KR Market Redevelopment - Architectural Thesis 2022

KR MARKET REDEVELOPMENT the new age city market

Thesis 2022 | School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi Akshita Kabra | A/3012/2017 Guides: Anamika Bagchi, Sushil Aggarwal

Declaration The research and work embodied in this document is part of a Final year architecture thesis, carried out by the undersigned as a part of the Fifth Year, Tenth Semester (2022) design studio of the Undergraduate Program in the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, India.

The work has been done under the supervision of thesis guides Ar. Anamika Bagchi (Design and Research guide) and Ar Sushil Aggarwal (Design and Technology guide) and studio coordinators Dr. Jaya Kumar and Dr. Aruna Ramani Grover.

The undersigned hereby declares that this is his original work and has not been plagiarized, in part or full, from any source, and that this work has not been submitted for any purpose in any other University.

Akshita Kabra A/3012/2017 May, 2022 Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, India.

i.

Certificate This thesis, titled ‘KR Market Redevelopment: the new age city market’ by Akshita Kabra, roll no.

A/3012/2017, was carried out during the Fifth Year, Tenth Semester (2022) design studio of the Undergraduate Program in the Department of Architecture, under our guidance during January - May 2022.

On completion of the report in all aspects and based on the declaration by the candidate above, we provisionally accept this thesis report and forward the same to the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, India.

May 2022 Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, India.

Ar. Anamika Bagchi

Ar Sushil Aggarwal

Dr. Aruna Ramani Grover Thesis co-ordinator

Thesis guide

Thesis guide

(Design and Research)

(Design and Technology)

ii.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere thanks to my thesis guides Ar Sushil Aggarwal and Ar. Anamika Bagchi for guiding me through the research and design process. I would also like to thank Dr. Aruna Ramani Grover and other faculty members for their valuable inputs during studios. I would like to express my gratitude towards my friends for their insights, critiques and constant help.

Finally, I would like to thank my family for giving constant strength and support.

iii.

Abstract The project chosen is Redevelopment of Krishna Rajendra

becoming an asset for the future.

Market (K.R. Market). KR Market has served Bangalore

A redevelopment proposal project for KR market poses

city since time immemorial - it has seen the city transition

a unique problem in itself. It poses the question of how a

from bullock carts and colonial rule to the Information

neighbourhood & commercial center that has a unique

Technology hub it is today. Through this tremendous

identity & essence, and holds a recognisable image of

change, the site and building have seen an increase in

the city, be redeveloped to cater to the changing socio-

pressure and revolution in movement systems. Thus this

economic & physical conditions yet retain its original

market, which is one of the largest flower markets in Asia

essence.

no longer functions as smoothly as it should. This has led to

The market attracts customers from far for the unique retail

a loss in visitors and terrible conditions for the vendors.

that it offers. The essence of it is largely governed by the

No longer do people look at this culturally significant,

unique retail that it offers, the market dynamics between

historic commercial space as a public space. Even though

the informal - formal and the appropriation of the market

the produce keeps the city running, the relevance of the

space in multiple ways by the users. This thesis explores

historic precinct and the cultural significance is getting lost

the approach that needs to be applied to redevelopment

in translation. The space also does not accommodate for

of such an active & unique commercial center. The project

the updated functioning of the market.

proposes to identify this ‘essence’ of the market and

Therefore, there is a scope to enhance the urban

balance it with the need for ‘creation a new identity’. It also

experience of city markets as these are public spaces

explores the dynamics of the relationship of informal and

which have been significant throughout time and offer

formal trade and how that dynamics inform the design. The

space for social interaction, create meaning, cultural

thesis also explores Markets as a public spaces that is a

association and sense of place for all stakeholders.

backdrop for multiple activities and serves a diverse group

Revitalization of these spaces restores its position in the

of people.

city’s economy, public life and culture, consequently

iv.

सारांश चुनी गई परियोजना कृष्णा राजेंद्र मार्केट (के.आर. मार्केट) का पुनर्विकास है। क.र मार्केट ने अनादिकाल से बैंगलोर शहर की सेवा की

है - इसने शहर को बैलगाड़ियों और औपनिवेशिक शासन से आज के सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी केंद्र में बदलते देखा है। इस जबरदस्त परिवर्तन

के माध्यम से, साइट और भवन ने आंदोलन प्रणालियों में दबाव और क्रांतिमें वृद्धिदेखी है। इस प्रकार यह बाजार, जो एशिया के सबसे बड़े फूलों के बाजारों में से एक है, अब उतनी सुचारू रूप से कार्य नहीं करता है, जितना होना चाहिए। इससे आगंतुकों का नुकसान हुआ है और विक्रेताओं के लिए भयानक स्थिति बनी हुई है।

लोग अब इस सांस्कृतिक रूप से महत्वपूर्ण, ऐतिहासिक व्यावसायिक स्थान को सार्वजनिक स्थान के रूप में नहीं देखते हैं। भले ही उपज

शहर को चालू रखती है, ऐतिहासिक परिसर की प्रासंगिकता और सांस्कृतिक महत्व अनुवाद में खो रहा है। बाजार के अद्यतन कामकाज के लिए जगह भी अनुकूल नहीं है।

इसलिए, शहर के बाजारों के शहरी अनुभव को बढ़ाने के लिए एक गुंजाइश है क्योंकि ये सार्वजनिक स्थान हैं जो पूरे समय महत्वपूर्ण रहे हैं और सामाजिक संपर्क के लिए जगह प्रदान करते हैं, अर्थ, सांस्कृतिक सहयोग और सभी हितधारकों के लिए जगह की भावना प्रदान

करते हैं। इन स्थानों का पुनरोद्धार शहर की अर्थव्यवस्था, सार्वजनिक जीवन और संस्कृति में अपनी स्थिति को पुनर्स्थापित करता है, फलस्वरूप भविष्य के लिए एक संपत्ति बन जाता है।

केआर बाजार के लिए एक पुनर्विकास प्रस्ताव परियोजना अपने आप में एक अनूठी समस्या है। यह सवाल उठाता है कि कैसे एक पड़ोस और वाणिज्यिक केंद्र जिसमें एक विशिष्ट पहचान और सार है, और शहर की एक पहचानने योग्य छवि रखता है, को बदलती सामाजिक-आर्थिक और भौतिक परिस्थितियों को पूरा करने के लिए पुनर्विकास किया जा सकता है, फिर भी इसका मूल सार बरकरार रहता है।

बाजार अपने द्वारा पेश की जाने वाली अनूठी खुदरा बिक्री के लिए दूर-दूर से ग्राहकों को आकर्षित करता है। इसका सार मोटे तौर पर

अद्वितीय खुदरा द्वारा शासित होता है जो यह प्रदान करता है, अनौपचारिक - औपचारिक और उपयोगकर्ताओं द्वारा कई तरह से बाजार स्थान के विनियोग के बीच बाजार की गतिशीलता। यह थीसिस उस दृष्टिकोण की पड़ताल करती है जिसे ऐसे सक्रिय और अद्वितीय

वाणिज्यिक केंद्र के पुनर्विकास के लिए लागू करने की आवश्यकता है। परियोजना बाजार के इस ‘सार’ की पहचान करने और इसे ‘नई पहचान बनाने’ की आवश्यकता के साथ संतुलित करने का प्रस्ताव करती है। यह अनौपचारिक और औपचारिक व्यापार के संबंधों की

गतिशीलता की भी खोज करता है और यह गतिशीलता डिजाइन को कैसे सूचित करती है। थीसिस बाजारों को एक सार्वजनिक स्थान के रूप में भी खोजती है जो कई गतिविधियों के लिए पृष्ठभूमि है और लोगों के विविध समूह की सेवा करता है।

v.

Table of contents

01

02

Introduction & Proposition

i. Project background

2

ii. Areas of research

3

iii. Thesis proposition

3

iv. Relevance

4

iv. Project brief

5

v. Project Information

6

vi. Project proposal

7

03

Research Literature study

Part 1 : Public Space Part 2 : Redevelopment

12 18

Area Programme Generation & Analysis

04

Site Study Information & Analysis

Part 1 : Site and Context

76

68

Part 2 : Grain Analysis

82

iv. Adjacencies

72

Part 3 : Movement

83

iv. Building Organization

73 Part 4 : Space Syntax

88

Part 5: Architecture

90

Part 6: Current Market

92

Part 7: Climatology

96

Part 8: SWOT

98

i. Project Vision

66

ii. User Group Analysis

67

iii. Programme Components

Part 3 : Market Typology Part 4 : Flower Market

20 24

Part 5: City and Existing Mar- 30 ket 40 Part 6: Case study selection Part 7: Case Studies i. Municipal Market,

42

ii. Taipei Flower

48

Goa Wholesale iii. Santa Caterina Mar- 56 ket

vi.

05

Technology Research Options & Calculations

i. Areas of research

102

Part 1 : Structure i. Ferrocement Channels

104

ii. Spanning Structure

106

iii. Modular stall units

110

iv. Materiality

111

06

Design Determinants Concepts & Drivers

07

Design Concept Concepts & Drivers

08

Design Developement Iterations and studies

i. Inferences

134

i. Concept Ideas

142

i. Design Approach

150

ii. SWOT Analysis

135

ii. Planning Approach

144

ii. Design Development 1 Design Development 2 Design Development 3 Design Development 4 Design Development 5 Design Development 6

152

iii. Design Development Prefinal

158

iii. Site Directives

136

iv. Directives from existing 138 market

iii. Form Developmet iv. Zoning

146 147

153 154 155 156 157

Part 2 : Services technology i. Waste Management

112

ii. Electricity load calculations 118 iii. Rainwater conservation

119

Design

Part 3: Sustainability Measures i. Green Roofing system

120

ii. Adaptive HVAC system

122

iii. Radiation Analysis

124

Part 4: Safety

128

List of figures

160 viii

Conclusion Appendix

x

Bibliography

xi

vii.

List of Figures Figure 1 Historic KR Market Source: hindu Figure 2 Present Day KR Market Source: wikipedia Figure 3 Bangalore Source: wikipedia Figure 5 Site Source: author Figure 4 Petta Area Source: google earth Figure 6 Project Proposal by Jana Urban Space Source: Jana USP Figure 7 Good public place Source: PPS Figure 8 Living Heritage Factors Source: Living Heritage Sites programme Figure 9 Integrating the site and the city Source: City of Boston tactical public realm guidelines (2018) Figure 11 Relationship between formal and informal Source: nextcity.org Figure 10 Relationship between formal and informal Source: Author Figure 12 Goals of Redevelopment according to DUAC Source: Vanya Jain (2021) Figure 13 Benefits od Public Markets (PPS) Figure 14 Wholesale economics Source: PPS Figure 15 Retail economics Source: PPS Figure 16 Spatial Relations in a market (Vanya Jain, 2021) Figure 17 Lal Bagh Flower Show Source: Author Figure 18 Economics of flower market Source: Author Figure 19 Economics of flower market Source: Author Figure 20 Economics of flower market Source: Author Figure 22 Economics of flower market Source: Author Figure 21 Flower garlands on display Source: google images Figure 23 Categorisation of Bangalore city into centres, corridors wedges and peripheries. Source: WRI Figure 24 Site Pictures. Source: Author Figure 25 Site Pictures. Source: Author Figure 26 Redevelopment Source: Vanya Jain Figure 27 Market Inferences Source: Author Figure 28 Market flows Source: Vanya Jain Figure 29 Municipal market Source: muncipalmarketgoa. com

viii.

Figure 31 INA market Source: Vipanchi Handa Figure 30 Santa caterina Market Source: archdaily Figure 32 Taipei flower market Source: archdaily Figure 33 Selection of case studies Source: Author Figure 34 Municipal market Source: muncipalmarketgoa. com Figure 35 Panaji heritage area Source: Charles Correa foundation Figure 36 Context Source: Author Figure 37 Context Source: Author Figure 38 Facade Source: google images Figure 39 Muncipal Market plan Source: Author Figure 40 Muncipal Market section Source: Author Figure 42 Zoning of shops Source: Author Figure 41 Arrangement of shops Source: Vipanchi Handa Figure 44 Movement Systems Source: Author Figure 43 Zoning of shops Source: Author Figure 45 Municipal market Source: muncipalmarketgoa. com Figure 46 Municipal market Source: muncipalmarketgoa. com Figure 47 Taipei Flower wholesale market Source: Archdaily Figure 52 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily Figure 50 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily Figure 48 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily Figure 49 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily Figure 51 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily Figure 54 Taipei Flower wholesale context Source: Author Figure 53 Taipei Flower wholesale before after Source:

Archdaily Figure 55 Taipei Flower wholesale site Source: Archdaily, Author Figure 56 Taipei Flower wholesale program and functioning Source: Archdaily, Author Figure 57 Taipei Flower wholesale ground floor Source: Archdaily, Author Figure 58 Taipei Flower wholesale first floor Source: Archdaily, Author Figure 59 Taipei Flower wholesale Source: Archdaily Figure 60 Taipei Flower wholesale greenhouse Source: Archdaily Figure 61 Taipei Flower wholesale greenhouse Source: Archdaily Figure 62 Santa Caterina Market Source: Archdaily Figure 63 Santa Caterina Market archival images Source: Archdaily Figure 66 Santa Caterina Market archival images Source: Archdaily Figure 64 Santa Caterina Market images Source: Archdaily Figure 65 Santa Caterina Market elevation Source: Archdaily Figure 67 Santa Caterina Market context Source: Author Figure 69 Santa Caterina Market urban realm Source: Archdaily Figure 68 Santa Caterina Market urban realm Source: Author Figure 70 Santa Caterina Market ground plan zoning Source: Author Figure 71 Santa Caterina Market ground plan movement Source: Author Figure 72 Santa Caterina Market roof structure Source: Archdaily Figure 73 Santa Caterina Market roof structure Source: Archdaily Figure 74 Santa Caterina Market images Source:

Archdaily Figure 75 Distribution of produce in KR Market Source: Jana Usp Figure 76 User needs and Program Source: Jana Usp Figure 77 Area program Source: Author Figure 78 Adjacency diagram Source: Author Figure 79 Building Organization Diagram Source: Author Figure 80 Site and Context Source: Author Figure 81 Landuse Map Source: BDA Figure 82 Transport connectivity Source: Janausp, Author Figure 84 Heritage corridor in Bangalore Source: historicbangalore Figure 83 Chickpette and KR Market Source: Janausp, Author Figure 85 Context plan Source: Author Figure 86 Site plan Source: Author Figure 87 Grain Analysis Source: Author Figure 88 Grain Analysis Source: Author Figure 89 Traffic Analysis Source: Author Figure 90 Movement patterns Source: Author Figure 91 Movement patterns Source: Author Figure 92 Pedestrian Movement patterns Source: Author Figure 93 KR Market context markets Source: Author Figure 94 KR Market activity mapping Source: Author Figure 95 Space syntax Analysis Source: Author Figure 96 Space syntax Analysis Source: Author Figure 97 Visibility Mapping Source: Author Figure 98 KR Market Context Source: google images Figure 101 KR Market Archival images Source: google images Figure 99 Original KR Market at its inception Source: google images Figure 100 Current condition of KR Market: Heritage Clock tower and Market building Source: Monisha Raju Figure 102 Current condition of KR Market zoning Source: Author Figure 103 Current condition of KR Market cluster Source: Author

Figure 104 Waste collection cluster Source: Author Figure 105 Services Source: Author Figure 106 Waste mapping Source: Author Figure 107 Climate Analysis Source: Author Figure 109 Skymatrix Source: Author Figure 108 Wind Analysis Source: Author Figure 110 Sunpath Source: Author Figure 111 Psychometric chart Source: Author Figure 113 Ferrocement Channel detail Source: Kamya Khurana Figure 112 Psychometric chart Source: bmtpc Figure 115 Typical structural layout Source: Author Figure 114 Typical section through waffle slab - column free spaces Source: Author Figure 116 Types of spaceframes Source: https://www. constrofacilitator.com/ Figure 117 Types of spaceframes Source: https://www. constrofacilitator.com/ Figure 118 Roof Structures Source: Author Figure 120 Roof Structures Source: santiagocalatrava. com Figure 119 Roof Structures Source: Author Figure 121 Greenhouse in project Source: Author Figure 122 Seating Arrangement- Sectional View. Source (Ward 2019) Figure 123 Modularity Source: 3xn.com Figure 124 Modularity Source: Author Figure 125 Materiality Source: google images Figure 126 DEWATS System Source: CDDindia.org Figure 127 DEWATS System Source: Author Figure 128 Waste Collection Source: Author Figure 129 Waste recycling Source: Author Figure 130 Aerobic composting Source: thanal.co.in Figure 131 Aerobic composting Source: thanal.co.in Figure 132 Electricity Generation Source: Gresek 2014 Figure 133 Rain water harvesting Source: Richards et al.

2021 Figure 134 Classification system and properties

Figure 135 Diagram highlighting the various layers & components. Once the drainage and waterproofing membrane are designed well, they can be installed on top of a kind of decking system - be it wood, concrete or steel.

Figure 136 Advantages of green roof system Figure 137 Comparison of heat balance on the roof of TCI building : with and without a green roof. Green roof allows for cooler temp. throughout the year Figure 139 Thermal zoning applied in NUS School of Design and Environment, by Serie Architects.

Figure 138 Working principle of Adaptive HVAC system.

It uses both mechanical and natural ventilation thereby allowing openings/windows.

Figure 140 Technical differences between the conventional and adpative comfort HVAC system Figure 141 Radiation Analysis Source: Author Figure 142 Daylight Analysis Source: Author Figure 143 Sunpath Analysis Source: Author Figure 145 Wind Comfort Source: Author Figure 144 Wind Analysis Source: Author Figure 146 Microclimate Analysis Source: Author Figure 147 Wheelchair Accessibility standards Source: NBC Figure 148 Wheelchair Accessibility standards Source: NBC Figure 149 Fire exits and fire tender path Source: Author Figure 150 Open Space security measures Source: Vanya Jain, 2021 Figure 151 Site analysis Design drivers Source: Author Figure 152 Shop unit Design drivers Source: Author Figure 153 Shop arrangement Design drivers Source: Author Figure 154 Design Concepts Source: Author Figure 155 Design Concepts Source: Author Figure 156 Planning Approach Source: Author Figure 157 Form development Source: Author Figure 158 Zoning Source: Author Figure 159 Site Planning Options Source: Author

ix.

14

KR Market Redevelopment

i. Project background ii. Areas of research

Chapter 1

Introduction

iii. Thesis proposition iv. Relevance iv. Project brief v. Project Information vi. Project proposal

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

1

Project Background Bangalore is a metropolis that has grown exponentially

opportunities for revitalization of local economic development

in every form. The increase in population has altered the

and national cultural identity.

demands on public spaces. The cosmopolitan image that follows urbanization leads to a creation of many social spaces

As a city undergoes rapid urban growth, the relationship of

like food courts, malls, cafés and pubs, but public spaces and

public spaces with the citizens evolves. This becomes even

historic centres have a pertinent role to play in bridging this

more pertinent in the case of historically significant public

gap and bringing the city together - socially, economically,

spaces which have had a connect with the citizens throughout

culturally and provide an identity to the city. Despite their

the city’s evolution. Thus these spaces must evolve with time

importance, public spaces are often poorly integrated or

to maintain their significance and value.

neglected in urban development. They have become a precious resource - increasingly elusive in the concrete jungle

Earlier city markets were considered as a place which offered

of a metropolitan city.

interactive spaces, brought different cultures together, gave us an urban experience and life quality thus transforming

Historic towns often exhibit a rich mixture of social, cultural,

the image of a city by creating a sense of place and culture.

architectural and historical heritage values (Cohen, 1999,

City markets, though a strictly commercial activity, offered

Cullen, 1961). Streetscapes, urban fabrics, and structures,

under layers of social spaces, cultural value and historical

on the other hand, are evolving and changing to meet the

significance. But now, they are known for congestions,

needs of stakeholders, while the function of urbanization in

encroachments and diminishing built forms. There is no area

conserving the environment’s heritage qualities is overlooked.

which offers such urban space and culture to make it come

In this context, it becomes even more necessary to recognize

alive.

the complex heritage and resulting culture of a constantly expanding global metropolis to ensure that there is a collective

Therefore, there is a scope to enhance the urban experience

responsibility of the stakeholders in safeguarding of the

of city markets as these are public spaces which have

meanings, attributes and values of heritage spaces in the city.

been significant throughout time and offer space for social

These historic city centres are not only valuable old assets but

interaction, create meaning, cultural association and sense

2

KR Market Redevelopment

of place for all stakeholders. Revitalization of these spaces restores its position in the city’s economy, public life and culture, consequently becoming an asset for the future.

The following areas have been identified as the broad areas of research which inform and guide this project.

Re-imagining city wholesale markets:

• Evolution and present state of markets • Revival and upgradation of city markets • Change in program, technology to keep up with the times • Accommodating for future change, flexible planning New type of social area: •

How can it be made relevant, productive and selfsustaining?

•

How can architecture help increase safety and accessibility of these spaces?

• •

Design of spaces capable of serving multiple functions Achieving a balance of informality in formality.

Proposition Can a culturally significant flower market be re-imagined as more than just a flower market and provide myriad experiences for the city?

A market that is envisioned not just as a working market but also as a market that can adapt to the changing needs of a growing city but also a cultural destination, urban connector, an amenity for the city - and an inspiring icon in the Bangalore skyline.

The project looks to rethink the role of a city market in an urban structure as the new type of social area - a space where in the social, historical and cultural come together with the commercial.

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

3

Relevance

Figure 1 Historic

KR Market Source: hindu

Figure 2 Present

Day KR Market Source: wikipedia

The way we live has changed, our needs have changed, our experiences have changed and the city has also changed then how can old city markets remain stagnant?

KR Market has served the city since time immemorial - it has seen the city transition from bullock carts and colonial rule to the Information Technology hub it is today. Through this tremendous change, the site and building have seen an increase in pressure and revolution in movement systems. Thus this market, which is one of the largest flower markets in Asia no longer functions as smoothly as it should. This has led to a loss in visitors and terrible conditions for the vendors.

No longer do people look at this culturally significant, historic commercial space as a public space. Even though the produce keeps the city running, the relevance of the historic precinct and the cultural significance is getting lost in translation. The space also does not accommodate for the updated functioning of the market.

Thus it is pertinent to upgrade the market to the modern ways of living to restore its significance and ensuring the market culture set

by KR Market translates into the future.

