Highrise Workshop 2012 _ Climate Design

.AA

CLIMATE DESIGN - GROUP 1 Climate Engineer: Anastasios Kokkos

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Brendan Bakker Anastasios Kokkos Apostolina Karapanou

Dion Jansen Kelly Schraauwers

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High rise workshop Climate Design 26 October 2012 _Design group 1 A. Karapanou D. Jansen B. Bakker A. Kokkos K. Schrauwers

{ structural designer { structural designer { architect { climate engineer { facade engineer

_Consultants Ir. T. Merkeley Ir. D. Ronald Ir. K.C. Terwel Ir. A. Bergsma Ir. L. de Ruijscher Ing. P. de Jong

{ architecture { architecture { structural design { facade design { building services and sustainability { management

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Contents

1. CONTENT

8

2.

9

Comfort to the surroundings and the inhabitants of the area

3.

Comfort to the users

3.1.

Vertical Transportation

3.2.

HVAC Systems 3.2.1.

Installation floors 3.2.2.

System Selection 3.2.3.

Ventilation

3.2.4. Heating and Cooling 3.2.5.

The Tube exchanger

3.2.6. Ventilation and duct demands

11 11 13 13 14 15 16 18 19

4.

Eliminate the environmental impact 4.1.

Vertical transportation 4.2.

HVAC and tube exchanger 4.3.

Air filtration 4.4.

Interior Lighting 4.5.

Water drainage and re-use 4.6.

Integrated PV Panels

20 20 20 21 22 22 24

5.

Design for the future 5.1.

EU Policies 5.2.

Energy Efficiency 5.3.

Closed biogas cycle

24 24 25 27

6. Firesafety

28

7. APPENDIX

7.1.

ELEVATE CALCULATIONS

7.2.

Air demands per section

7.3.

Total energy consumption

7.4.

Water demands per section

29 29 31 37 38

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INTRODUCTION As a participant in the workshop of highrise 2012 of TUDelft I worked along with people from other engineering to fulfill the purpose of the workshop, to design an icon building for the European Union that will host the headquarters of the organisation and became the highest building in Europe (exceeding 218m) acting as the new Icon of Europe to the world.

Under this goal me and my teammates in Group 1 we decided to head for a design that will projects European Unions modern face, state the organisation’s status and act as leader for new technologies and approach of what a building can be and what europe can achieve towards a new environmental friendly era.

In return our design fullfils some goals that will provide a comfort environment for the surroundings and for its users while in the same time it will not harm the environment but it will enhance it.

C

B

A

Figure 1.  Labelling of the buildings In the following report the labelling showed in fig 1 will be followed for the easier communication between the author and the reader

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1. CONTENT

As the climate engineer in my group I had to design all the mechanical support and systems that the building will be using during its lifecycle and will ensure the functionality and quality of it’s inner climate.

In order to achieve this goal it was obligatory to design a combination of systems that will cooperate efficiently and not a number of efficient systems that will work separately without any interconnection. It was also crucial to have in mind the goals that our team set for a healthy, environmetaly consious and efficient design and cooperate with all the other disciplines to meet them.

So in order to create a clear design path that would lead us succesfully to an attractive proposal for the purpose of this competition we made a list of goals that we want to achieve and we were constantly checking in every design milestone if our progress steps are on the right direction to meet them. Climate design had a major role on this process as it was critical to proceed hand to hand with the architectural and structural design and changes and cooperate closely with the facade engineer in order to match our systems and ensure that they work complementary in order to achieve maximum efficiency and integration.

So the goals that we set as a team and monitored in every step of our design process are described as followed.

We wanted a design that will be: • Provide Comfort to the surroundings and the inhabitants of the area • Provide Comfort for the users • Eliminate its environmental impact • Enclose and project European Union’s mentality and vision • Be designed for the future • Be Energy Efficient • Act as a leader in sustainable strategies

So in the following report I will go through the steps followed and the systems that were chosen in order to meet these requirements.

In every system design we tried to be simple and innovative in order to propose ideas and new approaches and not just to fullfill the purpose of designing a building that meets the requirements of proper function, efficiency and low energy consumption as these goals are already undertaken by existing designs and being sustainable is a prerequisite constant for new building designs. So having in mind the academic aproach of this workshop we tried to implement new ideas that might not be tested yet but can enhance the effort for sustainable designs and zero-energy buildings of the future.

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2. Comfort to the surroundings and the inhabitants of the area In order to create a 300m tall building right in the middle of the buisness district of Brussels we had to take into account the effect of this design to the surroundings. The fact that Rue de la Loi, the street where the building will be placed is crossing two district of low, on the South side and very low, on the North side, buildings and the high density of the area made this task quite a challenge. We had to find a proper shape and placement for our design in order to eliminate its shadow effect and provide if possible a wind shellter for the public that wants to use its public areas on the ground level.

North

The elimination the effect of shadow on the northern neighbourhood behind our structure was achieved by shaping the building in a triangular form in order to allow sun rays pass around it. Also the division of the total volume in three smaller masses allowed us to experiment with the proper positioning of these masses into the block in order to find the most effective one in order to eliminate their shadow effect. Finally the inclination of the roof was chosen after the results of the shadow research that we completed as a team that addressed the optimum angle of cut pane in the area in accordance with the climate and geographical data of the area.

North Low-rise area

South

South Mid-rise area

Our building plot

Rue de la Loi

Figure 3. the area distribution

North

North Figure 2. The generated optimum cut-off face of a similar solid volume placed in the existing area and the existing clock in order to eliminate its shadow effect

Figure 4. The reduced building’s shadow range through the year following the proposed cut-off of the roofs and optimum distribution of the masses into the block T

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The same principal and approach was followed in order to find the optimum way to create a wind shellter for the pedestrians on the ground level and avoid the wind tunnel effect on the adjacent streets due to the big mass of the building. As one can see in fig 5 wind speeds of 0-0,2 m/s are represented with the blue color where at the street levels in between the three masses of our design the wind is totaly blocked and a wind shelter is provided for the public. In the same figure one can also see that there is no major wind speed in the adjacent roads that may cause an uncomfortable environment for the inhabitants of the area.

m/s 4,6 - 5 3,9 - 4,5 3,2 - 3,8 2,4 - 3,1 1,7 - 2,4 0,8 - 1,6 0 - 0,7

Figure 5.  The wind effect in the area

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3. Comfort to the users 3.1.

Vertical Transportation

For the vertical transportation we had to design a system that will serve the users efficiently without occupying significant amount of the net floor are of each floor. The geometry of the building’s core gave use a hard problem to solve as the strictly square shaft geometry was resulting to major space losses in between the shafts.

The solution to this problem came not by the rearranging the shafts but by providing a two level entrance for each elevator in every installation floor and on the ground level. Our buildings are served by 5 installation floors, a ground floor and an installation floor placed on level -3 in the building. The fact that in every transition floor the users, both public and employees, can reach any of the elevator entrances and use the elevator to reach their destination or another transition zone gave us the opportunity to install TWIN elevator systems that can work independently and serve twice as fast the users. Also the double levels in every transition zone make the TWIN system even more efficient as it can choose automatically which of the two levels is more efficient for reduction of the travel time and reach that floor without influencing the travel of the user as he/she will be able to take the next elevator to reach his/her destination directly without being influenced of the floor he/she landed at.

Figure 6. Core complex geometry

In order to calculate the amount and type of elevators we needed to serve the needs of our buildings effectively the program ELEVATE1 was used. The goal was to create a set of elevators that each of them will have an Average Waiting Time between 25-35sec and an average time to destination between 100-120sec for the Up peak scenarios. Due to the fact that ELEVATE does not yet have a simulation method for the TWIN system elevators we simulated a double decker elevator system that gave adequate results. These results ensure that the TWIN system will be more than efficient to serve the transportation need of our building. Finally the core includes 3 stair cases that act as fire escape routes as shown in fig 7.

In fig 7 and fig 8 one can see the set up of the elevators by groups and the way they drive the users by sections depending on their destination.

