hurry they tell me about six things all at the same time. I get confused when people say things like-This afternoon we're gong to grandma's, get your coat, finish your lunch, choose what toy you want to take, wash your hands and what shoes do you have on? ● I have trouble sitting still in the car even when you keep telling me to, 'cause it's not very interesting to look at the back of the seat or that dashboard thing-I'm too little to see what's outside and sit down like you want me to. While we're on the subject, sometimes my neck hurts trying to see what on the dining room table or looking at big peoples' faces.

Please put me on a chair or you bend down to me. ● Would you please fix it so you know whether or not I understand what you want me to do before you get mad at me for not doing something you expected me to do? ● Please give me time to do things for myself.

I'[m slow and haven't learned hot to put my clothes on yes, much less do it fast. What's all the hurry about anyway? ● Please remember that I am in the room as a person and not a piece of the furniture when you tell secrets or private things to other big people. How do I know what should not be repeated? ● When you or daddy won't eat certain foods, talk about being afraid of the water, not liking school, are afraid of dentists and hospitals and doctors, why do you then expect me to like them or not be afraid? ● Sometimes I wish you'd explain to my why you get in arguments with me. I know lost, but it is sometimes fun to get you riled up,but why do you let yourself get involved? YOU know better! ● I may be small band don't know about lots of things yet, but I'm not stupid! Please don't treat me as if I can't understand anything that is going on.

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Historical Matter from Iola Utter , a 1954 Tularosa High School Graduate

story submitted by Julie Lloyd Among the clippings found in some of my old, old folders, I came across this one that, methinks, would qualify for posting in this group. It has no publisher and no date but must have come from the local Tularosa newspaper at the time. Because my eyesight is not what it used to be, plus the fact my scanner is on the blink, I have written the article out for you to read. Enjoy...

Note: I postsd this some time ago in Remembering Tularosa, but it would be timeconsuming to find it, so for your information and entertainment, here it is again.

"EDITOR'S NOTE: The following comes to us from the 1954 Tularosa High School graduating class, who presented addresses on the history of Tularosa at the recent commencement exercises. The News is printing the interesting historical matter accumulated by the graduates as space will allow.

TULAROSA CIVIC PROGRESS In the early 1920's the need for a city waterworks was met with the construction of diversion dams by Curd and Hal Mitchell, and a purifying plant and round storage tank built by Sutton. The first main line to be laid was made of redwood. Later it was replaced by an iron pipe. The cost of the waterworks Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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When Jack Spence became mayor about 1928 he worked out with the state a refining deal whereby money was saved and the debt reduced. This enabled us to improve our water system. This also made good balances in city funds and began the good credit rating we now enjoy.

Tularosa's first link with highway 54 came about 1915 when R. D. Champion, as our County Commissioner, persuaded the other two to give him Tularosa's third of county road money. He got the state to match it, and with the full amount built the first road to Three Rivers.

Highway 70 first went around the east side of Tularosa in front of Frank Smith's place, and down by Guillion's and Champion's. When they decided to pave it in 1933, the location was changed to where it is at the present time in the center of town.

Electricity came in on August 25, 1926.

Ten years later, in 1936, the first telephones were installed.

During the years Gerald Champion was mayor he led in several other civic improvements. He started the gas company and chose butane because it provides 2/3 more heat per gallon than natural gas. He also put in the oil surface on the main street. In 1941 he supervised the construction of City Hall by W.P.A. labor, and the city government moved in in 1942.

The Tularosa Volunteer Fire Department was established on July 1, 1934. The chief at present is Vicente Gallegos, and the assistant chief is Raymond Young. It has 25 members of which 10 are high school boys. The rest are paid firemen who work at H.A.F.B. The money that maintains the department comes from the state and amounts to $4,000.00 a year.

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Home of former Lincoln County Sheriff George Peppin near Lincoln, Ca. 1920.

Peppin was appointed Sheriff by Gov. Axtell in April of 1878, during the Lincoln County War. After Sheriff William Brady was gunned down in the street by the Regulators on April 1, 1878, Judge Warren Bristol named John Copeland as Sheriff.

Copeland was later removed as one of the duties of the office was to file bond for the collection of taxes within 30 days.

He failed to do so and the result was Axtell issuing his Proclamation to all the citizens of Lincoln County which also removed Copeland from office and replaced him with Peppin.

Peppin would survive the Lincoln County War. Peppin was also a builder and built the McSween home, which was burned down during the Five Day Battle which end of the Lincoln County war in July of 1878.

Peppin died at his home in Lincoln in 1904.

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Lincoln County Sheriff Demetrio Perea and his family in Lincoln, NM. 1900.

Also served as Probate clerk and Postmaster in Lincoln.

As the Postmaster, Perea was charged with embezzlement of $2,000 and fled to Mexico.

He was later captured and then plead guilty.

He was given a 2 yr sentence and spent two days in the Penitentiary and also paid a fine.

A Pioneer Home between Hondo and Lincoln, NM. Ca. 1920.

Cowhands at Hat Ranch in Lincoln County, NM, 1880. Photo courtesy of Palace of the Governors Photo Archives Collection.

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Turn of the century Capital School

1920’s Gas Station, Capitan

Crossing the Rio Grande - 1920 Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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Ladies operating a Telephone Switchboard in Alamogordo, NM in 1929. They are identified as, from left to right: Fern Voyde, Inez Collins and Mrs. Rogers. Photo is courtesy of Tularosa Basin Historical Society.

Schoolhouse in Organ, NM - 1907

Alamo Ice & Coal Company Truck, Alamogordo - Circa 1927

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City Dairy ad, Alamogordo Daily News - 1965

Frank Coe at his Ranch on the Ruidoso.

Circa 1920. Frank Coe along with his cousin George Coe rode with Billy the Kid during the infamous Lincoln County War of 1878.

Frank Coe died on September 16, 1931 in Glencoe, NM. Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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Happy birthday season, Aquarius! The Sun is making a radiant arc through your sign until February 18, turning up the heat on your personal projects and plans. Even better? Energizer Mars is in Sagittarius and your social, idealistic eleventh house. Turn your b’day party into a fundraiser—or just celebrate all month long by bringing dynamic friends and out-ofthe-box thinkers together. Make time for solo adventures, but know that you’ll soon have a merry band of followers trailing behind you as go-getter Mars in this communal sector sends your popularity through the roof. A single Instagram post could start a viral sensation or boost your fan base. The best part of that?

It’ll happen when you’re being your most authentic self—so let that Aquarian originality shine!

Make time for a special someone—or the key players on Team Aquarius—at the February 9 Leo full moon. This lunar light beams into your seventh house of committed partnerships. Coupled? Step back from your casual crew and colleagues and give your S.O. the early Valentine’s Day gift of your undivided attention. Single Water Bearers could meet someone with long-term potential today or over the next two weeks.

