Studio A_Town to Suburb

STUDIO A MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM

COVER PAGE

TOWN TO SUBURB

COPYRIGHT 2021 MANCHESTER ENGLAND UNITED KINGDOM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER MANCHESTER METROPOLITAN MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE COPYRIGHTS RESERVED BY: STUDIO A: TOWN TO SUBURB (2021) MA ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This project would not have been possible without the support of many people. first I would like to thank our studio A guide Colin Harwood, who always gives us a clear idea and guidance of what we need to accomplish. Also, thanks to Dominic Sagar for all the valuable information and suggestions provide us during the tutorials and reviews.

“But the sounds, the colours, the aromas of open air markets and of street vendors must not be allowed to disappear’ - JAIME LERNER IN URBAN ACUPUNCTURE

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

SITE ANALYSIS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CONCLUSION

YORKSHIRE STREET

DESIGN CONCEPT

OVERALL DESIGN

ZONES OF ACUPUNCTURE

GREAVE’S STREET

UNION STREET

SAINSBURY’S CAR PARK

INTRODUCTION

ABSTRACT ONCE UPON A TIME, OLDHAM WAS A THRIVING TOWN WITH COTTON MILLS SURROUNDING THE AREA, BEING ONE OF ITS MOST IMPORTANT ASPECTS. NOW THAT THE COTTON MILLS NO LONGER FUNCTION, THE TOWN OF OLDHAM IS SLOWLY TURING INTO A SUBURB AND AND POSSIBLY BEING EATEN UP BY THE CITY OF MANCHESTER. HENCE, OUR PROJECT REVOLVES AROUND BRINING LIFE BACK TO THE TOWN OF OLDHAM USING TECHNIQUES SUCH AS URBAN ACUPUNCTURE. THIS IS DONE BY TAKING SITE AND POPULATION ANALYSIS INTO CONSIDERATION, AND DESIGNING SUBTLE YET EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS TO THE TOWN’S CENTER. WITH THIS WE HOPE THAT OLDHAM GOES BACK TO BEING THE TOWN THAT THRIVES BY ITS PEOPLE AND ACTIVITIES WITHIN.

ASSURANCE BUILDING MANCHESTER: THRIVING

ASSURANCE BUILDING OLDHAM: ABANDONED

RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

1859 : DRINKIN LAMP INTRODU

BY THE CO-OP S

HISTORIC TIMELINE OF OLDHAM OLDHAM 1831

865 :

DANES ESTABLISHED A SETTLEMENT ‘ALDEHULME’ NOW KNOWN AS OLDHAM

1760 :

OLDHAM CONSISTED OF ONLY ABOUT 60 DWELLINGS

1778 :

LEES HALL, THE FIRST MILL IN OLDHAM WAS ESTABLISHED

1801 :

POPULATION GREW TO 12,024

1840:

THE TOWN HALL IN YORKSHIRE ST WAS BUILT

1841:

POPULATION GREW TO 42,595

IMAGE OF THE OLDHAM TOWN HALL IN 1935

2001:

MAJOR RACE RIOTS OCCURRED IN OLDHAM BETWEEN SECTIONS OF THE WHITE AND ASIAN COMMUNITIES.

2001:

POPULATION DROPPED TO 103,544

1998:

THE END OLDHAM’S COTTON SPINNING INDUSTRY

1961:

POPULATION DROPPED TO 105,922

1964:

OLDHAM NO LONGER IS THE COUNTRY’S LARGEST CENTRE OF COTTON SPINNING

HARTFORD MILL IN OLDHAM DEMOLISHED IN 2020

PEOPLE QUEUEING FOR FOOD AND COAL TICKETS IN 1862

NG FOUNTAIN AND UCED TO THE TOWN SOCIETY

1854:

THE PUBLIC BATHS WERE BUILT ON UNION ST

1861:

POPULATION GREW TO 72,333

1861 - 65:

THE LANCASHIRE COTTON FAMINE RESULTED IN MAJOR UNEMPLOYMENT

1865:

ALEXANDRA PARK WAS OPENED TO PROVIDE EMPLOYMENT FOR LOCAL TEXTILE WORKERS AFFECTED BY THE LANCASHIRE COTTON FAMINE.

