Architectural Dissertation | CLIMATE

DISSERTATION ON “CLIMATE RESPONSIVE HOUSING”

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

SUBMITTED BY: AKSHAY SINGH

GUIDED BY: AR. O.P GUPTA

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE DR. K.N. MODI UNIVERSITY NEWAI-304021 2019

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE DR. K.N. MODI UNIVERSITY NEWAI – 304021

CERTIFICATE In the partial fulfilment of the B. ARCH degree program, this is to certify that AKSHAY SINGH has worked on the Dissertation project entitled.

“CLIMATE RESPONSIVE HOUSING” As a research-based project under our guidance and supervision

Ar. O.P Gupta Dissertation guide

External Examiner

Principal

Acknowledgement After an intensive period of six months, today is the day; writing this note of thanks is the finishing touch on my dissertation. It has been a period of immense enlightenment for me, not only in the architectural arena, but also on a personal state of being. Writing this dissertation has had a big impact on me. I would like to reflect on the people who have supported and helped me so much to achieve this end. I would like to first thank my colleagues from my batch and the internships I’ve been a part of, then there are a few mindful friends of life who have always inspired me to take-up challenging ventures, which find a place in my heart, always in life.

I would particularly like to single out my supervisor, guide and mentor to my University days, Ar. O.P Gupta, I want to thank you for your excellent cooperation and for all of the opportunities I was given to conduct my research. In addition, I would also like to thank all my professors, Ar. Pramod Kumar Jain, Ar. Abhay Upadhyay, Ar. Lalu Yadav and Ar. Awadhesh Narayan. You all definitely provided me with tools that I needed to choose the right direction and successfully complete my dissertation.

I would also, in general, thank everyone whoever I’ve crossed paths with because directly or indirectly everyone has contributed by providing their own perceptions and opinions. Last but not the end, a heart full of gratitude for my parents who have always been there with their wise console and moral support.

Thank you, everyone!

AKSHAY SINGH December 6th, 2019

DR. K. N. MODI UNIVERSITY

2019

CLIMATE RTESPONSIVE HOUSING

ABSTRACT Housing is closely associated to the process of overall socio-economic development. It provides shelter and raises the quality of life. It generates conditions which are congenial to the achievement of social objectives such as health, sanitation and education. It provides employment opportunities to the rural and urban people. Moreover, it helps to improve urban rural equality by narrowing down the difference in the standard of living. Thus, housing performs multiple functions including many social needs of the household.

Climate is the average weather condition of meteorological variables such as temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation in a place over long periods of time, the standard average period being 30 years. The climate of a region is determined by the climate system consisting of five components namely: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, altitude and water bodies. The design of pleasant buildings that ensure physiological comfort of users is achieved only through an understanding of the climate and environment (the adjacent system) and the human responsive systems. The climate calls for design solutions that can vitiate the cold and biting winds while providing a cool respite from the intense heat of the mid-day sun. The impact of solar heat is enormous and has to be contended with in achieving comfortable interiors. In warm-humid conditions two main requirements are necessary for the physiological comfort of users: these are thermal insulation and cross ventilation.

There have been changes in the climate of the earth during the planet's history, with events ranging from ice ages to long periods of warmth. These have largely been due to natural factors such as volcanic eruptions, changes in the earth's orbit, and the amount of energy released from the sun. Human activities have also changed the composition of the atmosphere and therefore are influencing the earth's climate. The burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil has caused the concentrations of heat trapping greenhouse gases to increase significantly in the atmosphere. The gases prevent heat from escaping to space and thus have precipitated global warming.

This paper examines the development of sustainable architecture and housing according to different climatic zones in India. It asserts the need for energy-efficient housing design strategies to achieve sustainability in housing and towards attaining of a humane and responsive environment. Sustainability in the built environment involves minimizing negative impacts on the environment and is achieved through minimizing climate change, reducing pollution and improving air quality and health, and thus creating sustainable settlements.

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AIM The aim of this paper is to identify and solve the problems in response of the climate of the area for Residential Buildings.

OBJECTIVE • • • •

To study about current Housing Design Methodology.

To study about problems faced due to climatic condition of the area in architecture character of the building.

To find out some relevant solution in term of climate response for Housing Projects.

To develop some design methodology to solve design problems occurs due to climate and surrounding.

SCOPE To study and analyze the Climate responsive Architecture for Housing Projects will help our design for future. Development in this field of architecture so as to find out full potential of the structures in terms of design as well as in climate and surrounding aspects.

LIMITATION The design problems and their solutions are varying according to different climatic zones and surrounding of the site. This paper deals mainly with Composite Climatic Zone.

METHODOLOGY

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CLIMATE RTESPONSIVE HOUSING

CONTENTS 1.

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.

HISTORICITY ............................................................................................................................ 6

1.2.

HOUSING ................................................................................................................................. 8

1.3.

HOUSING SCENARIO IN INDIA ................................................................................................. 8

1.4.

CHALLENGES OF PROVIDING HOUSING PROGRAMS ............................................................ 10

1.5.

CURRENT AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROGRAMS .................................................................... 10

1.6.

CURRENT AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROGRAMS- Minimum Sizes of Dwelling Units ............. 11

1.7.

EWS/LIG HOUSING DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS ................................................................. 12

1.8.

CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN CRITERIAS ............................................................................ 13

1.9.

MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN AFFAIRS...................................................................... 15

1.10.

HIGH RISE BUILDING ......................................................................................................... 16

1.11.

NEED AND CONSEQUENCES .............................................................................................. 16

1.12.

CLIMATE RESPONSIVE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS OF DESIGN................................................... 21

2.

CLIMATE ........................................................................................................................................ 18

3.

CLIMATIC ZONES OF INDIA............................................................................................................ 23

4.

5.

3.1.

Hot and Dry Climate-......................................................................................................... 23

3.2.

Warm and Humid Climate- ............................................................................................... 28

3.3.

MODERATE CLIMATE ........................................................................................................ 32

3.4.

COLD AND CLOUDY, AND COLD AND SUNNY CLIMATES .................................................. 34

3.5.

COMPOSITE CLIMATE........................................................................................................ 37

COMPOSITE CLIMATE.................................................................................................................... 39 4.1.

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 39

4.2.

DESIGN PARAMETER ............................................................................................................. 42

4.3.

OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS ................................................................................................ 47

4.4.

VEGETATION USED FOR COMPOSITE CLIMATE (LANDSCAPING) .......................................... 49

LITERATURE STUDY ....................................................................................................................... 54 5.1.

KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENT/ CHARLES CORREA (MUMBAI) ............................................ 54

5.2.

THE STREET / SANJAY PURI ARCHITECTS (MATHURA) .......................................................... 57

5.3.

PALI PALMS / SEZA (MUMBAI) .............................................................................................. 59

5.4.

YAMUNA APARTMENTS (DELHI) ........................................................................................... 63

6.

ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................................... 66

7.

CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 67

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................................................... 69

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Growth of rural and urban population in india........................................................................ 9 Figure 2: skyline of delhi ....................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 3: GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE PROCESS OF DESIGN ................................................ 21 Figure 4: THE IDEAL CLIMATIC DESIGN: SUCCESSIVE MODULATION OF AMBIENT CONDITIONS SO AS TO BRING INTERNAL CONDITIONS WITHIN THE COMFORT ZONE ....................................................... 22 Figure 5: tropical lines ........................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 6: layers of atmosphere ............................................................................................................. 19 Figure 7: mountain barrier .................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 8: warm currents ........................................................................................................................ 21 Figure 9: cold currents .......................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 10: different climatic zones in india ........................................................................................... 23 Figure 11: landform............................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 12: landform............................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 13: impact of waterbody ............................................................................................................ 25 Figure 14: small width of height ratio cuts off sun and light ................................................................ 25 Figure 15 impact of openings................................................................................................................ 26 Figure 16: orientation ........................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 17: roof form ............................................................................................................................. 27 Figure 18: radiation due to openings in different directions ............................................................... 28 Figure 19: openings ............................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 20: landform............................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 21: built-form ............................................................................................................................. 29 Figure 22: elongated plans for maximum cross ventilation ................................................................. 30 Figure 23: orientation ........................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 24: wall design for fenestration ................................................................................................. 31 Figure 25: fenestration.......................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 26: fenestration and openings ................................................................................................... 32 Figure 27: airflow on the windward slope ............................................................................................ 33 Figure 28: landform............................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 29: built-form ............................................................................................................................. 35 Figure 30: street width and orientation................................................................................................ 35 Figure 31: orientation ........................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 32 table showing annual rainfall and average teperature......................................................... 38 Figure 33 CLIMATIC DATA OF DELHI ..................................................................................................... 40 Figure 34 WIND DATA ........................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 35: mechanical load for cooling and heating ............................................................................. 41 Figure 36: annual cooling and heating load .......................................................................................... 41 Figure 37: heat gain and air exchange .................................................................................................. 42 Figure 38: building orientation (north-east and south-west) ............................................................... 42 Figure 39: courtyard.............................................................................................................................. 43 Figure 40: building form and orientation.............................................................................................. 43 Figure 41: horizontal and vertical shadow angle are used for designing vertical and horizontal shading respectively.............................................................................................................................. 44 Figure 42 shading angles ....................................................................................................................... 45 Figure 43: shading devices andle .......................................................................................................... 45 Figure 44: single glazing glass ............................................................................................................... 46 Figure 45: double glazing glass ............................................................................................................. 46