If you’ve been on the fence about whether to stay or go, these decisive moonbeams will help you finally reach a decision. A partnership that’s been developing since as far back as the July 31, 2019, Leo NEW moon could reach a key turning point. This is a great day to negotiate deal points or even sign on the dotted line.

Bonus incentive: You’ll be doing it before Mercury Continues next page Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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turns retrograde on February 16 (more on that momentarily), which is a dicey time for deal-making and contracts.

Valentine’s Day arrives with a VIP twist as the moon spends Cupid’s big moment in Scorpio and your tenth house of status and ambition. In a relationship?

Book the rezzie, slip on your best eveningwear and make like the power couple you are! La luna also makes an enchanting trine to fantasy planet Neptune and communicator Mercury in Pisces and your luxe second house. All the more reason to splurge on a posh present or a prix fixe menu where you’ll be totally spoiled and catered to this year. Single Aquarians should spare no expense on yourselves either—invite a friend out and go indulge!

Mercury retrograde is a great time to reflect and review—a salary renegotiation or a performance check-in could give you a helpful roadmap for where to put your energy. Did an exciting endeavor end up on the back burner last year? Turn up the heat and give it another look—the timing could be right now. This is a time to pay close attention to your finances. Check your bank and credit card statements for errors since this signal-scrambling transit can bring erroneous charges. While you’re at it, strengthen your most important passwords to guard against identity theft.

Catch up with an old colleague over coffee or DMs— they could have a promising opportunity for you.

Have you lapsed into a bad habit recently? This Mercury retrograde cycle can help you find the support to kick that vice. The year has been heavy and emotional for many Aquarians, so it’s only natural that you might be self-soothing with creature comforts. But if you’ve grown dependent or it’s interfering with your lifestyle, this is a perfect time to get the support you need.

It’s Aquarius season until February 18, and you’re in a birthday-party kind of mood, making it hard to buckle down. You can still use your abbreviated attention span for good, though. Get out, mingle and meet friends of friends. It IS about who you know, after all. The February 9 Leo full moon could bring a contract or offer worth considering. Sign before Mercury turns retrograde on February 16 or else wait until mid-March. In the second half of February, you’ll be ready to get productive. Dive into your creativity and spend time finishing up a lingering project that you put on the back burner. You could be inspired to pursue work that makes a difference, or to volunteer a few hours for a cause you care about.

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fascinating facts about Geronimo’s life and legend The origins of his name are disputed.

The man who would become the most feared Indian leader of the 19th century was born sometime in the 1820s into the Bedonkohe, the smallest band of the Chiricahua Apache tribe that inhabited what is now New Mexico and Arizona. His given name was Goyahkla (“The One Who Yawns”), but as a young man he earned the moniker “Geronimo” after distinguishing himself in Apache raids against the Mexicans. The source of the name remains the subject of debate. Some historians believed it arose from frightened Mexican soldiers invoking the Catholic St. Jerome when facing the warrior in battle, while others argue that it was simply a Mexican nickname or a mispronunciation of “Goyahkla.”

Geronimo’s wife and children were murdered when he was a young man.

Geronimo came of age during a period of bitter conflict between the Chiricahua Apaches and the Story continues next page Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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Mexicans. In response to the Apaches’ penchant for staging raids to gather horses and provisions, the Mexican government had begun ambushing Apache settlements and offering lucrative bounties for their scalps. In 1851, while Geronimo and several other warriors were in the town of Janos on a trading mission, Colonel Jose Maria Carrasco and a detachment of around 400 Mexican soldiers ransacked his Bedonkohe encampment and slaughtered many of its inhabitants.

When Geronimo returned later that night, he found that his mother, his wife and his three young children had all been murdered. “I had lost all,” he said in his autobiography. Following the massacre, Geronimo swore vengeance against Mexico and led a series of bloody raids on its soldiers and settlements. “I have killed many Mexicans,” he later wrote. “I do not know how many…some of them were not worth counting.”

Ta-ayz-slath, wife of Geronimo, and child He broke out of U.S. Indian reservations on three different occasions.

In the 1840s and 1850s, the Mexican-American War and the Gadsden Purchase placed the Chiricahua Apaches’ domain within the boundaries of the expanding United States. Geronimo and the Apaches violently resisted the influx of white settlers, but Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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following several years of war with the U.S. Army, they reluctantly negotiated a peace. By 1876, most of the Chiricahuas had been shipped to San Carlos, an arid and inhospitable reservation located in Arizona.

Geronimo avoided the reservation until 1877, when he was captured by Indian agents and brought to San Carlos in chains. He tried his hand at farming, but like many of the Chiricahua, he longed for the freedom of the frontier. Geronimo and his allies would eventually stage three escapes from the reservation between 1878 and 1885. Each time, the renegades fled south and disappeared into the mountains, only resurfacing to conduct marauding expeditions on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border.

During his second breakout in 1882, Geronimo even staged a daring raid on the Apache reservation and forced several hundred Chiricahuas to join his band—some of them at gunpoint. By the time of his final breakout in 1884, Geronimo had earned an unparalleled reputation for cunning, and stories of his ruthlessness—both real and imagined—were frontpage news across the United States.

Geronimo’s followers credited him with supernatural powers.

While he often exerted considerable influence over the Apaches, Geronimo was never a tribal chief.

Among the Chiricahua, he was better known for his skills as a shaman, or medicine man.

Those who followed Geronimo credited him with a variety of supernatural powers including the ability to heal the sick, slow time, avoid bullets, bring on rainstorms and even witness events over great distances.

In one incident described by Apache Jason Betzinez, a few warriors were sitting around a campfire during a raiding expedition when Geronimo suddenly had a premonition that U.S. troops had attacked their base camp. After arriving at the site several days later, they found that Geronimo’s vision had been correct—the Americans had already captured the encampment. “I cannot explain it to this day,” Betzinez later wrote, “but I was there and I saw it.”

Nearly a quarter of the U.S. Army took part in the final hunt for Geronimo.

On May 17, 1885, Geronimo and some 135 Apache men, women and children took flight from their reservation for the final time.

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Over the next several months, Geronimo’s fugitives raided countless Mexican and American and settlement, killing several civilians. They nearly surrendered in March 1886, but Geronimo and 40 followers reneged on the agreement at the last minute and escaped under cover darkness.

Soon, the Indians were being pursued by 5,000 U.S. soldiers—nearly a quarter of the standing army—as well as some 3,000 Mexicans. Geronimo was able elude both forces for over five months, but by August, he and his followers had grown weary of life on the run. On September 4, 1886, he finally gave himself up to General Nelson Miles at Skeleton Canyon, Arizona.

In laying down his arms, he became the last Indian leader to formally surrender to the United States military.

Geronimo made money by selling signed photographs like this. But despite what the photo says, he was never a chief.

Prisoner of War. Following their surrender, Geronimo and the Chiricahuas—including the Apache army scouts that had helped catch him—were condemned to manual labor at army camps in Florida. The Indians were later Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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moved to Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama, and then Fort Sill, Oklahoma, but despite their repeated pleas for a reservation in the West, they remained prisoners of war for the rest of Geronimo’s life.