1871:

POPULATION GREW TO 82,629

THE REFRESHMENT ROOM (1965) IN ALEXANDRA PARK TURNED INTO A MUSEUM INSIDE THE OLDHAM BATHS

1961:

POPULATION DROPPED TO 115,346

1928:

THE LARGEST TEXTILE FACTORY IN THE COUNTRY, WAS BUILT IN OLDHAM

1901:

POPULATION GREW TO 137,246

THE ELK MILL, THE LARGEST TEXTILE FACTORY IN THE COUNTRY DURING THE 1920s

19th C:

OLDHAM HAD APPROXIMATELY 250 COTTON MILLS

1900:

TRAM SERVICE CREATED BETWEEN MANCHESTER AND OLDHAM

Orme Mill

Elk Mill

HISTORYN OF COTTON AND COAL MILLS

Twist Mill

Heron Mill Devon Mill

Alexandra Mill

Bailey Mill

Durban Mill

1880 by 1800 cotton was imported in increasing amounts from the American south. This cotton was entirely slave-grown and linked the town of Oldham and the north west region to the transatlantic slave trade economy.

It is impossible to put an exact date on the introduction of cotton to the area but by the 1740s Manchester merchants were distributing cotton 'roving, spinning and weaving' work that could be done at home to provide an extra income.

1740

1871: 216 mills 1815 the industry established itself after 1815, when an end to years of war created a booming economy.

1821: 40 mills 1794: 12 mills 1841: 94 mills

1900 By 1900 Oldham could accurately claim to be the largest cotton spinning town in the world. Most of the mills that survive today were built after 1900.

Oldham was in receipt of nearly 8% of America's slave-grown cotton crop, it took over 200,000 enslaved African workers to feed Oldham's mills that year.

1860

Oldham has seen the demise of its textile industry, and the troubled integration of new cultural traditions and religions.

1911: 246 mills

mid-20th century

DISTRABUTION OF MILLS

Lion Mill

Orb Mill

2KM

Orme Mill

1KM 3KM

Gem Mill Zetec Components’ PCB

Iris Mill Turning Point - Leigh Bank Residential Rehab

Zenith Mill Lees Brook Mill Chadderton Mill Wickes DIY superstore Nile Mill Raven Mill Honeywell Mill Ram Mill Park Cake Bakery distribution depot

4KM

Maple Mill

Belgrave Mills

Earl Mills

Existing Mills Demolished Mills A substantial number of Oldham’s mills were demolished in the last thirty years of the 20th Century. Apart from falling into disuse and dereliction, some of the mills were attractive to property developers. Instead of regenerating the mills as mixed-use residential and retail units, demolition and its replacement with identikit houses were the norm.

1KM

ARCHITECTURE STYLE High Victorian Gothic Style

·Oldham Music Centre (Lyceum Building) ·Hilton Arcade ·Friends Meeting House ·Prudential Building

Identifiable Features

Linear decorative polychrome bands of brick or stone Masonry construction Stone quoins Pointed arch (Gothic) windows and doorways Steeply gabled roofs, often with cross gables Ornamental pressed brick and terra cotta tiles Patterned brick chimneys Corbelled brickwork

Greek Revival Style ·Oldham Town Hall ·Masonic Hall

Identifiable Features Front gabled roof Front porch with columns Front facade corner pilasters Broad cornice Attic or frieze level windows

High Victorian Gothic style

Gothic Style

·St Mary's Parish Church ·The United Reformed Methodist Church

Identifiable Features

Pointed arches as decorative element and as window shape Front facing gables with decorative incised trim Porches with turned posts or columns Steeply pitched roof Gables often topped with finials or crossbracing Decorative crowns (gable or drip mold) over windows and doors Castle-like towers with parapets on some high style buildings Carpenter Gothic buildings have distinctive board, batten vertical siding

Greek Revival Style Gothic Style Art Deco Style French Style Late Georgian Style Modern Style

Art Deco Style Identifiable Features

Combined Gothic and Deco modern elements Long horizontal lines Stylised geometric patterning derived from the Egyptian design Elephant heads crowning the columns

French Style

Late Georgian Style

Identifiable Features

Identifiable Features

·HSBC Bank

vilion roofs with ornamental wrought iron balustrades trance framed by polished granite Ionic columns carved detailed list of e early grandees

·Church Lane Terrace

Symmetrical form and fenestration (window placement) Multi-pane windows Side-gabled or hipped roof Stone or brick walls Transom window over paneled front door Pediment or crown and pilasters at front entry Cornice with dentils Water table or belt course Corner quoins

Modern Style ·The Cinema

Identifiable Features

Aluminum or stainless steel detailing Horizontal emphasis Glass Curtain Wall

GROWTH OF MOST DOMINATING ETHNIC GROUPS IN OLDHAM 1950S: ARRIVAL OF FIRST MIGRANT POPULATION FROM PAKISTAN (MEN)

FUTURE: MORE BRITISH AND IRISH WILL MOVE OUT OF OLDHAM AND THE TOWN WILL BE MAINLY POPULATED WITH THE PAKISTANI AND BANGLADESHI SOCIETIES. THIS IS DUE TO IMPROVING LIFE EXPECTANCY, AND THE CONTINUES GROWTH OF OLDHAM’S PAKISTANI AND BANGLADESHI COMMUNITIES.