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Figure 46: table shows the cooling and heating load in summer and winter....................................... 48 Figure 47: improvement in the performance of the non-conditioned building due to building design .............................................................................................................................................................. 49 Figure 48: Vegetation can be used for shading, altering the microclimate and modifying the wind direction. Selecting the appropriate variety of plantation and its placement are key factors that determine how well the vegetation will serve its intended purpose ................................................... 50 Figure 49: Indian trees suitable for wind-break.................................................................................... 52 Figure 50: creepers are flexible shading devices for shading verandahs and interior spaces as per the season ................................................................................................................................................... 52 Figure 51: deciduous tree allow sun penetration in winter and block sun access during summer ..... 53 Figure 52: kanchanjunga apartment ..................................................................................................... 54 Figure 53: site plan ................................................................................................................................ 55 Figure 54: heat impact and ventilation ................................................................................................. 55 Figure 55: types of apartments ............................................................................................................. 56 Figure 56: plan of apartments .............................................................................................................. 56 Figure 57: the street (elevation) ........................................................................................................... 57 Figure 58: elevation .............................................................................................................................. 57 Figure 59: bay window view ................................................................................................................. 57 Figure 60: site location and sun path .................................................................................................... 58 Figure 61: elevation and sections ......................................................................................................... 58 Figure 62: pali oalms elevation ............................................................................................................. 59 Figure 63: site plan ................................................................................................................................ 59 Figure 64: interior ................................................................................................................................. 60 Figure 65: typical floor plan .................................................................................................................. 60 Figure 66: terrace floor plan ................................................................................................................. 61 Figure 67: east side elevation ............................................................................................................... 62 Figure 68: south side elevation ............................................................................................................. 62 Figure 69: VIEW ..................................................................................................................................... 63 Figure 70: VIEWS ................................................................................................................................... 64 Figure 71: PLAN ..................................................................................................................................... 65 Figure 72 analysis .................................................................................................................................. 66

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1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. HISTORICITY The term “shelter,” which is often used to define housing, has a strong connection to the ultimate purpose of housing throughout the world. The mental image of a shelter is of a safe, secure place that provides both privacy and protection from the elements and the temperature extremes of the outside world.

Preurban Housing Early dwelling designs were probably the result of cultural, socioeconomic, and physical forces intrinsic to the environment of their inhabitants. The housing similarities among civilizations separated by vast distances may have been a result of a shared heritage, common influences, or chance.

Caves were accepted as dwellings, perhaps because they were ready made and required little or no construction. However, in areas with no caves, simple shelters were constructed and adapted to the availability of resources and the needs of the population. Classification systems have been developed to demonstrate how dwelling types evolved in preurban indigenous settings.

Ephemeral Dwellings Ephemeral dwellings, also known as transient dwellings, were typical of nomadic peoples. The African bushmen and Australia’s aborigines are examples of societies whose existence depends on an economy of hunting and food gathering in its simple form. Habitation of an ephemeral dwelling is generally a matter of days.

Episodic Dwellings Episodic housing is exemplified by the Inuit igloo, the tents of the Tungus of eastern Siberia, and the very similar tents of the Lapps of northern Europe. These groups are more sophisticated than those living in ephemeral dwellings, tend to be more skilled in hunting or fishing, inhabit a dwelling for a period of weeks, and have a greater effect on the environment. These groups also construct communal housing and often practice slash-and-burn cultivation, which is the least productive use of cropland and has a greater environmental impact than the hunting and gathering of ephemeral dwellers.

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Periodic Dwellings Periodic dwellings are also defined as regular temporary dwellings used by nomadic tribal societies living in a pastoral economy. This type of housing is reflected in the yurt used by the Mongolian and Kirgizian groups and the Bedouins of North Africa and western Asia. These groups’ dwellings essentially demonstrate the next step in the evolution of housing, which is linked to societal development.

Pastoral nomads are distinguished from people living in episodic dwellings by their homogenous cultures and the beginnings of political organization. Their environmental impact increases with their increased dependence on agriculture rather than livestock.

Seasonal Dwellings Schoenauer describes seasonal dwellings as reflective of societies that are tribal in nature, seminomadic, and based on agricultural pursuits that are both pastoral and marginal. Housing used by seminomads for several months or for a season can be considered semisedentary and reflective of the advancement of the concept of property, which is lacking in the preceding societies. This concept of property is primarily of communal property, as opposed to individual or personal property. This type of housing is found in diverse environmental conditions and is demonstrated in North America by the hogans and armadas of the Navajo Indians. Similar housing can be found in Tanzania (Barabaig) and in Kenya and Tanzania (Masai).

Semi-permanent Dwellings According to Schoenauer, sedentary folk societies or hoe peasants practicing subsistence agriculture by cultivating staple crops use semi-permanent dwellings.

These groups tend to live in their dwellings various amounts of time, usually years, as defined by their crop yields. When land needs to lie fallow, they move to more fertile areas. Groups in the Americas that used semi-permanent dwellings included the Mayans with their oval houses and the Hopi, Zuni, and Acoma Indians in the southwestern United States with their pueblos.

Permanent Dwellings The homes of sedentary agricultural societies, whose political and social organizations are defined as nations and who possess surplus agricultural products, exemplify this type of dwelling. Surplus agricultural products allowed the division of labor and the introduction of other pursuits aside from food production; however, agriculture is still the primary occupation for a significant portion of the population. Although they occurred at different points in time, examples of early sedentary agricultural housing can be found in English cottages, such as the Suffolk, Cornwall, and Kent cottages.

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1.2. HOUSING Housing is a basic human need, with importance next only to food and clothes.

It is important not only for human well-being but also for the economic benefits to the household and the nation. This has been widely recognized at national and international platforms.

Thus, housing is one of the most essential basic needs of all human beings and a civilized society. Housing is a source of strength and satisfaction, an indicator of the wellbeing and achievement of a member of society. It is rightly said that housing is a launch pad for the economic development of human beings, society and the country.

Housing in India is diverse due to the social, economic and cultural diversity of its population and diverse climatic conditions across India. One of the urbanization challenges in India has been the wide disparities in housing between the affluent, middle-income and low-income segments of the population. Most of the economically weaker segments of the urban population in India live in slums. A “slum” is typically a heavily populated urban area with substandard housing. They could be vast informal settlements with buildings varying from simple shacks to well-maintained structures. Often, they lack basic services. They are becoming the most visible manifestation of urban poverty in India and the developing world cities. (UN-Habitat, 2007). Approximately 24% of the total population in Indian cities (million + population) lives in the slums. 10% of the total population in Bangalore, Karnataka, lives in slums and 54% of the total population in Greater Mumbai lives in slums (Source: Census India 2001)

1.3. HOUSING SCENARIO IN INDIA India is unfavorably placed as far as land man ratio is concerned. Global ranking of India in population is second after than one sixth of world population lives in India. It is projected that by 2025, India will be most populous country in the world surpassing China.

The demand for housing is a product of two variables. First and foremost is the primary need that is driven by increasing population. Larger the population, larger will be the demand for housing. The growth rate of population during 2001-11 was 17.64 per cent. The simple logic says that the housing demand during this period must increase by this rate assuming other factors as constant. The growth rate of population during the 2001-11 decade was the lowest one but that does not mean that growth rate of demand for housing was lowered down during this period. The other factors of demand for housing are more powerful. Further, in the current scenario, population growth is actually occurring among the younger 4 age groups which enjoy a higher per capita income. This age group is largely responsible for urbanization and thus also nuclear families. All this leads to a higher demand for housing.

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Secondly, economic growth and the consequent migration of rural population to urban areas is another factor for the increasing housing demand. With economic development, the national income and the per capita income increase. The income elasticity of demand for the housing is very high and with rise in income, the demand for housing has increased substantially. Urbanization changes the preferences of the people. It gives shape to more nuclear families causing a perceptible decrease in the house hold size. Further, with rise in standard of living, the people preference for the housing also changes. Finally, increasing affordability has driven households to invest in larger houses, thereby increasing area requirement as they shift into a higher income class.

FIGURE 1: GROWTH OF RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION IN INDIA

The table given above shows the growth of urban as well as rural population during the year 1991-2011. The growth rate of population during 1991-2001 was 21.55 per cent. Against this, the urban population increased by 31.8 per cent whereas the rural population increased by 18 per cent. Thus, urban population has increased by a higher rate than the rural population. Similar trend is also visible during 2001-11. The overall growth rate of population during this period is 17.62 per cent whereas the urban population has increased by 32 per cent against rural population which increased by 12.26 per cent. The study helps one to conclude that the demand for urban housing is likely to increase faster than demand for rural housing. The table given above shows the growth of urban as well as rural population during the year 1991-2011. The growth rate of population during 19912001 was 21.55 per cent. Against this, the urban population increased by 31.8 per cent whereas the rural population increased by 18 per cent. Thus, urban population has increased by a higher rate than the rural population. Similar trend is also visible during 2001-11. The overall growth rate of population during this period is 17.62 per cent whereas the urban population has increased by 32 per cent against rural population which increased by 12.26 per cent. The study helps one to conclude that the demand for urban housing is likely to increase faster than demand for rural housing.

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The spurt in growth of urban population in the country is due to a number of reasons. Migration to urban area is taking place at a fast speed because of development process. With higher pace of development, one will witness a greater flow of people from rural to urban areas. The second reason for rising urbanization is inclusion of new areas under urban areas. With rise in population and basic amenities, the small towns, which were earlier tagged as rural have now become the urban one. Lastly, there is natural increase in urban population meaning that in normal course the urban population also increases due to natural growth of population. Of course, the natural growth of urban population will be less than the natural growth of rural population.