As the years passed, Geronimo busied himself with farming and cashed in on his growing celebrity by selling autographs and peddling walking sticks, bows and other items to American tourists. His captors also granted him permission to appear in occasional World’s Fairs and Wild West Shows, where he was often billed as the “Apache Terror” and the “Tiger of the Human Race.”

Geronimo participated in Theodore Roosevelt’s presidential inauguration.

Geronimo’s most famous public appearance came on March 4, 1905, when he took part in President Theodore Roosevelt’s inaugural parade in Washington, D.C. Flanked by five other Indian leaders, the elderly warrior rode a pony down Pennsylvania Avenue, eliciting cries of “Hooray for Geronimo!” from spectators. Five days later, the Indians got a chance to speak to Roosevelt in person at the White House.

Geronimo—still a prisoner of war—took the opportunity to plead with the President to send the Chiricahuas back to their native lands in the West. “I pray you to cut the ropes and make me free,” he said.

By then, nearly 20 years had passed since Geronimo’s surrender, but Roosevelt turned down the request out of fear that war would once again break out if the Apaches returned home. The federal government wouldn’t free the Chiricahuas until 1913—four years after Geronimo’s 1909 death from pneumonia.

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C

rown Dancing is a very old and sacred dance tradition of the Apache, as old as the Apache themselves.

According to Apache belief, the dance was taught to the Apaches by the mountain spirits as a means of healing. The Crown Dancers are the Ga’an, or mountain spirits. Apaches believe that Usen, the Creator, sent the Ga’an to the Apache to teach them to live in harmony.

There are five Crown Dancers, four masked dancers representing the directions of north, south, east, and west. The fifth dancer is known as the clown, who protects the others by driving away evil spirits with the sound of his humming bull-roarer, a thin piece of wood suspended from a string and swung in a circle.

The dancers decide what symbols to put on their crowns. Symbols often honor forms in nature, and many crowns include the Apache cross to signify the four sacred directions. Some crown headdresses are adorned with eagle feathers, because the eagle is sacred to the Apache. Lightning, Story continues page 68 Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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How the transistor radio changed the world While the Sony Walkman is largely credited with spearheading the personal and portable music revolution, children of the 50s and 60s might well disagree.

The mighty transistor radio was the first piece of technology that gave young people complete musical freedom from parental disapproval.

In creating a new avenue for artistic expression and the dissemination of new ideas, the transistor radio is often considered Story continues page 101 Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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another sacred symbol, is often painted on the bodies of Apache Crown Dancers.

The dancers are not allowed to talk to one another, so they communicate with their sticks during the dance. Only properly trained men can dance the Crown Dance.

Crown Dancers play an important part in many Apache ceremonies such as the Sunrise Ceremony, which commemorates the growth of a girl to womanhood. The dance is also performed in healing ceremonies and as a social dance.

The ceremony would take four days to complete because of the significance of the number 4.

In addition to healing and cleansing ceremonies the Ga’an dancers are instrumental in preparing the grounds for the coming-of-age ceremony for young Apache girls just coming into womanhood.

Women also had a major role in the lifestyle of the Apache people from participating in warfare to being medics for the warriors to planning battles.

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Cochise

Strong Apache Leader

O

ne of the most famous Apache leaders to resist Westward Expansion by white settlers was Cochise of the Chiricahua Apache.

Cochise was known to his people as A-datli-chi, meaning hardwood, and lived in the area that is now the northern Mexican region of Sonora, as well as New Mexico and Arizona. These lands had long been home to the Apache until the Europeans arrived.

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Cochise, who was described as a large man (for the time), with a muscular frame, classical Roman features, and long black hair had married Dos-Teh-Seh, the daughter of Mangas Coloradas, in the 1830s. The pair would have two children — Taza, born in 1842, and Naiche, born in 1856.

In 1850, New Mexico and Arizona were annexed by the United States, which ushered in a brief period of relative peace. For more than a decade, Cochise worked with the new settlers and even helped the new settlers by teaching them how to live on the dry, arid land.

In 1856 Cochise became the principal war leader of the Chokonen band after the death of its chief, Miguel Narbona and the peace between the Apache and the United States continued.

When the Apache Pass Stage Station was built in 1858, he even worked for a time as a woodcutter for the Butterfield Overland line and also helped protect the stagecoaches from attack.

However, the tenuous peace would not last as more and more white settlers began to encroach upon Apache lands, and formally ended in 1861, when an Apache raiding party drove away a local rancher’s cattle and kidnapped his eleven-year-old step-son. The rancher, John Ward, believed Cochise was responsible for the raid and demanded that the military confront the Apache leader to recover the boy and livestock.

Before long, on February 3, 1861, 2nd Lieutenant George Bascom, a young graduate of West Point, brought a detachment of 54 men to Apache Pass to confront Cochise regarding the kidnapping of the boy and livestock. When Bascom asked for the return of the captive and the stolen cattle, Cochise said Coyotero Apache had committed the Story continues page 96 Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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Geronimo's Story Of His Life Taken Down and Edited by S. M. Barrett

“In 1846, being seventeen years of age, I was admitted to the council of the warriors.

Then I was very happy, for I could go wherever I wanted and do whatever I liked. I had not been under the control of any individual, but the customs of our tribe prohibited me from sharing the glories of the warpath until the council admitted me. When opportunity offered, after this, I could go on the warpath with my tribe. This would be glorious. I hoped soon to serve my people in battle. I had Continues next page Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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long desired to fight with our warriors. “In 1846, being seventeen years of age,.....

Perhaps the greatest joy to me was that now I could marry the fair Alope, daughter of No-po-so. She was a slender, delicate girl, but we had been lovers for a long time. So, as soon as the council granted me these privileges I went to see her father concerning our marriage. Perhaps our love was of no interest to him; perhaps he wanted to keep Alope with him, for she was a dutiful daughter; at any rate he asked many ponies for her. I made no reply, but in a few days appeared before his wigwam with the herd of ponies and took with me Alope. This was all the marriage ceremony necessary in our tribe.“

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DISCOVER ALAMOGORDO As soon as we had again collected some arms and supplies Mangus-Colorado, our chief, called a council and found that all our warriors were willing to take the warpath against Mexico.…

“It was in the summer of 1859, almost a year from the date of the massacre of Kaskiyeh, that these three tribes were assembled on the Mexican border to go upon the warpath. Their faces were painted, the war bands fastened upon their brows, their long scalp-locks ready for the hand and knife of the warrior who could overcome them. ...

When all were ready the chieftains gave command to go forward. None of us were mounted and each warrior wore moccasins and also a cloth wrapped about his loins.

This cloth could be spread over him when he slept, and when on the march would be ample protection as clothing. Each warrior carried three days’ rations, but as we often killed game while on the march, we seldom were without food.