4

KR Market Redevelopment

Project Brief Aim To design upgraded facilities for the Bangalore city market to ensure public engagement and restoration of its significance in the city’s public spaces. It seeks to match the historic market with international standards to ensure its smooth functioning and that it caters to the immense pressure it faces, while also accounting for its future growth and relevance. The thesis aims to translate a city market for the modern metropolitan city.

Scope To understand the quality of space a bazaar offers and its role in the cityscape To study and understand the nature of activities and functioning of the city market and its built implications To understand the implication of the built market on the city - in terms of association with the city, availability of public spaces, implications on its heritage value and what it can give back to the city To ensure smooth functioning at an urban level and connect it with the city sufficiently To design a space that translates a old city market for the modern city To integrate and enhance its social, cultural and historic value along with its commercial value To integrate features to ensure its significance in the future To include programmes that encourage public engagement and create a node for the city.

Challenges Address the issues in current market functioning Integrate it in the heritage corridor Address the issues of continuous increase in pressure

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

5

Project Information K R Market locally also known as City Market is Bengaluru’s oldest and busiest market place. It is a part of the Petta zone, the seed and centre of Bangalore - the oldest part of the city.

A whole sale cum retail market - it houses the famous flower market, as well as vegetable, meat vendors and metal fittings stores, The rapid increase in population has led to rise in demands and strain in existing public infrastructure, including this historic market.

Figure 3 Bangalore Source: wikipedia

Figure 4 Petta Area Source: google earth

Development Controls Site Location: Chickpette, Bangalore Client: Bangalore Smart City + BBMP Site Area: 28,000 sqm + 2000 sqm Land Use: Commercial Building Typology: Market and Public Functions

Current Market

FAR: 2 Ground Coverage: 50%

Public Plaza

Height Restrictions: 18m

M

Set Backs: 4 m all around Basement Restrictions: upto 4 levels Proposed Built Up: 45,000 sqm

Figure 5 Site Source: author

6

KR Market Redevelopment

Heritage building

Bus Terminal

Project proposal

Figure 6 Project Proposal by Jana Urban Space

Source: Jana USP

The project proposes a redevelopment of the area to create a urban public space for the city, relevant to the present times while respecting the heritage and history of the site. The proposal consists of creation of a market place extending from the heritage building, a bus terminus, organization of the space to create a public plaza - an interface between the market and the city as well as a much needed recreational zone in the old city as well as connecting the nodes via bridges and sky walks to generate a organized experience.

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

7

8

KR Market Redevelopment

Part 1 : Public Space i. Place-making Strategies ii. Living Heritage iii. Formality - Informality Part 2 : Redevelopment i. Definition ii. Objectives iii. Challenges

Chapter 2.1 Background Research

Part 3 : Market Typology i. Success of a market ii. Economics of retail iii. Market Organization iv. Food Market Part 4 : Flower Market i. Flori-culture, Bangalore ii. Patterns of activity iii. Stakeholders in process iv. Design considerations Part 5: City and Existing Market

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

9

01. Understanding the design of public-spaces and place-making with respect to living heritage.

02. Understanding the process of Redevelopment and its challenges and the ‘appropriate’ approach.

Objectives of Research

03. Understand why markets are important and what makes them successful.

04. What are the factors that aid the growth of certain market and help them perform better than others?

05. Understand the coexistence of informal retail and small-scale retail with larger establishments. Can the

market be designed for informality?

06. To explore spatial possibilities and organizations in a market complex.

07. Understanding the patterns of activity, functioning and flows of a flower market.

08. Understanding the gap between the modern floriculture industry and the architecture of flower markets.

09. Understanding the existing market and established relationships.

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KR Market Redevelopment

Areas of Research:

1.

2.

3.

Public Space

Public Space

Heritage and the city

and Heritage

Placemaking

Experience of heritage

Sense of Place

Citizen and the city

Formality - Informality

Protection of Heritage in Urban Growth

Process of

Redevelopment

Redevelopment

Challenges to the approach Approach to redevelopment Phases to redevelopment

Market Typology

Market

Market Flows

Flower Market

Importance

Stakeholders

Cultural Significance

Success of a market

Middlemen

Daily Use

Economics of retail

Social networks

Garden city/Flower fields

Types of retail and their organization

Transfer of produce

Maintenance

Functioning of a food market

Waster Management

Growth

User Groups catered to and their motives

Disposal

Relationships with a city

4.

Historic Markets in India Project and Site

Bangalore

KR Market

Petta Zone

Activities

Festivals and Weekends

Evolution of KR Market with the city

Vendor and shop types

Space syntax

Change in experience

Services Cause for congestion Rejection of Upper floors Vendor day to day cycle Use of public transport Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

11

Being commonly accessed space that citizens as well as tourists interact with, public spaces are integral to the image of a city.

They contribute to the socio-cultural character of a city and are essential in giving it a lively urban character, identifying Bangalore beyond its commercial value as the IT capital. These spaces help generate a common local identity and inter-personal relationships by bridging various communities and groups.

The lack of thoughtful and imaginative planning to keep up with the exponential growth of Bangalore along with a general lack of appreciable spaces creates a rather derelict environment, and thereby a huge gap between the civic needs and the requirements aspirations of the citizens utilising them.

Public Space and the city Place making strategies and identity

Public Spaces in the traditional sense are gradually losing their relevance since they have to compete with the virtual and screen culture, owing to advancements in technology, media and entertainment, thus physical spaces need to provide more than before. The privatisation of ‘leisure and recreational spaces’ has further accentuated the problem chowks and bazaars are being replaced with malls and superstores, making access to public spaces more and more exclusive.

It is pertinent to reactivate public spaces to better serve community functions by rethinking their design and offering an irreplaceable experience. These interventions are critical as catalysts for the rejuvenation of surrounding areas as well as the city as a whole. They can help extend the boundaries of the cultural fabric of the city.

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KR Market Redevelopment

What makes a successful place?

PPS evaluated thousands of public spaces around

What makes a great place?

the world and discovered that the most successful ones have the following characteristics: they are accessible; people are engaged in activities there; the space is comfortable and has a positive image; and, finally, it is a sociable place: one where people meet each other.

Access and Linkages A successful public space is easy to get to and get through; it is visible both from a distance and up close.

Comfort and Image Comfort includes perceptions about safety, cleanliness, and the availability of places to sit User and Activities Having something to do gives people a reason to come to a place - and return.

Sociability When people see friends, meet and greet their

Figure 7 Good public place

Source: PPS

neighbours, and feel comfortable interacting with strangers, they tend to feel a stronger sense of place (PPS) Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

13

Heritage is beyond just monuments. It consists of cultural, natural, tangible as well as intangible elements, and is a continuously evolving resource that drives identity, memory and sense of place and has a crucial role to play in sustainable development. It supports social cohesion, fosters socio-economic regeneration and supports social well-being, and parallelly improves the appeal of regions. Heritage is a fragile non-renewable resource for current and future generations. (ICOMOS, n.d.)

Living Heritage

People-centred approaches to conservation do not look at heritage as an isolated entity

Experience of heritage and its role as a public space

that is a waste of resources. Instead, it is viewed as a potential community space and activity - thereby creating meaning for society as well as gaining support for its protection.

Charles Peers, Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments wrote in 1913 (Emerick 2003): ‘There is a great distinction between buildings which are still occupied and buildings which are in ruins. Buildings which are in use are still adding to their history; they are alive.

Buildings which are in Ruin are dead; their history is ended... You have to perpetuate them as a living building, one adapted to the use of the present generation, but which has a history to be preserved’.

Living heritage is a core idea to the people centred approach - it is categorized by ongoing use by its associated community for its original purpose or a derivative. It is subject to a continuous process of evolution as it is engrained in the living nature of the heritage space so as to maintain a continuity of community connections. Therefore the connected communities take responsibility to maintain it, as well as benefit from it.

Figure 8 Living Heritage Factors Heritage Sites programme

Source: Living

Living Heritage Sites programme has defined “continuity” in terms of continuity of function of the heritage building/site - supplemented by 1. Continuity of community connections 2. Continuity of cultural expressions (tangible and intangible) 3. Continuity of care

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KR Market Redevelopment

Historically our towns and cities grew up around markets, which served as our original civic centres. However, With the onset of Malls,Supermarkets this was lost. But it resulted in creating poor public spaces. There is a need to therefore, go back to creating Markets as centres of Community development.

Some of the important of Public Markets are as follows: Vibrant Markets

Catalyze Neighborhood

Strengthen Local

Development

Identity

The spin-off benefits of markets are numerous. But, perhaps most important is the way markets serve as public gathering places for people from different ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic communities.

Urban market systems in the 21st century can be vital centres of exchange connecting rural

Market as Public Space and urban environments and places that anchor local culture and social life for all residents.

Formality and Informality as a tool of While the atmosphere of a lively market can seem magical, it’s important to remember that a place making great place rarely happens by accident. One needs to intentionally plan public markets so that they can meet their full potential as public spaces Key Takeaway #1: A Great Marketplace has

Key Takeaway #2: Facilitate Access &

Plenty To Do

Linkages to Your Market.

To draw in a variety of people throughout the

Even when a market offers lots of reasons

day, week, and year, a market should host a

why people should visit, it also has to

multitude of activities and uses.

consider how people get to the market.

Key Takeaway #3: Welcome the People

Key Takeaway #4: The Market Is a Place for

Most Likely to be Excluded from the

Gathering

Market.

A Market City considers how its markets can

If you want a vibrant market, focus on the

facilitate people coming together through

needs of the most vulnerable visitors.

community building efforts, regular usage.

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

15

Most marketplaces have a sense of completeness or centerdness, and a sense of place (Hester 2006). They frequently contain an interior market place that is both

Static and kinetic city.

distinct from and reflective of the surrounding urban surroundings.

While the permanency of design is important, the design should also be flexible. A resilient market design must be adaptive and accommodating. Seeing the marketplace as a dynamic process is an essential aspect of any successful design and management process.

The sedentary areas of reflection should be integrated with the spaces of movement and social encounter enables by the interplay between the promenade and the market landscape. People should be encouraged to appreciate the market as a more spontaneous

Figure 9 Integrating the site and the city (2018)

Source: City of Boston tactical public realm guidelines

public area rather than feeling pressured to buy products, thus social spaces become pertinent. A set of acts, in addition to smart design, contributes to the creation of successful marketplaces. Design alone is insufficient, resulting in over-programmed and sterile marketplaces.

Markets that are successful have a life of their own, creating a distinct sense of discovery, festivity, and delight. Markets are transient and ephemeral uses

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KR Market Redevelopment

of space by their very nature, but smart design, legislation, programming, and management may reduce displacement susceptibility.

How do you deal with informality?

In the book ‘Rethinking the informal city’, Rahul Mehrotra describes the traditional form of the ‘static’ city (formal) understood as a built, permanent environment, as the background of the ‘kinetic’ landscape (informal) of an informal city that is temporary, cannot be coded, and is in continuous movement. Thus, in the contemporary urban landscape, both formal and informal spheres coexist.

The ‘static’ city and the ‘kinetic’ city can establish a much more complex spatial and immaterial relationship than their physical manifestation. This relation defines a space included between formal and informal that is fluid and ambiguous, characterised by processes that are difficult to decode, map or Figure 11 Relationship between formal and informal

Source: nextcity.org

subdivide.

Mehrotra, says the challenge is to design keeping in mind that complex duality of informal and formal exists and it needs to be recognised. Public spaces in the city are ‘neutral ground’ on which the static and the kinetic intersect. In India, the formal economy and its static structures are dependent on informal economy and its kinetic structures. (Mehrotra 2008).

Figure 10 Relationship between formal and informal

Source: Author

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

17

Definition Redevelopment - demolishing the present and building something that has more built up area and is in sync with its surroundings, functionally - functional and inclusive. Many times the existing built is dilapidated and can’t be used or is not built up to the potential of the land it occupies.

A city is built over centuries, we transform it and it transforms our way of living. Our cities become richer with this cycle of change and variety of old and new building. Yet there is no “one size fits all” approach when looking for an approach to redevelopment. (Urban regeneration report, worldbank.org,2016) Change is inevitable but a conscious change and sensitive change is the key for an inclusive, functional and healthy city.

Redevelopment Definitions, objectives and challenges

Objectives for Redevelopment Transformation in the urban fabric of Bangalore was influenced by vivid administrative liabilities, cross cultural traditions, planning interventions and disease mitigation throughout the centuries. Redevelopment is a futuristic concept which plans to accommodate the present and make provision for the future needs, and to provide an environment that meets the social, psychological and the physical needs of the people (Erfani, 2020). While redeveloping a significant area of the city, it is important to respond to the original buildings. It is important to take the essence of the existing in terms of volume/ functionality/ structure as well as functions and activities to understand the program which shall flourish in the given setting.

Redevelopment should incorporate preservation of historical assets, public space design, promotion of environmental justice as well as social services for the adjacent residents.

Challenges to Redevelopment Operational Issues As the process of redevelopment includes demolishing of existing buildings therefore the problem of relocating the active functions of the existing site arises. A make-shift arrangement

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KR Market Redevelopment

is problematic from the view of change of market dynamic, time spent on shifting and rehabilitating the new space and economy.

Possible solution to this are: 1. Vendors are provided adequate compensation for the loss of sales during reconstruction period.

2. Relocated to a makeshift market.

3. Redevelopment in phases (modules).

Stakeholders involved: 1. Owner of Property - Owners pool land/ownership 2. Tenants rent out spaces/ Get compensated by receiving a portion of the redeveloped parcel.

3.Developer - Developer redevelops the markets and returns the share of the owner.

Sells / rents out the rest to recover costs of the project.

4. Government agency that oversees/regulates redevelopment One of the major critiques against urban redevelopment is that it often enables gentrification- if not by causing large-scale evictions, then by changing Figure 12 Goals of Redevelopment according to DUAC

Source: Vanya Jain (2021)

the social character of an area.

However, cities must encourage growth, embrace change, and provide a sense of continuity. The question is how can this be done while accommodating local communities, cultures and aspirations?

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

19

Retail has pursued the public with such voracity that the urban can no longer be understood without it (Koolhaas and Chung, 2001). Market places are an integral part of the structure of the city. They are often landmarks and the center of activity, these public gathering places are inextricably related to the potential for economic opportunity and upward mobility of lower-income group.

Markets are also a way of enhancing social integration in public spaces and encouraging upward mobility. They also bring people of

Market Typology Success of a market

Figure 13 Benefits od Public Markets (PPS)

different ethnic groups and incomes together.

(PPS,2016)

What is a successful market?

A successful market is one that succeeds in both its economic and social aspects and can sustain both over the long term (Project for public spaces).

A successful market consists of the following processes:

1. Market is a socio-economic process 2. Markets as flow systems for goods and people 3. Markets as expressions of public interaction 4. Markets as organizations for the sale of goods A market is made of three different layers that put together create it as a unity: • • •

The physical dimension defined by the space in which the main activities are held, The social dimension created by the multitude of people participating in the activities, The economic dimension, found in the entire idea of consumption inside the market.

(PPS,2011)

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KR Market Redevelopment

Economic relations in a market can be expressed as a continuum between formal and informal for example Production, distribution and supply of formal retail makes use of informal employment. Linkages of the informal economy with the formal economy are dynamic (Chen, 2007).

Illustrates how the process of wholesaling operates. Without wholesalers, retailer would need to purchase directly from farmers, involving many minor transactions. With both rural assembly and wholesale markets, the number of transactions is reduced and the marketing process simplified. In this case, Figure 14 Wholesale economics Source: PPS

Economics of Retail Flows and stakeholders

the retailer does not need to concern himself with any of the

sorting, reassembly or distribution functions and concentrates solely on selling to consumers.

The main methods for sales of fresh fruit, vegetables and flowers are either by private treaty, by commission sales or by auction.

1. Private Treaty: Direct interaction between buyer and seller with the buyer renting the vending space and setting their own price.

2. Commission Sales: The procedure adopted for commission sales is similar to that used in a private treaty agreement, except that the producer is not there in person 3. Auction This aims to attract a large number of buyers who wish to purchase goods at a competitive price. The auctioneer starts at a maximum price which keeps dropping at regular intervals - ensures fast sale of flowers.

Figure 15 Retail economics Source: PPS

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

21

It may look chaotic but there are principles underlying the decisions made by both pavement vendors and mobile vendors (street hawkers in traffic) for their location of choice. These relate to the speed of passer-by and potential customers – both wheeled and heeled ( Bhan, 2017)

Elements and Organization Street market 1. Development process

Simplest type of market to develop in both urban and rural areas as it makes use of existing infrastructure - Iow level of investment

2. Access/circulation

Easiest to manage with dedicated pedestrian street or with stalls arranged along a single side of the street. Most disruptive on cross roads

Market Organization

3. Use as public spaces

Close integration into the fabric and functions of a town

4. Site organization

Cannot be easily managed as a separate facility. Not suitable for wholesale.

Layout and zoning Square market 1. Development process

Requires a dedicated public square to be available. Transition to permanent facilities easy.

2. Access/circulation

Delivery access from roads bounding square easy. Separate parking area required near exit of square.

3. Use as public spaces

Forms a natural focus to urban areas other urban functions such as parks and sitting areas can be integrated into the market layout.

Multiple use of space possible after market hours.

4. Site organization

Small squares - customer circulation on outside; Large squares - customer circulation on inside. Easier to arrange for the accommodation of temporary users and for the provision of semi-

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KR Market Redevelopment

permanent stalls

Spatial Relations The entrance to the retail complex majorly influences the location and grouping of the informal vendors within a market space. In open markets, customers will often come from nodal points of transport such as a bus stop/ public transportation hub (metro) or from the direction of a more densely populated area. It is preferable for staple or principal products to be located away from these approach points so that customers can be drawn into the market (PPS, 2011).

1. Anchor: Any function that draws shoppers, (large store/ concentration of small stores & Hawkers) whose business other stores then benefit from (PPS, 2011). 2. Magnet: Attracts for other, non-commercial reasons. It could be a ‘sense of place’ of the market itself. (PPS, 2011).

3. Legibility: It is the degree to which the designed features of the environment aid people in creating an effective mental image, or “cognitive map” of the spatial relationships within a building. Legibility is an important factor in retail that helps in navigability and wayfinding (PPS. 2016).

4. Permeability and pedestrian connections: Accessibility or visibility constitute Permeability (Keun, 2006). Access and visibility are both important for any retail establishment to work.

5. Promotion: The market Facade is guided by the billboards, signages and banners. The elevation needs to be designed to provide promotional signage which can be viewed from different parts of the site to avoid Figure 16 Spatial Relations in a market (Vanya Jain, 2021)

unorganised and cluttered arrangement.

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

23

Figure 17 Lal Bagh Flower Show

Source: Author

Karnataka is the leader in floriculture, accounting for 75% of India’s total flower production. The state has the highest area under modern cut flowers, and 40 flower growing and exporting units. The country’s first and only flower auction centre is located in Karnataka.

Floriculture The industry and the city of Bangalore

The high-value crops grown in green houses are cultivated under controlled conditions, protected from pests, diseases, wind and humidity. Popular flowers used in the modern floriculture that are in demand are roses, anthurium, gerbera, gladioli, orchids, carnations and bird of paradise grown in poly houses.

The production of flowers is estimated to be nearly 300,000 metric tonnes of loose flowers and over 500 million cut flowers with stem. Krishna Rajendra Market accounts for a trade of Rs.2 Lakh in flowers on a daily basis, the highest in India.

Flower farming is very popular in Bangalore. There are many reason for it. Some of them are: Good climate suitable for flower farming; Availability of local market- KR Flower market; Flower Auction Centre in Bangalore- it enables the farmers to get better prices; Government subsidy in setting up of green house for flower cultivation.

The areas popular in flower farming near Bangalore are- Anekal, Hosur, Dankanikottai, Attibele, Chikkaballapura, Doddaballapura, Sharjapura, etc. All these areas are well connected to the Bangalore city. Major export destinations include USA, Netherlands, UK, Germany and UAE.

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KR Market Redevelopment

Farmers

(2nd tier suppliers) Seeds, Industries

Export Organisations

Wholesale Markets

Retailers

Consumers

DOMESTIC MARKET

FARMER DIRECT EXPORT

3 PL Providers EXPORT MARKET

Figure 18 Economics of flower market

Source: Author

Activity Patterns and process involved in a flower market

Waste collection Services

The flower sup[ply chain is similar to the food supply chain (perishable produce).

The process starts with the farmers who after procuring resources from suppliers produce flowers which are further harvested, graded, sorted and packed. They either sell directly in a wholesale market or to a commission agent who sells it forward.

Wholesale shop owners and traders procure from these agents or farmers through an informal auction system or tie ups and sell it to retailers like florists, event decorators, temple vendors, for festivals and special occasions.

Flower trade chain is often dictated by fluctuating demand along with environmental factors such as sensitivity, perishability of products, uncertainty in harvest and production yield.

In India marketing of flowers is not done in a systematic manner. In most of the Indian cites, flowers are brought to wholesale markets from various farming villages and operate in open yards. Many markets even lack basic facilities like clean toilets, water supply and cold storage facilities. The packaging, transportation of flowers from the farms are unscientific and disorganised as well.

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

25

Loose Flowers Flowers are cultivated by growers.

Sent to airport

Sorted and graded post harvest Transported by palledars

Cut Flowers

Threaded into garlands for transport

Purchased by aarathis and sent to KR Market

Packed into baskets with ice

Purchased by exporters

Weighed and sold

Stored and refreshed

Transported by palledars to shop

Purchased by wholesalers

Sold by length

Stored in baskets

Sorted and made into garlands

Purchased by decorators

Figure 19 Economics of flower market

Source: Author

Flowers are cultivated by growers.

Sent to airport

Sold by length

Sorted and graded post harvest Auctioned off to exporters

Packed individually in paper jackets

Purchased by aarathis and sent to market

Kept in cold storage in jackets

Displayed for auction

Sold by number

Packed with paper jackets

Purchased by wholesalers

Stored in baskets

Sorted and made into bouquets

Purchased by decorators

Figure 20 Economics of flower market

Source: Author

They are the types of flowers that are usually harvested without

They are the types of flowers that are usually harvested with in

the stalk and hence are used to make garlands, gajras, etc. They

clusters or spikes or with the stem and used to make bouquets

comprise of flowers like marigold, tuberose, hibiscus, etc.

and in floral decorations. They comprise of flowers like rose,

The sale of loose flowers is the biggest drivers of the market.

gladiolus, gerbera, orchids, etc.

Throughout the market there are different clusters of open spots

The cut flowers are sold in the permanent stalls in the market.

for retailers. Some have a temporary shade others are in the

The flowers are sold piece wise because of their high cost. The

open. Each spot is occupied by five to six people every day.

shops run the whole day.