1960S: MORE MIGRANT JOIN OLDHAM INCLUDING FROM BANGLADESH (MEN AND WOMEN)

2001: RIOTS WITHIN THE MIGRANT POPULATION DUE TO UNEMPLOYMENT

2017: INCREASE IN MIGRANT POPULATION ESPECIALLY WITHIN THE PAKISTANI AND BANGLADESHI COMMUNITY WHERE PAKISTANIS INCREASED BY 21.6% AND BANGLADESHIS INCREASED BY 21.1%

2011: IMMIGRANTS MAKE UP 22% OF OLDHAM’S POPULATION

TOTAL POPULATION IS 233,759 - 77.5% WHITE - 10.1% PAKISTANI - 7.3% BANGLADESHI - INDIAN 0.7% - BLACK (AFRICAN/CARIBBEAN) 1.2% - MIXED 1.8% - OTHER ETHNIC GROUPS 1.4%

SPREAD OF MOST DOMINATING ETHNIC GROUPS IN OLDHAM

BANGLADESHI COMMUNITY SINCE 2001

BANGLADESHI COMMUNITY GROWTH IN 2011

BANGLADESHI COMMUNITY IN 2001 PAKISTANI COMMUNITY IN 2011

PAKISTANI COMMUNITY SINCE 2001

PAKISTANI COMMUNITY GROWTH IN 2011

SITE ANALYSIS

MANCHESTER TO OLDHAM

21 minutes drive

8.1

2

MANCHESTER 2KM

6KM

8KM

M K 2

OLDHAM

35 minutes by tram

KEVIN LYNCH ANALYSIS: VISUAL FORM OF OLDHAM

KEVIN LYNCH ANALYSIS: FORM OF5 elements, OLDHAM Kevin Lynch perceived the image ofVISUAL a city on the basis of namely, path, edge,

PATH

node, district and landmarks further classified into either or namely, minor path, edge, major element Kevin Lynch perceived the imageKevin ofwhich a city oncan the be basis of 5image elements, namely, edge, Lynch perceived the of a city on the path, basis of 5major elements, elements.

Above is the image of the Oldham,which which towninto center, node, district andoflandmarks can includes bemajor further classified either and major or minor major element node, district and landmarks which can be city further classified into either orthe minor elements. Above isits themajor image elements of the city of Oldham, which includes the town center,minor and element shows the diagrammatic representation of based on Lynch’s principles. elements. Above is the image of the city of Oldham, which includes the town center, and shows the diagrammatic representation of its major elements based on Lynch’s principles. minor element shows the diagrammatic representation of its major elements based on Lynch’s principles.

PATH

EDGE EDGE

NODE NODE

DISTRICT DISTRICT

LANDMARK

LANDMARK

MANCHESTER 1870

FIGURE GROUND MAPS

IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE REASON BEHIND THE NEGLECT TO OLDHAM AND THE FOCUS ON MANCHESTER, WE HAVE EXAMINED FIGURE GROUND MAPS OF BOTH THE CITY AND TOWN AT DIFFERENT TIMES. 19TH CENTURY: BOTH THE CITY AND TOWN HAVE SEEN IMPECCABLE GROWTH WITHIN THE BUILT UP AREAS, THRIVING WITH POPULATION AS WELL.

OLDHAM 1896

MANCHESTER AND OLDHAM 1903 - 1950 20TH CENTURY: THE INDUSTRIAL REVELATION AND BUILT UP AREAS CONTINUE TO GROW IN BOTH MANCHESTER AND OLDHAM

MANCHESTER

OLDHAM

2021

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANCHESTER CONTINUES TO GROW WHILE OLDHAM IS BEING NEGLECTED, TURNING THE TOWN SLOWLY INTO A SUBURB

CLIMATE ANALYSIS

SITE LOCATION

THE IMPORTANT NODES

HERITAGE AND LISTED BUILDINGS

Markets and Similar Programmes

MARKET INDUSTRY

Oldham Central Bus Station Oldham bus station has frequent bus services to Manchester, Rochdale, Ashton-under-Lyne and Middleton with other services to the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, Tameside, and across the Pennines to Huddersfield in West Yorkshire.