1

In the appendix the corresponding ELEVATE calculation are shown

Figure 7. douple story transition zone [11-38]

So the set up that is follow is as follows: 4 double decker shuttle elevators that serve every section of the inner zone separately. 4 win and one conventional elevator that serve the inner zone traffic and are displayed in every section in order to create transition zones. 2 fire safety and freight elevators that serve all the floors of the building. 2 twin sky shuttle elevators that drive the public directly to the skylloby of the building in order to ensure safety for the building from the public. 4 conventional elevators that will serve the inner traffic of the skylobby and 4 parking elevators that serve those who use the parking but is separately placed from the upper set of elevators for fire safety protection reasons. So with this scheme we manage to install in the core of Building C a total of 54 elevator cars in 22 shafts.

All the three buildings are following the same elevator scheme with the same amount of elevators except from the fact that building A and B have 1 twin sets elevators less in every inner transition zone. So building A and B have each 46 cars and 18 shafts.

Figure 8. installation floors.png

So building’s A scheme is as folllows:

4 double decker shuttle elevators

Skylobby group (4 conventional elevators of 1600 Kg each)

4Twins + 1conventional office elevator 4Twins + 1conventional office elevator Set 4 elevator group (4 Twins + 1 conventional elevator of 1600 Kg each)

4 conventional Parking elevators

Set 3 elevator group (4 Twins + 1 conventional elevator of 1600 Kg each)

2 Firesafety and freight elevators Set 3 elevator group (4 Twins + 1 conventional elevator of 1600 Kg each)

2 Twin sky shuttle elevators 4 conventional Skylobby elevators

Set 2 elevator group (4 Twins + 1 conventional elevator of 1600 Kg each)

3 Firesafety escalators

2 SKY Shuttle Elevators

Shuttle elevators (4 double decker elevators of 2000Kg)

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Set 1 elevator group (4 Twins + 1 conventional elevator of 1600 Kg each)

firesafety and freight elevators (2 of 1250 Kg each)

4 elevator group for access from the parking to the entrance level

2 SKY Shuttle Elevators

Shuttle elevators (4 double decker elevators of 2000Kg)

Set 1 elevator group (4 Twins + 1 conventional elevator of 1600 Kg each)

3.2.

HVAC Systems

3.2.1. Installation floors In order to ensure the proper and efficient function of the installation and in return of the building itself we compartmentalize our design in sections that are constituted from a specific amount of floors for every building that are served from a double storey installation floor as shown and described in fig 9. So in total we have 5 installation floor for each building that are serving 7, 10 and 13 floors for building A, B and C respectively. This set up was chosen in order to cover all the need of the building for heating, cooling and ventilation with a reasonable amount of installation that are repeated in every installation floor and are of a size that can be carried and fitted easily once the construction is completed.

1 Installation floor per 13 floors

1 Installation floor per 10 floors

1 Installation floor per 7 floors

Figure 9.  Installation floors distribution

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3.2.2. System Selection Our building hosts 5 different functions with different needs for ventilation heating and cooling. So in order to create an efficient design to cover these needs we decided to install three different but yet similar HVAC systems. The systems were chosen firstly in order to serve in the best possible way the needs of every function and secondly they were chosen to function with the same principal and with similar capacities in order to provide the maximum level of flexibility for the building so in the future changing functions will not take any more effort than taking the decision to do so. The final choice was to install in every function a plenum ventilation system with raised floors and lowered ceilings in order to be able to achieve a reversible ventilation process as it will be explained in the next chapter. Offices, sky lobbies, library and hotel are served by a centralized ventilation system that is placed in every installation floor while conference centres are served by local HVAC systems as they function sporadically and for short periods of time. Finally offices use a floor heating and a chilled ceiling system to cover their need for heating cool, while skly lobbies, libraries and hotel use floor heating and chilled floor beams and conference centres use only four-way chilled floor beams. So the different set ups for every function in our design is shown in fig. 10.

Offices Centralized Plenum Ventilation with floor heating and chilled ceilings

Skylobbies, library and hotel Centralized Plenum Ventilation with floor heating and chilled floor beams

Conference center De - Centralized Ventilation with individual HVAC units for maximum efficiency and chilled floor beams

Figure 10.  HVAC systems for different functions [14-38]

3.2.3. Ventilation In order to ensure maximum efficiency for our ventilation scheme with the least amount of energy demands per square meter we wanted to create a system that will simulate the natural air flow and will work hand by hand with the envelope of the building that will enhance its efficiency but again is not crucial for its successful function. So the idea was to create a set up where during winter the air will be pre-tempered and will flow in the space following the natural flow of hot air that always flows from down up and during summer to reverse the procedure and let the cold air flow from the ceiling down following again the natural flow of cold air that being heavier makes it go from up down.

This scheme shown in fig 11 and fig 12 has three major advantages. The first one is that by following the natural air flow we do not need to install any fans on the exhaust and inlet diffusers (see fig 15) on the floor and the ceiling as by creating an overpressure in the plenum zones the air will flow naturally in the proper direction. So this fact save an enormous amount of energy that would be used from the fans in order to distribute and exhaust the air and also as shown in fig 13 it provides the possibility to the user to actually place the diffusers of the floor wherever he/she needs to depending on the space needed for the office. It is also completely controllable as the user may switch the diffusers by hand depending on weather he/she wants extra air flow while working.

The second advantage of this system is that due to floor heating and chilled ceiling the air is pre-tempered in a very efficient way so it enters the room almost in the proper temperature without using any excess energy but the energy used from the floor and ceiling in order to reach the target temperatures respectively.

Finally this system reduces significantly the amount of ducts that we need to install in every floor as all the ducting for every different space is saved due to the plenum principal that is followed. This also give the users the opportunity to separate, distribute or divide their space as they want without being influenced from any mechanical restriction in the building as shown in fig16. Finally the curved shaped chilled ceiling placed in the offices provide a bigger surface that act as a radiator and can reach an efficiency up to 130w/m2.

chilled ceiling

Figure 11. winter ventilation and heating scheme

Figure 12. summer ventilation and cooling scheme

ceiling diffusers simple lowered instead of chilled ceiling

inlet/exhaust ducts

climate facade raised floor heating

floor diffusers chilled floor beams for heating and cooling support Figure 13. heating cooling and ventilation system for office spaces

Figure 14. heating, cooling and ventilation systems for hotel, skylobbies and library [15-38]

3.2.4. Heating and Cooling

3.2.4.1 General Design Parameters

Total building surface: 205.918 m2 Desired summer temp. indoor/atrium: 24oC / 25oC Desired winter temp. indoor/atrium: 22oC / 18oC Total cooling demand and heating demand per function: Facade U-value: 0,88 W/m2K Chilled ceiling capacity: 130 W/m2 Floor heating capacity: 80W/m2 4-way Chilled beams(Heating/cooling): 70 W/m2 / 95 W/m2 Figure 15. Swirl floor and ceilling diffusers Function OFFICES CON CENTER HOTEL LIBRARY ATRIAS

Sq.meter

95.781,15 21.015,95 16.983,36 3510 2296

Average demand

Heating

40 60 30 180 769 215,8

Consumption/sq.m Cooling

55 90 40 94 285

Total Consumption(w/m2)

112,8

95 150 70 274 285

Total Consumption (kwh/m2-­‐year) Total Consumption (mw/day) 273,6 9,10 432 3,15 201,6 1,19 789,12 0,96 3035,52 2,42

174,8 Total consumption Kwh/year Total consumption (MW/year) 4731,84 5495,64

Figure 16. cooling and heating demands per function

More detailed calculation are shown in the appendix at the end of the report.

Figure 18. Raised floor heating section

Figure 17. Raised floor heating scheme

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Finally as one can see in fig 11, 12 and 20 the whole system is cooperating with the climate facade element in two ways. During winter the grill of the facade are open and due to the heat that is produces in the facade’s cavity (21cm) the facade enhances the air circulation by driving hot air on the plenum ceiling from where it is extracted following the air flowing from the ceiling diffusers. During summer the function changes, the grilles are shutting down the connection with the interior and an operable part from the outside layer is operating in order to allow the excess heat that is created in the facade’s cavity to escape creating this way a buffer zone for the office in order to reduce the temperature difference from the outside air. Finally this opening are used both in summer and winter to provide night cooling during night hours and refresh the air of the building.

lowered ceiling

Climate facade element

raised floor

Figure 19. section of a typical office space with a raised floor heating and a lowered chilled ceiling adjusted to the climate facade

Anodized aluminium grill

Row Fin coil steel enclosure

Chilled/hot water supply and return Figure 20. 4-way Floor chilled beam

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3.2.5. The Tube exchanger The system we propose for the ventilation, heating and cooling of our building is somehow a new suggestion as in a research that was carried out for existing HVAC schemes there wasn’t anything similar found. So during the design process we faced some problems especially regarding the duct distribution and function as there is no system yet in the market to allow the designer to reverse the inlet and exhaust function of an Air Handling Unit (AHU). So in order to solve this problem and avoid installing two times the ducts that were finally needed (once for inlet and once for exhaust for every season) we propose a new component that can be adapted just before a Twin coil AHU and reverse the air direction when needed.