Most vendors are wholesalers who sell them in bulk, on weight.

They are mainly sold within the city to weddings decorators,

They are stores of about 30sqm.

florist shops and hotels. A large quantity of the flower sold are

Not only are loose flowers purchased by buyers, a large part is

imported by air and train from various states from all over India.

sold internally within the market to the bouquet makers and the

Each of these shops have their own or shared walk in freezer in

packers. They are also purchased in bulk daily by the temples of

the market to store the expensive flowers for upto ten days. A

the city.

greenhouse too is required for the sensitive flowers which need a controlled environment and sunlight to remain fresh.

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KR Market Redevelopment

Auction System Cut Flowers displayed in cold storage

Bidding price decided by market trends

Flower Decorations

Bidding starts at maximum price BID

Bought by party Sent to airport

Sorted and packed within cartons with ice

Figure 22 Economics of flower market

Not Bought Price lowered after time interval

Source: Author

Figure 21 Flower garlands on display

Source: google images

The Dutch auction method serves to achieve the highest

The market has a large group of artisans who make a variety of

possible price within the shortest possible time, ideal when

floral decorations within the market.

dealing with a perishable product such as cut flowers. The

The artisans have a decades old tradition of passing on their

auctioneer begins each sale with a predetermined highest asking

craft, and each shop will employ 2 - 6 people where at least

price, lowering it until a bid is made or a reserve price is reached.

some will be teenage apprentices in training.

Prices are shown on a clock and buyers typically have mere

The flower decorations are also sold in the permanent shops that

seconds to make a decision. They would often have to rely solely

occur along side the loose flower wholesale vendors, feeding off

on their intuition to make these decisions.

their customer base.

To avoid losing a particular lot, buyers will often stop the clock

These are the largest shops in the market since they require the

at a higher price than they would have offered in competitive

floor space to lay out the structure for the flower decorations.

bidding. This resulted in the auction being able to clear out, on

The shops are fitted with a system of ropes that are used to

average, 25 minutes earlier each day. Thus, flowers sold could be

actually thread the garlands.

shipped off sooner to their customers. It also offers the possibility to auction off more flowers in the current time scheduled; thus, more buyers can obtain the flowers they need. (Steen, 2010) Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

27

THE GROWER The farmers near Bangalore grow the flowers (seasonal in the plains and exotic in controlled green houses). After harvest, they are sorted, graded and parceled either as cut stems or loose flowers.

Stakeholders The industry and the city of Bangalore

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KR Market Redevelopment

THE AARATHI

THE WHOLESALER

The commission agents (aarathis) buy the flower produce from the farmers directly and sell it to the wholesale traders for a cut.

This requires trust between the three parties.

The traders who purchase large bulks of flowers from the farmers (or aarathis), pack them in huge sacks and transport to KR Market via trains and buses. They sell in bulk to retailers, florists and general public,

THE PALLEDARS

THE RETAILER

THE PACKERS

They are porters who work inside the market throughout its functioning hours, carrying huge loads of flowers from unloading docks to wholesalers as well as to the customer’s vehicles.

Usually flower shop owners across the city, florists, event organizers. Since KR Market is the biggest and only wholesale flower market in Bangalore, customers are from across the city and neighbors.

They are laborers who work for wholesale traders and help in packaging flowers.

Assortments of flowers are carefully weighed and layered with ice depending on their fragility and travel time.

THE ARTISAN They are usually garland makers (mostly women) who purchase flowers from the wholesalers. They make bouquets and garlands with flowers combined with paper, fabric etc on site.

THE FMC The Flower Marketing Committee acts a regulating body between KAIC and market users (traders). They form the administration within the market complex and ensure smooth functioning.

THE KAIC Karnataka Agro-Industries Corporation encomapses the floriculture industry of Bangalore and ensures regulation of purchase, sale, storage and processing of agricultural products.

A basic issue to resolve in the detailed design of a market will be to determine the number and distribution of sales spaces required and whether these need to be accommodated in open air stalls or within purpose-built market buildings. The facilities needed and affordable by fruit and vegetable sellers, for example, will be much simpler than those of traders with higher-value goods such as clothing who will invariably demand lockup facilities. There has to be a clear relationship between the rent or fees charged and the type of facilities provided.

In arid climates, and to some extent the tropics, it may be appropriate to use internal open courtyards within market buildings. This provides a way of improving comfort conditions by allowing cross-ventilation. If the courtyard is too enclosed there is probability of it being “dead” and this can be avoided by opening it up to the activities of the building. The spaces can be used as sitting areas, overspill selling spaces or the courtyard can form part of the entry to the

Design considerations Requirements of a wholesale market

building. Many traditional Arab sooks use this type of plan very effectively.

Enclosed or covered market buildings should preferably be thought of as covered-over streets. To encourage people to use the space the market should have highly visible and wide entrances, positioned so that it is possible for the public to immediately grasp how to enter the building. The plan form may be virtually identical i.e. a defined space with limited entrances, with a main walkway and a series of minor walkways or aisles, connected together by cross aisles.

The differences arise because of the degree of enclosure, the different intensity of use of the spaces (a rural market would not expect to be used as efficiently as an urban market) and the site-specific circumstances. The latter, which would include factors like the shape and slope of a site, its relation to surrounding land uses and road systems, is often the greatest influence on the shape of the development.

It is important not to create dead-ends within market layouts. The paths or routes which form the market’s internal street system should be laid out so that they connect through a series of busy intermediate spaces in which cafes and other public facilities are located.

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

29

As of the 2010s, Bangalore was the first city in Karnataka state to reach a population exceeding 1 million, so that the urbanization pattern of Karnataka is primarily concentrated in Bangalore’s large metropolitan area. The city’s rapid population growth has had three primary drivers, which have remained relatively stable over the years. These primary constants, as shown for the years from 1981 to 2001 in the figure, are natural increase, inmigration, and jurisdictional change (Sudhira & Nagendra, 2013).

In 2017, the World Resources Institute (WRI) developed a map for Bangalore city, which categorizes its geographic regions into four types: centers, corridors, wedges, and peripheries (Pai & Dhindaw, 2017), as shown in Figure *. Centers are defined in terms of economic agglomeration, usually incorporating traditional markets. Informal economies dominate these markets, which are typically characterized by street vending. These vendors travel to the city from neighboring villages and agricultural areas to trade their products, and

The City and the Market Bangalore and the city market’s role

return to their villages once their products are sold out.

One such center is known as the Pete area, in which K. R. Market is an important hub for informal activities. It was started as a dedicated platform was created for vendors to sell their products. The platform was named Siddikatte, meaning “public platform” in the local language. Vendors came from Andhra Pradesh, North Karnataka, South Karnataka, Kolar, and other places to sell their wares, which included clothes, utensils, household items, and fruits and vegetables and most importantly, flowers. This historic market has witnessed and driven the growth of the city.

A key challenge for users is the increase in demand for goods sold in informal markets due to the ever-increasing population. This growth in demand in turn leads to an increase in the number of street vendors, who do not have access to adequate facilities or infrastructure.

This leads to bustling and chaotic streets which overflow onto main thoroughfares, leading to disturbances in the local traffic flow and creating additional congestion.

The result is that vendors continue to vend illegally wherever they find space, creating

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KR Market Redevelopment

Figure 23 Categorisation of Bangalore city into centres, corridors wedges and peripheries. Source: WRI

disturbances for pedestrians and along adjacent roads. According to statistics provided by the government of India, there are an estimated 10 million street vendors operating on the Indian subcontinent, of whom 30,000 work out of Bangalore.

Issues faced by informal vendors in KR Market: 1. Social and economic insecurity of street vendors: The primary challenge is that currently, none of these streets are under regulation, meaning that no streets are dedicated specifically to either hawkers or vehicles. Even vendors whose family members have been vending for 100 years or more have no claim on the land, as any market area belongs to the public per the Indian constitution. Vendors who conduct business all day on the street go home with no security that they can come back the next day to do their business. Due to this insecurity, many vendors remain on these streets even at night.

2. Lack of visibility due to inefficient spatial arrangement of vendors: Observations during site visits and interviews of vendors reveal that their business is highly dependent on their visibility. For every hawker, the non-negotiable factor for good business is visibility. In this primarily commercial area, buyers and sellers come daily from all over Bangalore to the Pete area. It is therefore necessary for any vendor that his or her stall or display be visible to passers-by.

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

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Existing Market KR Market, Chickpette Bangalore

Figure 24 Site Pictures. Source: Author

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KR Market Redevelopment

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

33

Existing Market KR Market, Chickpette Bangalore

Figure 25 Site Pictures. Source: Author

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KR Market Redevelopment

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

35

REDEVELOPMENT

INFORMALITY - FORMALITY

1.1. Site Specific Design

2.1. Generated around strong economically active edges.

1.2. Upgradation of Physical

2.2. Design must be adaptive and accommodating - just

infrastructure

basic infrastructure to allow for transformation

1.3. Ecological Conservation

2.3. Requires diversity in shape and size.

1.4. Upgradation of technology

2.4. Proximity to a public space or plaza- visibility here is most important

1.5. Revitalisation of City Core

Inferences

2.5. Street vendors are attracted to pedestrian flows

1.6. Heritage Conservation

rather than concentrations

1.7. Non-Motorised Streets

26. The street market function works best when

1.8. Pedestrian Friendly

to be done accordingly..

competitive selling occurs - zoning and clustering needs

Environment 1.9. Adequate Vehicular Parking Spaces 1.10. Solid Waste Management

Figure 26 Redevelopment Source: Vanya Jain

36

KR Market Redevelopment

Figure 27 Market Inferences Source: Author

RETAIL MOVEMENTS

PUBLIC SPACE

3.1. Formal retail typologies are supported

4.1. To draw in a variety of people throughout the day,

by “Anchor Stores” and eatery outlets which

week, and year, a market should host a multitude of

draw shoppers

activities and uses.

3.2. Another important aspect is the

4.2. Facilitate Access & Linkages to Your Market.

“Magnet”- which is not task oriented - for

Even when a market offers lots of reasons why people

leisure and experience.

should visit, it also has to consider how people get to the market.

3.3. Green components are often appreciated in an open market typology

4.3. Welcome the People Most Likely to be Excluded from

(missing in a mall)

the Market. If you want a vibrant market, focus on the needs of the most vulnerable visitors.

3.4. A formal built-up market should have easy access routes via vehicles as well as

4.4. The Market Is a Place for Gathering

ample parking

A Market City considers how its markets can facilitate people coming together through community building efforts, regular usage.

3.5. Another important aspect is legibility, wherein the plan should be easy to remember and navigate, - placemaking

4.5. Vital centers of exchange connecting rural and urban

devices

environments.

3.6. It is important to allow visibility of shops

4.6. It is subject to a continuous process of evolution as it is

as well as their advertising.

engrained in the living nature of the heritage space so as to maintain a continuity of community connections.

Figure 28 Market flows Source: Vanya Jain

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

37

38

KR Market Redevelopment

Part 1 : Case Studies i. Selection of Case Studies ii. Parameters of study iii. Case 1: Municipal Market Goa iv. Case 2: Taipei Flower Wholesale Market v. Case 3: Santa Caterina

Chapter 2.2 Case Studies

Market vi. Comparative Analysis Part 2 : Case Examples i. International Auction of Flowers Bangalore ii. Sydney Fish Market iii. Raichung Flower Market Part 3 : Design Directives

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

39

Case Studies:

Municipal Market Goa

INA Market New Delhi

40

KR Market Redevelopment

Figure 29 Municipal market Source: muncipalmarketgoa.com

Figure 31 INA market Source: Vipanchi Handa

Santa Catarenia Market Barcelona

Taipei Flower Wholesale Market, Taipei

Figure 30 Santa caterina Market Source: archdaily

Figure 32 Taipei flower market Source: archdaily

Selection of Case Studies: PARAMETERS OF

Municipal Market

INA Market

Santa Catarenia

Taipei Flower

SELECTION

Goa

New Delhi

Market Barcelona

Wholesale Market

Scale and Built Up User Group Context Approach Planning and Zoning Programme Spatial Responses Functioning Technology

Figure 33 Selection of case studies Source: Author

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

41

Municipal Market City market, Goa

PROJECT FACT FILE Location Rua Heliodoro Salgado Panaji, Goa Site Area 13,778 sqm Built Up 21,830 sqm Ground Coverage 52% FAR 1.5

ABOUT Year 2004 Program Fruit and vegetable market Flower market Fish market Commodities Non perishables Event space Eateries Waste management Cold storage

Figure 34 Municipal market Source: muncipalmarketgoa.com

It is a redevelopment project of an existing active public market in the heart of the city of Panaji and is its main grocery market.

Previously, it existed as a 8000sqm busy market with vendors spilling all over. Its area was doubled and the market reconstructed to update itself to the current city of Panaji, thus organizing the vending. It is now one of the most successful formal vending complex in India.

It has transformed into a cultural hub and tourist spot, along with serving the local Goans. It frequently hosts melas, auctions and temporary fests. It has huge murals depicting Goan life and is built in the vernacular Portuguese Goan style to blend in with its historic context. Thus this hub has morphed into a space for the public in all ways.

LOCATION AND CONTEXT Heritage precinct The site lies in the heritage precinct of Panaji which contains traditional Portuguese housing, multiple city markets, administrative buildings as well as public plazas. The area is densely built with narrow roads along a sea promenade - enjoying ample public space and footfall.

The Municipal market building is thus inspired by the traditional Portuguese Architecture and emulated in the same way to allow coherence with context.

Figure 38 Facade

Figure 35 Panaji heritage area Source: Charles Correa foundation

The building is served by two main Roads - Brazil road and Bernado Guenes.

The main entry is from the south while the service entry comes in from the north.

Fish Market

Art Park

Entertainment Society

Street Market

INOX Mall Clinic

Figure 36 Context

Source: Author

Police Headquarters

The site is well connected to all parts of Panaji via two bus stands within walking distance.

The context is completely commercial and institutional.

The market sits in conjunction with a mall and the traditional city markets.

Source: google images

Porous Being a city market in the midst of other open air markets - it is porous from all edges to allow for maximum pedestrian inflow despite being in a single building.

There are two main entrances and multiple smaller entrances.

Park

Inox Plaza

Figure 37 Context

Source: Author

ZONING AND PROGRAM Key

Atrium

Shop type

Shop Area

Total Area Built up Area:

A type (with storage)

33 sqm

1425 sqm

A1 type (level storage)

33 sqm

638 sqm

B type (with storage)

28, 5 sqm

765 sqm

C type (No storage)

10, 5 sqm,

1544 sqm

D type

10, 5 sqm

312 sqm

D1 type (movable vendors)

4 sqm

312 sqm

Basement = 3089 sq.m Ground floor = 3176 sq.m Mezzanine = 534.48 sq.m.

First floor = 2490 sq.m Second floor = 680 sq.m Parking : 71 cars, 32 scooters

Types of shops and clustering A range of Shop sizes and types is provided to accommodate varying types of goods and services.

Shop sizes range from 4 sqm platforms to 30 sq.m shops Large and Formal Shops kept inward and on upper floors. The Majority - Informal/ Open retail kept at the center.

Visible and Accessible easily.

Plaza

Figure 39 Muncipal Market plan

Figure 40 Muncipal Market section

Functions allow for spillage to attract more shops.

Figure 41 Arrangement of shops Source: Vipanchi Handa

Source: Author

Source: Author

Views The atrium ensures that the upper floor is visible from the ground - very important for markets.

The vertical zoning is based on Perishables and Non perishables.

Fresh items are sold on the ground floor for easier servicing and continuous loading unloading. Commodities go above.

Commercial Shops Fruit/Vegetable Shops Parking

Figure 42 Zoning of shops Source: Author

MOVEMENT SYSTEMS

Compost Unloading dock

Brazil Road

Basement

Bernoda Guenes Service side

Vehicular movement The building is served by two main Roads - Brazil road and Bernado Guenes.

One - Way Traffic movement on three sides, minimising Vehicular Conflicts.

Main Entry

Loading/unloading area and Vehicular entry for customers at the rear end.

Main Road

Figure 44 Movement Systems Source: Author

Pedestrian movement

2m Wide entrance. Entry for customers on all four sides Entrance from basement through South entry gate. 2.5 M wide stair case from the central court to upper floors.

Grid Like arrangement of linear rows of shops on Ground floor.

Loop like liner movement along court on First floor.

Figure 43 Zoning of shops Source: Author

SPATIAL CHARACTER

Figure 45 Municipal market Source: muncipalmarketgoa.com

TECHNOLOGY Daylighting and ventilation Windows and openings provided on both floors (breaking continuity of shops) on all facades for cross ventilation.

Roof designed appropriately - sloped, considering the excessive Rain in Goa. Reduction in electricity usage

Compost Waste is collected and segregated for composting.

Collected by Agricultural Department.

About 20 tons of waste is collected each week STP - 600cum a day

DESIGN DIRECTIVES Open Plan This allows for flexible arrangement of vendors and a scope to accommodate growth. This plays a very important role especially during festival season.

Movement Paths Pedestrian movement is kept seamless and the building is made porous to associate it with the context.

Vehicular Movement It is restricted to one way flow to avoid congestion and segregates completely Zoning and Clustering The shops are arranged in a grid like fashion with staircases in between thus creating a series of nodes and making navigation easier.

Simple circulation paths around them.

Similar shops are zoned together to allow for more growth as well as competitive vending.

Daylighting and Ventilation Atrium to act as a visual connector.

Shop sizes and storage requirements.

Cold storage Basic cold storage provided on upper floor for fruit and vegetable preservation

Retention of public character Creating a public realm via murals, workshops and temporary exhibitions.

Figure 46 Municipal market Source: muncipalmarketgoa.com

Taipei Flower Wholesale Market City market, Taipei

ABOUT

PROJECT FACT FILE Location Neihu Taipei City

Year 2012

Site Area 29,700 sqm

Architect H.P. Chueh Architects & Planners

Built Up 36,810 sqm

Program Cut Flower Market Auction Area Education facilities Greenhouse Eateries Cold storage

Ground Coverage 60% FAR 1.3

Figure 47 Taipei Flower wholesale market Source: Archdaily

In 2001, the Taipei City Government chose to relocate the Taipei Flower Wholesale Market and transform it into an International Flower Trade Centre.

Contrary to the market’s previous temporal location, the new site is located within an industrial urban context allowing convenient transportation. Subsequently, the new location merges logistical distribution and includes program for exhibition, education, and urban activities.

West of the street is a larger site for cut flowers while the East site is reserved for the sale of plants. A bridge connects the two sites allowing commercial opportunities and diversifying the commuter experience. This new flower market aims to unite logistic industry, retail, tourism, and education as a new hub within the city.

CONCEPT Massing Strategy Contextually, the project is surrounded by logistical industries such as supermarkets and shipping companies.

In comparison, the Flower Market requires large semi-open spaces such as loading areas, circulation for different kinds of vehicles, and large multi-use spaces.

The design strategy is to lift an urban roof containing required programs to cover the semi-open spaces. This gesture serves to separate pedestrians from vehicles while allowing different activities to happen simultaneously.

Figure 48 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily

Separate the blocks of cutting flower and potted plants

Connecting the negative space through landscape

Massing had diminished to create a central public plaza

Extending the public plaza inwards to fragment the block

Design Concepts Urban Roof

Figure 52 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily

Redevelopment strategies

Figure 50 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily

Figure 49 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily

The market was opened up to the public in multiple ways to increase porosity Figure 51 Taipei Flower wholesale market concept Source: Archdaily

LOCATION AND CONTEXT

MOVEMENTS

Sewage Treatment Plant

Supermarket Warehouse

Park Mall Keelung river

Warehouse Ikea Decathlon

Figure 54 Taipei Flower wholesale context Source: Author

The site is located in Neihu, just 20 minutes away from downtown Taipei straddling Ming Shan Street. It is a highly commercial area populated with multiple warehouses and supermarkets. It offers good connectivity with multiple bus stands and a subway station in its vicinity.

KEY

External Road Circulation

Site

Vehicular Circulation

Service vehicle Circulation

Pedestrian Figure 55 Taipei Flower wholesale site Source: Archdaily, Author

Figure 53 Taipei Flower wholesale before after Source: Archdaily

The site is located in Neihu, just 20 minutes away from downtown Taipei straddling Ming Shan Street. It is a highly commercial area populated with multiple warehouses and supermarkets. It offers good connectivity with multiple bus stands and a subway station in its vicinity.

PROGRAM AND ZONING The Program is divided into mainly 4 sections:

Program [West Wing] This larger site is mainly for cut flower auctions and distribution.

The urban roof provides lifted spaces and the opportunity for future expansion. The loading area, auction room, and distribution area are located on the first floor of the North end while the South end houses 163 retail shops. Customers can be brought to the second floor through interior retail areas or exterior landscape access. The second floor provides more public space for flower utility shops, restaurants, and outdoor parking and the main volume on the North end contains all administrative affiliates.

Program [East Wing] This smaller site is mainly for plant auctions and distribution.

The first floor contains 86 retail shops and parking while the second floor accommodates a greenhouse, auction room, distribution space, storage area, and exhibition spaces.

The different kind of stores that exist are segregated in the program to allow clustering and creating zones.

Cooked/Commodity Clothing Fabric Blanket Bakery items Tofu Beverages Shaved Ice Handicrafts

Figure 56 Taipei Flower wholesale program and functioning Source: Archdaily,

Raw Fish Meat Vegetable Fruit Cut flowers Potted plants

Circulation does not cross The service circulation of different kinds of vendors, visitor vehicular circulation and larger trucks are segregated to ensure smooth functioning as there are only two roads surround site and two entry exit points.

Auction Space

Auction Space

Loading Unloading Dock

Loading Unloading Dock

Distribution Area (wholesale)

Distribution Area (wholesale)

Retail market area

Retail market area

Greenhouse area

Parking Area

Figure 57 Taipei Flower wholesale ground floor Source: Archdaily, Author

Figure 58 Taipei Flower wholesale first floor Source: Archdaily, Author

SPATIAL CHARACTERISTIC

Public plaza stepping up to upper levels

Auction area Figure 59 Taipei Flower wholesale Source: Archdaily

Colourful Facade

Parking

Bridge connection

Loading Unloading dock

TECHNOLOGY

DESIGN DIRECTIVES Urban Strategies The urban strategies of place-making, making a global icon, iconic facade and creating connections Pedestrian Movement The clever way of taking the pedestrians seamlessly through landscaped plazas and ramps to the upper floors while not taking away from the lower floor market.