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We traveled in three divisions: the Bedonkohe Apaches led by MangusColorado, the Chokonen Apaches by Cochise, and the Nedni Apaches by Whoa; however, there was no regular order inside the separate tribes. We usually marched about fourteen hours per day, making three stops for meals, and traveling forty to forty-five miles a day.

In the fall of 1864 twenty warriors were willing to go with me on another raid into Mexico. These were all chosen men, well armed and equipped for battle. As usual we provided for the safety of our families before starting on this raid. Our whole tribe scattered and then reassembled at a camp about forty miles from the former place. In this way it would be hard for the Mexicans to trail them and we would know where to find our families when we returned. Moreover, if any hostile Indians should see this large number of warriors leaving our range they might attack our camp, but if they found no one Story continues next page Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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at the usual place their raid would fail.

We went south through the Chokonen Apaches’ range, entered Sonora, Mexico, at a point directly south of Tombstone, Arizona, and went into hiding in the Sierra de Antunez Mountains.

We attacked several settlements in the neighborhood and secured plenty of provisions and supplies. After about three days we attacked and captured a mule pack train at a place called by the Indians “Pontoco.” It is situated in the mountains due west, about one day’s journey from Arispe.

There were three drivers with this train.

One was killed and two escaped. The train was loaded with mescal, which was contained in bottles held in wicker baskets.

As soon as we made camp the Indians began to get drunk and fight each other.

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I, too, drank enough mescal to feel the effect of it, but I was not drunk. I ordered the fighting stopped, but the order was disobeyed. Soon almost a general fight was in progress. I tried to place a guard out around our camp, but all were drunk and refused to serve. I expected an attack from Mexican troops at any moment, and really it was a serious matter for me, for being in command I would be held responsible for any ill luck attending the expedition.

Finally the camp became comparatively still, for the Indians were too drunk to walk or even to fight. While they were in this stupor I poured out all the mescal, then I put out all the fires and moved the pack mules to a considerable distance from camp.

After this I returned to camp to try to do something for those wounded during the fight. I found that only two were dangerously wounded. From the leg of one of these I cut an arrow head, and from the shoulder of another I withdrew a spear point. When all Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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DISCOVER ALAMOGORDO the wounds had been cared for, I myself kept guard till morning. The next day we loaded our wounded on the pack mules and started for Arizona.

The next day we loaded our wounded on the pack mules and started for Arizona....

The next day we captured some cattle from a herd and drove them home with us.

But it was a very difficult matter to drive cattle when we were on foot. Caring for the wounded and keeping the cattle from escaping made our journey tedious. But we were not trailed, and arrived safely at home with all the booty.

We then gave a feast and dance, and divided the spoils. After the dance we killed all the cattle and dried the meat. We dressed the hides and then the dried meat was packed in between these hides and stored away. All that winter we had plenty of meat. These were the first cattle we ever had. As usual we killed and ate some of the mules. We had little use for mules, and if we could not trade them for something of value, we killed them.

In the summer of 1865, with four warriors, I went again into Mexico. Heretofore we had gone on foot; we were accustomed to fight on foot; besides, we could more easily conceal ourselves when dismounted. But this time we wanted more cattle, and it was hard to drive them when we were on foot.

We entered Sonora at a point southwest from Tombstone, Arizona, and followed the Sierra de Antunez Mountains to the southern limit, then crossed the country as far south as the mouth of Yaqui River. Here we saw a great lake extending beyond the limit of sight.

Then we turned north, attacked several settlements, and secured plenty of supplies.

When we had come back northwest of Arispe we secured about sixty head of cattle, and drove them to our homes in Arizona. We

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did not go directly home, but camped in different valleys with our cattle. We were not trailed. When we arrived at our camp the tribe was again assembled for feasting and dancing. Presents were given to everybody; then the cattle were killed and the meat dried and packed. …...It was in the summer of 1859, almost a year from the date of the massacre of Kaskiyeh, that these three tribes were assembled on the Mexican border to go upon the warpath.....

When we were almost at Arispe we camped, and eight men rode out from the city to parley with us. These we captured, killed, and scalped. This was to draw the troops from the city, and the next day they came. The skirmishing lasted all day without a general engagement, but just at night we captured their supply train, so we had plenty of provisions and some more guns.

That night we posted sentinels and did not move our camp, but rested quietly all night, for we expected heavy work the next day.

Early the next morning the warriors were assembled to pray—not for help, but that they might have health and avoid ambush or deceptions by the enemy. As we had anticipated, about ten o’clock in the morning the whole Mexican force came out. There were two companies of cavalry and two of infantry. The chieftains said that I might direct the battle.

Many fell by my hand, and constantly I led the advance. Many braves were killed.

The battle lasted about two hours. At the last four Indians were alone in the center of the field—myself and three other warriors.

Our arrows were all gone, our spears broken off in the bodies of dead enemies. We had only our hands and knives with which to fight, but all who had stood against us were dead. Then two armed soldiers came upon us Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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DISCOVER ALAMOGORDO from another part of the field. They shot down two of our men and we, the remaining two, fled toward our own warriors. My companion was struck down by a saber, but I reached our warriors, seized a spear, and turned.

The one who pursued me missed his aim and fell by my spear. With his saber I met the trooper who had killed my companion and we grappled and fell. I killed him with my knife and quickly rose over his body, brandishing his saber, seeking for other troopers to kill. There were none. But the Apaches had seen. Over the bloody field, covered with the bodies of Mexicans, rang the fierce Apache war-whoop.

Still covered with the blood of my enemies, still holding my conquering weapon, still hot with the joy of battle, victory, and vengeance, I was surrounded by the Apache braves and made war chief of all the Apaches. Then I gave orders for scalping the slain.

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All the other Apaches were satisfied after the battle of “Kaskiyeh,” but I still desired more revenge. For several months we were busy with the chase and other peaceful pursuits. In a few months I succeeded in persuading two other warriors, Ah-koch-ne and Ko-deh-ne, to go with me to invade the Mexican country.

We left our families with the tribe and went on the warpath. We were on foot and carried three days’ rations. We entered Mexico on the north line of Sonora and followed the Sierra de Antunez Mountains to the south end of the range. Here we decided to attack a small village. (I do not know the name of this village.) At daylight we approached from the mountains. Five horses were hitched outside. We advanced cautiously, but just before we reached the horses the Mexicans opened fire from the houses. My two companions were killed.

Mexicans swarmed on every side; some were mounted; some were on foot, and all seemed to be armed.

Three times that day I was surrounded, but I kept fighting, dodging, and hiding. Several times during the day while in concealment I had a chance to take deliberate aim at some Mexican, who, gun in hand, was looking for me. I do not think I missed my aim either time. …... The second night I got clear of my pursuers, but I never slackened my pace until I reached our home in Arizona. I came into our camp without booty, without my companions, exhausted, but not discouraged.