3m

This component named “tube exchanger” is composed by a reversion box of 3m length and width accordng to the ducts needed. The ducts used for this design are flexible circular ducts designed for high pressure loads in order to serve the air quantity needed in every floor without occupying big space in the shafts. The scheme and the function of the tube exchanger can be seen in fig 21.

So as our initial goal is to provide during winter air from the floor and exhaust it through the ceiling and during summer to provide air from the ceiling and exhaust through the floors the tube exchanger will be connected with a sensor that will automatically reverse its function once the temperature levels exceed a specific limit witch for the winter function will be 24oC and for the summer function will be 18oC. In order though to avoid high mechanical fatigue of the system we will adjust the sensor to allow a two degree divergence within which only the floor heating or the chilled ceiling will take over balancing the temperature without reversing the air flow direction.

Twin coil AHU

Twin coil AHU

Twin coil AHU

Twin coil AHU

Figure 21. tube exchanger function

Figure 22. Typical floor duct distribution plan [18-38]

3.2.6. Ventilation and duct demands Every floor has some air demands per hour depending on the number of people that are occupying it and its function. All the detailed calculations for this purpose can be found it the Appendix. From this air demands per hour we calculated the amount of ducts needed to transfer the air needed to ensure a healthy and functional environment.

In order to avoid though occupying a lot of space in the shafts area we decided to drive the air all the way up or down in the shafts with a design speed of 9m/s through high pressure insulated ducts in order to avoid noise pollution and for the distribution of the air along the corridors of every floor as shown in figure 22 we designed the distribution ducts with an air flow of 3,5 m/s.

water ponds

Ducts distribution with an opening of 0,8 m2 each (1,6X0,5m) rectangular section

tube exchanger

AHU

Air Inlet Figure 23.  Typical installation floor and duct distribution scheme

Figure 24.  Auditorium ventilation scheme

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4. Eliminate the environmental impact A lot of new technologies are oriented to material savings and reuse and to energy recapturing. The initial goal for these developments is, far from the financial profit, the reduction of CO2 emissions that are produced either during material production or from energy production procedures.

So this new European iconic building must put a lot of effort in order to eliminate its environmental impact by addressing new technologies in every step and stage of its design and construction. In this chapter we will go through the measures, systems and approaches that were adopted through the design phase in order to achieve this goal.

4.1.

Vertical transportation

Due to the fact that our buildings have a total of 148 elevator cars and the same amount of engines, one for each elevator car, the amount of energy used per year only for the vertical transportation of the users is significantly large and equal to 281.5 MWh per year. So instead of producing this amount of energy from scratch we install a Regen@ system in every engine that captures and returns to the building’s grid more than 70% of the energy used by them so a total of 197MWh per year or o.5 MWh per day for re-use.

Figure 25.  Regen# system installed in every car engine

4.2.

HVAC and tube exchanger

The tube exchanger and ventilation system as described in chapter 3 allow us to install half of the ducts that we would install without the tube exchanger and the plenum ventilation design allow us to install a total of 47% less duct running meters than a conventional system due to the fact that we do not need to install distribution ducts in the are of the offices or hotel rooms or conferences. This fact reduces the total amount of CO2 produced for the ducting of our building by 6,13 tonnesCO2.

Figure 26.  Ducts distribution reduction from plenum ventilation scheme [20-38]

4.3.

Air filtration

Brussels has a constantly improved air quality from 2004 and on but yet the particles concentration in the air especially those coming from traffic pollution like PM10 and PM2.5 meet high concentration levels in the atmosphere. This fact forced us to abandon the idea of natural ventilation as we wanted to ensure a healthy Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). Part from that we wanted to design our building in a way that will return more than it takes from the adjacent environment.

For this purpose a highly efficient HEPA filter was chosen to be used in the air inlet of every AHU. This kind of filter can clean up to 97% of the air’s particles reaching capturing a minimum size up to o.3 microns in order to ensure that the air that will insert the occupied spaces is clean and will not harm the users in long term.

Part from that we decided to not reuse the air among departments of the building as this would raise a lot of risk for disease transmissions through the air and would lower significantly the air quality. Instead we drive the used air to the atrias providing this way both the air quantity that they require and also a temperature balance without using any excess energy to pre-temper the air in order to achieve this balance as the air will already be preheated from the circulation in the offices and other functions. This saves a total of 1,77MW/day of use as the atrias have a huge volume of 19400m2 as they are 16m high each and they have a total 320m2 exposed glass surface that raises the amount of energy needed to preserve a constant temperature through the whole day as they function in a 24 hour basis.

Figure 27.  The buildings acting as a lung for the city of Brussels

After the air enters the Atrias there are five operable windows in each atria facade that operate automatically in order to let air exhaust naturally back to the atmosphere. The amount of air that will insert the atrias is 6,98m3/s and with the assumption that the air will be driven out with an average speed of 1m/s we need a total of 8mw of openings to ensure the proper air exhaust. Every opening though has 1,54m2 so by operating 5 openings in each atrium we achieve to have an overpressure in the space, a fact that ensures that no polluted air from outside will enter the atria and that the ventilation flow will function properly through the whole operation time.

Atria space

Finally this scheme allows us to return the air back to the atmosphere cleaner than we inserted it into the building turning the building to big lung for the city of Brussels.

Figure 28.  Exhaust air scheme from the installation space - to the atria - to outside

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4.4.

Interior Lighting

The interior lighting of the building is also very important factor that contributes to a sustainable and comfort inner climate. It is also though a great factor in the total energy consumption of the buildings as every space needs to have artificial lighting to an adequate level. For this purpose and as office spaces and conference centers with a total of 116.797 m2 we decided to install the curved chilled ceiling for another reason part from the cooling purposes. This kind of geometry of the ceiling distributes the light evenly in the space by reflection and can save up to 30% of the total energy demand for lighting through the whole year. So in numbers this kind of lighting system can save up to 1023 MWh/year or 282 tonnesCO2 per year as shown in the figure 28.

Function Lghting needs (w/m2) Sq.meter Total energy demands per year (Wh/year) OFFICES 10 95.781,15 2796809609 CON CENTER 10 21.015,95 613665740

30% reduced en. Demands (MWh) 839,0428828 184,099722

difference (MWh) 1957,766726 429,566018

total reduction (MWH) 1023,142605

Figure 29. energy demands and energy savings for lighting

Figure 30. Impression of the interior office space with and without artificial lighting

4.5.

Water drainage and re-use

Our design offers us in total 10..143 m2 of inclined roof whose slope is shouting for water drainage through raining days. With a total amount of 755mm/year of percipitation in the city of Brussels the water drainage can provide us with a total 7.556m3 of fresh water that after filtration can be directly used for secondary use as flushing, cleaning e.t.c. The toal amount of water used for secondary use like flushing though can exceed 66.879 m2 per year so we decided to reuse the water from primary uses, store it, filter it and then redistributed for secondary use saving this way a total of 59323m3 per year.

106 8 848 30538 365 11146538 10179,48641 6 183,2307553 66879,22569

Figure 31. total water use for flushing

floors toil/floor toilets flushes per day days flushes per year total amount of people l per flush total m3 per day m3 per year

Figure 32. A total 10.143m2 of inclined roofs [22-38]

In fig. 33 one can see the water distribution and re-use scheme that is followed through every building from the top to the bottom. In order to ensure the proper function and constant distribution of water we install in every istallation floor two circular Pioneer XL05 water tanks of 4,7 m diameter and 3,45 m height of 30m3 total capacity each. One tank will store 1/3 of the total water demands of each section the installation floor is serving in order to fill up during off peak hours and reduce the total energy consumption needed to drive the water in every installation floor during day time and the second will be used on the upper installation floor to save the water captured during storms and on the other installation floors in order to save and filter the gray water coming from the primary uses so it can be re-used further for secondary uses.

two water tanks per installation floor

Figure 33.  installation floor with water tanks

Domestic use Figure 34.  water re-use scheme

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Toilets/secondary use

Rainwater

water from the Grid

4.6.