Figure 60 Taipei Flower wholesale greenhouse Source: Archdaily

Incorporation of semi open spaces Markets function the best in semi open spaces so as to allow adequate light and ventilation for the sustenance of products. This is accomplished through the dramatic gesture of the urban roof.

Traditional floral greenhouses incorporate lightweight structures with mountainshaped roofs. However, this is a disadvantage when considering wind resistance and weather durability. To achieve the functions of both greenhouse and international exhibition, the new mountain shape is reflected in a large-span curtain wall system with efficient drainage.

Components of the structure contain tree-shaped columns (21.9 and 32.4 cm in radius), wind-resistance support columns with CNC scattered openings, and the curtain wall system roof. Roof beams are supported by the tree-shaped columns and hung under the curtain roof. The span and

Visibility Rethinking the visibility of markets in the modern context. The architects have ensured that all components remain visible and accessible from the outside by sandwiching parking in between.

Zoning of program Segregation of pedestrian and vehicular circulation to avoid clashes, congestion and allow for a good pedestrian experience.

Figure 61 Taipei Flower wholesale greenhouse Source: Archdaily

the height of the greenhouse efficiently allows both plant incubation and exhibition functions. This main structural system employs aluminum frame details and glass for a lightweight transparent feel.

Santa Caterina Market Barcelona, Spain

PROJECT FACT FILE

ABOUT

Location Avinguda de Francesc Cambó, Barcelona, Spain

Year 2005

Site Area 8000 sqm

Architect Enric Miralles, Benedetta Tagliabue

Built Up - Market 8300 sqm

Program Wholesale Market Auction Area Housing Museum Eateries Organic waste disposal

The Santa Caterina Market was redesigned on the site of an older covered market to help revitalize the surrounding community. The building’s materials and spaces reflect a new modern life, but also respect the historically-rich site and culture.

EMBT created an undulating, multicolored ceramic tile roof to cover the large marketplace and capture the public’s attention.

The colors represent the vibrant fruits and vegetables available inside the building.

Ground Coverage 60% FAR 1

Figure 62 Santa Caterina Market Source: Archdaily

The building’s iconic, encapsulating roof helped in making it a prominent civic structure, something that my market strives for.

I would also like to research the architect’s urban renewal plan, which encompassed the surrounding streets and plazas around the market. This revitalization plan was immensely successful and renewed one of Barcelona’s worst neighborhoods with vitality.

HISTORY AND REVITALISATION

Figure 63 Santa Caterina Market archival images Source: Archdaily

Located in the middle of Ciutat Vella, in the Sant Pere, Santa Caterina and La Ribera neighbourhoods the Santa Caterina Market has been a privileged witness in the history of Barcelona.

This was the first covered market in the city.

It was about installing it in the center of the city, two steps from the cathedral and to build a market dedicated to wholesale trade, including the sale of meat.

The market was extended many times which led to the demolition of the cathedral on site, till finally it had to be renovated to match with modern technology and retain its city centre status.

Figure 66 Santa Caterina Market archival images Source: Archdaily

The market underwent a comprehensive remodelling between 1997 and 2004, The most significant changes in this reform was the new coloured roof, inspired

by Gaudi. In the course of the works, various archaeological remains of the old convent appeared, which can now be seen in the basement of the market, as part of the

Figure 64 Santa Caterina Market images Source: Archdaily

Figure 65 Santa Caterina Market elevation Source: Archdaily

Museum. The architects left the previous facade intact on 3 edges of the side as an ode to the original traditional architecture. The series of arches form a grand entrance and still remain relevant in today’s context.

The roof is a grand gesture inspired by Gaudi’s principles of organic architecture.

The combination and contrast of the historical building and the modern roof best represents the cultural amalgamation Barcelona is.

LOCATION AND CONTEXT

PUBLIC INTERFACE

Theatre

Pizza

Museum of Chocolate

Store Supermarket

Picasso Museum

Museum of History

Restaurant

Moco Museum

Figure 67 Santa Caterina Market context Source: Author

The market lies in Ciutat Vella - the historic centre of Barcelona. It is a densely built area with multiple institutional, commercial and historic centres interspersed with residential buildings.

Basilica de Santa Maria Santa Caterina Market

Cathedral de Barcelona Figure 69 Santa Caterina Market urban realm Source: Archdaily

Ciutat Vella, is a city in itself. Its multiple historic centres makes the present planning is unable to manage the complexity of the situation.

The market serves as a centre between the two main cathedrals of Barcelona so offers scope of being a public space in the dense centre.

The program is thus derived to serve this purpose and is a mix of typologies.

Figure 68 Santa Caterina Market urban realm Source: Author

The new market does not interrupt or widen the existing narrow streets surrounding the site.

It retains the front plaza and creates a new more intimate plaza cut into the rear of the site, bringing in additional light and open space.

The edges of the site are left open to make the streets wider and are brought in as paths to make it a seamless urban space.

The market interior uses the same granite paving as the city streets in order to denote the space as public realm.

ZONING AND MOVEMENT Entry Plaza Eateries

Divided stalls

Supermarket

Divided stalls

INFERENCES

Wholesale Market

Program is denser towards the front - in conjunction with the main road, main pedestrian flow and connection to the public centres

Services

This built opens into a sheltered plaza which acts as a open space for light and ventilation in a dense neighbourhood

Museum

Vehicular movement is poorly managed, with the vehicular and pedestrian paths crossing.

Housing

Rear Plaza

Compost

Pathways are meandering in this open plan making the movement systems more memorable

Basement Entry to Parking, Loading Dock

Figure 70 Santa Caterina Market ground plan zoning Source: Author

Market - 2500 sqm Each small stall - 15 sqm Large Stall- 150 sqm Supermarket - 100 sqm Eateries - 762 sqm Services - 450 sqm Compost - 100 sqm Museum - 360 sqm Basement area - 7000sqm (loading dock, parking)

Figure 71 Santa Caterina Market ground plan movement Source: Author

Main points of entry Main pedestrian flow :Pedestrian flow Private Vehicle movement Service vehicle movement

STRUCTURE

Figure 72 Santa Caterina Market roof structure Source: Archdaily

The market structure of Santa Caterina consists of a set of irregular wooden vaults, some triarticulate biarticulates, which are supported by steel beams of section and variable guideline, supported, in turn, in beams and concrete pillars. A set of three large arches with more than 40 meters of light centrally hold the triangulated steel beams to prevent their descent.

The central part does not retain any structure of the old market, in contrast the lateral aisles, with 14m of light, keep the old trunks, some have been repaired and others had to be replaced.

The structure of the roof consists mainly of wooden arches joined by metal beams type V that in some places are visible and in others hidden. The cover made with treated pine wood and an envigado sandwich of 2 layers of wood pine (wood of Flanders) machimbrado and other 2 of the same wood separated by slats of 4×4 with wool of rock following the form of the supporting arches and crossing them On a diagonal, is supported by two post-tensioned beams of 43x72m resting on two parallel pillars.

Above these arches extends a splint that serves as the basis for the placement of the ceramic pieces of the cover.

Figure 73 Santa Caterina Market roof structure Source: Archdaily

SPATIAL EXPERIENCE

DESIGN DIRECTIVES Treatment of historic nature The historic facade of the market is preserved as it is a reminder of the original construction and is worked around and incorporated into the new market.

The entrances are defined by this facade and make it an interesting experience of moving between timelines.

Main entrance

Rear entrance

The new roof hovers over the neoclassical one -

Scattered

dramatic entry

Integration of Urban Realm The streets and the public interface is seamlessly brought inside to re emphasize that the market forms a part of the public realm.

Space is left at all edges to accommodate spillage as well as make the narrow streets seem wider.

PlazasDespite being in a dense area, the building incorporates multiple scales of plazas to bring in light as well as create public spaces for interaction.

They also act as flexible spaces.

Open Plan Makes the space seem bigger Allows for flexible arrangement of shop modules.

Program density thins out from front to back edge.

Interior Market It is a huge column free space in an open plan. Stalls are scattered all over while creating organic paths. The interiors are in warm wood tones.

The roof modulates to different heights creating a variety of spaces.

Figure 74 Santa Caterina Market images Source: Archdaily

Case Studies

Municipal Market, Goa

Santa Catarenia Market Barcelona

Taipei Flower Wholesale Market, Taipei

Site Area 13,778 sqm Built Up 21,830 sqm Program: Fruit and vegetable market, Flower market, Fish market, Commodities, Non perishables, Event space Eateries, Waste management,

Site Area 8000 sqm Built Up 8300 sq Program: Wholesale Market, Auction Area, Housing, Museum, Eateries, Organic waste disposal

Site Area 29,700 sqm Built Up 36,810 sqm Program: Cut Flower Market, Auction Area, Education facilities Greenhouse, Eateries, Cold storage

Zoning and Circulation

Zoning and Circulation

Zoning and Circulation

Program is denser towards the front - in conjunction with the main road, main pedestrian flow and connection to the public centres

The circulation of different kinds of vendors, visitor vehicular circulation and larger trucks are segregated to ensure smooth functioning.

Large and Formal Shops kept inward and on upper floors. The Majority - Informal/ Open retail kept at the center.

Visible and Accessible easily.

Municipal Market, Goa

Santa Catarenia Market Barcelona

Sections and visibility

Urban strategy

Taipei Flower Wholesale Market, Taipei

Sections and visibility

Sections and visibility

Urban strategy

Urban strategy

Compost Unloading dock

Basement

Service side

Main Entry

Main Road

Segregating service and vehicular movement Placemaking and Experience Creating a public realm via murals, workshops and temporary exhibitions.

Extension of the urban edges into the built in the form of streets Placemaking and Experience The combination and contrast of the historical building and the modern roof best represents the cultural amalgamation Barcelona is. The roof is a grand gesture inspired

by Gaudi’s organic

Vertical segregation of movement systems Placemaking and Experience Includes a greenhouse for cut flowers. Used for incubation as well as exhibition purposes.

Experience different aspects of a flower facility - hero is the produce.

64

KR Market Redevelopment

i. Project Vision ii. User Group Analysis

Chapter 3

Area Programme

iii. Programme Components iv. Adjacencies iv. Building Organization v. Programme breakup

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

65

Project and Users

Program:

Market Spaces: Flower Vendors Vegetable Market Farmers Market Greens Market Metal and Fittings Meat Market Auction Areas Temporary Mela Space Open Air Vending Loading and Unloading Dock Waste Management Cold Storage Composting Public Plaza Public amenities Food Court Co living Office Skill Centre City Market Bus Terminus

Figure 75 Distribution of produce in KR Market Source: Jana Usp

The project proposes a redevelopment of the area to create a urban public space for the city, relevant to the present times while respecting the heritage and history of the site. The proposal consists of creation of a market place extending from the heritage building, a bus terminus, organization of the space to create a public plaza - an interface between the market and the city as well as a much needed recreational zone in the old city as well as connecting the nodes via bridges and sky walks to generate a organized experience.

66

KR Market Redevelopment

User Groups: Shopkeepers Informal vendors Employees Shoppers (vendors) Shoppers (visitors) Residents

User Needs to derive program

Figure 76 User needs and Program Source: Jana Usp

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

67

Space

No

Area

Net Area

Comment

Market Area 1 Fruits and Vegetable Shops Pod Vendors

550

4

2200

Retail type A

15

10

150

Retail type B

15

12

180

Retail type C

15

15

225

Storage Shops

10

30

300

Wholesale Shops

20

50

1000

Retail type A

50

10

500

Retail type B

30

12

360

Retail type C

20

15

300

Storage Shops

20

30

600

2 Non Perishables

3 Cold Storage

3000 Total

8815

Total

12341

Adding 40% for circulation, toilets, support

3526

Flower Market 1 Shops Pod vendors

100

4

400

Retail Type A

35

10

350

Retail Type B

50

12

600

Retail Type C

65

15

975

Wholesale Shops

50

30

1500

2 Sorting and Grading Facility (15%)

574

3 Cold Storage (Loose flowers)

1000

4 Greenhouse

1600 Based on Taipei Flower Market

5 Exhibition Space

600 @1.5 sqm per person for 400 Total

68

KR Market Redevelopment

7599

Space

No

Area

Net Area

Adding 40% for circulation, toilets, support

Comment 3040

Total

12838

Auction Area Auction Hall

600 IAFB case example

Auction conductors office

75 IAFB case example

Sorting and Grading Facility (15%)

165 IAFB case example

Washing and Packing (15%)

165 IAFB case example

Crating facility (8%)

88 IAFB case example

Distribution Area (Cut Flowers)

1100 IAFB case example

Cold Storage (Cut Flowers)

1000 Pre feasibility report Total

3193

Adding 40% for circulation, toilets, support

1277 Total

4470

Eatery 1 Standalone kiosks

15

8

2 Walk in fast food

20

25

3 25 cover with individual kitchen

15

75

1

1500

4 Food Court

Total

120 500 Udupi style restaurants 1125 Cafes/restaurants @1.8sqm per person 1500 @ 1.5 sqm per person 3245

Adding 40% for circulation, toilets, support

1298 Total

4543

Admin General Admin Office

1

30

30

Manager Office

2

10

20

Accounts

1

75

75

Buyers Registration

1

350

350

Conference Room

2

30

60

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

69

Space

No

Area

Net Area

Comment

Security Control

1

15

15

Engineering Dept

1

75

75

Sanitary Inspector

3

25

75

Store

2

20

40

IFAB Office

1

75

75

Bank

1

50

50

ATM

5

10

50

Total

915

Adding 40% for circulation, toilets, support

366 Total

965

Accomodation facility Lobby

1

30

30

Common Area

1

60

2 sq. mt. per resident for at least 25% of the hostel 60 strength, subject to a maximum of 60 sq. mt

Common Kitchen with dining Area

1

40

1 sq. mt. per resident for 50% of the hostel strength, 40 subject to a maximum of 40 sq. mt.

20

48

Hostel

Total

960 6 sqm per person 1090

Adding 40% for circulation, toilets, support

436 Total

1526

Skill Centre 1 Lobby

1

30

30

2 Classroom cum workshop areas

5

60

300

3 Multipurpose Hall

1

100

100

4 Cooking School

1

200

200

5 Cloud Kitchens

20

80

1600

1

10

10

6 Staff room

70

KR Market Redevelopment

Space

No

7 Counselling Room

Area 1

Net Area 30

Comment 30

Total

2270

Total

3208

Adding 40% for circulation, toilets, support

908

Waste Managenent and Recycling 1 Lobby

1

30

30

1

70

70

5

35

175 Pre feasability report

3

70

210 Pre feasability report

1

300

300 Outdoor

Paper Making

1

200

200

Potpourri making Area

1

200

200

Agarbatti

1

100

100

Perfume

1

100

100

Staffroom 2 Waste collection Segregation 3 Drying

Gulal making 4 Packaging

1

200

200

1

200

200

Total

1785

Services 1 Loading Unloading

60

32

1

400

1

50

1920 32 sqm ECS of truck

2 Waste Management Compost Yard 3 Transformer

400 Estimate from Municipal Market Goa 50 Pre feasibility report

4 Rainwater Harvesting Total Total Built Up

2370 44046 Figure 77 Area program Source: Author

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

71

Building Organization Diagram INFORMAL RETAIL PERISHABLES COMMODITIES AUCTION AREA EATERIES ADMIN ACCOMMODATION COLD STORAGE SOCIAL GARBAGE COLLECTION COMPOST LOADING UNLOADING Can be distant

72

Close proximity

KR Market Redevelopment

Figure 78 Adjacency diagram Source: Author

Indirect connection

COMPOST GARBAGE COLLECTION

LOADING UNLOADING

INFORMAL RETAIL

FLOWER MARKET

PERISHABLES

WASHING AND PACKING

AUCTION AREA

SOCIAL

COLD STORAGE ADMIN

Figure 79 Building Organization Diagram Source: Author

FOOD COURT

EATERIES

SORTING AND GRADING

ACCOMMODATION

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

73

74

KR Market Redevelopment

Part 1 : Site and Context Part 2 : Grain Analysis Part 3 : Movement Part 4 : Architecture

Chapter 2.1 Background Research

Part 5: Space Syntax Part 6: Climatology Part 7: Current Market Part 8: Site Inferences Part 9: SWOT

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

75

SITE LOCATION

Bangalore and Petta Area

Central Business District

Petta Area and KR Market

KR Market

The site is located in central Bangalore in the historic petta precinct which is primarily commercial in nature.

The narrow roads, spilling with hawkers and shops, areas alive all through the day, the dense built interspersed with large green areas and dotted with colonial buildings are the characteristics of the area.

Figure 80 Site and Context Source: Author

76

KR Market Redevelopment

s

1

Scale : 1:5,000

38

2

¯

MM e Lan ne La

R oa

d

MM

MBT

m Ad a

R oad a N aik

TP Lane

S Sab Lane

PC Lane

KS Lane

Venka ta

ad Ro ain

dM 2n

1

s s

Cr os

16

34

33

32

35

45

42

54

55

47 48

43

62

53

46

62

51

14

19

53

49

43

48

50

21

and an important religious building - thus forms a 63

45

13

Majare

8

11

17

9

19

Adugodi

12

46

47

48

44

22

66

23

7

13

18

64 45

65

12

44

chain of landmarks which draws a large crowd for 10

6

17

52

51

5

92

20

10

different purposes.

90

14

95

93

94

7

31

53

Gramthana

77

78

5

4

57

28

29

58

1

80

85

74

94

6

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22 61

86

63

60

92

89

82

178

176

177

183

177

174

173

116

117

34

33

106

83 Gramathana

182

85

35

91

81

75

184

36

105

86

181

180

179 59

62

38

95 84

73

Gramthana

87

37

Gramthan

76

186

88

13

103

104

87

4

84

102

96

27

61

39

98

97

72

185

59

Ejipura

71

2

55

56

60

101

3

57

1

40

99

79

26

54

89

15

6

30 2

4

91

69

70

41

42

68

9

8

58

43

100

11

15

25

3

Gramthana

Lakkasandra

16

24

57

47

46

67

49

14

Koramangala

50

22

Su

56

51

20

36

49

tC 1s

50 52

52

41

40

42

26

r os

dC

Corporatio H.Siddaiah

54

40

41

44

18

20

s

r os

3r d

59

60

1st Cross

21

Chairman BDA 6

s

ss

2n

56

55

38

61

11

60

Cr os

37

39

58

3

Commissioner BDA

Cro

39

17

12

61

d

Mavalli Tank Bund Road

Kalasipalya

2nd Cross

28

23

Bangalore Development Authority

65

66

MV Lane 2nd Cross

t

Stree

Store

m Main Road

2nd Main Road

ss

36

31

Town Planner Member BDA

3r d

5th

The market lies opposite a large institutional precinct

1. The ELU Map is for the purpose of documenting information concerned with the preparation of a Revised Master Plan for Bengaluru 2031.

2. Boundaries of villages, and parcels referenced from individual village maps and such other relevant sources are indicative, and are provided to establish relative location of various plan elements. While the locations are accurate, the shape or dimensions have been derived from other map sources. Therefore, the sites or land parcels indicated on these maps should not be scaled or used for measurements or used for calculation of areas and related measurements. For any references related to village or parcel boundaries, or area measurements or boundaries, the respective revenue records and relevant land records from the respective offices shall be referred to and these shall prevail in the context of the Base map and/or existing land use map.

3. All buildings outlines and road alignments as interpreted from satellite imagery procured in year 2012 and 2015 (for Cloud area) and actual situation as per ground condition/actual measurement survey shall prevail.

4. All village revenue maps overlaid on base features have been incorporated from satellite image and other sources are only indicative and duly keeping in view standard and inherent errors in scaling, geo-referencing, edge-matching and stretching.

5. Name of localities/land marks are indicative in nature and for reference purpose only. The annotations and spellings may vary as per local and/or popular usage.

6. The ELU survey and mapping is in accordance with provisions of KTCP Act, 1961 and KPA Rules.

7. The Existing land use (ELU) denoted on the maps do not mean grant of permission to existing buildings/developments in violation to the Proposed Land Use of RMP 2015 or that these are legal/illegal.

8. Forest extent as per data provided by concerned agency. Any discripency in the extent of forest and the ground reality/situation shall be attended/addressed by concerned agencies on case to case basis.

Figure 81 Landuse Map Source: BDA

Cro

Midford

Mother Teresa

treet

Fort F S

F Cro

16

49

ad

Sri Sai Baba Temple

3 are heavily dependent on public transport.

Khamar Memorial English School

25

18

48

Ro

in

Masjid E Qubamarket and it is clear that people travel to arrive at the

Rd

19

53

3rd A

Garden

Road

Ashley

Kris h

Kalasipalyam

a dM

Bangalore Medical College andresidential Research Institute close to none land-use in its proximity - thus

4

62

ne

Mariswamy Mutt which is a huge, dense commercial land-use.

There is

100.00

1

63

oa

an e KL

HK Kensington

ss 1st Cro

do w

Go

Road

3r

Sri Muneshwara Swamy Temple

15

64

raman

ad n Ro Haudi ad n Ro Haudi

t nS t r ee

Road

d oa iR sa

Road

Ka

appa

Road

Halas

Hanu

uru

manth

Old

Aga Abbas Ali Road

Road son Dicken

ss 3rd Cro

Brunton Road

Ro

jen

Ra na

t Stree 3rd

ad

Primrose Road

dr a

2nd Cross

ss

Cro

1st

ss

4th Cro

ss

ss

3rd Cro

2nd Cro Ln

Kalasipalayam Bus Stand

rd Rd

30

54

KG L a

The Market lies on the south edge of the Petta area -

Note :

55

ri Street

Rd

Langfo

24

72

Ke mp an

na

ad Ro ue Av en

eet

ad

Ro

ad e Ro

d

Brigad

Roa

se ou tH Res

Brigade Rd

2nd Main Road

Wisdom International School

27

56

iR sa

Old

os Cr

ad raj Ro Kama

ao uR

Se th

Srinivasa B Lane

Ka

an 4th

GP s Cros Guard

Main

H Ramaiah Lane

Str

iva Arc o

tS rin

ar S ahib Ma dh

ad

n Ro

Curzo

Lady

St. Mar

SV L

ad Ro AS C d oa rR ha s ac

e Lan

ne PA L a eet

k's Roa

d

te

V M Cross

3rd Main Road

2nd Main Road

ad nthaia

numa

1st

Cros

s

Keng

al Ha

ad m Ro

Ta

4th Main Road

ad

le Ro

Doub

1st Main Road

4th Main Road

Road Main 2nd

in Roa

d

Cross 4th A

Ashra Guru Jagad

Mooda Lane

ATCL Play Ground

commercial centres.