1.4. CHALLENGES OF PROVIDING HOUSING PROGRAMS Most of the housing programs include an inclusive approach to providing housing and basic services for the lower income and economically weaker sections. Due to the various problems faced by these groups, there is low utilization of existing services and programs available for these groups. Often there are delays in project implementation and delays in rehabilitating the existing population and convincing the existing population to shift to the new housing.

Often, the beneficiaries preferred to rent out the units they were allotted. The allotment of the units depends on the ability to access entitlements from the government. Often, the allotments are not equitable. To further build on previous initiatives, Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) was announced. RAY aims at creating slumfree cities and under RAY, central assistance is extended to states that are willing to meet certain conditions. Some of these conditions include assigning property rights to slum dwellers, reserving land for economically weaker sections and lower income groups and earmarking 25% of municipal budget for basic services to the urban poor/slum dwellers, and bringing in legislative amendments and policy changes to redress land and affordable housing shortages for the urban poor.

(Pani, Iyer, 2013).

1.5. CURRENT AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROGRAMS A number of housing policies for the economically weaker and lower income segments and local byelaws for various townships were reviewed for criteria and requirements for housing for the economically weaker and lower income segments. A summary of the criteria is included. The policies and byelaws specify the following for these housing developments: - minimum plot area and width - minimum carpet area or floor area - minimum cost per square foot or per unit - minimum amount of subsidy for each unit - income criteria for various types of units

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- percentage of land or FAR to be reserved for these housing developments - maximum density and maximum size of the housing development - amenities and facilities like water supply, sewage facilities etc. as upgrading elements The requirements and criteria are varied and differ from policy to policy and state to state. There are no consistent eligibility criteria or requirements for these housing developments. The minimum floor areas and the minimum size of a unit vary from policy to policy.

Income Levels The various income segments of the population are classified according to their income levels as follows: EWS (Economically Weaker Section) – The maximum income or income ceiling for the „Economically Weaker Section‟ category is Rs.5,000 per month LIG (Lower Income Group) - The maximum income or income ceiling for the „Lower Income Group‟ category is Rs.7,300 per month MIG (Middle Income Group) - The maximum income or income ceiling for the „Middle Income Group‟ category is Rs.14,500 per month HIG (Higher Income Group) - The minimum income or income ceiling for the „Middle Income Group‟ category is above Rs.14,500 per month (Jones Lang La Salle, 2012). Most National and Local housing programs for the economically weaker and lower income segments of the population are for the EWS and LIG categories. The EWS and LIG categories are helpful to determine the eligibility for various housing programs, the eligibility for the appropriate housing subsidies and the eligibility for housing loans.

There is also a category of population that is below poverty line (BPL). BPL is an economic benchmark and poverty threshold used by the Government of India to indicate economic disadvantage and to identify individuals and households in need of government assistance and aid. It is determined using various parameters which vary from state to state and within states (Source: Wikipedia and Moyna, 2011)

1.6. CURRENT AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROGRAMSMinimum Sizes of Dwelling Units The National Building Code recommends the following minimum sizes of a habitable EWS/LIG dwelling unit (du): EWS (Economically Weaker Section) – 21 to 27 square meters carpet area LIG (Lower Income Group) – 28 to 40 square meters carpet area Carpet Area is defined as the area between the walls. Built-up Area is defined as the Carpet Area + area occupied by walls, doors of the unit.

Superbuiltup Area is defined as Carpet area + terrace + balconies + areas occupied by walls + area occupied by common/shared construction (e.g. lift, stairs, club house, etc.). Generally, builders use loading factor on carpet area to arrive at superbuiltup area. Saleable Area is generally superbuiltup area Gross Floor Area (GFA) is a real estate term referring to the total floor area inside the building envelope, including the external walls, and excluding the roof.

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1.7. EWS/LIG HOUSING DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS CURRENT DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS FOR EWS/LIG HOUSINGThe minimum current development standards based on various municipal byelaws, housing regulations, schemes and policies analyzed in Appendix I are as follows. All the regulations, byelaws and policies do not include all the criteria listed below. Only some criteria are included in each byelaw, regulation or policy: Location: less than 20 kilometers Project Size: None specified Dwelling Density: 250 units per hectare = 100 units per acre Land Area: No Minimum specified Total land area to be reserved for EWS/LIG units is recommended as follows: - a percentage of the total area for residential uses - a percentage of the entire area for a township/development including and excluding roads - a percentage of the total number of units proposed - a percentage of the total FAR proposed Composition: specifies that the units to be built for EWS units only or a combination of EWS/LIG units; There are no specific requirements whether the units should be one room or 1 BHK or 2 BHK units.

Plot Size: Minimum 20 square meters. No specific information is provided whether the area specified is for carpet area, built up area, superbuilt up area or saleable area.

Frontage: Minimum 3 meters Unit Size: Minimum 12.5 square meters. No specific information is provided whether the area specified is for carpet area, built up area, superbuilt up area or saleable area Unit Width: Minimum 2.5 meters Unit Type: No specific information regarding whether the units should be one room, one – bedroom or two-bedroom units.

Height: Minimum 2.6 meters at the roof and 2 meters at the eaves Internal Volume: 2,250 cubic feet = 63.7 cubic meters Road Width: Minimum 7.5 meters Room Sizes:

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Single Habitable Room – 12.5 square meters, Two Rooms – Main Habitable Room – 9 square meters, Second Room – 6.5 square meters Combined bathroom and WC – 2.8 square meters Bath – 1.8 square meters WC – 0.9 square meters Sale Price: Rs 750/square feet or Rs. 7500/ square meter Unit Sale Price: Rs.100,000 per unit Density – 100 units per acre Structure: None specified

1.8. CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN CRITERIAS LAND FORM (Orientation, Street, Air movement)A landform is a natural or artificial feature of the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body. Landforms together make up a given terrain, and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography. Typical landforms include hills, mountains, plateaus, canyons, and valleys, as well as shoreline features such as bays, peninsulas, and seas.

VEGETATION (Ground character, Humidity)Vegetation is an assemblage of plant species and the ground cover they provide.

WATER BODIES (Air temperature, Humidity, Radiation)A body of water forming a physiographical feature, for example a sea or a reservoir.

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OPEN SPACESIn land use planning, urban open space is open space areas for "parks," "green spaces," and other open areas. The landscape of urban open spaces can range from playing fields to highly maintained environments to relatively natural landscapes.

BUILT FORM (Plan Form, Plan Elements, Building Orientation)The form of the building of structure.

ROOF FORM (also includes material)The shape and outer form of the roof.

FENESTRATION (Fenestration Orientation, Fenestration Control)The design, construction, or presence of openings in a building.

WALLS (material and finishes)A wall is a structure that defines an area, carries a load; provides security, shelter, or soundproofing; or is decorative.

EXTERNAL COLOUR AND TEXTUREThe colour and texture of the external surface of structure, which modifies the temperature and living environment of the internal spaces.

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1.9. MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN AFFAIRS Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), Government of India, is the apex body for formulation and administration of the rules and regulations and laws relating to the housing and urban development in India. The ministry was under the charge of Venkaiah Naidu and was given to Hardeep Singh Puri when Naidu was elected Vice President of India. The Ministry became independent from Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation in 2004, but was re-merged with it in 2017.

Attached Offices •

Central Public Works Department (CPWD)

•

Directorate of Estates

•

Directorate of Printing

•

Land & Development Office

Subordinate Offices •

Town & Country Planning Organization

•

Stationery Office

•

Department of Publication

Schemes • • • • • •

Smart Cities HRIDAY AMRUT Rajiv Awas Yojna Indira Awas Yojna Swachh Bharat Mission

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1.10. HIGH RISE BUILDING A high-rise building is essentially a building with a small footprint, small roof area, and very tall facades. And what differentiates it from the conventional low rise and medium rise buildings is that it needs special engineering systems due to its height. Later, a better definition was coined: “A high-rise is any structure where the height can have a significant impact on evacuation.”

FIGURE 2: SKYLINE OF DELHI

1.11. NEED AND CONSEQUENCES Tall buildings are built out of necessity as one of a wide range of tools to achieve high density development. They provide the opportunity to control urban sprawl with their relatively small foot print. Identifying what unique characteristics a tall building brings could be represented in the need for a particular built formthe concentration of activity- the proximity to important facilities for large numbers of people which is more than “image” and being a more sustainable form of development. The positive and negative influences through development by high-rise towers and tall building could be evaluated within certain factors including (Social- Environmental- Economical- Safety).

Indian cities are witnessing immense demographic expansion due to migration from surrounding villages, leading to urban sprawl, housing demand, rise in cost offland. Many citizens all over India migrate to the cities for better jobs and education. Industries, trade and commerce activities and number of educational centres in cities attract floating population from all their surrounding villages and districts. This has expanded the cities in all directions and all aspects of development. With an urban sprawl of kilometers, these face the problems of congestion, pollution, everyday commuting to work place, competition, deforestation etc.

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The development can be categorized in four categories considering different philosophy: High Rise with High Density; High Rise with Low Density; Low Rise with High Density; and Low Rise with Low Density.

In India, a building greater than 75ft (23 m), generally 7 to 10 stories, is considered as high-rise. Also, a building is considered to be high-rise when it extends higher than the maximum reach available to fire fighters. According to the building code of India, a tall building is one with four floors or more or a highrise building is one 15 meters or more in height.