Some of the Apaches blamed me for the evil result of the expedition, but I said nothing. Having failed, it was only proper that I should remain silent. But my feelings toward the Mexicans did not change—I still hated them and longed for revenge. I never ceased to plan for their punishment, but it was hard to get the other warriors to listen to my proposed raids Story continues next edition Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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MANGAS COLORADAS Considered by many to be the most important Apache leader of the 19th century, Mangas Coloradas, which in Spanish means Red Sleeves, was a striking figure physically.

Over 6 feet tall with a hulking body and disproportionately large head, Mangas Coloradas united the Apache nation against the United States.

During his lifetime he fought two great enemies, Mexico and the United States. He fought the Mexicans in the 1820s and 1830s.

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scalps. When the leader of the Mimbreno Apaches, Juan Jose Compas was killed for the bounty money in 1837, Mangas became leader and began a series of retaliatory raids against the Mexicans.

Mangas did seek peace. When the United States took over Apache territory in 1846, he signed a peace treaty with the U.S. and provided safe passage through his lands.

Peace ended in the 1850s when gold miners arrived in the Santa Rita Mountains.

In 1851 Mangas personally approached a group of miners and offered to lead them to another area. They tied him to a tree and severely beat him as a sign to other Indians to stay away. He survived the beating and the raids continued.

Developing an alliance with his son-inlaw, Cochise, in 1861, the two tried to drive all of the Anglo Americans out of Apache territory. They did not succeed, but the Anglo American population was greatly reduced for a few years during the Civil War. In the summer of 1862 Mangas Coloradas sought peace once more. He was only in middle age, but old physically, so he met with an intermediary to call for peace with the Americans. He decided to risk going in person to meet with military leaders to seek a peaceful solution.

In January of 1863 he went to Pinos Altos to a council of peace. When Mangas arrived under a white flag of truce, armed soldiers came out from hiding and took the old warrior hostage. That night they shot and killed him, saying he had been "trying to escape." Adding to the treachery, the next day the soldiers cut off his head, boiled it and sent the skull to the Smithsonian.

The Apaches would continue their fight against the United States for almost another quarter century.

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VICTORIO Known as Bidu-ya or Beduiat to his Apache people, Victorio was a warrior and chief of the Chihenne band of the Chiricahua Apache in what is now New Mexico.

Born on the Black Range of New Mexico around 1825, Victorio was raised as a member of the Chihenne Apache. Though little is known of his early life, it is said that he may have been part Mexican. His sister was the famous woman warrior, Lozen, or “Dextrous Horse Thief”.

By the early 1850’s he was considered a Chief in his band and in his twenties, he began to ride with Geronimo, Nana, and other Apache leaders making numerous raids into northern Mexico. In 1862, he joined with Mangas Coloradas in making raids not only into Mexico but also upon the encroaching white settlers.

When Mangas Coloradas met with the U.S. Army in January 1863, under a flag of truce, instead of maintaining the peaceful Story continues page 92 Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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negotiations that were alleged, the army took Mangas Coloradas prisoner and later executed him on January 18th. This, of course, very much angered not only Victorio but also Cochise, another powerful leader.

Afterward, Victorio formed a band of Eastern Chiricahua and Mescalero, numbering some 300 and began to retaliate against the Army.

Those military officers who fought against Victorio regarded him as a sound tactician and a leader of men. However, by 1869, Victorio and his band had been subdued and convinced to move to a new reservation near Ojo Caliente, New Mexico. In 1869, they were settled near Fort Craig, New Mexico waiting for the completion of the reservation.

The following year, Victorio, together with 500 Mimbrenos, Mogollones, and Mescaleros, were assigned to the Ojo Caliente Reservation some 15 miles northwest of present-day Monticello.

The area, claimed by Victorio to be their ancestral homeland, initially served the Apache well and generally, they were content. The population on the reservation grew to more than 3,000. However, the rations provided by the government were not substantial enough to feed them all and they soon started to stray from the reservation, foraging on their own. Before long, they were blamed for every depredation in the surrounding area, most of which were actually the work of Mexican bandits. In August 1871, the Army recommended removal of the Apache from Ojo Caliente to the Tularosa Valley, some seventy miles to the northwest.

By April 1872, the new reservation was established, and the next month the first Indians began to move. By June, about 450 Apache, including Victorio, had arrived, but the rest of them had simply taken off, many of them joining with their Chiricahua cousins Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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DISCOVER ALAMOGORDO in Arizona. In the summer of 1874, Tularosa was abandoned and the remaining Apache were allowed to return to Ojo Caliente.

Apache moved to the San Carlos, Arizona reservation. The Ojo Caliente Reservation was officially closed and in May 1877, Taza, son, and successor to the deceased Cochise, began to lead his people to Arizona. The reservation conditions at San Carlos were abominable and in early September, Victorio, with about 300 followers, fled the San Carlos Reservation and began three years of intermittent attacks in Mexico, Texas, and New Mexico. In Texas, he was hotly pursued

by Buffalo Soldiers of the 9th and 10th Cavalries,as well as Texas Rangers.

In April 1880, Victorio was said to have led his band in the “Alma Massacre,” where a number of settlers’ homes were raided and several people killed. As a result, U.S. Army troops were sent out in force from Fort Bayard, New Mexico to capture Victorio and his band. The soldiers outpaced Victorio to the water holes in the Sierra Diablo Mountains, and after two unsuccessful attempts to reach water, the Apache retreated into Mexico.

On October 14, 1880, Victorio and his people were surprised by Mexican troops who killed Victorio and his warriors. Only women and children survived the confrontation and were held prisoners in Chihuahua City for the next several years.

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DISCOVER ALAMOGORDO crime and volunteered to negotiate for the return of the boy. Evidently unbelieving, Bascom then had Cochise, his brother, two nephews, a woman, and two children arrested until the boy and the livestock was returned.

However, Cochise was able to escape and to ensure the safety of those he had left behind, captured three Americans before sending Bascom this message: “Treat my people well, and I will do the same for yours, of whom I have three.� The inexperienced Bascom decided instead to flex his muscle, hanged the Apache hostages, and began to make preparations for war against Cochise. In retaliation for their deaths, Cochise killed the three Americans he had taken hostage and joined forces with Mangas Coloradas, his father-in-law, and the leader of another Chiricahua band. The two leaders, along with their warriors then set on a series of retaliatory skirmishes and raids of the white settlements.

On July 15 and 16, 1862, General James H. Carleton, leading a Federal army eastward to head off the Confederate invasion of New Mexico, encountered Cochise and Mangas Coloradas at Apache Pass fighting for control the nearby Apache Springs.

The two leaders, along with 500 warriors held their ground against the force of California volunteers until the U.S. Army employed a howitzer against the Indian forces. Though it was the first time that they had faced artillery fire, they continued to fight stubbornly for several hours before fleeing.