Area

25.33 21.14 1.96 0.00 16.53 5.35 0.28 8.31 15.54 3.68 0.00 0.00 0.34 1.55 0.00

Kuber Singh

5th Cross

3rd Cross 4th Cross

6th Cross

2nd Cross

1st Cross

CM Lane

To wa de rd ra s ba d Hy

Ka Tow nak ard apu s ra Ro ad

2nd Main Road

oad

8th A Main Road

Road 8th Main

ss

Cro 3rd

lappa

Road

Walton Road

My Towa so rds re Ro ad

5th Main Road

Main RoadRoy Road Rammohan Raja9th

Sult a

8th A Main Road

nR

ha

sim ra

ad Ro ja ra ha ra

sim

Ra

d

Roa

Roy

an moh am Raj aR

d oa Mai nR 1st ss Cro 3rd

ross dC

ross

2n

tC 1s

Bo To ga war lu ds r Ro ad

Bakshi Garden Street ad

ad

dhi Ro

dhi Ro d R oa

Na

Sunkalpet Road

3rd Cross

ain nM sio jala

xm i M an

a Vee

a Vee

Vidhan

Vidhan ad

Ro

ja

8th Cross

Na

m Ra

7th Cross Bannappa Park Road

12th Cross

11th Cross

10th Cross

9th Cross

s

Cros s

2nd Cros

2nd

d oa dir R Man

3rd

ne a La

oss B Cr

dann Sid d

R oa sha PP Lane

3rd A ad ain Ro

dM

2n

Mavalli Tank Bund Road

ra

17th Cross

a La

ne

14th Cross

dann Sid

Cros s 26th

ne La

Road

MBT

am Ad

d

KS Lane

PC Lane

S Sab Lane

TP Lane

Venkata

MV Lane 2nd Cross

13th Cross

ne

23rd

ne La MM

ne

MM ramana

Naik Roa

ne K La HK

Street Store

Main Road Kalasipalyam

Gangammacha

Victoria Layout

d

2nd Main Road

ad

32

76

d

R oa

2nd Cross

e

alli ra G ev a aD k ar Sha n

d

oa

R

ry

ra

Te m po

d

oa

eR Pal ac

Avenue Road

Cros

s

MS La

s 2nd Cros

oss 5th Cr

d Roa ai

Kas Old

a La mpa nn Ke

sa Ka Old

et Stre down

Go

ad

Ro

dra jen Ra na

Krish

Ro

ad

Street

ilas

Xavier Layout

Austin Town Park

Road

ain

d

ad

Sri Rama Mandira

Van iv

Full Gospel Church

58

71

rt Ro

Karnataka Meat and Poultry Marketing Corporation

Lifestyle

37

2

Airpo

Ro

Fort F

Old

close proximity with the centre of Bangalore and other

29

4

Osman Khan Roa

New Bamboo Bazar Roa

KPTCL Government Kanndada Higher Primary School

68

57

Narasimharaja Road Narasi

Main

Cross

7th

3rd ad Ro ue Av en

d oa iR

d

Roa

Rao

Set hu

Srinivasa B Lane

Military Area

Rd

2nd Main Road

ITI Limited

r lia

3rd Main Road

Parimala and Pradeep Theater

35

70

Silver Jubile park

Narasimharaja Road

aram

4th Main Road

Masjid

d

SLN College of Arts and Commerce St. Henrytas School

Shanthi Nagar Hockey Stadium

34

3

Government Higher

2nd

ad

oa

da

n Ro

dR

r Ag

Sulta

hm

on

ElagondapalyaSt Judes Play Nursery School

33

69

RBANM's Thirkulathar School Masjif Ulsoor Jamiya Jamia Masjid

Government Science College Boys Hostel

Lowe

ad

2774.28

Lido Mall

Chapel of St. Brigitta Convent

Temple

Sacred Heart Boys School

Someshwara Temple

Wesleyan Centenary Church Sri Krishna Temple

BSNL Staff Quarters

Kendriya Vidyalaya, ASC CentreSri Baladanda Yudha Pani Temple

eet

Veera Bhramendr

Sri Yellama Devi TempleSri Ajenya TempleKarnataka Rajya Kaigarika Sahakara Bank Niyamitha

Hosmat Hospital

Raheja Plaza

Venugopala Kri

Yogeswarananda School

Temple

asaThe Park BL an1 MG e Road Vivanta by Taj

Mu

3rd Ma

d Roa

Mai 3rd

d oa rR ga Iyen K V B

s

Cross

Cros

ross 4th C

Stre et GP

Ma

H Ramaiah Lane

2nd Main Road

Road ppa

ad n Ro

antha

Hanum

ad Ro gar en

BV

ne La BM

ne La SV

ad C Ro AS

d oa rR ha asac iniv t Sr

Sahib dhar

Arco

Lane

e

K Iy

am y St reet Sw

GK

Vya 2nd Cross

PS lli

ra Ga

Binny

Deva kara

MR Lane

Kal idas

Ta nk B

PC Road

JM

ad Ro ne

Main ete lep

ra La

t

iga

Ba

tS

ovad

Ho

raja sa

ne r La

KV

Mill Ro ad

Mut

ne

La

ttige

Ko

oss d Cr 2n

Cha

d

apete Cross Cross rastrap ete Ro ad

e Roa

Sow

Sowrastr

et

Akkipett

Stre ple Tem

Bhashyam Road

SV Lane

Shan PA Lan CM Lane

Bakshi Garden Street

Lane

ne

Road

e La

Thota

Kottig

Roya TCM

ne ra La Deva Thota

ad Ro nd Bu nk Ta

d dR Bun nk Ta

Thulasi

ad n Ro

1st Cross s

d oa Mai nR

al Str

un d

Rd Gubbi Thotadappa Road

d ore Roa Old Mys

1st A Cross

s 3rd Cros

1st

d

2nd Cros

Roa

4th Cross

tty

458.51 148.33 7.72 230.50 431.00 101.98 0.00 0.00 9.40 43.04

Che

reet

et

e

Raghavendra Swamy Temple

am

0.00

ar

et

dh

E Str

ga

5th St

Stre

The Oberoi

La n

Sports Associaltion

ug

702.68 586.52 54.47

61

52

Srin iv

Trinity Metro Station

ad

Sri Venkateshwara Temple

arpe Sri Mariyamma Temple t Ro ad

Gan

Tamil Church

Bangalore Football Stadium

6th

Ro

na

Sri Andalamma Temple

LIC Office

Richmond Town Methodist Church

59

51

d

njan

M

Kr

Salecha Complex

ay

dhi Roa

Mu

ad

of Bangalore, lying in its south west edge - thus is in

67

50

d

Ro

Total

Ho su rM

Gramthana

ad

Shantinagar Ground

65

60

d Wesley

Stree t

Tipu Sultan's Fort

Ro

India Garage

Urvashi Theater

daiah

et

Stre

Roa

la

H Sid

Woo d

5th

Ashok Nagar

tty

Na

Ashwatt Katte

GKHPS

St. Euphrasias Girls High School St. Anthony's Boys School

Stre

hw Pat

ss

eet

stle

Mahatm a Gan

yT em ple

ke

ss

et

il Str

am

m Aru

Road

Stre

Puliyar Temple

Ca

Che

4th Cro Nala

ara

Cros s

zar

ar Ko

am Roa

Sw

Sri Mariyamma Temple

Kum b

Vidya Deep College

Ric

Senior Police Officers Mess Karnataka State Warehousing Corporation The Mar Thoma Syrian Church

sjid

Gupta Layout

dh

3rd

Pulliy

r Ro

iPass India Pvt. Ltd.

Ave

Brunton Cross

Government Arts College Hostel

Garuda Mall

Markh

ya

Rajiv Gandhi Sports Club Matha Church

ga

Area in Hectares

Commercial Industrial Quarry/ Mining Sites Public Semi Public Pubic & Semi Public - Defence Public Utility Parks open spaces Transport Communication Vacant 4thAgriculture Cro ss Forest Streams Water Bodies

ad

Road Mohan Roy Extension Rajaram Rajaram Mohan Roy Extension

Ulsoo

Football ground - Austin town

SrinivasResidential Colony Doubl e Ro

Good Shephard Convent

Raja Mkt

Gan

CKE

ss

Ba

ar a

r La

Lalbag h

Cro ss 1st Cro

Sacred Heart Girls High School

ad

Road

d

Freemasons Hall

th Ro

ar m

Mar i

R o ad

Baptist Church

The Grand Magrath Hotel

Dh

e

Central Cottage Industries Emporium

St Josephs PU College

at issari Comm

Cros s Lalbagh Roa

olpet

s

2nd

2nd

Vinobha Nagar (South)

Raheja Towers

Ma

St Philominas College Of Nursing

Oracle India Pvt

Existing Landuse Analysis

Landuse Category

St Thomas Church Jain College

atno

Deputy Commisioner of Police Office CSI East Parade Church

Gurappa

Ju mm a

Sri Durga District Temple Vani Vilas Govt Womens College KR Market comes under the Central Business

Langford Gardens

Tippu Sultan Palace Road % To Total

Chennama Memorial School

1st Cross

Old P

Old Passport Office

St Patrick's Church

The church Of Jesus Christ

Fort Road

t 1s Church of South India Church of South India

Kannada Bhavan Kannada & Culture Department Govt of Karnataka

e et D S L an

Hasanath College For WomenSri Aurobindo Ashram

HQ Recruitment Office

1st Cros

La

Residency Cross

St. Joseph's College

Str

ad

Baldwin Women's Methodist College

ad

ss

Fire Station

St. Josephs Boys High School

d

udi

BESCOM

Street

C

ro

Ro

ang

KR Market (City Market)

Ashok Nagar Police Station

Albert

Ravindra Kala Kshetra

2n

te

et

Utility Building Mayo Hall Court

Street

15th Cross

pe

s av

Hazrath Sayeedin Bee Dargah Sri Ganesha TempleSayad Pasha Darga

Embassy Galaxy Mall

Opera House

King

Vinobha Nagar (North)

1st Cross

13th A Cross

BSNL Office 14th Cross

d

Mysore Tobacco Ltd

13th Cross

District Social Welfare Office 16th Cross

oa

ad

s

tR

Ro

ss

en

Inferences

Road Network

t re

gu

Ba

Street

Magra

ad

ss

Roa

tS

ar a

ad

Sri Kodandarama Swamy Temple

Be lli

Government Dental College & Research Institute

t Ro

ro

sc

Mysore Road

nven

C

Cre

Co

d

se

Richmond Town

Emplyoyees Provident Fund Organisation

Dr Rudrappa's Hospital

ou

d

2n

11th A Cross

cy

Th

t

Ro

Royal Orchid Central

Shanti Nagar

iden

s

tre e

Ulsoor

ad

New TharagupeteVictoria Hospital

2nd Cross

Sri Balamuri Vinayaka Temple

12th Cross

tH

Church

oa

ad

Water Bodies / Lakes

11th Cross

Res

iS

MG Road Metro Station

sR

Ro

Bishop Cotton Boys School

Village Boundary

4 Survey Boundary Open space/ Parks/ Recreation Hulkul Brigade Centre Buildings Transport & Communication 4th Cross Over Ground Metro Line 5th Cross Agriculture I.T.C Hotel Gardenia Bangalore Club Under Ground Metro Line 6th Cross Quarry/ Mining Sites Railway Line Roy Roa d 2nd Cross

on Ro

Vishnavi Deluxe lodge

ye

o

2nd Cross District Boundary Planning

ss

ud

Sri Digambara Jain Mahaveer Temple

et e

Defence - CBD Area

m

4th Cros BBMP Boundary s s

3rd Cros

Mallya Hospital

l pe

Old Tharagupete

Sub Foreign Post OfficeHoly Cross Senior Supritendent of Post Offices Rest House Park

Ha

Ra

Public utility

oo

s Cros

5th Cross

at n

ng

r os

3rd

et

va

tC

ikp

Prestige Mosque

War Memorial a Stre

Ch

ad

eu Mus

BMICAPA Boundary

Ol dP

KPTCL sub station

Corporation Car Park H.Siddaiah Road Referral Hospital Susheela Road

66

try Ro

Ashirvad School

1st Main Road

ga

s Ro ro Bishop Cotton Women’s Christian Law College ro Fort tC C gh Temple Lal Bagh d priya Sri shanishwara 1s Loka l Ba

2nd Cro

Commercial

St. Marys Hospital

10th Cross

an Roy Road BEML Soudha 19th Cros s 19th Cros s 20th Cro ss 20th Cro ss

Mission High School

Sir Puttanna Chetty Town Hall

Noorani Masjid

d

3rd United A C ro ss

d

Sudhama Nagar (West)

Roa

oss

lle

4th Cr

ross

KP Lane

d

ss

B2

LPA of BDA

d

Roa

Cro

Ka lin

Thirumalamba Hospital

Temple

7th Main Road Sampangiram Nagar

Raja Rammoh

LIC of India Office

Tippu Sultan Palace Rd

A2

B1

sa

Old

Parade Ground

Res

India Road

Legend PG D`Souza Layout

ss

ss

ross

A1

1s

Tunbridge High School

Metro Ford Service Station

Papann

Muniyappa Road oooooo Forest oooooo 8th Cross oooooo oooooo 9th Cross Streams / Nala

Khamar Memorial English School

62

e

St. Andrews Church

Bowring Institute

7th Cross

Residential

mohan

5th Cross

s

Cro

Cro

dC

UB City

nn erg To atta wa rds Ro ad

Roa

Park Road Dasappa

araja Roa

Temple

Hazarat Syed Darga

AM Lane

29 Ba

Road

Narasimh

ne

28

30

1st Cro

A

r alia

d

2n

3rd

5th C

Mariswamy Mutt

Masjid E Quba

Infan

Cart Stand Road

Tow Sa ards rjap ur

Lavelle

Halsurpete

Government Hospital

P Siilver Jubilee

e 1st

Road

Mud

ss

L an

General Cariappa Park

Stracey Memorial High School

State Bank Of

27

Roy

La

a

Kumbaragundi KG Lan

Main

am

F Cro

Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute

63

an m

31

25

13

16

26

Rays of Love Fellowship Church

Raja Ram

6th Cros

d 2dn oa

Road

Sri Sai Baba Temple

64

s

ne

Ro

Vasavi Temple

Vasavi Temple

R

ug 3r

Ra

Silver Jubile park

Narasimharaja Road Narasimharaja Road

2nd

um

Kalasipalyam

Sri Muneshwara Swamy Temple

oa

Shas try La

36

an

Masjid

Ar

Tippu Sultan Palace Rd

nR

bhi

Sadar Patrappa Road

Gangammachari Street

ai dM

Punjab National Bank

College for Women

Lourdes High School

Anandapuram

Sri Durga Temple

Kalasipalayam Bus Stand

as a

Cubb

Zammiya Masjid Police StationNew Tharagupet Post Office

Public & Semi Public

ad

Hotel Regaalis

Kasturba Cross

24

12

moh

Venugopala Krishna Swamy Temple

ad

Tippu Sultan Palace Road

Lane

KrishChikka Annamma Temple na Sin gh La Abbas Khan ne

3rd Cros

Corporation Circle

ao

Ro

ne

a

Raja Rammohan Roy Road

R

Vani vilas

a La

Veera Bhramendra TempleVeera Bhramendra Temple Anjaneya Temple Government Higher Primary School

Osman Khan Road

New Bamboo Bazar

Vani Vilas Govt Womens College

ne

igar

Patta

Silver Jubile park

Narasimharaja Road

Parimala and Pradeep Theater

SLN College of Arts and Commerce

2nd Cross

1st Cross

d

Toward s Mallur

11

3

am

ne

La

Gan

Kastu

ga

New TharagupeteVictoria Hospital

ne

urb

Sampangee Lake Road Hasi Karaga rbaMantapa

lin Ka

Tipu Sultan's Fort

Temple

d

panth

Kumbaragundi Road

St. Marys Hospital

Masjid

1st Main Road

4th Cross

Temple

Government Dental College & Research Institute

oa

a La

Doso

a

ad

10

2

1

4

Maha Ganpati Temple 14

aR Raj

B La

R oa

Vishwa Apartments

RKS High School

15

Industrial Kanteerava Stadium

st Ka

d

St Marks Cathedral

St Josephs High SchoolUnclassified and Church Briand Square1st Cross

ad

Srini vasa

Hazrath Sayeedin Bee Dargah Sri Ganesha TempleSayad Pasha Darga

Masjid

St Josephs High School and Church Briand Square1st Cross

njann

reet

urb

Ro

ad

ad

KR Market (City Market)

mpl eR

Mu

Salecha Complex Road

d

Ro

a Ro

arpet

lu St

oa

st Ka e

a Ro

Kumb

ow

ete R

ffic

Lane

Mari

t Road

aS ingh

Ch

np

tric tO

maj

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REVISED MASTER PLAN FOR Bryappa Lane BANGALORE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY 2nd Cross LOCAL PLANNING AREA - 2031 (Sultanpete DRAFT ) Government High School Poorna Venkat EXISTING LAND USE MAP a Rao Roa

Maharani women's college

5th Cross

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Kempegowda Bus Station

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Movieland Theatre

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2nd

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Railway GroundsRailway Sport Institute

Railway school Water Recyling Plant

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77 93

107

88 90

108

115

32 109 110

30

31

SITE AND THE CITY Since the users as well as vendors use public transit to arrive at the site, it is pertinent to be well connected with the city. Site is connected to the city through Mysore Road and Avenue Road.

Railway lines, major bus stands are all in proximity.

City Railway Station: 2.6 km Majestic City Bus stand: 2 km Kalasipalyam Bus Stand: 1.5 km KR Market Metro station: 400 m The metro directly connects the market to other business centres such as Majestic, MG Road, Chickpette, Jayanagar, Yashwantpur, Peenya.

Modes of transit used by vendors to connect to site. source: Jana usp

78

KR Market Redevelopment

Figure 82 Transport connectivity Source: Janausp, Author

SITE AND THE PRECINCT

Heritage Walk: Proposed Heritage Corridor in Bangalore is to run from Bangalore Fort to Bangalore Palace, viewing tidbits of history in a timeline. KR Market lies right at its inception - this will being a new user group - tourists/ enthusiasts who come to enjoy the cultural significance of the space

17

Context: Located in the Bangalore Pette.

Pette developed around two major axis: the doddapette (big market)

16

road and the chickpette (small market) road. There were a series of

15

markets along the way. KR Market, the biggest one was the landmark end of the doddapette road.

14

Thus it was an important public space and landmark since its inception.

Located opposite Bangalore Fort.

13

9 7

10

7

11 6

5

12 8

4

3 2

KEY Tipu Sultan Palace Bangalore Fort KR Market Ranganatha Temple Mysore Circle Bangalore University central college Freedom Park Cubbon Park Raj Bhavan Vidhan Soudha High Court Bangalore Museum Carlton House Pump House Nilton House Mount Carmel College Bangalore Palace

1

Figure 84 Heritage corridor in Bangalore Source: historicbangalore

Figure 83 Chickpette and KR Market Source: Janausp, Author

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

79

CONTEXT

6 7 Site and Surroundings Clock Tower Bangalore City Post Office Hoskote Bus Stand Jamia Masjid City Mosque

1

KR Masjid

5

KR Market Metro Station Sunday Market Silver Jubilee Park Victoria Hospital Bangalore Fort Centenary Building Vanivilas hospital

3

10

Government Dental College

2

9

12 13

11

Tipu Sultan’s Palace Kalasipalyam Bus Stand

14 Figure 85 Context plan Source: Author

80

KR Market Redevelopment

15

4

8

SITE Development Controls Site Location: Chickpette, Bangalore Client: Bangalore Smart City + BBMP Site Area: 30,000 sqm Land Use: Commercial Building Typology: Market and Public Functions FAR: 2 Ground Coverage: 50% Height Restrictions: 18m Set Backs: 6 m all around ECS: 1 in 150 Basement Restrictions: 4 levels

Figure 86 Site plan Source: Author

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

81

GRAIN ANALYSIS

Figure 87 Grain Analysis Source: Author

FIGURE GROUND ANALYSIS

Figure 88 Grain Analysis Source: Author

The area is divided into different sized and shaped pockets in an

The built follows the organic pattern set forward by the streets.

organic manner by thin streets.

They are densely packed by small buildings which overlook each

One can clearly see the primary roads, secondary streets and thin

other. They are strongly dependent on each other as well as the

tertiary streets.

streets. Very few open spaces relieve them and one can clearly

The streets are not clean geometric lines but rather toothed with

see the congestion.

the built spilling into them - showing the great porosity of the

There is a clear distinction between the commercial shops in

built and the streets and their thick inter-relationship.

the Petta area and the institutional buildings. The latter are large buildings with courtyards set within gardens in rather isolated

82

KR Market Redevelopment

large parcels of land.

VEHICULAR MOVEMENT

to Freedom Park

to Mysore Circle

AND TRAFFIC ANALYSIS A variety of vehicles operate simultaneously - private cars, trucks and lorries, tempos carrying goods, rickshaws and a huge number of two wheelers.

Gu d

Although the walls are sufficiently

Ro a

wide, due to encroachment by

op

an th

Ro a

d

Se th

uR ao

hawkers it is densely congested.

nd

eR oad

The presence of organic roads, highway as well as multiple

Ave nu

intersections causes confusing navigation and slow movement of large vehicles.

Highway running overhead 45 m wide

SJP Road

Primary arterial road 30m wide

Myso

re Ro

ad

Secondary road 18m wide

Points of congestion Figure 89 Traffic Analysis Source: Au-

to Tipu Sultan Palace

e Road Mysor

Tertiary road 12m wide

to Corporation Circle

Legend:

to Kalasipalyam

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

83

CONGESTION AND CONFLICT ZONES

Figure 90 Movement patterns Source: Author

Flyover above

One way movement below

Figure 91 Movement patterns Source: Author

One way movement

Two way movement

Inferences:

Inferences:

The flyover causes a flurry of movement in front of the site which

The Avenue road- Mysore Road junction is a meeting point

is hampered by the heavy pedestrian movement.

between two high traffic roads as well as an intersection of 6 right

The ramp up and down from the flyover opens up in front of the

of ways.

site causing the traffic to be split in many lanes.

There are no clear demarcations of movement paths and only one traffic light.

Bus stop next to site adjacent to a sharp turn causes further

84

KR Market Redevelopment

congestion.

PUBLIC TRANSIT AND PEDESTRIAN CONNECTIVITY Pedestrian movement approaches site on three faces and thus the building must be designed for this experience.

Major Pedestrian traffic inflows from the bus stop edge.