Integrated PV Panels

Finally in order to take advantage of the exposure of the south facades of our building to the sun we decided to integrate PV panels in parts of the windows that will be installed. With a total amount 7.500 elements of the facade exposed on the south part of the facade and a total 1,48 m2 of integrated panels in each element of 65 W/m2 efficiency we can produce in total of 1580 MWh/year that equals to 3% of our initial energy needs per year.

A/2

Par from that the PV panels are integrated with this pattern in order to hide the raised floors and lowered ceilings behind them and act as shading device for the north part of the building.

A/2

total area A = 1,48 m2 per facade element with integrated PV panels of 65W/m2 efficiency

Figure 35.  Shadow effect from integrated PV Panels in the Rotterdam central station

5. Design for the future 5.1.

EU Policies

Designing a building for the EU addresses a lot of research in matters of policies and strategies especially in the field of energy management as it is the hottest topic of our era. In this direction EU has solid policies that are leading the effort for a greener future that is depending less on fossil fuels and more on renewable energy sources. These efforts are encompassed in the memorandum of understanding that EU countries signed back in 2011 related to renewable energy exchanges. This memorandum engages the involved countries like Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, and the United Kingdom to put an effort in creating a Supergrid that will connect them and every country will be able to input energy stock that comes from their renewable energy sources. Till now the supergrid idea is based on wind farms energy production but it is about to be extended to any source of renewable energy that a country can produce in stock and exchange it with others. This initiative also is targeted by other countries in the EU that are willing to engage themselves to produce energy from renewable energy sources so to participate in this innovative effort.

Part from that the research showed that EU is turning every year in more environmental friendly energy sources like biogas, residual wastes, wind energy and others as shown in fig 35.

Figure 36.  energy production per renewable energy source in EU from 1994-2008

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5.2.

Energy Efficiency

Taking these parameters into account and trying to find a way to make our building a totaly energy efficient building that will enclose future steps and potential improvements we decide to produce our own energy in order to serve the energy demands of the whole design.

CO2 extraction outlet

For this purpose a CENTAURUS 70 gas turbine generator set of 7.5 MWe daily capacity combined with a Waste heat recovery unit and an absorption chiller are installed in the basement of building C and will produce building’s 70-75% energy demands. The gas turbine will be supplied with natural gas from the grid for the first years but in the future and as biogas production is growing it will be possible to replace natural gas with biogas and generate CO2 free energy with the least environmental impact. The gas turbine generator has an efficiency of 65% referring to the initial energy source in contrast with the 40% efficiency that the electricity production has using coal as energy source. Also in Brussels at the moment 1 KWh of energy production from coal produces 0,9kgCO2 and 1 KWh of energy production from natural gas produces 0,43 kgCO2. So the total amount of CO2 reduction that we achieve by installing a gas turbine of this capacity equals to 76957tonnesCO2 per year or 70% reduction referring always to the CO2 that is produced from the initial source of energy and not to the energy used from the building as this is only a percentage of the primary source.

building’s grid

Gas turbine Heat Exchanger Compressor Generator Air Intake Cooler Transporter 8 Heat pumps set Absorption Chiller Algea harvester Fresh air Electricity Natural gas

The gas turbine, the heat exchanger and the absorption chiller are connected to a system of 8 heat pumps that are installed under each building in order to provide the hot and cold water needed in order to cover the cooling and heating demands of every building as shown in figures 39 and 40 and the demands for hot water. During off peak hours the excess energy that is produced from the gas turbine is used in order to create a balance in the heat pump storage tanks and after that balance is achieved the rest of the energy is returned to the grid.

We calculated that a total amount of 0,903 MWe will be returned every day to the grid and this action can be introduced from the EU as an effort to enhance the initiative for the Supergrid development. Part from that it offers a great business plan to the investor as it is analysed in the financial report of this project.

Figure 38. Co-generation plant installation in -3 storey of building C (figures are place in real scale)

Waste heat recovery gas from the grid

Absorption Chiller

Excess energy during off-peak hours

Electricity from the Grid Hot water for domestic use

Figure 37. Co-generation plant scheme

Building’s energy demands

[25-38]

Figure 39. Energy distribution scheme for the three buildings in combination with heatpumps

Figure 40. 3D impression of the co-generation set up

MODEL

Cooling capacity (kW)

Power input (kW)

Length (mm)

Width (mm)

Height (mm)

Weight (kg)

Total Area (m2)

3500BX

921

193

4567

1500

1895

4719

8,65

Figure 41. The Water to soil heat pump that will be used to form the 8 heatpump set up for every building

[26-38]

5.3.

Closed biogas cycle

In order to create an iconic building that will act as a leader for the buildings of the next generation we wanted to show a path that is never followed before. The fact that the gas turbine will consume more than 7453384m3 of natural gas per year that equals to 271130 mmBTU/year or 41.605 tonnesCO2 per year. This amount of CO2 can not be directly exhausted to the atmosphere so we decided to introduce an algae pond on the ground floor level outside our building in order to input part of this amount to the pond and produce algae that later on will be harvested in an algae harvesting system that is also installed in the basement as shown in fig 38. Till lately the use of algae ponds for commercial use and especially in public spaces was not feasible as the pond produces smells and if it is not protected there is serious risk of pollution by people that will lead to the death of the algae and the extraction of CO2 back to the atmosphere. A new technology though that is being held in pilot programs in US showed that the commercialization of algae ponds is now feasible as they use a 20cm thick layer of Phase Changing Material that has a two fold function. The first is to protect the algae from external sources of pollution and to keep the smells that are produced in the algae pond. The second function is to absorb the heat from the sun during daytime and release it in the algae pond once the temperature falls. This protects the algae from cold and enhance the production process as algae needs heat to grow.

The algae pond has a total surface of 2000m2 and a depth of 25cm in order to let the sun reach every level of the pond. The pond will be filled with the black water that will come out of the building and will act as a nutrient source. By this set up a total amount of 1000tonnes of CO2 per year will be captures and the rest will be exhausted through the shafts to the air from the top installation floor in order not to pollute the air of the ground level. The captures CO2 will result in a total of 100tonnes of algae per year and with an average price of 0,315 euros/kg including lipids and meal of algae can return a total 31500 euros per year. The amounts of CO2 captured per year along with the total income that the harvesting can bring are not convincing but the initiative of this action is to show the way for the next generation of designers and constructors as a larger scale installation combined with a gas turbine that uses biogas as its primary fuel can return into a completely closed biogas cycle and reduce dramatically the environmental impact of the next generation buildings.

Figure 42. Algea pond and truck entrance for the algea transportation

7453384m3 of natural gas per year

Black water from the building reused as a source of nutrients for Algea

Losses 35%

Heat Output 35%

31500 Euro/year from lipid and meal bioproducts

more than100000kg of algea harvested per year

Figure 44. Algea production scheme Figure 43. Algea Harvester

[27-38]

Algea Pond with a 20cm PCM transparent cover for temperature flaxuation and protection

6. Firesafety Due to the design development and the structural system that was followed ensuring fire safety for our buildings was an easy process. There are no spots in every floor that are exceeding 45 m distance from a fire escape exit as there are three fire escape escalators that can be used and are reachable from every side of a floor plan. Every escalator has an evacuation room with doors of 90min fire safety resistance and a devoted exhaust duct in order to ensure safety for the users and every floor is equipped with umbrella type sprinklers placed every 4.5 m covering an area of 17m2 each. Also there are smoke detectors covering an area of 80m2 each for smoke detection and every 100m2 there are fire extinguishers for emergency use. Finally every floor has access to two fire safety elevators with an evacuation room of 25 m2 .