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2. CLIMATE Climate is the weather of a place averaged over a period of time, often 30 years. Climate information includes the statistical weather information that tells us about the normal weather, as well as the range of weather extremes for a location.

We talk about climate change in terms of years, decades, and centuries.

Scientists study climate to look for trends or cycles of variability, such as the changes in wind patterns, ocean surface temperatures and precipitation over the equatorial Pacific that result in El Niño and La Niña, and also to place cycles or other phenomena into the bigger picture of possible longer term or more permanent climate changes.

Factors affecting climate: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Latitude Altitude Distance from the sea Mountain Barriers Ocean Currents Prevailing Winds

Latitude- The definition of latitude is the measurement of a part of the Earth in relation to the north or south of the Earth's equator or the amount of freedom someone is given to deviate from a normal thought pattern or behavior. An example of latitude is a measurement of distance from the equator.

FIGURE 3: TROPICAL LINES

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Altitude- Altitude, like elevation, is the distance above sea level. Areas are often considered "high-altitude" if they reach at least 2,400 meters (8,000 feet) into the atmosphere.

As altitude rises, air pressure drops. In other words, if the indicated altitude is high, the air pressure is low.

This happens for two reasons. The first reason is gravity. Earth's gravity pulls air as close to the surface as possible.

The second reason is density. As altitude increases, the amount of gas molecules in the air decreases—the air becomes less dense than air nearer to sea level. This is what meteorologists and mountaineers mean by "thin air." Thin air exerts less pressure than air at a lower altitude.

FIGURE 4: LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE

Distance from Sea- Regions closer to the sea coasts have marine influence hence the climate has moderating influence of the sea.

Interior areas don’t have maritime influence hence they have an extreme climate.

For example, the area of North India which is far away from the sea has an extreme type of climate The area of south India which is nearer to the sea has an equable type of climate.

Delhi has a yearly variation of 20 degrees while Mumbai temperature doesn’t vary more than 5 degrees Celsius.

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Mountain Barriers- Mountain ranges also affect the climate of any region to a great extent.

India is separated from rest of Asia by the impenetrable wall of Himalayas which has an average height of 6000m.

These ranges protect India from bitterly cold and dry winds from the Siberian region during the winter.

Without this wall, India would have been a cold desert.

Further, these mountains also check rain-bearing South-West Monsoon winds and compel them to shed their moisture in India.

Similarly, Western Ghats force rain-bearing winds to cause heavy rainfall on the Western slopes of the Western Ghats.

FIGURE 5: MOUNTAIN BARRIER

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Ocean Current- It is a continuous movement of ocean water from one place to another, ocean currents are created by wind, water temperature and salt content, gravitational pull of Sun and Moon.

Two types of ocean current• •

Cold Ocean current Warm Ocean current

FIGURE 7: COLD CURRENTS

FIGURE 6: WARM CURRENTS

2.1. CLIMATE RESPONSIVE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS OF DESIGN Relationship between built-form and the environment should become the driving force behind this scientific process, based on a scientific methodology.

Available tools of analysis allow critical performance and evaluation of built and overall space network. It seems logical to develop a process, almost in the form of an algorithm, which will help find the optimal form/solution for a given set of requirements and constraints. Evidently based on a design hypothesis, it is possible to generate a set of solutions the optimal solution can be arrived at.

However, the reverse is not true. Given a case by deductive inference the unique possible result (the performance characteristics of the given hypothesis). If instead, one defines the required result (the performance FIGURE 8: GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE characteristics) there does not exist a mode of PROCESS OF DESIGN inference by which, using a rule (a specific algorithm) one may determine uniquely the case (the design solution).

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The idea of climatically responsive design is to modulate the conditions such that they are always within or as close as possible to the comfort zone. The ambient conditions over 24 hours period is shown graphically in figure.

FIGURE 9: THE IDEAL CLIMATIC DESIGN: SUCCESSIVE MODULATION OF AMBIENT CONDITIONS SO AS TO BRING INTERNAL CONDITIONS WITHIN THE COMFORT ZONE

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3. CLIMATIC ZONES OF INDIA

FIGURE 10: DIFFERENT CLIMATIC ZONES IN INDIA

3.1.

Hot and Dry Climate-

The hot and dry climate is characterized by very high radiation levels and ambient temperatures, accompanied by low relative humidity. Therefore, it is desirable to keep the heat out of the building, and if possible, increase the humidity level. Example- Jaisalmer. The design objectives accordingly are: Resisting Heat GainHeat gain can be resisted by: • • • • •

Decreasing the surface of the building exposed outside.

Using materials that take a longer time to heat up.

Providing buffer spaces between the living areas and the outside.

Decreasing ventilation during daytime in the summers.

Providing adequate shading devices.

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Promoting heat loss: Some measures to promote heat loss are: • • • •

Providing for ventilation of various appliance used.

Increasing ventilation during cooler parts of the day or night time.

Providing evaporative cooling (e.g. roof surface evaporative cooling).

Using earth coupling systems like earth-air pipes.

SITE LANDFORM • •

Regions in this zone are generally flat and heat up uniformly.

In case of an undulating site, construction on leeward side of the slope is preferred.

This protects the building from direct impact of hot winds which can be quite uncomfortable.

FIGURE 11: LANDFORM

•

Building in a depression is preferable in cases where ventilation is assured.

FIGURE 12: LANDFORM

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WATERBODIES •

Waterbodies like ponds and lakes act as heat sinks and can also be used for evaporative cooling. They humid the air and make it comfortable inside.

FIGURE 13: IMPACT OF WATERBODY

STREET WIDTH AND ORIENTATION •

Streets must be narrow so that they cause mutual shading of buildings. They need to be oriented in the north-south direction to block solar radiation.

FIGURE 14: SMALL WIDTH OF HEIGHT RATIO CUTS OFF SUN AND LIGHT

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OPEN SPACES AND BUILT FORM •

Open spaces such as courtyards and atria are beneficial as they promote ventilation. In addition, they can be provided with ponds and fountains for evaporative cooling. Courtyards act as heat sinks during the day and radiate the heat back to the ambient at night. The size of the courtyards should be such that the mid-morning and the hot afternoon sun are avoided. Grass can be used as ground cover to absorb solar radiation and aid evaporative cooling.

FIGURE 15 IMPACT OF OPENINGS

ORIENTATION AND PLANFORM An east-west orientation (i.e. longer axis along the east-west), should be preferred. This is due to the fact that south and north facing walls are easier to shade than east and west walls. It may be noted that during summer, it is the north wall which gets significant exposure to solar radiation in most parts of India, leading to very high temperatures in north-west rooms. For example, in Jodhpur, rooms facing north-west can attain a maximum temperature exceeding 38 ºC. Hence, shading of the north wall is imperative. The surface to volume (S/V) ratio should be kept as minimum as possible to reduce heat gains. Cross-ventilation must be ensured at night as ambient temperatures during this period are low.

FIGURE 16: ORIENTATION

BUILDING ENVELOPE a) Roof: The diurnal range of temperature being large, the ambient night temperatures are about 10 ºC lower than the daytime values and are accompanied by cool breezes. Hence, flat roofs may be considered in this

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climate as they can be used for sleeping at night in summer as well as for daytime activities in winter. The material of the roof should be massive; a reinforced cement concrete (RCC) slab is preferred to asbestos cement (AC) sheet roof. External insulation in the form of mud phuska with inverted earthen pots is also suitable. A false ceiling in rooms having exposed roofs can help in reducing the discomfort level. Sodha et al. have reported that the provision of roof insulation yields greater lifecycle savings compared to walls in this climate. Evaporative cooling of the roof surface and night-time radiative cooling can also be employed. In case the former is used, it is better to use a roof having high thermal transmittance (a high U-value roof rather than one with lower U-value). The larger the roof area, the better is the cooling effect. The maximum requirement of water per day for a place like Jodhpur is about 14.0 kg per square meter of roof area cooled. Spraying of water is preferable to an open roof pond system. One may also consider of using a vaulted roof since it provides a larger surface area for heat loss compared to a flat roof.

FIGURE 17: ROOF FORM

b) Walls: In multi-storied buildings, walls and glazing account for most of the heat gain. It is estimated that they contribute to about 80% of the annual cooling load of such buildings. So, the control of heat gain through the walls by shading is an important consideration in building design. One can also use a wall with low U-value to reduce the heat gain. However, the effectiveness of such walls depends on the building type. For example, in a non-conditioned building, autoclaved cellular concrete block wall is not recommended; whereas it is desirable in a conditioned building.

c) Fenestration: In hot and dry climates, minimizing the window area (in terms of glazing) can definitely lead to lower indoor temperatures. It is found that providing a glazing size of 10% of the floor area gives better performance than that of 20%. More windows should be provided in the north facade of the building as compared to the east, west and south as it receives lesser radiation during the year. All openings should be protected from the sun by using external shading devices such as chajjas and fins. Moveable shading

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devices such as curtains and venetian blinds can also be used. Openings are preferred at higher levels (ventilators) as they help in venting hot air.

Since daytime temperatures are high during summer, the windows should be kept closed to keep the hot air out and opened during night-time to admit cooler air.

The use of ‘jaalis’(lattice work) made of wood, stone or RCC may be considered as they allow ventilation while blocking solar radiation.