Most pedestrian traffic arrives from the points of public transit points of congestion, maximum visibility.

Legend: Pedestrian movement from metro station Pedestrian movement from bus stop Pedestrian movement from market Metro line (underground) Metro exits Bus stop Auto stand Parking area Metro (underground)

Figure 92 Pedestrian Movement patterns Source: Author

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

85

MARKET PRECINCT

Legend: Fruit, Vegetable and Flower Market Clothes Market Meat Market Shoe and Leather Market Grains Market Religious Item Market Electrical Market Book Market Food Street

Figure 93 KR Market context markets Source: Author

Inferences:

The KR Market complex lies in conjunction with the other markets in the Petta area. Being connected to other commercial centres in the vicinity through a cheap and accessible mode of transport provides KR Market a larger customer base and opportunities.

It makes the shopping experience more wholesome as everything under the sun is found around in the area.

Lack of public spaces of rest and pause as well as food stalls to cater to the huge crowds coming in. The site can provide ample opportunity for social spaces.

86 KR Market Redevelopment

ACTIVITY MAPPING

Weekday morning

Figure 94 KR Market activity mapping Source: Author

Weekend

Weekday evening

Festivals

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

87

CONNECTIVITY AXIAL MAP

INTEGRATED AXIAL MAP

Figure 95 Space syntax Analysis Source: Author

Figure 96 Space syntax Analysis Source: Author

Inferences:

Inferences:

Connectivity accounts for all direct connections each street has

A global integration analysis calculates how spatially integrated

to other streets in its immediate vicinity.

a street axis, i.e. axial line, is relative to all other streets in the

The Mysore Road is the best connected and will therefore bring

system.

most of the vehicular traffic.

Avenue road is the most integrated road in the system - a lot of

The site should therefore by very visible to it.

pedestrian movement will occur on this road - vendors on this

Avenue Road is the next highest.

path will have the most visibility.

1000000m

88

KR Market Redevelopment

1000000m

VISIBILITY MAPPING

Inferences: Visibility is the non negotiable factor for most vendors (especially informal) and thus a market will be successful only if one keeps that in mind and follows it to organize the vendors.

The visibility mapping of the site reveals that the junction of the bus stand is the most visible point in the system - this is why most vendors flock to this intersection and cause further congestion.

People have to be brought into the site from that point.

The diagonal cutting across the site are the most visible area inside the site - can act as the retail spine and should hold maximum frontage (other than the exterior faces) Figure 97 Visibility Mapping Source: Author

500000m

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

89

ARCHITECTURAL VOCABULARY AROUND SITE Metro Station: The Chickpet Metro station, closest to site is an underground station with small sized single storey structures to mark its entrances.

The station is covered in murals depicting the activities of the market, inside the rich history of the market is displayed in a series of photo board.

Hospitals: a. Victoria Hospital b. Vani Vilas Hospital Built during the colonial period, the hospitals are heavy stone buildings in the Indo Sarcenic style that we see is prevalent in the Central Business District. Series of arches define its ground floor while an intricate balcony lies on the first.

Jamia Masjid: The biggest and most important mosque in Bangalore, it is a stunning white marble building with very intricate details.

It has ornate granite pillars and an impressive front facade - can house up-to 10,000 people at a time.

Commissioned by the Nizams of Hyderabad in 1940.

Market: The surrounding streets of KR Market all host street shopping in two - three floored buildings. The shops and hawkers spill into the streets which are characterized with multiple hoardings.

Figure 98 KR Market Context Source: google images

90

KR Market Redevelopment

ARCHITECTURAL VOCABULARY OF EXISTING SITE Inferences: The Kirshna Rajendra Market, when founded was a series of platforms arranged neatly around multiple market squares that stretched on a site behind the clock tower.

It was known as the ‘Siddikatte’ - meaning public platform.

Figure 101 KR Market Archival images Source: google images

The clock tower built by the Wodeyar Kings is a building made in the Neo Classical Indo Sarcenic architecture - a load bearing brick masonry structure in the characteristic red plaster.

The new market building is a RCC frame structure in a poor condition.

Figure 99 Original KR Market at its inception Source: google images

Figure 100 Current condition of KR Market: Heritage Clock tower and Market building Source: Monisha Raju

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

91

CURRENT MARKET ZONING

Unoccupied Hardware General commodities Fruits and Vegetables Flower Market

Fruits and Vegetables Greens Meat Coconut and Banana Leaf Eateries

Figure 102 Current condition of KR Market zoning Source: Author

92

KR Market Redevelopment

CURRENT MARKET PLANNING Inferences: The current market planning fails on multiple levels: Most visible point of site has little to no frontage - only corners Entrances lead to dead ends - not porous.

Upper circulation placed at these dead ends, thus not visible once inside the market.

The diagonal arrangement of stores blocks one’s view of the atriums and we can only see one aisle at a time.

Navigating to the central atrium is a complicated path.

One can not view the aisles walking on the main exterior circulation loop Further, markets are not clustered according to what they sell - causes one to feel lost and impossible to locate themselves.

Figure 103 Current condition of KR Market cluster Source: Author

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

93

SERVICE CONNECTIONS Waste management

Electrical and water services

Figure 104 Waste collection cluster Source: Author Waste collection area

Pick up truck parking

Figure 105 Services Source: Author Waste trucks movement

Toilet block

Transformer

Service vehicle to basement

Service vehicle

Waste is collected onto the corner of the site in a landfill manner.

Services are placed on the edge of the site for easier access

Absence of composting or post processing of waste leaves it as a

externally from site by the service vehicles. The path for their

stinky mess, isolating an important corner of the site.

access and the access to the services in the basement are on

Smaller pick up trucks are parked under the flyover who pick

two edges of the site - not ideal.

them up regularly.

94

KR Market Redevelopment

CURRENT MARKET WASTE COLLECTION

Waste is collected onto the corner of the site in a landfill manner.

Absence of composting or post processing of waste leaves it as a stinky mess, isolating an important corner of the site.

Organic waste is strewn around the shops of fruits, vegetables and greens - rendering the entire road filthy and difficult to navigate.

Figure 106 Waste mapping Source: Author

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

95

SUN AND CLIMATE - BANGALORE Temperature Ambient temperature of Bangalore is comfortable except for being mildly hot during the day in the months of March to May. Can be countered by shading and Humidity

ventilation.

Humidity and rainfall is high in Bangalore - with comfortable ranges during the day.

Can be countered with proper natural ventilation.

Thermal condition

Thermal comfort in Bangalore is neutral except for being mildly hot during the day in the months of March to May. Can be countered by shading and ventilation.

Figure 107 Climate Analysis Source: Au-

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KR Market Redevelopment

SUN AND CLIMATE The primary wind

Wind Rose

direction in Bangalore is East - West.

Winds are comfortable - not too hot, mild speed.

Design should maximize natural ventilation by orienting openings along the east west

Sky Matrix

Sun Path

Figure 108 Wind Analysis Source: Author

direction.

Maximum radiation occurs overhead green terraces will be effective.

Hot on the east and west faces - orient building to maximize north-south faces.

Figure 109 Skymatrix Source: Author

Figure 110 Sunpath Source: Author

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

97

PSYCHOMETRIC CHART Capture internal heat Natural ventilation Occupant use of fans

Figure 111 Psychometric chart Source: Author

Almost all hours in Bangalore are comfortable with an exception for a few. Passive strategies like capturing internal heat, natural ventilation and occupant use of fans can make all the hours 100% comfortable.

98

KR Market Redevelopment

SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTHS Market has its own unique identity defined by the unique shopping experience that it offers.

Market has historically been the central city market of Bangalore and will continue to be so.

Receives a high footfall. Good connectivity through multiple modes of transport.

Has two sides facing major roads. Strong street frontage.

Formal and informal co-exist Is connected to other commercial centers by public transport.

WEAKNESS

OPPORTUNITY

THREATS

Vehicular Congestion.

Metro connecting KR Market to other highly active market centres has increased the catchment to a wider retail audience.

Metro connecting KR Market to other highly active market centres has increased the catchment to a wider retail audience.

Pedestrian crossings are difficult to navigate.

Scope for greater activity and public uses to be incorporated.

Scope for greater activity and public uses to be incorporated.

Terrible waste management.

Rich connect with locals and city level customers.

Rich connect with locals and city level customers.

Street frontage is high.

Street frontage is high.

A designed change of pedestrian and vehicular circulation can facilitate smoother traffic movement.

A designed change of pedestrian and vehicular circulation can facilitate smoother traffic movement.

Scope for re-interpreting and strengthening the formalinformal dynamic.

Scope for re-interpreting and strengthening the formalinformal dynamic.

Increased stress on infrastructure due to unplanned spread of commercial activities.

Improper maintenance of shared spaces and services.

Encroachment of Public space.

No use of higher levels of building.

Informal retail is not recognized

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

99

100 KR Market Redevelopment

i. Areas of research Part 1 : Structure i. Composite structures ii. Waffle slab structures iii. Tensile resting structures iv. Spanning structures v. Auction room structures vi. Modular stall units Part 2 : Services technology i. Occupancy Calculations

Chapter 5 Technology

ii. Waste water treatment systems iii. Waste management v. Electricity load calculations vi. Cold Storage Part 3: Sustainability Measures i. Passive cooling strategies ii. Adaptive HVAC system iii. Green Roofing system vi. Rainwater Management vii. Kinetic Energy generation viii. Griha Evaluations Part 4: Safety Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

101

1. Structures i. Large span structures What structural systems can be executed within time constraints What are the various structural systems available to get large, column free spaces?

Spans possible by using composite columns structure ?

Is it possible to have load on top of large span structures?

Areas of Research Technology Drivers In relation to the vision and design of the various spaces of the project, the following topics have been identified as areas of research for thesis technology :

What structures can cover large open courts in a column free manner? ii. Modularity What systems of modularity can be adopted for quick construction?

What systems of shop units can be adopted for increased flexibility? ii. Alternative materials of constructions What are the local building materials available in Bangalore?

3. Services i. Waste Management How can huge amounts of waste be transported to disposal point effectively?

How can waste be treated to ensure no smell?

How can waste be recycled into saleable products?

How can waste become an asset to the market? ii. Water Requirements

102 KR Market Redevelopment

How can waste water be reused effectively?

How can landscape be integrated with water consumption iii. HVAC system requirements Sustainable options and applicability Open loop systems - Hybrid systems with natural ventilation? iv. Cold Storage

4. Safety i. Fire codes and norms Retail, Skill centre, Accomodation ii. Universal accessibility standards and requirements iii. Safety and Security Crime prevention through Design

3. Sustainability Sustainability can be addressed at two levels : a) through using passive design techniques and b) incorporating active design features.

Thus, the following topics are identified as the areas of research: Passive ventilation systems Green roofing Water & Electricity generation potential Waste recycling Local materials pallete

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

103

COMPOSITE STRUCTURE Advantage : High clear space, Quick Construction Working Mechanism : The building system uses pre-cast ferrocement roofing channels of a segmental arch profile which are placed adjacent to each other and spanning over two supports. After partly filling the valley between channels with concrete, the channels form an idealized T-beam and are able to carry the load of a roof / floor. Ferrocement comprises of a uniform distribution of reinforcement by use of chicken wire mesh and welded mesh encapsulated in rich cement mortar, thereby achieving significant reduction in both steel reinforcement and dead weight of roof. This composition provides a more uniform distribution of strength as compared to RCC. Advantages :

•

Ferrocement channel roof provides light weight roofing – 60% reduction in dead weight as compare to RCC

•

Figure 112 Psychometric chart Source: bmtpc

Pre-casting of roof leads to substantial reduction in construction time

•

20% saving in cost possible because of reduction in steel quantity and elimination of coarse aggregates and shuttering

•

Creates employment as the roof components can be locally produced and delivered through micro level enterprise.

•

Much better quality control can be maintained during prefabrication

•

Versatile technology – w.r.t profiles of roofing channels (subject to structural design)

Application in the project : Retail buildings

104 KR Market Redevelopment

Figure 113 Ferrocement Channel detail Source: Kamya Khurana

30 3000 3750

WAFFLE SLAB STRUCTURES Advantage : Large column free spans on top of each other

8500 3750

Application in the project : Service Block, Skill centre and Accommodation i. In an attempt to save up on space, it would be ideal to have a system which allows stacking up of - large column free spaces - vertically. iii. Made up of an interesting pattern, the exposed structure can be used as a

3750 8500

subdued neutral finish in many large public spaces such as foyers Waffle slabs are two-way concrete slabs reinforced by ribs in two directions.

3750 3000

875 875 875 875 875 875

They are concrete slabs reinforced by ribs in two directions. They are able to carry heavier loads and span longer distances the flat slabs. The coffered 6000

6000

6000

875 875 875 875 875 875

Holedeck waffle system - Allows for integration of services within the slab -

3000

without compromising the structural strength

6000

6000

40004000

4000

6000

underside can be architecturally desirable and is usually left exposed.

4000

Figure 115 Typical structural layout Source: Author

Figure 114 Typical section through waffle slab - column free spaces Source: Author

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

105

SPACE FRAME STRUCTURES Working Mechanism : A Space Frame structure can be defined as a rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure. It is constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. The Space frames can be used efficiently to cover huge areas with minimum interior supports.

They are strong due to the characteristic rigidity of the triangular frame; Flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted along the length of each strut in the form of tension and compression loads. Space Frames are built from correlated members and nodes. The members and nodes are connected by bolts.

Advantages

•

Space frame structures are easy for transportation, handle, and stack. It provides low transportation costs.

•

Very easy to install on-site due to prefabricated components.

• • • • • •

Suitable for a structure that has a large span.

It provides minimum deflection.

The space frame structure also has maximum seismicity.

It has an excellent span-to-depth ratio.

It is lightweight and structurally effective.

Concentrated loads are distributed evenly throughout the structure.

• It has very good acoustic properties.

Application in the project : Covering open courts 106 KR Market Redevelopment

Figure 116 Types of spaceframes Source: https://www.constrofacilitator.

Typically, the use of tetrahedral

They have a simple arch cross-

They behave like a plate with

Customized and calculated

modules or pyramids and

section. Tetrahedral modules

plane deflections. Shear forces

based on loads - tensile as well

additional supports are

or pyramids are not always

are sustained by diagonals and

as compression.

required from the skin.

required as part of the support

directed through horizontal

for this type of space frame.

bars.

All elements are in one single layer -

They usually use space frames. The

Placed in three parallel lines connected

arranged flat on the surface. Made up

elements are arranged in two parallel

by diagonals. They are mostly used for

of triangular interconnected members.

layers at a fixed distance from each

large spans. They are always almost

Supports shorter spans.

other. Diagonal bars linking nodes of

flat.

both layers in different directions

Figure 117 Types of spaceframes Source: https://www.constrofacilitator.

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

107

ROOF STRUCTURE The building’s structure is provided by a steel portal frame that is left exposed across the underside of the roof.

Its geometry defines the locations of triangular skylights - shading from the harsher south and west

Figure 120 Roof Structures Source: santiagocalatrava.com

sun while allowing for north sun to come in. This casts an interesting shadow pattern over the ground.

The steel framing pattern is done in a geometric fashion of concentric ribs on the pleated structure to culminate in one central depressed point emulating flower petals.

Four tree like columns hold the large span roof up on its four corners.

Figure 118 Roof Structures Source: Author

108 KR Market Redevelopment

Figure 119 Roof Structures Source: Author

GREENHOUSE STRUCTURE

AUCTION HOUSE STRUCTURE

Humans have always recognized the value of what is now known as controlled environment agriculture, allowing farmers to cultivate plants year-round rather than seasonally. Though they were invented hundreds of years ago, greenhouses continue to be the most popular means of controlled environment agriculture today, with innovations in technology and design having improved both the beauty and efficacy of this typology.

The natural effect of the transparent structure is often supplemented by other equipment designed for ventilation, heating, cooling, and lighting, particularly in commercial or industrial-sized greenhouses.

The Quonset greenhouse, where the pipe arches or trusses are supported by pipe purling running along the length of the greenhouse. In general, the covering material used for this type of greenhouses is polyethylene. Such greenhouses are typically less expensive than the gutter connected greenhouses and are useful when a small isolated cultural area is required. These houses are connected either in free, standing style or arranged in an interlocking ridge and furrow.

Figure 122 Seating Arrangement- Sectional View.

Source (Ward 2019) Figure 121 Greenhouse in project Source: Author

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MODULAR STALLS

Figure 123 Modularity Source: 3xn.

A modular framework underpins the functional strategies of the facility and enables representation and ownership of stakeholders and user groups. The flexibility of the modular system enables spaces and places to overlap, change shape and form, to create new and diverse zones for different operations under the one roof.

Grid

Modules on grid

Module arrangement

Module modified for purposes

Modules may be programmed individually or grouped in clusters to allow for diversity not just in use but in scale and shape as well. The building can be programmed with various indoor and outdoor functionalities, depending on the social needs of market users. It allows for interior and exterior spaces to flex, grow and shrink as needs require.

The building becomes a responsive element that changes to meet the current and future needs of the various user groups and stakeholders.

The market stalls are modular, prefabricated, flexible and can be easily transported if required.

The stall is made of timber column members and rolling shutters.

The display surface can be pulled and used whenever required.

Combinations and usability of module

110 KR Market Redevelopment

Figure 124 Modularity Source: Author

MATERIAL PALETTE In order to construct sustainably it is imperative that one employs

easily.

the locally available materials in their design. This is because:

ii. Low carbon footprint :

i. Climatologically apt :

This ensures that the material - both in its inception and application

Materials which have been used over time are employed because

- causes least harm/impact on the environment. Thus, it is

they are able to provide the most comfortable indoor environment

recommended that the materials are sourced locally or from nearby

within the said context. Bangalore has a comfortable climate and

regions - as this would reduce their transportation and thus, save up

thus the use of mechanical cooling/heating can be eliminated

on the carbon emmissions involved in the process.

Terracotta tiles

Hand chipped Granite

It can withstand stress and resists

Highly durable stone with undulating

breaking and chipping very

rough texture, it requires very little

effectively. It is not affected by the

maintainance.

erosive action of the elements,

protection from UV rays but is brittle

resistant to fire and water, and

and cant withstand a lot of heat.

can last for years without any

Application: Exterior Cladding,

degradation. Terracotta is also

Paving

It

also

provides

resistant to mould. Application

Fly Ash : Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)

Steel and Polycarbonate

Lightweight material - reduces

resilient thermoplastic material.

the load of the building, thereby reducing the depth of foundation digging. Re-purposing waste material Application: Infill blocks : Masonry Figure 125 Materiality Source: google images

Polycarbonate is a very strong and Polycarbonate is also very lightweight and thermally efficient - stabilizes and evens out the temperature of a space, reducing a structure’s carbon footprint.

Application - Roof Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

111

OCCUPANCY CALCULATIONS Occupancy Sl No

Funtion

Sl No

Toilet Funtion Area

Area Occupancy

1 Market 13342 1 Market 1.1 Fixed population (10%) 1.1 Fixed population (10%)

Population Population Sl No Funtion WCs Male

3 41416.9

1.2 Visitor population (10%) 1.2 Visitor population (10%) 2 Flower Sorting

2 Flower Sorting

3892

20 1705

3 Auction

3 Auction

600

1.2350

4 Restaurants 4543 4 Restaurants 4.1 Fixed population (10%) 4.1 Fixed population (10%)

2.5960

5 Admin

1040

6 Skill Centre

6 Skill Centre

3208

4

7 Accomodation

7 Accomodation

1526

12.5 1526

Urinals Population

Domestic

20

5

11118

10

5

60039

8

12 3892

8195

15

30

8756

20

30 600

20500

10

5

7500

1817 41817.2 Restaurants 182 6 4.1181.72 Fixed population (10%) 1635.48 1635 32 4.2 Visitor population (10%)

4543 8

1817 6182

20

25

8177

32

32 1635

20

25

73597

4

10404

4104

20

25

4680

16

20 3208

16802

20

25

36090

8

12 1526

8122

20

120

17091

222

190 7987

104 104 5 Admin 802 802 6 Skill Centre 122 7122.08 Accomodation 7987 7987.200833

From thumbrule, capacity of Underground tank 2/3rd of total = capacity = 153.33 cum Typical size of UGT = 6 x 6 x 4 = 144 cum Number of tanks required = 2 tanks of typical size UGT requirement = (6 x 6.5 x 4) x 1 tank

190 Total

No of Lifts:

Total

227049

Taking lifts of shaft size 1900 x 1900, which carries 8 people at 2m/s speed.

From thumbrule, capacity of Overhead tank 1/3rd of total = capacity = 76.6 cum Typical size of OHT = 6 x 6 x 4 = 144 cum

N=3 P = 6.4 T=8 Holding Capacity = 15 % Occupancy = 8060

Number of tanks required = 1 tank

TOTAL OF 31 Lifts will be required

112 KR Market Redevelopment

Net consumption

80

500 500 3 Auction

13342 24

Flushing 4447 16445 80 4003

194.5875 195Sorting 2 Flower

10 90

Total Total

WCs Female Area

4447.333333 4447 1 Market 444.7333333 445 1.1 Fixed population (10%) 16 4003population (10%) 80 1.24002.6 Visitor

4.2 Visitor population (10%) 4.2 Visitor population (10%) 5 Admin

Water Requirement

WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT - DEWATS DEWATS is a decentralised waste water treatment system using natural bacteria, plants and gravity in stead of electricity and chemicals. Water can be reused for flushing and gardening.

Key Features 80 % lower Operation & Maintenance cost than comparable technologies No electricity required No chemicals added Integrated with landscaping TOTAL CAPACITY= 230 kLitres SETTLING TANK DESIGN Capacity: 5% of total capacity = 12 cubic meter Depth: 2 Breadth: 2 Length: 3

Figure 126 DEWATS System Source: CDDindia.org

ANAEROBIC SEPTIC TANK Capacity: 30% of total capacity = 72 cubic meter Depth: 4 Breadth: 4 Length: 4.5 ANAEROBIC BAFFLED FILTER REACTOR

Gravel filter Polishing pond

Capacity: 30% of total capacity = 72 cubic meter Depth: 4 Breadth: 4 Length: 4.5 TERTIARY TREATMENT PLANTED FILTER Capacity: 30% of total capacity = 72 cubic meter Depth: 1.2 Breadth: 6 Length: 10

Figure 127 DEWATS System Source: Author

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113

WASTE MANAGEMENT WASTE COLLECTION, SEGREGATION

Restaurants

Instead of the classic and existing process of

Compost Loading Dock

Lvl -900

every step of the process to ensure an optimum

Lvl -900

Lvl +3000

system with low waste generation and sustainability.