25m2 of evacuation zone in front of firesafety elevators Firesafety elevators evacuation rooms for the fireescape escalators 3 fire escape escalators

Figure 45.  Firesafety routes

[28-38]

7. APPENDIX 7.1.

ELEVATE CALCULATIONS

ELEVATOR DATA Capacity (kg) Speed (m/s) Acceleration (m/s²) Jerk (m/s³) Home Floor Start Delay (s) Door Pre-­‐opening Time (s) Door Open Time (s) Door Close Time (s) Door Dwell 1 (s) Door Dwell 2 (s)

ELEVATOR DATA Capacity (kg) Speed (m/s) Acceleration (m/s²) Jerk (m/s³) Home Floor Start Delay (s) Door Pre-­‐opening Time (s) Door Open Time (s) Door Close Time (s) Door Dwell 1 (s) Door Dwell 2 (s)

0-­‐10floors (4double dekkers_elevators_2000kg Car 1 Car 2 Car 3 Car 4 2000 2000 2000 2000 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 Level Level Level Level 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0 0 0 0 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 2,9 2,9 2,9 2,9 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2

10-­‐24 floors (4doubledekkers_elevators_1600kg) Car 1 Car 2 Car 3 Car 4 1600 1600 1600 1600 5 5 5 5 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 level 0 level 0 level 0 level 0 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0 0 0 0 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 2,9 2,9 2,9 2,9 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2

PASSENGER DATA Arrangement Template Total HC (% pop per 5 mins) Incoming (%) Outgoing (%) Interfloor (%) Start Time (hrs:mins) End Time (hrs:mins) Passenger Mass (kg) Loading Time (s) Unloading Time (s) Stair Factor (%) Capacity Factor (%)

PASSENGER DATA Arrangement Template Total HC (% pop per 5 mins) Incoming (%) Outgoing (%) Interfloor (%) Start Time (hrs:mins) End Time (hrs:mins) Passenger Mass (kg) Loading Time (s) Unloading Time (s) Stair Factor (%) Capacity Factor (%)

Double Deck with no odd to even floor traffic Constant traffic (% building pop per 5 mins) 15.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 08:00 11:00 75 1,2 1,2 0 80

Double Deck with no odd to even floor traffic Constant traffic (% building pop per 5 mins) 15.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 08:00 11:00 75 1,2 1,2 0 80

The tables shown in this section are part of the results that were produced in ELEVATE. The fact that the program cannot simulate the TWIN systems forced us to calculate all the TWIN systems as double deckers , a fact that did not allow us to go into more detail with the calculations [29-38]

ELEVATOR DATA Capacity (kg) Speed (m/s) Acceleration (m/s²) Jerk (m/s³) Home Floor Start Delay (s) Door Pre-­‐opening Time (s) Door Open Time (s) Door Close Time (s) Door Dwell 1 (s) Door Dwell 2 (s)

38-­‐51 floors (4double dekkers_elevators_1600kg) Car 1 Car 2 Car 3 Car 4 1600 1600 1600 1600 5 5 5 5 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 level 0 level 0 level 0 level 0 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0 0 0 0 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 2,9 2,9 2,9 2,9 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2

ELEVATOR DATA Capacity (kg) Speed (m/s) Acceleration (m/s²) Jerk (m/s³) Home Floor Start Delay (s) Door Pre-­‐opening Time (s) Door Open Time (s) Door Close Time (s) Door Dwell 1 (s) Door Dwell 2 (s)

shuttle_skylobby_2doublede ckelevators_2000kg.

Car 1 Car 2 2000 2000 7 7 0,8 0,8 1,6 1,6 Level 0 Level 0 0,5 0,5 0 0 1,8 1,8 2,9 2,9 3 3 2 2

PASSENGER DATA Arrangement Template Total HC (% pop per 5 mins) Incoming (%) Outgoing (%) Interfloor (%) Start Time (hrs:mins) End Time (hrs:mins) Passenger Mass (kg) Loading Time (s) Unloading Time (s) Stair Factor (%) Capacity Factor (%)

Double Deck with no odd to even floor traffic Constant traffic (% building pop per 5 mins) 15.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 08:00 11:00 75 1,2 1,2 0 80

PASSENGER DATA Arrangement Template Total HC (% pop per 5 mins) Incoming (%) Outgoing (%) Interfloor (%) Start Time (hrs:mins) End Time (hrs:mins) Passenger Mass (kg) Loading Time (s) Unloading Time (s) Stair Factor (%) Capacity Factor (%)

Double Deck with no odd to even floor traffic Constant traffic (% building pop per 5 mins) 15.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 08:00 10:00 75 1,2 1,2 0 80

[30-38]

7.2.

Air demands per section

TOWER C

Function

-­‐3 -­‐2

Installations 1

1.927,05

retail civic atria shopping Entrance conference conference conference conference conference conference conference conference conference Installations 2 Meeting lobby offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices Installations 3 Meeting lobby offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices Installations 4 Meeting lobby offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices Installations 4 Meeting lobby Sky lobby Sky lobby Sky lobby Skylobby

1.021,28 182,89 326,22 859,60 1.158,76 1.059,87 1.131,06 1.205,06 1.288,29 1.365,49 1.420,73 1473 1.483,14 1.516,41 1524,06 762,03 1.521,34 1.511,69 1.496,30 1.475,13 1.242,80 1.232,08 1.219,39 1.218,75 1189,64 1.189,64 1.103,20 1.060,07 1.020,28 1.022,00 511,00 1.015,71 1.000,04 1.064,07 1.131,77 1.157,90 1.185,79 1.202,75 1.211,00 1.456,35 1.476,27 1.499,11 1.512,17 1.521,12 1.524,06 762,03 1.523,70 1.524,06 1.528,86 1.524,06 1.524,06 1.524,06 1.524,06 1.524,06 1.524,06 1.524,06 1.524,06 1.524,06 1.528,85 1.924,37 962,19 1.624,37 1.470,88 1321,36 1466,37

-­‐1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 57 59

corridors

m2 height (exl. Core)

Storey

445,1454 475,0452 506,1252 541,0818 573,5058 596,7066 618,66 622,9188 636,8922 330,13078 328,03673 324,6971 320,10321 269,6876 267,36136 264,60763 264,46875 258,15188 258,15188 239,3944 230,03519 221,40076 220,40907 217,00868 230,90319 245,59409 251,2643 257,31643 260,99675 262,787 316,02795 320,35059 325,30687 328,14089 330,08304 330,6429 330,72102 331,76262 330,72102 330,72102 330,72102 330,72102 330,72102 330,72102 330,72102 330,72102 330,72102 331,76045

m3

m2/p

m3/pp/hr

ventilation rate

shaft flow velocity (m/s)

corridors flow velocity

nr.of ppl

4

7708,2

20

50

5

9

3,5

97

6 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8

6127,68 1097,34 1957,32 3438,4 6952,56 4239,48 4524,24 4820,24 5153,16 5461,96 5682,92 5892 5932,56 6065,64 6096,24 6096,24 6085,36 6046,76 5985,2 5900,52 4971,2 4928,32 4877,56 4875 4758,56 4758,56 4412,8 4240,28 4081,12 4088 4088 4062,84 4000,16 4256,28 4527,08 4631,6 4743,16 4811 4844 5825,4 5905,08 5996,44 6048,68 6084,48 6096,24 6096,24 6094,8 6096,24 6115,44 6096,24 6096,24 6096,24 6096,24 6096,24 6096,24 6096,24 6096,24 6096,24 6115,4 7697,48 7697,48 12994,96 11767,04 10570,88 11730,96

2 2 1,5 2 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 20 1,5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 1,5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 1,5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 1,5 5 5 5 5

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

3 3 2 3 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 4 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5

511 92 218 430 773 212 227 242 258 274 285 295 297 304 77 509 77 76 75 74 63 62 61 61 60 60 56 54 52 52 341 51 51 54 57 58 60 61 61 73 74 75 76 77 77 509 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 97 642 325 295 265 294

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 5

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 5

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 5

50 50 50 50 50

2 2 2 2

[31-38]

demand/hr (m3/hr) dep. on air change rate 38541

demand/hr (m3 dep. on air chan rate 10,7

18383,04 3292,02 3914,64 10315,2 13905,12 21197,4 22621,2 24101,2 25765,8 27309,8 28414,6 29460 29662,8 30328,2 30481,2