General James Carlton subsequently took over as commander of the territory. In January 1863, General Joseph Rodman West, under orders from General Carleton, was able to capture Mangas Coloradas by meeting with him under a flag of truce. Though allegedly a peaceful conference, the U.S. Army took Mangas Coloradas prisoner and later

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DISCOVER ALAMOGORDO executed him. This, of course, very much angered Cochise, who retaliated in all-out war against the white settlers, which continued for the next nine years. At the same time, Geronimo was also fighting against white encroachment and the two leaders often paired in their retaliation.

The U.S. Army captured Cochise in 1871 and prepared to transfer the Chiricahua to a reservation hundreds of miles away in New Mexico, but he escaped and renewed the resistance campaign.

Finally, in 1872, President Ulysses S. Grant sent General Oliver O. Howard, a peace emissary, to meet with army scout and Indian Agent, Thomas Jeffords and Cochise.

Cochise agreed to peace as long as his band was allowed to stay on the current reservation with Jeffords as their agent.

General Howard agreed. Cochise made Thomas Jeffords his blood brother and a full member of the tribe. Afterward, he quietly retired on the reservation, where he stayed until his death two years later on June 8, 1874.

Before he died, Cochise had requested that he be buried in an unmarked grave so that the white man would not find his body. One account says that he was buried along with his favorite horse and dog in a deep rock crevice in Stronghold Canyon. Another version tells that he was buried several miles east of the Stronghold and that his warriors then galloped their horses over the grave so it could not be identified. In any event, the location of his burial remains a mystery today.

Chief Cochise was succeeded as chief by his son, Naiche also known as Natchez.

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solar probe smashes two wild records as it approaches the sun NASA's Parker Solar Probe just took the record for the fastest human-made object and the closest object to the sun from... NASA's Parker Solar Probe.

The solar probe, launched in August 2018, is built to withstand the scorching temperatures of the sun's outer atmosphere, unraveling some of the mysteries lurking within. A suite of four instruments on board will help scientists understand how the sun's corona and solar wind affects the Earth and the rest of the solar system.

Besides the cool science, Parker is also in an orbit around the sun that makes it go really, Story continues next page Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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really fast and gets it close enough to "touch" the sun.

Parker smashed its own records for speed and proximity to the blazing star, according to mission control at Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory during its flyby on Jan. 29. The flyby was the probe's fourth close approach to the sun ("perihelion") and in the early hours of Feb. 1, the car-sized spacecraft beamed back a "status A" signal to Earth, the best of four possible signals. Basically, Parker gave a thumbs-up to say "I survived."

Parker set two records in November 2018: ● Fastest human-made object: 153,454 mph (247,000 km/h) ● Closest spacecraft to the sun: 26.55 million miles (42.7 million kilometers) But those records have now been surpassed.

The new records stand at: ● Fastest human-made object: 244,255 mph (393,044 km/h) ● Closest spacecraft to the sun: 11.6 million miles (18.6 million kilometers) Parker will continue to smash its own records all the way through to 2024 as it gets ever closer to the sun. Protected by a cutting-edge heat shield, the probe will eventually get within 4.3 million miles of the sun's "surface."

In December 2019, Parker's first batch of data was released in prestigious journal Nature, pulling back the (incredibly bright) curtain on the charged particles and plasma dynamics in the sun's outer atmosphere.

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SUNSPOT | TIMBERON | WEED a key element of the powerful musical and cultural movement that accompanied its widespread proliferation.

As the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix, Bob Dylan and Woodstock-era protest rock emerged from those tiny, tinny speakers, a turbulent political backdrop of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the JFK assassination, the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War mobilised a generation. Together they provided the soundtrack for an ideological rebellion.

The first transistor radio for consumers sold in 1954 for the 2020 equivalent of

$477 Apple co-founder Steve Wozniack, who together with Steve Jobs built the first Apple computer, is on record as saying: “My first transistor radio... I loved what it could do, it brought me music, it opened my world up.�

The first transistor radio was unveiled in 1954. As the name suggests it is powered by a transistor - the miniaturised semiconductor invented in 1947 that has underpinned the growth of consumer electronics ever since.

One of the key benefits of the transistor was the ability for electronics manufacturers to create smaller and smaller devices, be they cameras, alarm clocks, calculators or the iconic portable radio.

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The first transistor radio for consumers was the Regency TR-1 (above) and came via the result of collaboration between Texas Instruments in Dallas and the I.D.E.A company of Indiana.

This handheld radio came in a multitude of colours with a gold tuning dial, and boasted a 20-hour lifespan thanks to its 22.5v battery. It cost around $50 The TR-1, which set in motion Texas Instruments’ desire to put a transistor in every home, is believed to have sold around 150,000 units

.

TR-55

Cheaper and more pocket-friendly solutions from Japanese manufacturers like Sony (particularly the TR-55 and TR-63), Sharp and Toshiba, who licensed the transistor tech from the company today known as AT&T, drove down the prices, forcing the American makers to respond.

By the beginning of the prosperous 1960s the radios were available for around $15 (around $117), and affordable as birthday and Christmas presents for music-obsessed kids.

Part of the joy of these devices was the freedom to go wherever they wanted and still enjoy their favourite stations thanks to the presence of replaceable batteries.

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SUNSPOT | TIMBERON | WEED The ability to discreetly get some ‘Satisfaction’ also stretched back to the home thanks to the inclusion of a single earpiece with many trannies. In this mode it was a Walkman before the Walkman was even a twinkle in Sony’s eye.

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Horsewoman. Medicine Woman. Mystic.

Military Strategist. Warrior. Empowered Woman.

These are just a few of the words used to Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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SUNSPOT | TIMBERON | WEED describe one of the most impressive women in Southwest history and American History.

Lozen was born in 1840,to the into the Chihenne band of Apache.Her brother was Victorio, a prominent Apache chief. Lozen was born near the Sacred Mountain near Ojo Caliente, where it is said the People began.As a young girl she could out run any of the men. She rode with her brother Victorio and the men ,she was very fierce when using her war club and very accurate with a spear, bow and rifle.

Even though she was courted by many men,after her womanhood ceremony she let it be known she would never marry.

As an Apache girl child,if Lozen was to undertake and succeed at the hardship of a dikohe, or warrior in training, and the Council accepted her, she could become a warrior, which is what Lozen did.

Lozen (an Apache nickname meaning expert horse thief—her birth name isn’t known ) grew up during one of the bloodiest eras of American History.

Strife between her native people, the Mexican people, and the U.S. Government remained constant in her life, and although she and her people always strove to keep their lands and live in peace, they never achieved either.

It became obvious early in Lozen’s childhood that she had special gifts and talents including supernatural powers.

Though she might have earned her nickname as a young woman, as a child, Lozen felt a great connection with horses and was an expert at taming, training, and riding them. She had no interest in marriage nor the domestic duties of the other girls and women of her tribe. With her superior athletic skill and prowess, Lozen preferred learning about Story continues next page

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martial arts and the ways of battle, which her brother was eager to teach her. In addition, she showed an aptitude for healing and medicine and often cared for the sick and injured of the tribe. She also became an expert midwife.