Scheduling air changes (i.e. high air change rate at night and during cooler periods of the day, and lower ones during daytime) can significantly help in reducing the discomfort. The heat gain through windows can be reduced by using glass with low transmissivity.

FIGURE 18: RADIATION DUE TO OPENINGS IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS

d) COLOUR AND TEXTURE:

FIGURE 19: OPENINGS

Change of colour is a cheap and effective technique for lowering Indoor temperatures. Colours having low absorptivity should be used to paint the external surface. Darker shades should be avoided for surfaces exposed to direct solar radiation. The surface of the roof can be of white broken glazed tiles (china mosaic flooring). The surface of the wall should preferably be textured to facilitate self-shading.

3.2.

Warm and Humid Climate-

The warm and humid climate is characterised by high temperatures accompanied by very high humidity leading to discomfort. Thus, cross ventilation is both desirable and essential. Protection from direct solar radiation should also be ensured by shading. Example- Visakhapatnam.

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The main objectives of building design in this zone should be: Resist heat gain by: a) b) c) d) e)

Decreasing exposed surface area Increasing thermal resistance Increasing buffer spaces Increasing shading Increasing reflectivity

To promote heat loss by: a) Ventilation of appliances b) Increasing air exchange rate (ventilation) throughout the day c) Decreasing humidity levels

The general recommendations for building design in the warm and humid climate are as follows:

SITE LANDFORM: The consideration of landform is immaterial for a flat site.

However, if there are slopes and depressions, then the building should be located on the windward side or on crest to take advantage of cool breezes.

FIGURE 20: LANDFORM

WATERBODIES: Since humidity is high in these regions, water bodies are not essential.

OPEN SPACES AND BUILT FORM: Buildings should be spread out with large open spaces for unrestricted air movement. In cities, buildings on stilts can promote ventilation and cause cooling at the ground level.

FIGURE 21: BUILT-FORM

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STREET WIDTH AND ORIENTATION: Major streets should be oriented parallel to or within 30º of the prevailing wind direction during summer months to encourage ventilation in warm and humid regions. A north-south direction is ideal from the point of view of blocking solar radiation. The width of the streets should be such that the intense solar radiation during late morning and early afternoon is avoided in summer.

FIGURE 22: ELONGATED PLANS

ORIENTATION AND PLANFORM Since the temperatures are not excessive, free plans can be evolved as long as the house is under protective shade. An unobstructed air path through the interiors is important. The buildings could be long and narrow to allow cross-ventilation. For example, a singly loaded corridor plan (i.e. rooms on one side only) can be adopted instead of a doubly loaded one.

Heat and moisture producing areas must be ventilated and separated from the rest of the structure. Since temperatures in the shade are not very high, semi-open spaces such as balconies, verandahs and porches can be used advantageously for daytime activities. Such spaces also give protection from rainfall. In multistoreyed buildings a central courtyard can be provided with vents at higher levels to draw away the rising hot air.

FOR MAXIMUM CROSS VENTILATION

FIGURE 23: ORIENTATION

BUILDING ENVELOPE a) Roof: In addition to providing shelter from rain and heat, the form of the roof should be planned to promote air flow. Vents at the roof top effectively induce ventilation and draw hot air out. As diurnal temperature variation is low, insulation does not provide any additional benefit for a normal reinforced cement concrete (RCC) roof in a non-conditioned building.

However, very thin roofs having low thermal mass, such as asbestos cement (AC) sheet roofing, do require insulation as they tend to rapidly radiate heat into the interiors during daytime. A double roof with a ventilated space in between can also be used to promote air flow.

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b) Walls: As with roofs, the walls must also be designed to promote air flow.

Baffle walls, both inside and outside the building can help to divert the flow of wind inside. They should be protected from the heavy rainfall prevalent in such areas. If adequately sheltered, exposed brick walls and mud plastered walls work very well by absorbing the humidity and helping the building to breathe. Again, as for roofs, insulation does not significantly improve the performance of a nonconditioned building.

FIGURE 24: WALL DESIGN FOR FENESTRATION

c) Fenestration: Cross-ventilation is important in the warm and humid regions.

All doors and windows are preferably kept open for maximum ventilation for most of the year. These must be provided with venetian blinds or louvers to shelter the rooms from the sun and rain, as well as for the control of air movement. Openings of a comparatively smaller size can be placed on the windward side, while the corresponding openings on the leeward side may be bigger for facilitating a plume effect for natural ventilation. The openings should be shaded by external overhangs. Outlets at higher levels serve to vent hot air. A few examples illustrating how the air movement within a room can be better distributed.

FIGURE 25: FENESTRATION

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FIGURE 26: FENESTRATION AND OPENINGS

d) Colour and texture: The walls should be painted with light pastel shades or whitewashed, while the surface of the roof can be of broken glazed tile (china mosaic flooring). Both techniques help to reflect the sunlight back to the ambient, and hence reduce heat gain of the building. The use of appropriate colours and surface finishes is a cheap and very effective technique to lower indoor temperatures. It is worth mentioning that the surface finish should be protected from/ resistant to the effects of moisture, as this can otherwise lead to growth of mould and result in the decay of building elements.

3.3.

MODERATE CLIMATE

Temperatures are neither too high nor too low in regions with a moderate climate. Hence, simple techniques are normally adequate to take care of the heating and cooling requirements of the building. Techniques such as shading, cross ventilation, orientation, reflective glazing, etc. should be incorporated in the building. The thermal resistance and heat capacity of walls and roofs need not be high. These simple measures can reduce the number of uncomfortable hours in a building significantly. For example, in Pune, the ‘uncomfortable’ hours in a year can be reduced by as much as 89% by incorporating simple techniques in building design. The room temperature can be brought within the comfort limit (i.e. less than 30 ºC) even in the month of May. The main objectives while designing buildings in this zone should be: Resist heat gain by: a) Decreasing the exposed surface area b) Increasing the thermal resistance c) Increasing the shading

Promote heat loss by: a) Ventilation of appliances

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b) Increasing the air exchange rate (ventilation)

In this region, the general recommendations are as follows:

SITE LANDFORM: Building the structure on the windward slopes is preferable for getting cool Breezes.

FIGURE 27: AIRFLOW ON THE WINDWARD SLOPE

OPEN SPACES AND BUILT FORM: An open and free layout of the buildings is preferred. Large open spaces in the form of lawns can be provided to reduce reflected radiation.

ORIENTATION AND PLANFORM It is preferable to have a building oriented in the north-south direction.

Bedrooms may be located on the eastern side, and an open porch on the south - southeast side, while the western side should ideally be well-shaded. Humidity producing areas must be isolated. Sunlight is desirable except in summer, so the depth of the interiors may not be excessive.

BUILDING ENVELOPE a) Roof: Insulating the roof does not make much of a difference in the moderate climate.

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b) Walls: Insulation of walls does not give significant improvement in the thermal performance of a building. A brick wall of 230 mm thickness is good enough. c) Fenestration: The arrangement of windows is important for reducing heat gain. Windows can be larger in the north, while those on the east, west and south should be smaller. All the windows should be shaded with chajjas of appropriate lengths. Glazing of low transmissivity should be used. d) Colour and texture: Pale colours are preferable; dark colours may be used only in recessed places protected from the summer sun.

3.4.

COLD AND CLOUDY, AND COLD AND SUNNY CLIMATES

These regions experience very cold winters, hence, trapping and using the sun’s heat whenever it is available, is prime concern in building design. The internal heat should not be lost back to the ambient. The insulation of building elements and control of infiltration help in retaining the heat. Exposure to cold winds should also be minimized.

The main objectives while designing buildings in these zones are: Resist heat loss by: a) b) c) d) e)

Decreasing the exposed surface area Increasing the thermal resistance Increasing the thermal capacity Increasing the buffer spaces Decreasing the air exchange rate

Promote heat gain by: a) Avoiding excessive shading b) Utilising the heat from appliances c) Trapping the heat of the sun.

The general recommendations for regions with a cold and cloudy, or cold and sunny climate are given below.

SITE LANDFORM: In cold climates, heat gain is desirable. Hence, buildings should be located on the south slope of a hill or mountain for better access to solar radiation. At the same time, the exposure to cold winds can be minimised by locating the building on the leeward side. Parts of the site which offer natural wind barrier can be chosen for constructing a building.

FIGURE 28: LANDFORM

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OPEN SPACES AND BUILT FORMS: Buildings in cold climates should be clustered together to minimise exposure to cold winds. Open spaces must be such that they allow maximum south sun.

They should be treated with a hard and reflective surface so that they reflect solar radiation onto the building.

FIGURE 29: BUILT-FORM

STREET WIDTH AND ORIENTATION: In cold climates, the street orientation should be east-west to allow for maximum south sun to enter the building. The street should be wide enough to ensure that the buildings on one side do not shade those on the other side (i.e. solar access should be ensured).

FIGURE 30: STREET WIDTH AND ORIENTATION

ORIENTATION AND PLANFORM In the cold zones, the buildings must be compact with small S/V ratios. This is because the lesser the surface area, the lower is the heat loss from the building.

Windows should preferably face south to encourage direct gain. The north side of the building should be well-insulated. Living areas can be located on the southern side while utility areas such as stores can be on the northern side. Air-lock lobbies at the entrance and exit points of the building reduce heat loss. The heat

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generated by appliances in rooms such as kitchens may be recycled to heat the other parts of the building.