5,1 0,9 1,1 2,9 3,9 5,9 6,3 6,7 7,2 7,6 7,9 8,2 8,2 8,4 8,5

7910,968 7860,788 7780,76 7670,676 6462,56 6406,816 6340,828 6337,5 6186,128 6186,128 5736,64 5512,364 5305,456 20440

2,2 2,2 2,2 2,1 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,7 1,7 1,6 1,5 1,5 5,7

5281,692 5200,208 5533,164 5885,204 6021,08 6166,108 6254,3 6297,2 7573,02 7676,604 7795,372 7863,284 7909,824 30481,2

1,5 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 2,1 2,1 2,2 2,2 2,2 8,5

7923,24 7925,112 7950,072 7925,112 7925,112 7925,112 7925,112 7925,112 7925,112 7925,112 7925,112 7925,112 7950,02 38487,4

2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 10,7

25989,92 23534,08 21141,76 23461,92

7,2 6,5 5,9 6,5

mand/hr (m3/hr) ep. on air change rate 38541

demand/hr (m3/s) demand/hr (m3/hr) demand/hr (m3/sec) Required opening inlet (m2) dep. on air change dep. on nr. of people dep. On nr. Of people rate 10,7 4850,00 0,150 1,35

18383,04 3292,02 3914,64 10315,2 13905,12 21197,4 22621,2 24101,2 25765,8 27309,8 28414,6 29460 29662,8 30328,2 30481,2

5,1 0,9 1,1 2,9 3,9 5,9 6,3 6,7 7,2 7,6 7,9 8,2 8,2 8,4 8,5

7910,968 7860,788 7780,76 7670,676 6462,56 6406,816 6340,828 6337,5 6186,128 6186,128 5736,64 5512,364 5305,456 20440

2,2 2,2 2,2 2,1 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,7 1,7 1,6 1,5 1,5 5,7

5281,692 5200,208 5533,164 5885,204 6021,08 6166,108 6254,3 6297,2 7573,02 7676,604 7795,372 7863,284 7909,824 30481,2

1,5 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 2,1 2,1 2,2 2,2 2,2 8,5

7923,24 7925,112 7950,072 7925,112 7925,112 7925,112 7925,112 7925,112 7925,112 7925,112 7925,112 7925,112 7950,02 38487,4

2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 10,7

25989,92 23534,08 21141,76 23461,92

7,2 6,5 5,9 6,5

25550,00 4600,00 10900,00 21500,00 38650,00 10600,00 11350,00 12100,00 12900,00 13700,00 14250,00 14750,00 14850,00 15200,00

7,10 1,28 3,03 5,97 10,74 2,94 3,15 3,36 3,58 3,81 3,96 4,10 4,13 4,22

25450,00 3850,00 3800,00 3750,00 3700,00 3150,00 3100,00 3050,00 3050,00 3000,00 3000,00 2800,00 2700,00 2600,00

7,07 1,07 1,06 1,04 1,03 0,88 0,86 0,85 0,85 0,83 0,83 0,78 0,75 0,72

17050,00 2550,00 2550,00 2700,00 2850,00 2900,00 3000,00 3050,00 3050,00 3650,00 3700,00 3750,00 3800,00 3850,00

4,74 0,71 0,71 0,75 0,79 0,81 0,83 0,85 0,85 1,01 1,03 1,04 1,06 1,07

25450,00 3850,00 3850,00 3850,00 3850,00 3850,00 3850,00 3850,00 3850,00 3850,00 3850,00 3850,00 3850,00 3850,00

7,07 1,07 1,07 1,07 1,07 1,07 1,07 1,07 1,07 1,07 1,07 1,07 1,07 1,07

32100,00 16250,00 14750,00 13250,00 14700,00

8,92 4,51 4,10 3,68 4,08

0,789 0,142 0,336 0,664 1,193 0,327 0,350 0,373 0,398 0,423 0,440 0,455 0,458 0,469 2,117 0,785 0,119 0,117 0,116 0,114 0,097 0,096 0,094 0,094 0,093 0,093 0,086 0,083 0,080 0,631 0,526 0,079 0,079 0,083 0,088 0,090 0,093 0,094 0,094 0,113 0,114 0,116 0,117 0,119 0,941 0,785 0,119 0,119 0,119 0,119 0,119 0,119 0,119 0,119 0,119 0,119 0,119 0,119 0,119 1,188 0,991 0,502 0,455 0,409 0,454

Required opening after Required opening inlet for reduction due to friction corridors (m2) Q = V*Cd*A (Cd = 0,8) 0,19 0,384920635 0,99 0,18 0,43 0,83 1,5 0,41 0,44 0,47 0,5 0,53 0,55 0,57 0,58 0,59 2,7 0,99 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,13 0,12 0,12 0,12 0,12 0,12 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,8 0,66 0,1 0,1 0,11 0,11 0,12 0,12 0,12 0,12 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15 1,2 0,99 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15 1,5 1,24 0,63 0,57 0,52 0,57

[32-38]

2,027777778 0,365079365 0,865079365 1,706349206 3,067460317 0,841269841 0,900793651 0,96031746 1,023809524 1,087301587 1,130952381 1,170634921 1,178571429 1,206349206 2,01984127 0,305555556 0,301587302 0,297619048 0,293650794 0,25 0,246031746 0,242063492 0,242063492 0,238095238 0,238095238 0,222222222 0,214285714 0,206349206 1,353174603 0,202380952 0,202380952 0,214285714 0,226190476 0,23015873 0,238095238 0,242063492 0,242063492 0,28968254 0,293650794 0,297619048 0,301587302 0,305555556 2,01984127 0,305555556 0,305555556 0,305555556 0,305555556 0,305555556 0,305555556 0,305555556 0,305555556 0,305555556 0,305555556 0,305555556 0,305555556 0,305555556 2,547619048 1,28968254 1,170634921 1,051587302 1,166666667

TOWER B

Storey

Function

-­‐3 -­‐2 -­‐1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Installations Retail ATRIAS Entrance CON. CENTER CON. CENTER CON. CENTER CON. CENTER CON. CENTER CON. CENTER Installations MEETING PLACE offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices Installations MEETING PLACE offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices Installations MEETING PLACE offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices Installations MEETING PLACE Sky lobby

corridors

472,5 512,4 551,88 589,68 617,82 636,552 333,312 332,227 328,104 323,113 261,6586 249,55 290,29175 275,807 236,747 220,472 219,604 201,159 218,953 274,505 289,261 226,86048 235,0978 321,36615 327,5832 331,33947 333,312 333,312 333,312 333,312 333,312 333,312 333,312 333,312 333,312 333,312

m2 height (exl. Core) 1.996,79 1.377,00 835,00 936,23 1125 1.220,00 1.314,00 1.404,00 1.471,00 1515,6 1.536,00 683,20 1.536,00 1.531,00 1512 1.489,00 1.205,80 1.150,00 1.337,75 1.271,00 1.091,00 1.016,00 1016 284,32 1.012,00 927,00 1.009,00 1.265,00 1.333,00 1.045,44 1.083,40 1.480,95 1.509,60 1.526,91 1.536,00 683,20 1.536,00 1.536,00 1.536,00 1.536,00 1.536,00 1.536,00 1.536,00 1.536,00 1.536,00 1.536,00 1.536,00 683,20 1.913,00

Sky lobby

1765

Sky lobby

1737

Sky lobby

1483

m3

m2/p

m3/pp/hr

ventilation rate

shaft flow velocity (m/s)

corridors flow velocity

nr.of ppl

4

7987,16

20

50

5

9

3,5

100

4 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

3340 5617,38 4500 4880 5256 5616 5884 6062,4 6144 2732,8 6144 6124 12096 5956 4823,2 4600 5351 5084 4364 4064 4064 1137,28 4048 3708 4036 5060 5332 8363,52 4333,6 5923,8 6038,4 6107,64 6144 2732,8 6144 6144 6144 6144 6144 6144 6144 6144 12288 6144 6144 2732,8 7652 0 7060 0 6948 0 5932

2 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 20 1,5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 1,5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 1,5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

3 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 4 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5

418 625 225 244 263 281 295 304 308 137 308 77 1008 75 61 58 67 64 55 51 51 15 51 47 51 64 67 697 55 75 76 77 77 35 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 1024 77 77 35 96 0 89 0 87 0 75