Her spiritual sensibilities were also more heightened than many of her tribe. At about the age of 12, after receiving the rites of puberty, Lozen climbed to the top of a mountain and became blessed with supernatural powers. This power gave her the ability to determine when and from where enemies of her tribe approached.

Historical sources claim she would stand with her arms outstretched, singing a prayer song to Ussen, the Apache god of life or creation, and turn slowly in a circle. If her fingers tingled, or her palms turned a different color, she knew the enemy was near.

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SUNSPOT | TIMBERON | WEED she could calculate the distance. This made her invaluable to Victorio, and she often sat at his side in council meetings and participated in war ceremonies. Victorio said about his little sister, she is “strong as a man, braver than most, and cunning in strategy. Lozen is a shield to her people.”

Lozen was given the power to find the enemy, at a a ceremony when she was young .She would go alone to a deserted spot, standing with her arms outstretched, her open palms facing skyward. She stood waiting, turning slowly until she felt a tingling in her palms. After this she knew that she had found the direction of the enemy.

She could tell the distance of the enemy by the force of the tingling.She was called Warrior Woman by Geronimo her brother called her Little Sister,she was not the only woman warrior in her band. Dahteste was a companion of Lozen on many raids.

As Victorio and his warriors held off the cavalry, Lozen took the women and children ahead, the women and children were too scared to cross, the raging Rio Grande.

James Kaywaykla, only a boy at the time who was riding with his Grandmother, remembers I saw a magnificent woman on a beautiful horse Lozen, sister of Victorio.

Lozen the woman warrior. High above her head she held her rifle. There was a glitter as her right foot lifted and struck the shoulder of her horse. He reared, then plunged into the torrent. She turned his head upstream, and he began swimming. the other women and the children followed her into the raging water.

When they reached the far bank of the river, Lozen spoke to James Kaywaykla’s grandmother You take charge, now, I must return to the warriors.

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Traditional Foods of the Apache People The Apache nation consists of six subtribes: the Western Apache, Chiricahua, Mescalero, Jicarilla, Lipan and Kiowa. Each subtribe came from a different geographical area. The Apache were hunter-gatherers who roamed the land. Their meals were based on what they found on the land, not on crops they grew or animals they raised themselves.

Meat Meat was an important part of the Apache diet. The Apache hunted deer, wild turkeys, jackrabbits, coyote, javelin, fox, beavers, bears and mountain lions, but the primary animal hunted was the buffalo. Buffalo hunts Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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SUNSPOT | TIMBERON | WEED were held twice a year. The Apache also killed cattle on ranches when it was available and when they needed meat. Meat was dried for long-term storage and eaten roasted, baked, boiled and even raw.

Nuts, Seeds and Fruits Since the Apache did not farm, their meatbased diet was supplemented with fruits, berries, nuts, seeds and vegetables they found growing wild. One of their chief fruit sources was the mescal cactus, which they used for food and drink. Other cacti the Apache relied on for food were the yucca, tule, palm and mesquite. Acorns were also gathered from the land to supplement their diet. The acorns were crushed or ground and used as a type of flour. Mountain chiles, wild onions, and honey were used for seasoning.

Corn While the Apache were not farmers, corn, a cultivated crop, was a part of their diet. While some Apaches did grow corn, most corn was obtained by trading items such as buffalo hides, tallow and meat, and bones to neighboring Pueblo tribes. When the Apaches were forced onto reservations by the U.S. government, more of them did grow their own corn.

Taboo Foods While the Apache were hunters, certain animals were considered "unclean," so were not used as food. These unclean foods included prairie dogs, snakes, insects, and other reptiles and amphibians. Animals that ate these unclean foods were also considered unclean. While some Apache ate pork if no other meat was available, most would not eat pork or bacon. The Apache also did not eat fish, as fish were also considered unclean.

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Why Does My Cat Stare at Me

D

o you ever wake up and find your cat lying on your chest, staring right into your eyes?

Or maybe you feel those green eyes boring a hole into your back as you are working on your computer? What is your cat thinking about?

You have read that direct eye contact in the cat world is considered a threat, so you may be wondering, “What did I do?”

The answer may be nothing. There are several different scenarios that might involve cats staring at you—here’s how you can tell the difference Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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Assess Your Cat’s Body Language Eyes may be the window to the soul, but before you get too worried that your cat may be engineering your imminent demise, remember that cat communication involves more than just eye contact. Your first step is to read his body language—all the way from the eyes to the tip of the tail.

Happy Cat

When you find your cat staring at you, is he standing tall with a stiff stance with his tail down? The way in which your cat postures himself can say a lot about how they are feeling.

Two different body postures accompanied with a stare provides two different stories. If your cat is staring at you, blinking slowly while he is inches away from your face, this cat behavior is actually a sign of affection.

Blinking is a friendly gesture, so we can safely assume that when combined with loose, relaxed body language, your cat is telling you that he wants to be close to you and spend time with you.

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SUNSPOT | TIMBERON | WEED Or, this could be his way of waking you up. Whether he wants his breakfast right away or wants you to get up and provide him with company, this body language is friendly and means he simply wants your attention.

Angry Cat

A loose, relaxed body language is not seen in cats that are about to attack. A cat that is upset will exhibit telltale signs, like pupil dilation, ears turned to the side, a stiffer body and an agitated tail that’s swishing side to side.

That body language, in addition to direct eye contact, is definitely a potential threat and a signal that your cat needs some space. In this case, the best thing to do is avert your eyes, distract your cat and redirect his attention to another activity to add some space between you and your cat.

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Chiricahua Apache Leader

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hief Naiche was the final hereditary chief of the Chiricahua band of Apache Indians.

Born into the Chokonen band of Chiricahua Apache around 1857, Naiche was the second son of Cochise and Dos-teh-seh, Cochise’s first and principal wife.

His name means “the Mischief Maker” or “Meddlesome One,” a description he would earn in his own right as he led numerous raids against white settlers. When Cochise died, Naiche’s older brother, Taza, assumed the Story continues page 119 Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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Discover Ruidoso

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DISCOVER RUIDOSO You can make a slight knocking noise on your desk or toss a crumpled piece of paper or a pen across the room for your cat to chas Whether or not your cat engages in play, it helps break eye contact and defuse tension.

When your cat appears calmer, engage him in an activity that he truly likes, such as chasing after a fishing pole toy or batting around his crinkle cat toy.

Scared Cat

If your cat is staring at you and he is crouched down with his tail tucked under his body, or if he is hiding behind a piece of furniture, this is an indication your cat is fearful Whatever you inadvertently did, such as jumping up and cheering when your football team scored a touchdown or accidentally tripping and dropping an item, you have spooked your cat. Sometimes it could be a noise that your cat heard outside your house In his mind, he is keeping an eye out for danger. He will stare at whoever may be closest, is making the loudest noise or is moving around. This would be a good time to take a few deep meditative breaths to calm yourself down.