Cut flowers

Lvl +1800 Lvl +300

directly disposing waste, one must intervene at

Lvl -900

COLLECTION:

Lvl +300

Lvl +600

It has been reported that improper bin collection practices, collection, transfer and/or transport

Greens Plaza Vegetables Market

Loose flower Market

Lvl +300

systems have great effect on the characteristics of the solid wastes.

Lvl +00

An optimal route is one that results in the most

Cut Flowers

efficient use of labour and equipment, and selecting

Lvl +00

such a route accounts for all design variables Lvl -900

in a large and complex network which include frequency of collection, haulage distance, type of

Verticle chute

Collection point Bazaar Street

Lvl + 300

Large transport path

Service path

Figure 128 Waste Collection Source: Author

service, and climate.

Sensors are one of the models of smart solutions for solid waste management. They are used to measure fullness levels of the containers and notify when bins are ready to be emptied.

114 KR Market Redevelopment

WASTE TREATMENT - RECYCLING The flowers that are unfit to sell are usually because of the following Restaurants reasons:

Compost Compost area

They get damaged during transportation. They have started to decay.

Temporary drying area Dock Loading

They have started to dry out and hence wont bloom. They don’t have necessary grade of colour, scent or size to be sold along with the bunch.

Re c wo ycled r k sho pro Lvl -900 du ps ct

These categories of wastes generated from the flower market itself has a great potential for recycling into sellables which can be sold as souvenirs

Lvl +3000

-900foreign at an ancillary craft bazaar especially catering to the local Lvl and

tourists. The process of manufacturing these products also has scope for making workshop sessions with the tourists.

Cut flowers

Lvl +1800

Lvl -900

Lvl +300

Function

Population Waste generated (0.2 Lvl +300 Lvl +600 kg/capita/day)

Market

6959

1392 kg

Skill Centre

802

160.4

Accommodation

122

24.4 kg

Greens Plaza

Total waste = 1576.8 kg/day

Cut Flower waste generated at Vegetables

In built collection

stalls

area in stalls

Market

Figure 129 Waste recycling Source: Author

Segregated into -

Transport to waste

Loose flower

Flowers, Leaves, Cut Stems, Market

Lvl +300

collection point

Waste vegetables, Waste paper

Lvl +00

Flowers sorted by type and

Cold storage

grade

Cut Flowers

Separated for:

Drying area

Potpourri, Beadmaking, Gulal making, recycled paper.

Lvl +00

Cut stems, waste

Sent to compost

vegetables, waste paper

facility

Sold to farmers who come to

Manure packaged

drop vegetables for sale Lvl -900

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WASTE TREATMENT - COMPOSTING Aerobic composting (Thumboorzhi model) With the help of aerobic bins, biodegradable waste can be converted into compost which can then be used for soil conditioning for farming and gardening.

In addition to converting the biodegradable waste to non toxic nutrients, aerobic bins don’t pose any associated issues to local residents. Effective maintenance of Aerobic bins would not cause the emission of foul odor and moreover, the heat produced during the process kills pathogens. Aerobic bins are constructed in such a way that it enables proper air circulation, proper draining of leachate and an easy way of collecting biodegradable waste in layers. Furthermore, no turning or mixing of the equipment is required.

Components: 1. Aerobic Bin - Aerobic bin is 4ft x 4ft x 4ft ferro-cement structure used for aerobic composting of biodegradable waste on community level.

Requirement: 500 bins = 80 sqm 2. Bars - Sides of Aerobic bins will be fitted with removable bars, each of width 3 inches. The bars, made of ferro-cement, are fitted with a uniform gap of 3 inches in between them. Construction of Aerobic bin with space between the bars provides gaps for sufficient air circulation required for the composting process.

3. Inoculum - Inoculum is a bacterial culture developed by Kerala Agriculture University. Inoculum helps in the creation of Aerobic bacteria which help in composting.

4. Shelter - Aerobic bin should be placed in a well ventilated place with proper protection from rain to prevent moisture. Double roofing system should also be installed in the shelter for efficient air circulation.

116 KR Market Redevelopment

Figure 130 Aerobic composting Source: thanal.co.in

Composting not only reduces the amount of waste that must disposed but also converts it to essential nutrients which can be used to improve the soil’s quality.

In the Thumburmoozhi model, microbes convert biodegradable waste to compost while the inoculate provide bacterial consortium for aerobic composting. Air circulation is essential for the proper working of Aerobic bin for which removable bars are placed in a ferro-cement support frame with space in between for adequate air circulation.

The structure of the Aerobic bin is such that 70% of the walls of the Aerobic bin is open and so allows for ventilation which is essential for aerobic composting. Moreover, to accelerate the composting process, diluted inoculum that promotes the growth of aerobic bacteria, is sprayed over each layer.

Biodegradable waste is added in layers with the help of wooden measuring frame (3ft x 3 ft and 6 inch height) and dry leaves are placed around. Equal layers of biodegradable waste and dry leaves are added into the aerobic bin. Dry leaves not only provide carbon for composting, absorb

Figure 131 Aerobic composting Source: thanal.co.in

moisture and help in air circulation but also acts as a protective shield from house flies. During the composting process, in addition to compost, compounds like Carbon Dioxide, and Ammonia are produced. The heat produced during the composting process will destroys pathogens and kills plant seeds in the composting mixture.

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ELECTRICITY GENERATION Total Electrical

Total built up x

lighting load :

Watt/sqm

Total Site Area: Total Built up Area:

33,700 sqm 44,000 sqm

Watt/sqm Calculation : Market 18.1 Skill Centre 12.9 Average : 15.5

Total Electrical

44,000 x 15.5

lighting load :

= 6,82,000 watts 682 KW

Electricity Load Thumb rule

Figure 132 Electricity Generation Source: Gresek 2014

Solar Panels With a number of terraced surfaces and ample exposure to the sun, the site has the potential of generating electricity using solar power.

Potential Electricity Generated via PV Panels Calculation : Estimated Roof area:

15577 sqm

Available Roof area:

7461 sqm

Area req. for 4kw Solar

29.8 sqm

PV System No. of systems that can

118 KR Market Redevelopment

7461/29.8

installed

= 257 units

Total Electricity generated :

257 x 4 = 1028 KW

surpasses site requirement

RAIN WATER CONSERVATION

Water collection + Reuse Collecting and storing the rain water and re-using and cleaning the water used within the building, can help reduce the water demands of the site.

Potential Water Harvested Calculation : Total Site

33,700 sqm

Area:

Estimated

Rain water harvesting diagram

Greens area: Estimated Paved area:

Roof = 0.9

Run-off co-efficient :

15,577 sqm

Roof area: Estimated

Annual Rainfall: 877 mm

10123 sqm

Greens = 0.3

Water harvested 15577 x 0.9 x 877 on Roof area:

8000 sqm

Paved = 0.8

= 12294 Kilo Litre / Year

Water harvested 8000 x 0.3 x 877 in Green area:

= 2104 Kilo Litre / Year

Water harvested 10123 x 0.8 x 877 in paved area:

= 7102 Kilo Litre / Year

Total rainwater harvested on site : Total water load/demand : = 21,500 Kilo Litre / Year = 230 Kilo Litre / day = 83950 Kilo Litre / year STP Calculation : Percolation pit diagram Figure 133 Rain water harvesting Source: Richards et al. 2021

Total Water Demand per day

230 kilo litre

Diversity factor ( x 0.8) Water sent to STP (85%)

184 kilo litre 156 kilo litre Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

119

GREEN ROOF Introduction Green roof is an environmental, social and economical use of the building roof. Green roofs may be installed at any height with an access provided for its maintenance. The planted spaces, may be used to provide human enjoyment and environmental enhancement or energy savings for the users. Broadly, they can be catogorised into two types : 1. Roof gardens : are installed for the access and enjoyment of people. They are also costly to build, require intensive maintenance and are heavy in weight due to the deep soil profiles.

2. Green roofs : are lightweight with thin soil profiles and minimal maintenance requirements. They are cheaper to construct as they are installed for environmental performance and visual

Figure 134 Classification system and properties

improvement only.

The contemporary roof greening systems are however much advanced as they use organic matter instead of soil for the plant growth. The modern green roofs are categorized by the substrate or growing media depth There are three types of systems - intensive (deep), semiintensive (moderate depth) and extensive (shallow)

120 KR Market Redevelopment

Figure 135 Diagram highlighting the various layers & components. Once the drainage and waterproofing membrane are designed well, they can be installed on top of a kind of decking system - be it wood, concrete or steel.

After the construction of the roof slab, several layers of waterproofing are applied in order to ensure that there is no leak or dampness in the future. To further assist an easy drainage system, floor drain trays. Once the waterproofing is done, layers of geo-textile fabric is applied. This helps the soil and other medium on top of it, retain their place even water runs through them. Finally, small niches are dug into the subtrate and saplings are planted.

Effectiveness & Limitations i. Apart from adding to the ‘green’ cover in an increasingly concretised surrounding, vegetated roofs shade and prevent incoming solar radiation from reaching the structure below. ii. It thereby regulates the internal climate of the building by insulating it against extremes of climate and provide a cooling effect through evaporation of water from its vegetative and soil surfaces.

Figure 136 Advantages of green roof system

iii. By reducing the heat flux through the roof, cooling load and energy consumption of the building may be lowered, leading to monetary savings for the owner. iv. A low rise building with a high roof to wall ratio benefits the most from a green roof compared to a high rise building that loses energy through the building envelope and glazing. v. Apart from the thermal advantage, green roof plants purify the air and provide protection to the roof membrane by reducing the direct solar exposure.

Figure 137 Comparison of heat balance on the roof of TCI building : with and without a green roof. Green roof allows for cooler temp. throughout the year

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ADAPTIVE HVAC SYSTEM Introduction Adaptive HVAC system is a hybrid system of cooling which uses both - mechanical ventilation as well as natural ventilation. Instead of solely relying on the close loop system of re-circulated cold air, the adaptive HVAC approach uses air flow as a means of creating thermal comfort in a space.

The air flow is either harnessed through natural cross ventilation strategies - enhanced through appropriate massing and building orientation, or through ceiling fans.

Adaptive HVAC allows for thermal zoning of spaces and integration

Figure 138 Working principle of Adaptive HVAC system. It uses both mechanical and natural ventilation - thereby allowing openings/windows.

of naturally ventilated spaces with air-conditioned zones - instead of mutually exclusive spaces.

Working Mechanism Natural ventilation allows the air flow across the room. This enhances the effect of cooling achieved by mechanical ventilation and cooling. Thus with an increased thermal comfort, it is possible to feel comfortable, even in hotter temperature (28-29 degree) in comparison to (23-24 degree ASHRAE standards) The cooling system is designed as an Open Loop system which allows for spill over of cooled air and doesnt re-circulate it within the same space.

This system can thus reduce the HVAC demand loads - thereby

Figure 139 Thermal zoning applied in NUS School of Design and Environment, by Serie Architects.

122 KR Market Redevelopment

bringing about significant saving in both electricity load and operating costs of the building.

Effectiveness & Limitations Advantages: i. Since the air supply system doesnt involve recirulating the air, there are no return ducts. ii. It allows for windows and openings as spill overs are allowed to take place - instead of convention systems which require closed spaces for efficient cooling. iii. Supplemented with fans, it is less energy intensive and saves eletrical load as well. iv. Ventilation with cool outside air can reduce a commercial building’s energy use by 15 to 80%, depending on climate, cooling loads, and building Figure 140 Technical differences between the conventional and adpative comfort HVAC system

Conventional Full AC Model

Adaptive Comfort Model

type. v. Mixed-mode buildings have the potential to offer occupants higher degrees of personal control over their local thermal and ventilation conditions, as well as a greater connection to the outdoors, which should lead to increased occupant satisfaction Limitations: i. Relies on natural ventilation across the site for maximum output. ii. Mixed-mode strategies also have the potential to add cost and complexity to a building iii. The need for humidity control in some climates may also exacerbate this conflict between the benefits of a sealed and permeable envelope.

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123

RADIATION ANALYSIS Analysis: Streets are shaded.

Courts are partly shaded - thus Winter - sun hours

need roof coverings over large courts.

Radiation on ground in Summer (Jun 21)

Radiation on ground in Winter (Dec 21)

Summer - sun hours

In the summer, upper floors receive a lot of sun and heat.

Summer - sun hours

Winters lower floors receive less

Radiation on facade in Summer (Jun 21)

light - open

Radiation on facade in Winter (Dec 21)

facade Key: Sun hours

124 KR Market Redevelopment

Figure 141 Radiation Analysis Source: Author

Winter - sun hours

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS Key: Vertical Sky component

The Vertical Sky Component analysis indicates daylight potential for points on the facades. It measures how much light from the sky reaches the facades, relative to available light on a horizontal unobstructed surface.

Lower floors at the end of the streets receive less than ideal daylight for regular window sizes - needs larger openings. Most faces receive adequate light.

Figure 142 Daylight Analysis Source: Author

Jun 21 (Summer Solstice) - 8 am

Jun 21 (Summer Solstice) - 12 pm

Jun 21 (Summer Solstice) - 4 pm

Figure 143 Sunpath Analysis Source: Author

Lower floors at the end of the streets receive less than ideal daylight for regular window sizes - needs larger openings. Most faces Dec 21 (Winter Solstice) - 8 am

Dec 21 (Winter Solstice) -12 pm

Dec 21 (Winter Solstice) - 4 pm

receive adequate light.

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125

WIND ANALYSIS

Figure 144 Wind Analysis Source: Author

West winds: Most and strongest winds.

North West winds: Built creates

East winds: Built creates comfortable

Built creates comfortable courts and

comfortable courts and streets by allowing

courts and streets by allowing wind to pass

streets by allowing wind to pass through.

wind to pass through.

through.

In urban environments the microclimate and personal comfort are strongly influenced by the wind conditions. Some of the effects that can occur are: Downdraught effect (downwards deflection), Venturi effect (through narrow spaces), Upwards-deflection These effects can cause high velocity wind at ground level that can cause

Wind rose

discomfort.

Courts are all comfortable for

Key: Wind velocity

sitting (vendors). Slightly lower Figure 145 Wind Comfort Source: Author Comfortability on wind 126 KR Market Redevelopment

comfort occurs at the edges countered with trees.

Key: Comfortability

MICROCLIMATE ANALYSIS

Summer (June 21)

Winter (Dec 21)

Figure 146 Microclimate Analysis Source: Author

Key: Comfortability

This analysis combines sun, daylight, and wind analyses with local weather data to create a comprehensive microclimate map of the site, helping to understand how the local climate reacts to the shade and wind conditions the built creates.

Courts and streets shielded from solar radiation and strong winds to create a comfortable climate. The central plaza is the most comfortable - encouraging it to be the central informal space.

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127

DESIGN FOR ACCESSIBILITY

Figure 147 Wheelchair Accessibility standards Source: NBC

128 KR Market Redevelopment

DESIGN FOR ACCESSIBILITY

Figure 148 Wheelchair Accessibility standards Source: NBC

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129

FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY The building falls in the category of business type building upto height of 15 m and it is a mercantile type building with ground plus one storey and floor area greater than 500 sqm.

The following fire fighting systems are mandatory for the building as per NBC (2015) for given occupancy and height: Fire extinguishers Fire Aid Hose Reel Wet Riser system Automatic Sprinkler System Manually operated Electronic Fire Alarm system.

Assuming one hydrant at each landing of wet riser on each floor, total number of internal hydrants shall be 36.

Minimum Travel Distance For fully sprinkled building, minimum distance- 45m Sufficient open space around buildings is essential to

Figure 149 Fire exits and fire tender path Source: Author

facilitate free movement and operation of Fire Service vehicles. For buildings between 15-18m in height, Setback on all sides around building should be more than 6m.

130 KR Market Redevelopment

Fire Exit

Fire Tender path

SAFETY AND SURVEILLANCE

1. Using CCTV Cameras and Sensors 2. Eyes on the street 3. Range of vision - no narrow badly lit streets

Eyes on the Street via external corridors

Large Open areas with lighting

Public Surveillance - community activity

Figure 150 Open Space security measures Source: Vanya Jain, 2021

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

131

132 KR Market Redevelopment

Inferences SWOT Analysis

Chapter 6 Design Determinants

Site Directives Directives from existing market

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

133

RESEARCH

Successful market A successful Market is one that successful both economically & socially.

Ensuring through design of spaces and activities that the place remains open and accessible to all irrespective of their socio-economic class.

Must be easy to navigate.

Informality Informality can be provided for by providing spaces that are designed for need-based customization along with provision of platform and infrastructure that supports it.

Such spaces may have ‘loosely’ defined functions such as space for events, flea markets, informal retail to occupy etc.

Urban strategies A market place is for the city and should thus function so.

It is heavily dependent on public transit - design segregated vehicular and pedestrian movements.

It also represents the city - infuse public character, include urban strategies that bring in people seamlessly.

Nodes and Axis Axis and Nodes direct people and improve navigability.

Nodes are points of greater activity and they need to be designed to accommodate this.

They also are pause points.

They are points of place making.

Clustering and Visibility Zoning defined by the character of activity and the volume of people it attracts. Some activities advantage from being grouped with others.

Response to existing spatial character The architectural language of the existing site and context are appropriated by the users as per their need.

This need not be simulated, however the built, scale, spatial & functional organization can be regarded.

Open and Built Varying scales and hierarchy of streets and open spaces exist.

These cater to different types of activities and retail.

But the dense context desperately needs public open space - guide the user through the market.

Retail The basic essence of the Market is driven by the business at its core.

Informal - Formal, Large - Small enterprise co-exist in a dynamic relationship to benefit each other.

The most important driving factor to all the vendors is visibility.

Compromises are made for it.

SITE STUDY

Redevelopment Any redevelopment proposal needs to regard the existing activities & stakeholders.

A holistic approach is to balance the need for creation of a new identity/ meaning of the space with the original essence.

The ‘new’ needs to co-exists and support the existing.

CASE STUDY

INFERENCES

134 KR Market Redevelopment

Visibility of Multiple activities and levels is extremely important.

SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTHS Market has its own unique identity defined by the unique shopping experience that it offers.

Market has historically been the central city market of Bangalore and will continue to be so.

Receives a high footfall. Good connectivity through multiple modes of transport.

Has two sides facing major roads. Strong street frontage.

Formal and informal co-exist Is connected to other commercial centers by public transport.

WEAKNESS

OPPORTUNITY

THREATS

Vehicular Congestion.

Metro connecting KR Market to other highly active market centres has increased the catchment to a wider retail audience.

Metro connecting KR Market to other highly active market centres has increased the catchment to a wider retail audience.

Pedestrian crossings are difficult to navigate.

Scope for greater activity and public uses to be incorporated.

Scope for greater activity and public uses to be incorporated.

Terrible waste management.

Rich connect with locals and city level customers.

Rich connect with locals and city level customers.

Street frontage is high.

Street frontage is high.

A designed change of pedestrian and vehicular circulation can facilitate smoother traffic movement.

A designed change of pedestrian and vehicular circulation can facilitate smoother traffic movement.

Scope for re-interpreting and strengthening the formalinformal dynamic.

Scope for re-interpreting and strengthening the formalinformal dynamic.

Increased stress on infrastructure due to unplanned spread of commercial activities.

Improper maintenance of shared spaces and services.

Encroachment of Public space.

No use of higher levels of building.

Informal retail is not recognized

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

135

DESIGN DIRECTIVES To Metro

Immediate built determinants Figure 151 Site analysis Design drivers Source: Author

136 KR Market Redevelopment

Pedestrian Nodes and connections

Hierarchy of open spaces

Public Clock tower Fort greens Heritage

Site edge zoning

Ideal Orientation

Vehicular movement and drop offs

Orientation

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

137

INFERENCES FROM EXISTING MARKET Shop Units Softer Thresholds:

Sharing Frontages:

Create softer thresholds -

Share services and space.

transition from private to public.

Small shops, hawkers

Shop extend onto streets - more

and service providers can

space for customers to ponder

easily be accommodated

and be pulled in.

in large stores - aiding both

This also increases visibility of

businesses.

produce and accommodation of hawkers.

Frontage Required:

Softer Thresholds

Depending upon the scale

The distinction

of the shop, the frontage

between what is

requirements vary.

public and private, Interior - Exterior,

Small shops require larger frontages and lesser depth for larger visibility, less storage.

Large shops can do with less width as they have storage.

Figure 152 Shop unit Design drivers Source: Author

Serving space - Space

PULL

PULL

Served is blurred, Resulting in a softer threshold between the shop and the exterior.

This creates three zones Pull - Ponder passage.

138 KR Market Redevelopment

INFERENCES FROM EXISTING MARKET Market Planning Large shop arrangement:

Mid size shop arrangement: Large shops inwards. People come because of prior knowledge of the shop/ or specially to visit the specific shop.

They block visibility of hawkers.

Hawkers , SMALL & MID sized shops work best along movement paths (high pedestrian movement) Nodes: F& B works best as breaks between shopping.

With road frontage - they become very expensive

At nodes where people spill out, there should be a hawker zone, place markers and food outlets.

Street pattern and zoning: Internal street system

Crowd pullers like flower

should connect a

market should be placed

series of nodes - have

inwards as people will go

a primary street from

through and impulse buy to

which secondary

reach there.

aisles originate. Cross aisles connect them.

Figure 153 Shop arrangement Design drivers Source: Author

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

139

140 KR Market Redevelopment

Concepts Planning Approach

Chapter 7 Design Concepts

Form Development Zoning

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

141

CONCEPTS

Atrium and Courtyards

Smooth transition between floors

An organic system of streets, blocks and courtyards enclosed

Break up the vertical circulation to create multiple

under a large span hovering roof. Breaking up the blocks to

sub floors - increase visibility. This brings public up

bring in light and ventilation - provide points for more visibility.

more easier.

Siddikatte - Public Platform Taking the public upwards to create higher plazas, hawker zones and food courts.

This allows for segregation of vehicular and pedestrian

Increasing frontage Placing blocks at different angles, Frontage and visibility is maximised.

movement too. This allows for semi outdoor spaces for flower selling etc below.

Figure 154 Design Concepts Source: Author

142 KR Market Redevelopment

CONCEPTS

Figure 155 Design Concepts Source: Author

Porous

Axis and Connector

Edges

Edges are made permeable. A

The site is used as a connector

The edges have courtyards to account

network of streets of varying scales

between two site edges increasing

for increased informal vending and give

and punctures in the built allow free

porosity and creating a visual &

them space to spill over.

movement.