Tommyfield Market Hall Tommyfield Markets, right in the heart of Oldham.The first market in Oldham was founded in 1788.

The land soon became known as Tommyfield, and Tommyfield Market is still a bustling centre of activity today.

ODEON Oldham

Oldham District Town Hall Oldham’s new city hall, a modern concrete building.

Here was the old city hall, which was transformed into a new modern building. Located in the city center square.

Spindles Town Square Shopping Centre

Sainsbury's A large supermarket, there is a large parking lot, and it is close to the tram station, with convenient transportation.

This is the largest shopping mall in Oldham. It gathers the largest number of people in the entire city and is a huge building.

Important Buildings on Site

DESIGN CONCEPT

LOCALS OPINIONS ON OL

LDHAM FROM FACEBOOK

URBAN ACUPUNCTURE WRITER AND PLANNER JAIME LENER WROTE A BOOK ON URBAN ACUPUNCTURE (2014), WHERE HE DESCRIBED THIS THEORY AS A WAY TO BRING LIFE BACK TO CITIES THAT HAVE LOST IT AND SEEM DULL. THIS IS BY APPLYING PRECISE CHANCES THAT ARE NOT NECESSARY LARGE AND COSTLY YET HAVE AN IMPACT ON THE CITY SPACE. OLDHAM WAS ONCE A TOWN THAT THRIVED BY ITS PEOPLE AND ITS INDUSTRY, BUT NOW THIS TOWN IS SLOWLY TURNING INTO A SUBURB. WITH THIS IN MIND, WE AIM TO USE URBAN ACUPUNCTURE AS A METHOD TO REVIVE THE TOWN OF OLDHAM BACK TO ITS GLORY.

We have extracted the natural colours of Oldham, such as the hues of Oldham’s buildings, roofs and hillsides. At present the whole town has a dark colour palette, which gives the town a dull and uninteresting atmosphere.

In addition, we have extracted the artistic colours of Oldham, such as the artistic glass roofs of Oldham’s shopping mall. Its colours are vibrant, welcoming, romantic and healthy to bring joy to people.We hope that Oldham will be more active and full of colour in the future.

OVERALL DESIGN

SITE ZONING&BUILDING FUNCTION Building Function

Site Zoning

Yorkshire Street

e

quar ent S

Commercial Building Government Building

treet ves S Grea

m Parli Unioin

t Stree

Car Park

Abandoned Building Artistic Building Others

OUR DESIGN SCOPE IS OLDHAM'S UNION STREET, GREAVES STREET AND YORKSHIRE STREET, AMONG WHICH YORKSHIRE STREET IS THE TOWN CENTER OF OLDHAM. THROUGH RESEARCH, IT IS FOUND THAT THERE ARE MANY VICTORIAN BUILDINGS HERE, BUT SOME ARE CURRENTLY ABANDONED.

MODEL ANALYSIS

Master Plan

UNION STREET

NORTH ELEVATION: BEFORE

NORTH ELEVATION: AFTER

SOUTH ELEVATION: BEFORE

SOUTH ELEVATION: AFTER

GREAVES STREET

EAST ELEVATION: BEFORE

EAST ELEVATION: AFTER

WEST ELEVATION: BEFORE

WEST ELEVATION: BEFORE

YORKSHIRE / MARKET STREET

NORTH ELEVATION: BEFORE

NORTH ELEVATION: AFTER

SOUTH ELEVATION: BEFORE

SOUTH ELEVATION: AFTER

AXONOMETRIC

4 ZONES OF ACUPUNCTURE

SAINSBURY’S CAR PARK

UNION STREET

8

87

GREAVES STREET

YORKSHIRE / MARKET STREET

ISSUES THAT REQUIRE ACUPUNCTURE ON SITE

DESIGN CONCEPTS AND STRATGIES

1. ADDING CANOPIES TO THE SHOPS AND OTHER WINDOWS ON SITE. THESE CANOPIES WILL BE MADE OF FABRICS THAT REPRESENT THE DIFFERENT ETHNICITIES LIVING IN OLDHAM. THEY ALSO REPRESENT OLDHAM’S HISTORY OF FABRIC MAKING.