FIGURE 31: ORIENTATION

BUILDING ENVELOPE a) Roof: False ceilings are a regular roof feature of houses in cold climates. One can also use internal insulation such as polyurethane foam (PUF), thermocol, wood wool, etc. An aluminium foil is generally used between the insulation layer and the roof to reduce heat loss to the exterior. A sufficiently sloping roof enables quick drainage of rain water and snow. A solar air collector can be incorporated on the south facing slope of the roof and hot air from it can be used for space heating purposes. Skylights on the roofs admit heat as well as light in winters. The skylights can be provided with shutters to avoid over heating in summers.

b) Walls: Walls should be of low U-value to resist heat loss. The south-facing walls (exposed to solar radiation) could be of high thermal capacity (such as Trombe wall) to store day time heat for later use. The walls should also be insulated. The insulation should have sufficient vapour barrier (such as two coats of bitumen, 300 to 600 gauge polyethylene sheet or aluminium foil) on the warm side to avoid condensation. Hollow and lightweight concrete blocks are also quite suitable. On the windward or north side, a cavity wall type of construction may be adopted.

c) Fenestration: It is advisable to have the maximum window area on the southern side of the building to facilitate direct heat gain. They should be sealed and preferably double glazed. Double glazing helps to avoid heat losses during winter nights. However, care should be taken to prevent condensation in the air space between the panes. Movable shades should be provided to prevent overheating in summers.

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d) Colour and texture: The external surfaces of the walls should be dark in colour for high absorptivity to facilitate heat gains.

3.5.

COMPOSITE CLIMATE

The composite climate displays the characteristics of hot and dry, warm and humid as well as cold climates. Designs here are guided by longer prevailing climatic conditions. The duration of ‘uncomfortable’ periods in each season has to be compared to derive an order of priorities. India being a tropical country, most of the design decisions would pertain to cooling. For example, the general recommendations for hot and dry climates would be applicable for New Delhi for most of the year except monsoon, when ventilation is essential.

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FIGURE 32 TABLE SHOWING ANNUAL RAINFALL AND AVERAGE TEPERATURE

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4. COMPOSITE CLIMATE 4.1. INTRODUCTION The composite zone covers the central part of India. Some cities that experience this type of climate are New Delhi, Kanpur and Allahabad. A variable landscape and seasonal vegetation characterise this zone. The intensity of solar radiation is very high in summer with diffuse radiation amounting to a small fraction of the total. In monsoons, the intensity is low with predominantly diffuse radiation.

The maximum daytime temperature in summers is in the range of 32 – 43 ºC, and night time values are from 27 to 32 ºC. In winter, the values are between 10 to 25 ºC during the day and 4 to 10 ºC at night. The relative humidity is about 20 – 25 % in dry periods and 55 – 95 % in wet periods. The presence of high humidity during monsoon months is one of the reasons why places like New Delhi and Nagpur are grouped under the composite and not hot and dry climate. Precipitation in this zone varies between 500 – 1300 mm per year. This region receives strong winds during monsoons from the south-east and dry cold winds from the north-east. In summer, the winds are hot and dusty. The sky is overcast and dull in the monsoon, clear in winter and frequently hazy in summer.

Generally, composite regions experience higher humidity levels during monsoons than hot and dry zones. Otherwise most of their characteristics are similar to the latter. Thus, the design criteria are more or less the same as for hot and dry climate except that maximising cross ventilation is desirable in the monsoon period.

On an annual basis, the heating load is negligible and the cooling load is predominant. The monthly load profiles generally follow the climatic conditions, the highest cooling load occurring in June (summer) and the lowest in January (winter).

In fact, some heating is also required in December and January. The months from April to October display relatively higher cooling loads. Lesser cooling is required in the winter months of November to March. The convective heat gain dominates from November to March (five months), whereas from April to October, the surface gains are more. Air exchanges help to reduce heat gains from November to March, while it adds to the cooling loads during the other months. Hence, a scheduling of air changes to promote ventilation from November to March and control of infiltration in summer could lead to a reduction in cooling loads. It is also essential to reduce surface gains in all months except December and January, to reduce the cooling loads. This can be achieved by reducing glazing areas and shading of surfaces exposed to direct solar radiation.

As the cooling requirement is primarily due to surface gains, it is essential to reduce the heat gain by choosing appropriate materials, shading, colour, reducing exposed glazing area, etc. In summer months, air exchanges add to cooling loads and hence need to be controlled. The scheduling of air change rates can reduce cooling loads. The internal gain during winter months is responsible for cooling loads and hence can be reduced by decreasing lighting and equipment loads through energy efficient devices. The room-wise distribution of monthly and annual loads is presented in Table 5.38. It may be noted that the usage of the building and the configuration of spaces have a significant impact on the loads. The cooling load of the living room is higher than that of the other

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FIGURE 34 WIND DATA

FIGURE 33 CLIMATIC DATA OF DELHI

rooms. This is because of the fact that this room is partly double storeyed and has a large volume. The cooling load of the kitchen is also very high due to operation of various appliances.

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FIGURE 35: MECHANICAL LOAD FOR COOLING AND HEATING

FIGURE 36: ANNUAL COOLING AND HEATING LOAD

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FIGURE 37: HEAT GAIN AND AIR EXCHANGE

4.2. DESIGN PARAMETER BUILDING ORIENTATION In composite climate the orientation of the buildings is preferable in North-East and South-West directions. This helps in receiving less radiations which results in lesser heat gain and reduces the overall air conditioning requirements and thus saves energy. Proper orientation also helps in receiving natural light and ventilation.

FIGURE 38: BUILDING ORIENTATION (NORTH-EAST AND SOUTH-WEST)

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FORM AND PLANNING Form and orientation constitute two of the most important passive design strategies for reducing energy consumption and improving thermal comfort for occupants of a building. It affects the amount of sun falling on surfaces, daylighting and direction of winds. Towards net zero energy goals, form and orientation have significant impact on building’s energy efficiency, by harnessing sun and prevailing winds to our advantage.

The building form determines the volume of space inside a building that needs to be heated or cooled. Thus, more compact the shape, the less wasteful it is in gaining/losing heat. In hot & dry regions and cold climates, building’s shape needs to be compact to reduce heat gain and losses, respectively.

Open spaces such as courtyards are beneficial. Buildings should be grouped in such a way as to take advantages of prevailing breezes during the short periods when air movements are necessary.

A moderately dense low rise is also suitable for this climate, which will ensure protection of outdoor spaces. Mutual sharing of external walls, shelters from the wind in the cold season, shelter from dust and reduction of surfaces exposed to solar radiation.

FIGURE 39: COURTYARD

FIGURE 40: BUILDING FORM AND ORIENTATION

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SHADING The reduction in solar gain by shading of windows (by means of external projections such as chajjas) can significantly reduce the heat gain and consequently the annual load. If 50% of the window areas are shaded throughout the year, the percentage load reduction is 8.9.

As a first step towards shading, longer sides of a building should be oriented North- South which is preferred to minimize overall solar gain through the envelope.

South-facing windows are the easiest to shade. Overhangs on southoriented windows provide effective shading by blocking summer sun and admitting winter sun.

Use fixed horizontal overhangs on south-facing glass. 1m shading device can reduce cooling loads substantially.

To the greatest extent possible, limit the amount of east and west glass (minimize window area) since they are harder to shade. Consider the use of landscaping to shade east and west exposures.

On lower buildings, well-placed deciduous trees on the east and west will reduce summer overheating while permitting desirable winter solar gains Semi-outdoor spaces such as balconies (2.5m – 3m deep) can provide shade and protect interior spaces from overheating and climatic variations. At the same time, they act as wind scoops and provide a private social space for the unit.

If no exterior shading is possible, a lower solar heat gain coefficient for the glazing will be mandatory To enhance natural light utilization, passive design strategies such as light shelves are very useful for deeper and uniform distribution of light (most effective on the south side of the buildings, mostly recommended in mild climates and not for tropical or desert climate).

FIGURE 41: HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL SHADOW ANGLE ARE USED FOR DESIGNING VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL SHADING RESPECTIVELY

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HAS= azimuth-orientation VSA= arctan (tan(altitude)/cos(HAS)

FIGURE 42 SHADING ANGLES

FIGURE 43: SHADING DEVICES ANDLE External shading devices must be configured according to orientation of the wall and location of the building (latitude). Both decide the time period, both daily and annually, for which the shading will be needed and angle of solar radiation on the wall. Shading masks, graphical representations of shading provided by shading devices, can be then used to design the most suitable strategy for providing shade

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GLAZING TYPE Double glazing with reflective coated glass gives the best performance. It gives a saving of 13.9% in comparison with plain glass (base case). Single reflective coated glazing shows an improvement of 7.0%.

Double low-E glass and double glazing with clear glass can also be used to reduce the loads by 11.9% and 6.3% respectively.

FIGURE 44: SINGLE GLAZING GLASS

FIGURE 45: DOUBLE GLAZING GLASS

WALL TYPE Insulation of walls helps to improve the building’s thermal performance significantly. Thermocol insulation can save annual loads by upto 13.9% and autoclaved cellular concrete block walls (e.g., Siporex) can save 12.0% as compared to a brick wall (base case). Plain concrete block wall increases the cooling load by 11.4% and hence needs to be avoided.

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ROOF TYPE Insulation of the roof improves the performance of the building.

Polyurethane foam (PUF) insulation brings down the cooling loads by 9.7%.

In contrast, a plain uninsulated RCC slab increases the cooling load by 5.0%.