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While maintaining a good distance to not scare your cat further, grab some tasty cat treats, like the PureBites chicken freeze-dried cat treats or Life Essentials wild Alaskan salmon freeze-dried treats, and toss them towards your cat.

If he is a big fan of his treats, it would be really difficult for him to remain fearful and eat his favorite goodies. You can also try placing those treats in an cat interactive toy or feeding center, such as the KONG active treat ball cat toy or the Trixie activity fun board interactive cat toy. Working for his treats will help take his mind off whatever had previously scared him How Cats Learn to Get Your Attention Cats can be very smart when it comes to learning ways to grab their owner’s attention.

From the outright vocalizing to the more subtle cat stares, felines are no strangers when it comes to saying, “Hey! Look at me.

I know that I always I talk to and pet my cats more when I see them looking at me. So, the cat staring in my case is my cat’s way of signaling their desire for me to engage with them.

Some cats have learned, just like some dogs have, to sit in front of their owners and stare to get their owners to feed them or play with them.

Staring may be rude in human society, but in the animal world, it conveys many different messages.

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DISCOVER RUIDOSO Victorio and his tribe of Apaches, were moved to the San Carlos Reservation in Arizona,in the 1870s.Conditions on the reservation were wretched. Victorio and his followers left the reservation in 1877 and began raiding, staying one step ahead of the military. Lozen fought beside her brother Victorio against the Americans who had taken their homeland near west New Mexico's Black Mountain.

Victorio and Lozen fought many battles with the neighboring Mexicans, the U.S. Government, and the white settlers who had come to their lands.

In 1869, Apache leaders, including Victorio and Lozen, met with the U.S. Government to secure peace and receive a promised land grant, or reservation, near Ojo Caliente. However, in time, the Chihenne were moved to the Mescalero Reservation near Tularosa and were later relocated to the San Carlos Reservation in Arizona.

After Victrio's death Lozen fought longside Nana and then Geronimo after his escape from the San Carlos reservation in 1885.Lozen used her power to locate their enemies the U.S. and Mexican cavalries.

Lozen and Dahteste were the ones, to begin negotiating peace treaties. One of the treaties stated that the Apache leaders would be imprisoned for two years then they would have their freedom.

The Americans leaders dismissed the peace treaty and Lozen and Dahteste continued to negotiate. When it was revealed all the Chiricahuas had been rounded up and sent to Florida. The Apache warriors agreed to surrender ,five days later they were put on a train for Florida. Lozen was sent as a prisoner of war to Mount Vernon Barracks, in Alabama Lozen the truly remarkable Apache warrior, died of tuberculosis, while still a prisoner in 1890.

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role of chief, but died of pneumonia during a visit to Washington, D.C., as a delegate. In 1876 Naiche was made the last chief of the free Chiricahua.

Initially, he was peaceful and cooperative with the white settlers, leading the Chiricahua into surrender to General Oliver O. Howard in 1876 and leading his band to the San Carlos Reservation in Arizona. However, in the summer of 1881 news came of the first Ghost Dance, where the spirits of his father, Cochise, and other chiefs were said would return. That same summer, at the Battle of Cibecue, Arizona, a number of soldiers and an Apache medicine man were murdered.

Troops then came pouring in and Naiche and his followers fled the reservation. They soon joined with Geronimo in the Sierra Madre south of Rio Grande, attacking both American and Mexican communities. Though Naiche was the hereditary chief of the Chiricahua Apache, Geronimo was viewed as Story continues next page Read this, and past issues @ issuu.com/alamodosomagazine

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the greater leader and Naiche followed him during these campaigns.

The Army relentlessly tracked the rebellious Chiricahua Apache until Naiche surrendered on May 25, 1883, to General George Crook. In January 1884, Geronimo also surrendered. For a time, both settled at the San Carlos Reservation, but in 1885, the two leaders left with over 100 men in a last attempt to avoid American control. By September 1886, Apache scouts and detachments of the U.S. Army were able to force their surrender in the inhospitable terrain of Sonora, Mexico.

Afterward, Naiche and Geronimo and their men were incarcerated first at Fort Pickens, Florida, while their wives and children were moved to Fort Marion. This was in part due to several prominent Pensacola citizens who had petitioned the government to have Geronimo’s group sent there in an effort to capitalize on his fame and attract tourists.

President Grover Cleveland approved the petition for the men only, separating them from their families. After a while, the US would reunite the families at Fort Pickens.

All of them would later be moved to Mount Vernon Barracks in Alabama.

After the Kiowa and Comanche leaders invited the Chiricahua Apache to share their reservation, the government sent Naiche and 295 other Apache to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, on October 4, 1895. Naiche remained in Oklahoma until 1913, before eventually returning to the Southwest, where he lived in peace for eight years. He died of influenza at Mescalero Reservation, New Mexico in 1921 The war department concluded that the Chiricahuas should participate in the decision making as to where they would be permanently located. True to their respect and recognition of Naiche as their Chief, the

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DISCOVER RUIDOSO Apache men kept silent and let him speak for them: SCOTT: General Wood sent me down here to find out what you were thinking about and whether you are happy or not...to meet with you and to look into your faces and see and hear what you have to say...If anyone wants to open his heart and talk with me, this is a good thing.

NAICHE: It is not right that I should talk to you first, to tell you what we are thinking about, and what we want, and what is in our hearts. You came down here to see us and there is something in your mind... It is not right that we should talk to you first.

SCOTT: I am sent here to get information and not to deliver any orders. I have come down here to find out what is needed. I am not empowered to take any steps other than to get information for General Wood. He wants to know how you feel. He can't find out unless you tell me. Whatever you say I will take and see that General Woods gets it.

NAICHE: We don't know very much. None of us are very smart but we thought that maybe you came down here to tell us what was going to be done... We want to be given land somewhere that would be our homes and now we thought you had come down here to tell us about that. We don't think of anything else. All we want is to be freed and be released as prisoners, given land and homes that we can call our own. That is all we think about.

You took us a long time ago and they took this land from us...That is enough now. Half or more than half of these people here talk English, half or more than half can read and write. They all know how to work. You have held us long enough. We want something else now.

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We have learned to work. That is generally the way when they take anybody to learn. After they have taught them for a while they will look at them and look them over and see how much they have learned and think: Well, now these people have learned so much. I will give them some kind of work that they will like.

Are we going to work here for you as long as we can move our hands? Work until we are so old we can't work anymore?

They told me when I was a boy that my mind and my way of living was no good...yours is not good, throw it away!

I am an old man now. You took me with you from place to place and brought me here.

I have listened to what you have told me and I have watched you people and I think that I have learned a whole lot and all of these young people have learned to do good work and I think that you ought to give us homes to ourselves where we can be ourselves.

We are not a rock. You set a rock down in one place and it will stay there and it will not get old and there will be no children. Give us our homes to ourselves where we can take care of ourselves and make our own living.

We are brothers now, your God is our God. We want to be just like you are now, all of us. That is what we all think. That is all for me..

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