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

[33-38]

1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 5 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 5 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3

demand/hr (m dep. on air ch rate 39935,8

10020 11234,76 22500 24400 26280 28080 29420 30312 30720 13664 30720 30620 0 7742,8 6270,16 5980 6956,3 6609,2 5673,2 5283,2 5283,2 1478,464 5262,4 4820,4 5246,8 6578 26660

5633,68 7700,94 7849,92 7939,932 7987,2 3552,64 7987,2 7987,2 7987,2 7987,2 7987,2 7987,2 7987,2 30720 7987,2 7987,2 3552,64 9947,6 0 9178 0 9032,4 0 7711,6

nr.of ppl 100 418 625 225 244 263 281 295 304 308 137 308 77 1008 75 61 58 67 64 55 51 51 15 51 47 51 64 67 697 55 75 76 77 77 35 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 1024 77 77 35 96 0 89 0 87 0 75

demand/hr (m3/hr) dep. on air change rate 39935,8

demand/hr (m3/s) demand/hr (m3/hr) demand/hr (m3/sec) Required opening inlet (m2) dep. on air change dep. on nr. of people dep. On nr. Of people rate 11,1 5000,00 0,154 1,39

10020 11234,76 22500 24400 26280 28080 29420 30312 30720 13664 30720 30620 0 7742,8 6270,16 5980 6956,3 6609,2 5673,2 5283,2 5283,2 1478,464 5262,4 4820,4 5246,8 6578 26660

2,8 3,1 6,3 6,8 7,3 7,8 8,2 8,4 8,5 3,8 8,5 8,5

5633,68 7700,94 7849,92 7939,932 7987,2 3552,64 7987,2 7987,2 7987,2 7987,2 7987,2 7987,2 7987,2 30720

1,6 2,1 2,2 2,2 2,2 1,0 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 8,5

7987,2 7987,2 3552,64 9947,6 0 9178 0 9032,4 0 7711,6

2,2 2,2 1,0 2,8 0,0 2,5 0,0 2,5 0,0 2,1

2,2 1,7 1,7 1,9 1,8 1,6 1,5 1,5 0,4 1,5 1,3 1,5 1,8 7,4

20900,00 31250,00 11250,00 12200,00 13150,00 14050,00 14750,00 15200,00 0,00 6850,00 15400,00 0,00 50400,00 3750,00 3050,00 2900,00 3350,00 3200,00 2750,00 2550,00 0,00 750,00 2550,00 2350,00 2550,00 3200,00 3350,00 34850,00 2750,00 3750,00 3800,00 3850,00 0,00 1750,00 3850,00 3850,00 3850,00 3850,00 3850,00 3850,00 3850,00 3850,00 51200,00 3850,00 0,00 1750,00 4800,00 0,00 4450,00 0,00 4350,00 0,00 3750,00

5,81 8,68 3,13 3,39 3,65 3,90 4,10 4,22 8,53 1,90 4,28 14,00 1,04 0,85 0,81 0,93 0,89 0,76 0,71 1,47 0,21 0,71 0,65 0,71 0,89 0,93 9,68 0,76 1,04 1,06 1,07 0,00 0,49 1,07 1,07 1,07 1,07 1,07 1,07 1,07 1,07 14,22 1,07 0,00 0,49 1,33 0,00 1,24 0,00 1,21 0,00 1,04

0,645 0,965 0,347 0,377 0,406 0,434 0,455 0,469 0,948 0,211 0,475 2,126 1,556 0,116 0,094 0,090 0,103 0,099 0,085 0,079 0,163 0,023 0,079 0,073 0,079 0,099 0,823 1,076 0,085 0,116 0,117 0,119 0,000 0,054 0,119 0,119 0,119 0,119 0,119 0,119 0,119 0,948 1,580 0,119 0,000 0,054 0,148 0,000 0,137 0,000 0,134 0,000 0,116

[34-38]

Required opening after reduction due to friction Q = V*Cd*A (Cd = 0,8) 0,2 0,81 1,21 0,44 0,48 0,51 0,55 0,57 0,59 1,19 0,27 0,6 2,7 1,95 0,15 0,12 0,12 0,13 0,13 0,11 0,1 0,21 0,03 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,13 1,1 1,35 0,11 0,15 0,15 0,15 0 0,07 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,15 1,2 1,98 0,15 0 0,07 0,19 0 0,18 0 0,17 0 0,15

TOWER A

Storey

Function

-­‐3 -­‐2 -­‐1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Installations Retail ATRIAS Entrance CON. CENTER CON. CENTER CON. CENTER Installations MEETING PLACE HOTEL HOTEL HOTEL HOTEL HOTEL HOTEL HOTEL Installations MEETING PLACE HOTEL HOTEL HOTEL HOTEL HOTEL HOTEL HOTEL Installations MEETING PLACE offices offices offices offices offices offices offices Installations MEETING PLACE CULTURE

m2 height (exl. Core)

m3

m2/p

m3/pp/hr

ventilation rate

shaft flow velocity (m/s)

corridors flow velocity

nr.of ppl

demand/hr (m dep. on air ch rate 39935,8

1.996,79 1.377,00 835,00 936,23 341,1 341,1 341,1 1.549,00 683,20 1549 1.532,20 1.506,60 1.252,40 1.182,45 1113,11 1.160,56 1.059,40 483,00 1.064,00 1.160,00 1.139,40 1.200,20 1250 1.502,00 1.532,00 1.549,00 683,20 1.549,00 1.549,00 1.549,00 1.549,00 1.549,00 1.549,00 1.549,00 1.549,00 683,20 1.927,00

4

7987,16

20

50

5

9

3,5

100

4 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

3340 5617,38 1364,4 1364,4 1364,4 6196 2732,8 6196 6128,8 6026,4 5009,6 4729,8 8904,88 4642,24 4237,6 1932 4256 4640 4557,6 4800,8 5000 6008 6128 6196 2732,8 6196 6196 12392 6196 6196 6196 6196 6196 2732,8 7708

2 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 20 1,5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 1,5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

3 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

50 50

3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5

418 625 69 69 69 310 137 310 307 302 251 60 743 59 53 25 54 58 57 61 63 76 77 78 35 78 78 1033 78 78 78 78 78 35 97

10020 11234,76 6822 6822 6822 30980 13664 30980 30644 30132 25048 23649 0 6034,912 5508,88 2511,6 5532,8 6032 5924,88 6241,04 6500 7810,4 7966,4 8054,8 3552,64 8054,8 30980

1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 4 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

CULTURE

1.825,00

4

7300

20

50

1,3

9

3,5

92

9490

CULTURE

1.559,61

4

6238,44

20

50

1,3

9

3,5

78

8109,972

CULTURE

1.151,00

4

4604

20

50

1,3

9

3,5

58

5985,2

offices

747,00

8

5976

1,5

50

9

3,5

498

143,262 143,262 143,262

336,133 332,4874 326,9322 271,7708 256,59165 241,54487 251,84152 230,888 251,72 247,2498 260,4434 271,25 325,934 332,444 336,133 336,133 336,133 336,133 336,133 336,133 336,133

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

[35-38]

1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 5

8054,8 8054,8 8054,8 8054,8 8054,8 3552,64 10020,4

nr.of ppl 100

demand/hr (m3/hr) dep. on air change rate 39935,8

demand/hr (m3/s) demand/hr (m3/hr) demand/hr (m3/sec) Required opening inlet (m2) dep. on air change dep. on nr. of people dep. On nr. Of people rate 11,1 5000,00 1,39 0,154

418 625 69 69 69 310 137 310 307 302 251 60 743 59 53 25 54 58 57 61 63 76 77 78 35 78 78 1033 78 78 78 78 78 35 97

10020 11234,76 6822 6822 6822 30980 13664 30980 30644 30132 25048 23649 0 6034,912 5508,88 2511,6 5532,8 6032 5924,88 6241,04 6500 7810,4 7966,4 8054,8 3552,64 8054,8 30980

2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 1,0 2,8

20900,00 31250,00 3450,00 3450,00 3450,00 15500,00 6850,00 15500,00 0,00 15100,00 12550,00 0,00 37150,00 2950,00 2650,00 1250,00 2700,00 2900,00 2850,00 3050,00 0,00 3800,00 3850,00 3900,00 1750,00 3900,00 3900,00 51650,00 3900,00 3900,00 3900,00 3900,00 0,00 1750,00 4850,00