COLOUR OF THE EXTERNAL SURFACE Light colours are suitable due to their lower absorptivity. White improves the performance by 3.9%. Similarly, cream colour improves the performance by 2.6%. Dark colours should be avoided as the performance decreases by 4.0%.

AIR EXCHANGES Position of openings: In buildings air movements must be insured through the spaces mostly used by occupants through the living zone (up to 2mts high).

Size of openings: The largest air velocity will be obtained through a small inlet opening with large outlet. The west arrangement is full wall openings on both sides with adjustable sashes or closing devices which can assist in channelling the air flow in required direction. Controls of openings: A gap between the building face and canopy would ensure a downward pressure. Thus, a flow is directed into the living zone.

4.3. OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS The operational parameters such as internal gain, set point and scheduling of air changes can help in reducing the annual load of the building. The effects are summarised as follows: Internal gain Lower the internal gain, better is the performance of the building in reducing the annual load. The annual load can be reduced by 6.9% if internal gains are reduced by 50%. Therefore, more energy efficient equipment should be used to facilitate load reduction.

Set point Lowering the operating parameters for comfort cooling and heating can reduce the cooling loads by 14.2%. Thus, a change in the expectation of comfort can lead to significant savings.

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Scheduling of air exchanges The scheduling of air changes to promote air entry during cooler periods (such as nights or winters) and controlling air entry during warmer periods (during daytime or summer) can lead to a 2.7% reduction of the annual load.

The combination of all design and operational parameters discussed (excluding building orientation and internal gain), results in a significant load reduction of62.6%.

FIGURE 46: TABLE SHOWS THE COOLING AND HEATING LOAD IN SUMMER AND WINTER

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FIGURE 47: IMPROVEMENT IN THE PERFORMANCE OF THE NON-CONDITIONED BUILDING DUE TO BUILDING DESIGN

4.4.

VEGETATION USED FOR COMPOSITE CLIMATE

(LANDSCAPING) Trees and shrubs create different air flow patterns, provide shading and keep the surroundings cooler in warm weather. Vegetation can be used for energy conservation in buildings in the following ways: •

Shading of buildings and open spaces through landscaping

•

Roof gardens (or green roofs)

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•

Shading of vertical and horizontal surfaces (green walls)

•

Buffer against cold and hot winds

•

Changing direction of wind

Vegetation is a flexible controller of solar and wind penetration in buildings. It reduces direct sun from striking and heating up building surfaces and lowers the outside air temperature which in turn effects the heat transfer from outside to building envelope and interior. It can also be used as internal shading element.

Used as such, plants increase the shading coefficient, a measure of the efficiency of shading devices, without compromising on external views. Plants moreover grow in the direction of sunlight and the growth varies with seasons and when used keeping in mind seasonal variations at the building location, can be cost effective, flexible shading elements.

Green roofs or roof gardens can also be used as they help to reduce heat loads in a building. The additional thickness of the growing medium provides extra thermal insulation. These also retain moisture from rainwater further cooling the roof surface. The green cover lowers ambient temperatures through evapotranspiration. Green roofs can be categorised as intensive, extensive and modular bocks. The biggest difference is with respect to the depth of soil and resultantly, the type of vegetation that can be supported in each of the types. Soil depth in intensive green roofs is at least 300mm, in extensive roofs about 25 to 125 mm, and in modular blocks about 100mm. Roof structures have to be sturdy for supporting green roofs as these impose greater dead weights than normal roofs.

Proper landscape design and vegetation can be used effectively by architects from an early design phase to lower the ambient temperature and thus reducing the resulting demand for air conditioning loads in a building.

FIGURE 48: VEGETATION CAN BE USED FOR SHADING, ALTERING THE MICROCLIMATE AND MODIFYING THE WIND DIRECTION. SELECTING THE APPROPRIATE VARIETY OF PLANTATION AND ITS PLACEMENT ARE KEY FACTORS THAT DETERMINE HOW WELL THE VEGETATION WILL SERVE ITS INTENDED PURPOSE

It is preferable that architects should work with existing terrain of the site, natural topography and local species for appropriate landscaping.

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Use of local species for vegetation is highly recommended as they are accustomed to the variations in temperature, rainfall patterns and soil conditions for that region. They are relatively low maintenance in terms of water usage, and are resistant against local pests. In addition, that also support birds and insects that thrive naturally in the region and help maintain the balance of natural flora and fauna.

It is recommended that exotic species should cover no more than 25% of the landscaped area of a building.

Reduce lawn area in the garden to a minimum to reduce the amount of water that is needed for irrigation.

Reduce the area of hard paved surfaces through the use of polypropylene grass pavers. Absence of hard surfaces also ensures lower ambient temperature.

It is also more pleasant for pedestrians to walk on a green, soft surface that does not radiate heat.

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FIGURE 49: INDIAN TREES SUITABLE FOR WIND-BREAK

FIGURE 50: CREEPERS ARE FLEXIBLE SHADING DEVICES FOR SHADING VERANDAHS AND INTERIOR SPACES AS PER THE SEASON

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FIGURE 51: DECIDUOUS TREE ALLOW SUN PENETRATION IN WINTER AND BLOCK SUN ACCESS DURING SUMMER

Evaluate the possibility of creating “structural shading” using recycled and otherwise discarded components. Installing structural shading with a minimum Solar Reflectance Index of 29 (usually materials with light, reflective surfaces) absorbs less heat, and mitigates the probability of heat islands.

Green roofs often require regular maintenance and involve high first costs; thus, these have to be designed and installed carefully. The growing medium and other components add load to the roof and this extra weight has to be considered while designing the roof structure. On existing buildings, it is more feasible to either use modular blocks or extensive roof systems as these are lighter. Engineered soil that is lightweight, and has better water retention capacity and low organic content is more suitable for green roofs. Waterproofing must be installed carefully in green roofs. It is extremely difficult and expensive to repair waterproofing layers once the layers of a green roof are laid. Moreover, the waterproofing in green roofs must be elastic to withstand building movement and non-biodegradable.

Plant native trees and shrubs as they are usually low maintenance.

Deciduous vegetation can be considered as flexible shading devices. During winter, the vegetation will shed leaves to allow penetration of sunlight to the same occupied space which it would shade in summer.

One of the gardening world's hottest trends, "vertical gardens" allows plants to grow on walls and other nonhorizontal surfaces. Vertical gardening is basically about growing your plants upwards on vertical surfaces, be it on the wall of a home or a large facade of a building. As space is a constraint for many urban areas these days, having a vertical garden is certainly an option to still include some greenery in the house/building. Vertical gardening is more than just aesthetics; it can help to cool and insulate buildings, reducing the need and cost for air-conditioning. Growing plants in the building can also help to filter air particulates and improve air quality as well as add some humidity to centrally cooled offices at the same time.

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5. LITERATURE STUDY 5.1. KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENT/ CHARLES CORREA (MUMBAI) Charles Correa designed the Kanchanjunga Apartments.

Located in Mumbai, the U.S. equivalent of New York City in terms of population and diversity, the 32 luxury apartments are located south-west of downtown in an upscale suburban setting embodying the characteristics of the upper echelon of society within the community.

The Kanchanjunga Apartments are a direct response to the present culture, the escalating urbanization, and the climatic conditions for the region. They pay homage to the vernacular architecture that once stood on the site before the development in a number of ways. More on Kanchanjunga Apartments after the break.

In Mumbai, a building has to be oriented east-west to catch prevailing sea breezes and to open up the best views of the city. Unfortunately, these are also the directions of the hot sun and the heavy monsoon rains. The old bungalows solved these problems by wrapping a protective layer of verandas around the main living areas, thus providing the occupants with two lines of defence against the elements FIGURE 52: KANCHANJUNGA Correa pushed his capacity for ingenious cellular APARTMENT planning to the limit, as is evident from the interlock of four different apartment typologies varying from 3 to 6 bedrooms each. Smaller displacements of level were critical in this work in that they differentiated between the external earth filled terraces and the internal elevated living volumes. These subtle shifts enable Correa to effectively shield these high-rise units from the effects of both the sun and monsoon rains. This was largely achieved by providing the tower with relatively deep, garden verandas, suspended in the air.

ORIENTATION In Mumbai a building has to be oriented east-west to catch the prevailing seabreezes and open up the best views in the city. The Arabian Sea on one side and the harbour in the other. But these unfortunately are also the direction of the hot sun and heavy monsoon rains. The old bungalows solved these problems by wrapping a protective layer of verandahs around the main living areas, thus providing the occupants with two lines of defence against the elements.

Kanchanjunga an attempt to apply these principles to a high-rise building.

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FIGURE 53: SITE PLAN

type A

FIGURE 54: HEAT IMPACT AND VENTILATION

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type A 3 bedrooms x10

:294m²

type B 3 bedrooms x12

:242m²

type C 5 bedrooms x8

:373m²

type D 4 bedrooms x4

:361m²

FIGURE 55: TYPES OF APARTMENTS

FIGURE 56: PLAN OF APARTMENTS

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5.2. THE STREET / SANJAY PURI ARCHITECTS (MATHURA) The Street, designed by Mumbai, India–based Sanjay Puri Architects, is a 211,000-square-foot, 800-unit student housing complex on the campus of GLA University in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India. The designers took advantage of a wedge-shaped site between repetitive blocks to create a complex of radially aligned four-storytall structures informed by the more organic organization and expression of traditional Indian cities.

FIGURE 57: THE STREET (ELEVATION)

FIGURE 58: ELEVATION

Taking a cue from the old city streets of Mathura city in India where this project is located, these 800 room students’ hostels creates organic spaces. Designed in 4 level high, 5 linear blocks, the built spaces snake across a wedge-shaped site twisting and turning along their length.