3.USING COLOURS AS INSPIRATION, OUR CONCEPT IS TO MAKE MORE INVITING SEATING AREAS AND URBAN FURNITURE, AS WELL AS ATTRACT CHILDREN BACK TO THE EXISTING PLAYGROUND.

2. ADDING COLOUR AND PATTERNS TO THE STAIRS OF THE TOWN HALL. THIS IS TO APPRECIATE THE LOST HISTORY OF THIS BUILDING AND MAKE THE SPACE AROUND IT MORE INVITING

4. ADAPTING THE PAVEMENTS TO CREATE A MORE ATTRACTIVE AND CHEERFUL ATMOSPHERE, RELATING BACK TO THE CONCEPT OF USING PATTERNS DERIVED FROM THE DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS WITHIN THE TOWN.

5. ALLOWING THE RESIDENTS OF OLDHAM TO ENGAGE IN THE INTERVENTIONS PROPOSED ON YORKSHIRE STREET. THIS IS TO ASPIRE THE LOCALS TO STAY IN OLDHAM AND ALLOW THEM THE SENSE OF BELONGING

MASTERPLAN: PAVEMENT EXPLORATION AND STREET RENOVATION LAYOUT

REDIRECTING CAR ROUTE TO MAKE THE STREET MAINLY PEDESTRIAN BASED

CHANGING PAVEMENT OF ARCADE

ENHANCING THE EXISTING PLAYGROUND -ADDING PATTERNS TO THE PEDESTRIANISED AREAS OF THE STREET -ADDING MORE VEGETATION - ADDING MORE SEATING AREAS WITH COLOURS TO ADAPT TO THIS THEME OF ACUPUNCTURE - BRINGING PARTS OF TOMMY FIELD’S MARKET ONTO YORKSHIRE STREET

3D ACUPUNCTURE REALISATION

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION USING THE THEORY OF URBAN ACUPUNCTURE, WE WERE ABLE TO DESIGN SMALL YET EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS TO OLDHAM’S TOWN CENTER. WE HAVE DIVIDED THE SITE INTO 4 ZONES, IN WHICH EACH TACKLED DIFFERENT ISSUES FOUND WITHIN. ON UNION STREET WE HAVE DESIGNED A CANOPY, RENOVATED THE TRAM STATION AND INTRODUCED POCKET PARKS. WE HAVE ALSO CHANGED THE PARKING LOT OF THE EXISTING SUPERMARKET INTO A VIEWING POINT FOR THE TOWN, ENCOURAGING PEOPLE TO VISIT OLDAM’S TRUE ESSENCE. ON GREAVE’S STREET WE USED ARCHES AS INSPIRATION AND FORM OF ACUPUNCTURE, FRAMING THE CHURCH ON SITE. LASTLY, WE CREATED SEVERAL INTERVENTIONS ON YORKSHIRE STREET TO REPRESENT THE DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS AS WELL AS THE HISTORY OF OLDHAM.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Britannica. 2021. Oldham | England, United Kingdom. [online] Available at: <https://www.britannica.com/place/Oldham-England> [Accessed 25 November 2021].

2.

Dovey, K. (2016). Urban Design Thinking : A Conceptual Toolkit [ebook].

3.

Bloomsbury Publishing. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/mmu/detail.action?docID=4512048 [Accessed 2 Feb. 2021].

4.

Gallery Oldham. 2021. Gallery Oldham. [online] Available at: <https://galleryoldham.org.uk/> [Accessed 25 November 2021].

5.

Gehl, J (2010). Cities for People. Island Press

6.

Lener, J. (2014). Urban Acupuncture. Island Press

7.

Lynch, K., 1960. The Image of the City. London: The MIT Press.

8. Manchestereveningnews.co.uk. 2021. MyOldham - Oldham latest news - Manchester Evening News. [online] Available at: <https://www. manchestereveningnews.co.uk/all-about/oldham> [Accessed 25 November 2021].

9. Oldham-chronicle.co.uk. 2021. Oldham Chronicle - Oldham News, Business, Events & Community. [online] Available at: <https://www. oldham-chronicle.co.uk/> [Accessed 25 November 2021].

10. Oldham-council.co.uk. 2019. Oldham in Profile. [online] Available at: <http://www.oldham-council.co.uk/jsna/wp-content/ uploads/2018/11/Oldham_in_Profile_2019.pdf> [Accessed 25 November 2021].