1,7 1,5 0,7 1,5 1,7 1,6 1,7 1,8 2,2 2,2 2,2 1,0 2,2 8,6

8054,8 8054,8 8054,8 8054,8 8054,8 3552,64 10020,4

92

9490

2,6

78

8109,972

58

5985,2

498

2,8 3,1 1,9 1,9 1,9 8,6 3,8 8,6 8,5 8,4 7,0 6,6

5,81 8,68 0,96 0,96 0,96 4,31 1,90 4,31 8,51 4,19 3,49

Required opening after reduction due to friction Q = V*Cd*A (Cd = 0,8) 0,2

10,32 0,82 0,74 0,35 0,75 0,81 0,79 0,85 1,81 1,06 1,07 1,08 0,49 1,08 1,08 14,35 1,08 1,08 1,08 1,08 0,00 0,49 1,35

0,645 0,965 0,106 0,106 0,106 0,478 0,211 0,478 0,946 0,466 0,387 1,642 1,147 0,091 0,082 0,039 0,083 0,090 0,088 0,094 0,201 0,117 0,119 0,120 0,054 0,120 0,956 1,594 0,120 0,120 0,120 0,120 0,000 0,054 0,150

0,81 1,21 0,14 0,14 0,14 0,6 0,27 0,6 1,19 0,59 0,49 2,1 1,44 0,12 0,11 0,05 0,11 0,12 0,11 0,12 0,26 0,15 0,15 0,16 0,07 0,16 1,2 2 0,16 0,16 0,16 0,16 0 0,07 0,19

4600,00

1,28

0,142

0,18

2,3

3900,00

1,08

0,120

0,16

1,7

2900,00

0,81

0,090

0,12

24900,00

6,92

0,769

0,97

[36-38]

7.3.

Total energy consumption

Function OFFICES CON CENTER HOTEL LIBRARY ATRIAS Average demand

Sq.meter

95.781,15 21.015,95 16.983,36 3510 2296

Heating

40 60 30 180 769 215,8

Consumption/sq.m Cooling

55 90 40 94 285

Total Consumption(w/m2)

112,8

95 150 70 274 285

Total Consumption (kwh/m2-­‐year) Total Consumption (mw/day) 273,6 9,10 432 3,15 201,6 1,19 789,12 0,96 3035,52 2,42

174,8 Total consumption Kwh/year Total consumption (MW/year) 970027200 5495,64

[37-38]

7.4.

Water demands per section

TOWER C m2 height (exl. Core)

Storey

Function

-­‐3 -­‐2

Installations 1

1.927,05

retail civic atria shopping Entrance conference conference conference conference conference conference conference conference conference Installations 2 Meeting lobby offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices Installations 3 Meeting lobby offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices Installations 4 Meeting lobby offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices offices Installations 4 Meeting lobby Sky lobby Sky lobby Sky lobby

1.021,28 182,89 326,22 859,60 1.158,76 1.059,87 1.131,06 1.205,06 1.288,29 1.365,49 1.420,73 1473 1.483,14 1.516,41 1524,06 762,03 1.521,34 1.511,69 1.496,30 1.475,13 1.242,80 1.232,08 1.219,39 1.218,75 1189,64 1.189,64 1.103,20 1.060,07 1.020,28 1.022,00 511,00 1.015,71 1.000,04 1.064,07 1.131,77 1.157,90 1.185,79 1.202,75 1.211,00 1.456,35 1.476,27 1.499,11 1.512,17 1.521,12 1.524,06 762,03 1.523,70 1.524,06 1.528,86 1.524,06 1.524,06 1.524,06 1.524,06 1.524,06 1.524,06 1.524,06 1.524,06 1.524,06 1.528,85 1.924,37 962,19 1.624,37 1.470,88 1321,36 83.563,57 8356356,5 8356,3565

-­‐1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 57

TOTAL total en.consump total en.consump in KW

m3

m2/p

4

7708,2

20

6 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8

6127,68 1097,34 1957,32 3438,4 6952,56 4239,48 4524,24 4820,24 5153,16 5461,96 5682,92 5892 5932,56 6065,64 6096,24 6096,24 6085,36 6046,76 5985,2 5900,52 4971,2 4928,32 4877,56 4875 4758,56 4758,56 4412,8 4240,28 4081,12 4088 4088 4062,84 4000,16 4256,28 4527,08 4631,6 4743,16 4811 4844 5825,4 5905,08 5996,44 6048,68 6084,48 6096,24 6096,24 6094,8 6096,24 6115,44 6096,24 6096,24 6096,24 6096,24 6096,24 6096,24 6096,24 6096,24 6096,24 6115,4 7697,48 7697,48 12994,96 11767,04 10570,88

2 2 1,5 2 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 20 1,5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 1,5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 1,5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 1,5 5 5 5

nr.of ppl

Water demands (l/d) Peak flow rate

511 92 218 430 773 212 227 242 258 274 285 295 297 304 509 77 76 75 74 63 62 61 61 60 60 56 54 52 341 51 51 54 57 58 60 61 61 73 74 75 76 77

306,384 54,867 257,88

0

509 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 642 325 295 265 9964

[38-38]

20140 21565 22990 24510 26030 27075 28025 28215 28880 0 0 7315 7220 7125 7030 5985 5890 5795 5795 5700 5700 5320 5130 4940 0 0 4845 4845 5130 5415 5510 5700 5795 5795 6935 7030 7125 7220 7315 0 0 7315 7315 7315 7315 7315 7315 7315 7315 7315 7315 7315 7315 7315 0 0 30875 28025 25175 564824,131 or 691 m3/day

765,96 137,1675 0 644,7 0 50350 53912,5 57475 61275 65075 67687,5 70062,5 70537,5 72200 0 0 18287,5 18050 17812,5 17575 14962,5 14725 14487,5 14487,5 14250 14250 13300 12825 12350 0 0 12112,5 12112,5 12825 13537,5 13775 14250 14487,5 14487,5 17337,5 17575 17812,5 18050 18287,5 0 0 18287,5 18287,5 18287,5 18287,5 18287,5 18287,5 18287,5 18287,5 18287,5 18287,5 18287,5 18287,5 18287,5 0 0 77187,5 70062,5 62937,5 1412060,328 or 1727 m3/day

Average per minute demand for a 9 hour operation schedule average peak 0,567377778 0,101605556 0 0,477555556 0 37,2962963 39,93518519 42,57407407 45,38888889 48,2037037 50,13888889 51,89814815 52,25 53,48148148 0 0 13,5462963 13,37037037 13,19444444 13,01851852 11,08333333 10,90740741 10,73148148 10,73148148 10,55555556 10,55555556 9,851851852 9,5 9,148148148 0 0 8,972222222 8,972222222 9,5 10,02777778 10,2037037 10,55555556 10,73148148 10,73148148 12,84259259 13,01851852 13,19444444 13,37037037 13,5462963 0 0 13,5462963 13,5462963 13,5462963 13,5462963 13,5462963 13,5462963 13,5462963 13,5462963 13,5462963 13,5462963 13,5462963 13,5462963 13,5462963 0 0 57,17592593 51,89814815 46,62037037 1045,970613 or 1,6 m3/min

1,418444444 0,254013889 0 1,193888889 0 93,24074074 99,83796296 106,4351852 113,4722222 120,5092593 125,3472222 129,7453704 130,625 133,7037037 0 0 33,86574074 33,42592593 32,98611111 32,5462963 27,70833333 27,26851852 26,8287037 26,8287037 26,38888889 26,38888889 24,62962963 23,75 22,87037037 0 0 22,43055556 22,43055556 23,75 25,06944444 25,50925926 26,38888889 26,8287037 26,8287037 32,10648148 32,5462963 32,98611111 33,42592593 33,86574074 0 0 33,86574074 33,86574074 33,86574074 33,86574074 33,86574074 33,86574074 33,86574074 33,86574074 33,86574074 33,86574074 33,86574074 33,86574074 33,86574074 0 0 142,9398148 129,7453704 116,5509259 2614,926532 or 3,2 m3/min