Sitting adjacent to repetitive hostel blocks on the east and west these new hostels within a large university campus create individual spaces within a discernible identity in each part of the layout.

The orientation of all the buildings are done with a view of generating large north facing garden areas overlooking a vast playground towards the north. In addition, each hostel room is punctuated with a wedge-shaped bay window oriented towards the north and the playground.

FIGURE 59: BAY WINDOW VIEW

Each hostel room has ventilation openings in the internal corridor facilitating cross ventilation. The linear buildings create small break out spaces at each bending point allowing natural light into the internal circulation spaces.

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FIGURE 60: SITE LOCATION AND SUN PATH

These factors create an energy efficient building minimizing heat gain in response to the climate which has average temperature in excess of 300 c for 8 months of the year when the sun is in the Southern Hemisphere. During the winter months when the sun is in the Northern Hemisphere, direct sunlight is facilitated to prevent the rooms from becoming cold.

FIGURE 61: ELEVATION AND SECTIONS

The Street is contextual to the climate and the orientation of the site thus it creates varied experiences and changing perceptions of space in each part of the 6acre site.

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5.3. PALI PALMS / SEZA (MUMBAI) • • • • • •

TYPE OF BUILDING: APARTMENTS ARCHITECTS: SEZA AREA: 4550.0 M2 YEAR: 2016 DESIGN TEAM- SEEMA PURI AND ZARIR MULLAN ARCHITECTS AND INTERIOR DESIGNERS CLIENT- SSD REALTY

India has a tropical climate, and Mumbai is on the coast which means we have a hot humid climate all through. The architectural built form has evolved in response to the tropical climate, lifestyle and availability of material. Where shading to reduce excessive heat and keeping the interiors of homes cool becomes the most important element in creating a design.

FIGURE 62: PALI OALMS ELEVATION

FIGURE 63: SITE PLAN

The design establishes relationships of similarity and contrast with the surrounding buildings to be contextual and yet distinct. For instance, a common ground like elevated podiums for parking is adopted for functional and architectural reasons, while the typical masonry façade mechanism is replaced with screens and continuous openable glazing for giving freedom of planning.

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FIGURE 64: INTERIOR

The plan is linear as is the plot with two apartments a floor, which allows three faces to be open to both sunlight and ventilation. The Linear orientation provides preferred east orientation to the living areas while the west has the service areas like the kitchens and dry yards. In both apartments opening up the masonry facade which are recessed within deep overhangs allow generous amount of sunlight, providing through ventilation in all the living areas with aligned east west windows making the design suitable to the local tropical climate.

The look is for the apartment is minimalistic, as we wanted to create a space which expressed the openness of the planning highlighting the presence of hardly any passage area but adequate natural light and through ventilation.

FIGURE 65: TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN

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The expanded Aluminum mesh in the facade is used as a response to our local climate, for its intrinsic value to reduce heat gain and to dematerialise the facade by breaking it into a Myriad of different elements thus reinterpretating the traditional Indian Jali.

FIGURE 66: TERRACE FLOOR PLAN

The Mesh becomes an edgy design element which envelopes the entire building. Somewhere it's angular and cut in a linear pattern while elsewhere it's vertical, somewhere single and somewhere double height. The screen is required at the podium levels to reduce the view of cars, it appears in the staircase and amenity areas to filter the East Sun, and also screens the living spaces, the kitchen dry yards and other service areas. It brings to the building privacy, modulation and rhythm, security, shelter and shading to the interior.

Yes, architecture is about creating something new, it's also about provocations and emotions, but most importantly It should be more about the complex issues of the composition, the connections between the various programs, the details, and most importantly the quality of space. They tried to work with space, light, materiality, and elements such as shadows and wind, to construct meaningful spaces that people have to spend their lives in, nothing could be more important than that.

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FIGURE 67: EAST SIDE ELEVATION

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FIGURE 68: SOUTH SIDE ELEVATION

Using simple recyclable local materials, good orientation, providing the end user with as many facilities as is possible we've achieved a design which shows local flavour but is unto global standards, with the screen becoming a hero.

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5.4. YAMUNA APARTMENTS (DELHI) Yamuna apartments belong to a group housing society, which has been designed for the lower middle-income group. The design concept however, distinguishes it from other housing developments in the city. This society consisted of two hundred members, most of which came from south Indian states of Kerala Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, constituted a fairly cohesive group with specific living requirements. Taking these factors into consideration, the housing was designed as an integrated community settlement, where the traditional housing elements were incorporated to create an "urban village" in a city.

The site allotted for the housing complex was 4.25 acres (I. 72 hectares), but due to planning regulations an area measuring 0.5 acres (0.2 hectares) was required to be left as open space, at the north east comer. The intention of this open space being, to form a continuous green space with adjoining residential 58 complexes. This green space has enabled the housing to have a nice playground, though it has made the project more challenging, as now two hundred dwelling units were to be accommodated in an area of 3.75 acres (1.52 hectares).

FIGURE 69: VIEW

The design concept revolves around a typical Indian village, with its lively narrow galis or pedestrian streets, where the womenfolk and children would pull out their charpai (a bed to sit on) onto the gali, so that they were able to share experiences and conversation with each other while they continued with their household chores. This has been achieved by designing a traffic free complex, where the vehicular traffic is restricted to the periphery of the development and contained in a basement. As in the urban context, the village well no longer plays an important role, a similar concept has been adopted where the galis converge onto an asymmetrically placed central square, which forms the focus. It is here that the recreational facilities have been placed. The club is located at the first-

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floor level forming a bridge across two housing blocks. Shops, canteens etc. are also close by.

The dwelling units comprise of three basic plan types of varying floor area, which are grouped together in a repetitive basis, to form individual housing blocks.

The access staircase leading to the unit takes off from the gali, thus maintaining a continuity and acting as a transitional space, between common public areas and private areas of each house. It has also enabled residents to converse with each other and maintain contact with the surroundings while they work.

FIGURE 70: VIEWS

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FIGURE 71: PLAN

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6. ANALYSIS

FIGURE 72 ANALYSIS

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7. CONCLUSION Climate is the prevailing meteorological condition in a given region. It is a measure of the average pattern of variation in elements such as temperature, humidity, solar radiation and wind over long periods of time. The design of pleasant buildings that ensure physiological comfort of users is achieved through an understanding of the climate and the human responsive systems. One of the greatest challenges facing human society in the 21st century is climate change.

This refers to any significant change in measures of climate lasting for an extended period. Tackling climate change requires reducing carbon dioxide emissions by changing the ways in which buildings are designed, constructed, managed and used.

Climate, in particular, produces certain easily observed effects on architectural forms. For example, the proportion of window area to wall area becomes less as one move toward the equator. In warm areas, people shun the glare and heat of the sun, as demonstrated by the decreasing size of the windows.

In the subtropical and tropical zones, more distinctive changes in architectural form occur to meet the problems caused by excessive heat. In India, deep loggias, projecting balconies, and overhangs casting long shadows on the walls of buildings are found. Wooden or marble lattices fill large openings to subdue the glare of the sun while permitting the breeze to pass through. Such arrangements characterize the architecture of hot zones, and evoke comfort as well as aesthetic satisfaction with the visible endeavors of man to protect himself against the excessive heat.

This paper describes how climate affects building patterns in various climatic regions. Climate plays a very important role in architectural and building forms.

The comparison of climatic data and the requirements for thermal comfort provides the basis for the selection of building form and building elements appropriate for the climate so as to create necessary internal comfort. Efforts are made here to present specific design forms in major climates. It is pointed out that standards are relative and that man should not necessarily submit to climate but may equally control it. Energy‐saving buildings are good attempts in this direction.

The importance of social, cultural and economic factors is made mentioned of.

With respect to climate, the structural elements of the building (foundation, wall, roof, openings) are of special concern.

It seems that people have accepted that climate should be considered in the design of buildings. But practically, our contemporary designs are heavily dependent on fossil energy over the life of the building because of their association with mechanical devices to control the micro-climate inside the buildings. But this approach has many disadvantages: not only increases the initial construction cost considerably, but their periodic maintenance costs are also very high. This study showed that although many traditional buildings exist still in the desert, but the integration of traditional architecture as a compiled set in order to use in contemporary modern architecture and make it sustainable is still challenging but desirable. It seems inevitable that instead of relying on the tools

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and gadgets, the architect must learn about indigenous passive strategies and draw its efforts to control the micro-climate inside the buildings with minimum energy and natural techniques. Thus, mechanical systems and active devices can be auxiliary and activated only when the natural resources do not provide the thermal comfort of residents.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY ^ Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings| Author: Kiran Kumar | ^ Climate Responsive Architecture: A Design Handbook for Energy Efficient Buildings | Author: Arvind Krishan | ^India Meteorological Department| http://www.imd.gov.in/Welcome%20To%20IMD/Welcome.php ^https://www.windfinder.com/?utm_source=windfinder.com&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign= redirect#3/49.5042/9.5421 ^https://www.wikipedia.org/ ^ https://beeindia.gov.in/ ^ https://nzeb.in/ ^ https://www.archdaily.com/ ^ https://www.scribd.com/ ^ https://bis.gov.in/index.php/standards/technical-department/national-building-code/ ^ https://www.researchgate.net/ ^ https://nsidc.org/ ^ https://www.new-learn.info/

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