Physical axis to direct movement

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

143

Grid derived from Heritage facade,

Series of plazas on the axis, streets

Diagonal Axis defines public movement

derived from them on the grid.

144 KR Market Redevelopment

Building blocks placed on vertical grid,

Connections - on ground, and cantilevered blocks tie

perpendicular to facade.

the built along the horizontal grid.

Figure 156 Planning Approach Source: Author

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

145

Form Development

Axes defined by heritage block and

Loading block placed along service

Market blocks placed along the grid

diagonal connect

vehicle road

Cantilevered connections made

Series of raised informal courts within the

Greenhouse and Roof forms create the

perpendicular to the grid

blocks

iconic skyline Figure 157 Form development Source: Author

146 KR Market Redevelopment

Bazaar Street

Heritage

Fruit Wholesale

Retail

Eateries

Greenhouse

Informal Plazas

Skill Centre

Auction

Accommodation

Flower Wholesale Figure 158 Zoning Source: Author

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

147

148 KR Market Redevelopment

Design Approach

Chapter 8 Design Development

Design Development 1 Design Development 2 Design Development 3 Design Development 4 Design Development 5 Design Development 6 Design Development Prefinal

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

149

PLANNING APPROACHES

1

The Necklace Blocks arranged in a semi-circular fashion facing the heritage clock tower allowing for informal activity to take the central stage and create a large open space.

150 KR Market Redevelopment

2

The Street Bazaar Blocks arranged perpendicular to the clock tower, creating streets within the site, emulating the street nature of the context.

3

The Diagonal Blocks arranged such that the diagonal connection forms the primary street from which further streets diverge.

4

Figure 159 Site Planning Options Source: Author

The Courts Blocks arranged so as to form a series of courts along the diagonal connection.

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

151

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1

PROS: • Strong connections with the ground plane

• • •

CONS: • Scale of court too large. Only one court for spillage, not well connected to exterior.

Vertical zoning Placement of loading zone Formation of external courts

• •

Not responding to heritage building Ramp too long and not workable at such a scale

Creation of central spine along the diagonal urban connector. Retail and wholesale arranged around a central court which holds the informal plaza. The ground plane is linked to the upper floors by the means of a large ramp and an urban staircase.

Site Plan - conceptual

Flower court, vertical zoning and roof.

152 KR Market Redevelopment

Connecting the ground plane to upper levels, vertical zoning and roof form

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 2

PROS: • Street culminating at heritage clock tower

• •

CONS: • Scale of court, No interconnections between courts

Multiple courts - internal and external Main spine - interplay of greenhouse and informal flower vendors - showcase produce in different ways

• • •

Weak response to heritage building Too heavy and monotonous built mass Diagonal connection lost

Spine defined by the heritage clock tower. Multiple courts created external edge courts, flower seller, fruits seller and recycling court.

Greenhouse is placed on the upper floor while flower sellers are moved to sunken courts.

Site Plan - conceptual

Formation of external courts

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

153

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 3

PROS:

CONS:

• • •

• • • • •

Response to heritage building Series of streets and courts Diagonal blocks form a bold statement and are dynamic

Ground plane blocks aligned to the grid set forward by the heritage building. Upper blocks shift their axis to highlight the diagonal axis. Series of courts created where the diagonal intersects the perpendicular grid.

Site Plan - conceptual

154 KR Market Redevelopment

First floor

Second floor

Diagonal blocks need a rhythm Angle of the diagonal not defined Low visibility of retail Overhead blocks too bulky System of flows and circulation messy

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 4

PROS:

CONS:

• • • • •

•

Response to heritage building

courts weak

Series of streets and courts Upper courts looking over each other System of flows and circulation Promenades

Connections between internal and external

• • •

No purpose to the multiple terraces No interplay of levels Low legibility and placemaking

Ground plane blocks aligned to the grid set forward by the heritage building. Upper blocks cantilevered between the blocks to create a series of upper courts. Series of courts created where the diagonal intersects the perpendicular grid.

Site Plan - conceptual

First floor

Second floor

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

155

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 5

PROS:

CONS:

•

Response to heritage building

•

Shop sizes incorrect - too much frontage

• • • •

Series of streets and courts

• • • • •

No connections between upper and ground

Easy to service and function Bazaar street with heritage building Definition of axes

Building blocks congested No nodes and weak place-making Vehicular circulation is tight Weak elevational response to heritage building

The diagonal urban connection is defined by multiple courts sunken and raised. The blocks are arranged to form streets leading to the heritage clock tower - which spill into the courts.

Central to these are the multiple sunken and raised courts

Site Plan - conceptual

Zoning - separation of fruits and flowers market

156 KR Market Redevelopment

Exploded - retail above wholesale. Skill centre above.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 6

PROS:

CONS:

•

Resolution of shop sizes and circulation

•

Scale of streets too large for market

space

• • • •

Scale of courts too large

•

Strong connection to ground plane multiple raised plazas and urban staircase

•

External court - internal court connections

Column to column distance is too large Low ground coverage Plazas and squares not shaded

Attempt to design space micro to macro scale. Attention to shop sizes, modularity and plazas.

Primary street and diagonal axis connects at a large court with raised plazas connecting the ground to the upper retail.

Site Plan - conceptual

Courts

Shop units and clustering service corridor runs through.

Section cut through the raised plaza and main street. Multiple courts - under auction area, eateries etc.

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

157

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PRE FINAL Functional resolution of the building with refinements in connections and activities.

Resolution of structures and services.

Connections between courts was articulated with double height spaces. Shading was looked into, as well as detailing out of elevation and materiality.

PROS: • Resolution of structure and shop sizes

• • • • •

Roof form articulated Inner plazas - organic Upper floors resolved Greenhouse juxtaposition with clock tower Elevational treatment and use of vernacular materials

CONS: • Node at end of axis not important enough

• •

Foodcourt needs better articulation

Site plan

Urban level movement needs to be looked into

• • •

Central tower not coming through Cores not resolved Edges as extended car bays

158 KR Market Redevelopment

Site section

Informal Vendors Plaza Exhibition area Sorting

Auction office

Lobby

Packaging

Auction hall

Cloud kitchen

Classrooms Distribution Area

Multipurpose hall

Auction hall

Spill out

Informal plaza Fruits Retail

Hawker Zone

Non perishable market

Cloud kitchen

Flowers Retail

Restaurant Restaurants

Central street First floor plan

Section showing shop arrangements and street nature

Section showing elevational treatment

Second floor plan

Sunken court

Bazaar street

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

159

160 KR Market Redevelopment

Inferences and Concepts Zoning Context and site

Chapter 9 Final Design Proposal

Courts Market planning Shop and Shop units Heritage response Technology

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

161

WHY?

Proposition

Markets are rarely a strictly commercial activity, but are often treated as such.

A city market has the potential to go beyond its immediate role of sale and distribution of produce and provide layered experiences that enables change and is responsive to growth, creating an amenity that is truly an integral part of the urban fabric.

162 KR Market Redevelopment

Can a culturally significant flower market be re-imagined as more than just a flower market and provide myriad experiences for the city?

A market that is envisioned not just as a working market but also as a market that can adapt to the changing needs of a growing city but also a cultural destination, urban connector, an amenity for the city - and an inspiring icon in the Bangalore skyline.

The project looks to rethink the role of a city market in an urban structure as the new type of social area - a space where in the social, historical and cultural come together with the commercial.

Krishna Rajendra Market Flowers and Bangalore have an intimate relationship lasting centuries. They are less about being seen and appreciated and more about traditions, rituals, felicitations and festivals - an integral aspect of one’s home.

Flowers have a fleeting presence all throughout the city - as they traverse on their second life.

KR Market is the nucleus of this movement and activity.

One of the largest flower markets in Asia, it is a city market that provides the whole city with its fruits and flowers.

Cubbon Park KR Market Lal Bagh

Bangalore Pette (old Bangalore) developed around two major axis: the doddapette (big market) road and the chickpette (small market) road. There were a series of markets along the way. KR Market, the biggest one was the landmark end of the doddapette road.

Thus it has seen the city grow throughout the century.

•

Not been able to keep up with the growing city.

•

Increase in pressure - produce & people

•

Congested and dirty

•

Not upgraded to modern facilities and methods of city life.

•

Loss in visitors

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

163

Case Studies

Urban Strategies

Grid circulation

Soft thresholds

Porosity to context

Open Plan

View points and placemaking

164 KR Market Redevelopment

Concepts

Atrium and Courtyards

Smooth transition between floors

An organic system of streets, blocks and courtyards. Breaking

Break up the vertical circulation to create multiple sub floors -

up the blocks to bring in light and ventilation - provide points for more visibility.

increase visibility. This brings public up more easier.

Siddikatte - Public Platform Taking the public upwards to create higher plazas, hawker zones and food courts.

Increasing frontage Placing blocks at different angles, Frontage and visibility is maximised.

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

165

Zoning Bazaar Street

Heritage

166 KR Market Redevelopment

Fruit Wholesale

Retail

Eateries

Greenhouse

Informal Plazas

Skill Centre

Auction

Accommodation

Flower Wholesale

Exploded Zoning Greenhouse Admin

Exhibition Accomodation

Skill Centre Non Perishable Cloud Kitchen

Auction Fruits Retail

Flowers Retail Hawker Zone

Foodcourt Fruits Wholesale

Flowers Retail Eateries

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

167

Context Plan

168 KR Market Redevelopment

Site Plan

Loading Bay +150 +450

Loading Bay

7

8

+0

+0 Vehicular

6

-900 +450

+900

5

6

3

2 +450 +900

3

+150

Entry plaza

Green Plaza +450

3

Bazaar street

+0

4 Clock tower

1 Key: 1. Heritage clock tower 2. Fruits wholesale 3. Flowers whole sale 4. Eateries 5. Central plaza 6. Recycling court 7. Composting 8. Sorting facility

+150

Entry -1200 Vehicular

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

169

Movements and Porosity From Metro station

From Meat

From Meat market

Vehicular Drop off Pedestrian path From bus stand

170 KR Market Redevelopment

Knollies Plan - Site

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

171

Ground floor plan

8 7

6 5

3

2 9

9 2

3

9

3

Key: 1. Heritage clock tower 2. Fruits wholesale 3. Flowers whole sale 4. Eateries 5. Central plaza 6. Recycling court 7. Composting 8. Food court

4

1

9

9

9

9. Informal vending area 172 KR Market Redevelopment

5

10

20

50

System of courts

Fruit hawker

Auction/Hawker

Food Hawker Zone

Sunken Court

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

173

System of courts

Greenhouse Exhibition

Central axis

Informal vending Informal vending flowers foliage

174 KR Market Redevelopment

Informal vending flowers

Auction/Informal vending

Climb from public staircase

Section

10

+ 16900 9

+ 12900

8

+ 8900 + 4900

7 6

3 5

2

1

4 -5200

5

Key: 1. Heritage clock tower 2. Bazaar street 3. Food hawker plaza 4. Sunken central court banana leaves, coconut area 5. Central plaza 6. Lobby 7. Auction area lobby 8. Cloud kitchen 9. Accommodation

10

20

50

+4500

+4000 +3200 +1500 -1500

10. Greenhouse

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

175

View of sunken court 176 KR Market Redevelopment

View of raised plazas Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

177

Inferences from current market

Market Planning Large shop arrangement:

Mid size shop arrangement: Large shops inwards. People come because of prior knowledge of the shop/ or specially to visit the specific shop.

They block visibility of

Hawkers , SMALL & MID sized shops work best along movement

hawkers.

paths (high pedestrian movement) Nodes: F& B works best as breaks between shopping.

With road frontage - they become very expensive

At nodes where people spill out, there should be a hawker zone, place markers and food outlets.

Street pattern and zoning:

178 KR Market Redevelopment

Internal street system should connect a

Crowd pullers like flower market should be placed

series of nodes - have a primary street from which secondary aisles originate. Cross aisles connect them.

inwards as people will go through and impulse buy to reach there.

Paths and nodes

Foodcourt

Recycled products

Central axis Bazaar Street

Primary movement axis

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

179

Plan at +4900

4

4 5

5

33

66

4

77

44 3

2

88

2

3 4

2

2 2 Key: 1. Eateries 2. Flower retail 3. Fruits retail 4. Informal plazas 5. Auction area 6. Sorting 7. Packaging 8. Distribution area

1 1

2

5

180 KR Market Redevelopment

2

10

20

50

Plan at +8900

7 5

6

8

3 4 9 4

4 4 3

2

Key: 1. Eateries 2. Hawkers Zone 3. Cloud kitchens 4. Non perishable market 5. Auction area 6. Auction office 7. Storage 8. Skill center 9. Workshop Areas

1

5

10

20

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

50

181

Plan at +12900

4

3 4 2

6 5 7 5 1 5

Key: 1. Greenhouse 2. Viewing corridor 3. Exhibition Area 4. Admin 5. Accomodation 6. Common area 7. Mess

5

182 KR Market Redevelopment

10

20

50

Plan at -5200

1 3 4 2 2 1 1

7

8

5

6

Key: 1. Cold storage 2. Sorting facility 3. Segregation 4. Compost yard 5. Services 6. Up ramp 7. Down ramp 8. Basement car parking 9. Basement two wheeler parking

9 5

5

10

20

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

50

183

Inferences from current market

Shop Units Softer Thresholds: Create softer thresholds transition from private to public.

Sharing Frontages: Share services and space.

Small shops, hawkers and

Shop extend onto streets more space for customers to ponder and be pulled in.

This also increases visibility of

service providers can easily be accommodated in large stores aiding both businesses.

produce and accommodation of hawkers.

Frontage Required: Depending upon the scale

Softer Thresholds The distinction between

of the shop, the frontage requirements vary.

what is public and private, Interior - Exterior, Serving

Small shops require larger

space - Space Served is blurred, Resulting in a softer threshold between

frontages and lesser depth for larger visibility, less storage.

Large shops can do with less width as they have storage.

184 KR Market Redevelopment

PULL

PONDER

PULL

the shop and the exterior.

This creates three zones Pull - Ponder - passage.

Modules 3 x 3 module

3 x 4.5 module

3 x 6 module

6 x 6 module FLOWERS

6 x 6 module FRUITS

Display unit Storage unit

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

185

Modularity and Construction of shops Shop Modularity Timber frame structure

Rolling canvas partitions

Roof partly shaded partly transparent - polycarbonate and canvas.

Display Systems

Shops tend to spill out to create a pull zone for customers.

Module offers Storage

different pull out

Display shelf

display options of

Counter

timber framing which Cut flowers

Loose flower sacks

can be dismantled easily.

Methods - observed from the current methods of shopkeepers.

Cut flower foliage

186 KR Market Redevelopment

Cut flower garlands

Clustering of shops

Trash Chute

Service corridor

To service core

Wholesale units clustering

Circulation corridor

Trash Chute

To service core

Retail units clustering 5

10

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

20

187

Section through shops

+

12

+ 12900

4

4

10

+ 4900

3

5

11

+ 8900

4

6

9

7

8

2

2

2

1

19

-5200

Section cutting street

+ 16900 + 12900 + 8900 + 4900

18 17 16

10 14

15 -5200

Section through street Key: 1. Retail atrium 2. Colonnade 3. Cloud Kitchen 4. Accommodation 5. Non perishable market 6. Informal plaza 7. Informal vending 8. Sunken court 9. Wholesale fruits

10. Retail fruits 11. Skill Centre 12. Admin 13. Bazaar street 14. Street 15. Recycling court 16. Distribution Area 17. Cloud kitchen 18. Accommodation

188 KR Market Redevelopment

Common area 19. Basement

5

10

20

50

Section through shops

Informal vendor plaza

Wholesale vendors

Retail Vendors

Colonnade

Retail Atrium

Green area, hawker zone

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

189

Auction Area

+4900 Lobby

Lobby

+5350 +5800 Storage +6700

Office

+8600

+9500

5

190 KR Market Redevelopment

10

20

50

+ 16900 + 12900 + 8900 + 4900

-5200

Exhibition Auction

Foodcourt Sunken Court

5

10

20

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

50

191

Views of Auction area 192 KR Market Redevelopment

View of public staircase Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

193

Heritage response Heritage clock tower

Bazaar Colonnade

Bazaar street axis aligned to Jama Masjid

194 KR Market Redevelopment

Greenhouse

Central axis - with clock tower

Corridor

Exhibition Spaces

Elevations

Elevation

5

10

20

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

50

195

View of bazaar street 196 KR Market Redevelopment

View of central street

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

197

Roof for open courts The building’s structure is provided by a steel portal frame that is left exposed across the underside of the roof.

Its geometry defines the locations of triangular skylights.

The steel framing pattern is done in a geometric fashion of concentric ribs on the pleated structure to culminate in one central depressed point - emulating flower petals.

Four tree like columns hold the large span roof up on its four corners.

Spaceframe and loads.

198 KR Market Redevelopment

Roof partly shaded partly transparent -

The shaded portions are south

Roof collects water in its low points

polycarbonate and canvas.

facing to cut heat and glare

which are then channeled

Possibility of solar cells harvest

3000 Prefab ferrocement channels

3750 3750

3000 8500

Truss

3750

Structure

6000

6000

6000

6000

6000

3750

8500 3000

875 875 875 875 875 875

Waffle slab

6000

4000

3000 4000

875 875 875 875 875 875

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

199

Facade and Wall section DGU sliding window Granite sill

30 thk terracotta tiles with circle cut out Tiles held on L channels

MS box section Box section attached to beam with epdm gasket

Terracotta Terracotta panels

Facade module 6 x 4 m, upper two floors

Ferrocement Channel 3000mm aluminium DGU sliding window

Terracotta panel facade

It can withstand stress and resists breaking and chipping very effectively.

600 mm RCC beam

Planter with earth filling Earth filling Gravel Cinder

Granite sill at 600 mm from ffl

Granite clad arched collonade

Waterproofing Slab

Terracotta tiles Facade module 6 x 4 m, along cores

Chipped granite Highly durable stone with undulating rough texture, it requires very little maintainance.

Glazing with louvres Facade module 6 x 4 m north facing walls

Elevation

200 KR Market Redevelopment

PCC 1:4:8 Gravel Sand Rammed on earth

Granite flooring and plinth at 450 mm

Waste Management

Restaurants

Compost Compost area

Restaurants Compost Loading Dock

Lvl -900

Cut flowers

Lvl +1800 Lvl +300

Lvl -900

Lvl -900

Lvl +300

Lvl +600

Lvl +3000

Greens Plaza Vegetables Market

Lvl +1800

Lvl +300 Lvl +00

Re c wo ycled r k sho pro Lvl -900 du ps c

Lvl -900

Lvl +3000

Temporary drying area Dock Loading

t

Cut flowers

Lvl -900

Loose flower Market

Lvl +300

Lvl +300

Lvl +600 Cut Flowers Lvl +00

Lvl -900

Verticle chute

Greens Plaza VegetablesBazaar Street Market

Cut Flower waste generated at stalls

Lvl + 300

Lvl +00

In built collection area in stalls

Flowers sorted by type and grade

Cold storage

Cut stems, waste vegetables, waste paper

Sent to compost facility

Collection point

Lvl +300

Transport to waste collection point

Service path

Segregated into - Loose flower Flowers, Leaves, CutMarket Stems, Waste vegetables, Waste paper Separated for: Potpourri, Beadmaking, Gulal making, recycled paper.

Drying area

Cut Flowers Lvl +00 packaged Manure

Sold to farmers who come to drop vegetables for sale

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22 Lvl -900

201

Passive Strategies

Site Level

Blocks placed such that maximum natural ventilation is ensured, as well as comfortability in the open courts. Radiation is cut down withing the courts - shaded from south and west

Massing Level

To further reduce the heat gain of the envelope, the massing formed multiple courts and was extruded in and out. This creates a comfortable microclimate within each for informal vending

Facade Level

To reduce glare and heat on the upper levels, double facade is provided - jaali like that encourages wind flow.

Lower floors - kept open. Shaded by semi open collonade.

202 KR Market Redevelopment

Active Strategies

Solar Panel and Electricity generation

Rainwater Harvesting

Total Electrical

44,000 x 15.5

Potential Water Harvested Calculation :

lighting load :

= 6,82,000 watts 682 KW

Total Site

33,700 sqm

Area:

Annual Rainfall:

877 mm

Run-off

Roof = 0.9

co-efficient :

Potential Electricity Generated via PV Panels Calculation : Estimated Roof area:

15577 sqm

Available Roof area:

7461 sqm

Area req. for 4kw Solar

29.8 sqm

PV System No. of systems that can installed Total Electricity generated :

Estimated Estimated Greens area:

7461/29.8

Estimated

= 257 units 257 x 4 = 1028 KW

15,577 sqm

Roof area:

Paved area:

8000 sqm 10123 sqm

surpasses site requirement Total rainwater harvested on site : = 21,500 Kilo Litre / Year

Paved = 0.8 Greens = 0.3

Water harvested

15577 x 0.9 x 877

on Roof area:

= 12294 Kilo Litre / Year

Water harvested

8000 x 0.3 x 877

in Green area:

= 2104 Kilo Litre / Year

Water harvested

10123 x 0.8 x 877

in paved area:

= 7102 Kilo Litre / Year

Total water load/demand : = 230 Kilo Litre / day = 83950 Kilo Litre / year

Akshita Kabra | Thesis ‘22

203

Baldwin, E., n.d. Architectural Drawings: 8 Green

s.l.:s.n.

Roofs in Section, s.l.: s.n.

Precht, C., 2014. The Third Place, s.l.: s.n.

Cement and Concrete Association of Australia, 2003. Guide to Long-Span Concrete Floors, s.l.:

The Architectural League and Center for an Urban

s.n.

Future, 2015. Re-Envisioning Branch Libraries. s.l., s.n.

Demco, 2012. Zoning. Demco Ideas and

Bhan, N. (2018). informal retail — Emerging Futures Lab.

Inspiration.

[online] Nitibhan.com. URL: http://nitibhan.com/tag/ informal-retail/

Desigigning Libraries, 2012. Reimagining the

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The jury acknowledged that the project was interesting and challenging.

They appreciated the tackling of the scale of the project and commented

Jury Comments

that it seamed effortless. The efforts to detail the project from the urban scale to the module scale were appreciated. The program additions made with respect to the existing proposal were agreed upon.

External Jury: Ar. Amit Behl, DAAT Architects

The jury was concerned about the tackling of the waste management issues created in such organic markets and appreciated the effort made. The relationships between the formal and informal as well as the placemaking strategies were appreciated. The heritage response also was commented on as appropriate.

The jury commented that the form could have been more exaggerated, but appreciated the attempt made to be iconic.

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KR MARKET REDEVELOPMENT the new age city market

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