Cultural Protocol

CULTURAL PROTOCOL

INDIGENEOUS NARRATIVES AND PROCESSES AGNES SARA

TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement Introduction – Scheduled tribes of India Demographics Tribes of TamilNadu and the TODAS:  Introduction  Historical context  Demographics  Location and Origin  Beliefs and stories  Settlement typology  Relation with Nature  Social Conditions  Economic Conditions  Laws and political organization  Occupation and trading systems  Religion  Rituals and ceremonies  Language  Festivals  Traditional attire  Art and Craft  Food  Current scenario Conclusion References Image references

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to acknowledge our home country India and the Toda community of TamilNadu upon whom this report is based. It has been a pleasure to learn about various tribes of the country and the Toda tribe in depth. We would also like to acknowledge the authors without whom we would not have gained the in-depth knowledge about the respected tribe of TamilNadu. Also, we would like to pay our respect to the elders and ancestors of our beloved Nation.

We hope that justice has been done to this project and no sentiments have been hurt to the country as well the community.

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INTRODUCTION – SCHEDULED TRIBES OF INDIA The idea of what establishes an Indian tribe and the very nature of tribes have changed extensively throughout hundreds of years. Constitution of India has perceived tribal communities in India under ‘Schedule 5’ of the constitution. Subsequently the tribes recognized by the Constitution are known as ‘Scheduled Tribes’. There are around 645 tribes in India.

Map 1 : Distribution of Schedule Tribe in India Source: Ministry of Tribal Affairs

ADIVASI – the general term for all indigenous people in India and was recognized by the Supreme court. These scheduled tribes are said to be economically and socially least advanced. The English people called them the Aborigines. This thought of aborigines was further accepted by educated Indians who then invaded the subcontinent. These were namely – Aryans and Dravidians. These tribal people’s livelihood generally depends on agriculture and handicrafts.

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DEMOGRAPHICS From total population of Scheduled Tribes is 84,326,240 as per the statistical data from 2001 which records for 8.2% of the total population of country. The portion of the Scheduled Tribe population in urban region is pitiful 2.4%.

Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, and Karnataka are the State having larger number of Scheduled Tribes. These states account for 83.2% of the total Scheduled Tribe population of the country. Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Jammu & Kashmir, Tripura, Mizoram, Bihar, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, account for another 15.3% of the total Scheduled Tribe population.

Tamil Nadu 2%

Other states 12% Assam 4%

Madhya Pradesh 15% Maharashtra 10%

Andhra Pradesh 6% Karnataka 4% West Bengal 5% Chhattisgarh 7%

Orissa 9%

Jharkhand 8%

Gujarat 9%

Rajasthan 9%

Chart 1 : Distribution of Schedule Tribe Population Source: Ministry of Tribal Affairs

The scheduled Tribes in India form the largest proportion of the total population in Lakshadweep, Mizoram followed by Nagaland, Meghalaya. Madhya Pradesh has the largest number of scheduled Tribes followed by Bihar. Latter district of Madhya Pradesh comprises of largest number of Scheduled Tribes.

There are no Scheduled Tribes in Punjab, Delhi, Chandigarh, Pondicherry, Haryana

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TRIBES OF TAMIL NADU Tribes of Tamil Nadu are concentrated mainly in the district of Nilgiris. Of all the distinct tribes, the Kotas, the Todas, the Irulas, the Kurumbas and the Badagas form the larger groups, who mainly had a pastoral existence. Other tribes include, Kattunayakan and Paliyan amongst others.

As per the statistical data from 2001, there are around thirty-eight tribes and subtribes in state with a population of 6,51,321 and that they are preponderantly farmers and cultivators contingent on the forest lands.

Introduction - TODA Tribe These people are called by English as Toda, but in their own language an individual of the tribe is Todan and in plural it is Todaru meaning herdsmen.

Toda tribe is a pastoral community living on the plateau of Nilgiris Hills of Southern India. The tribe was once nomads, but as dams and different development modified the land, it settled into the Nilgiris district in the state. The tribe continues to graze buffaloes for financial gain.

The Toda tribe is divided into five clans, namely Peiki, Pekkan, Todi, Kuttan and Kenna.

The first are very closely related, but now they do not intermarry. The former is the Levitical clan. Rest of them can openly marry among each other.

Historical context In the early prehistoric time frame, Dravidian people possessed India. Dravidian people have dark complexion, dark black hair and eyes and large foreheads. In view of basic likenesses, it is likewise accepted that Dravidians has an African origin. As per this anthropological and hereditary information, these people relocated from Africa and reached South India through the southern route around 50,000 years back.

Around 1500 B.C. Aryans touched base in north India somewhere from Iran and southern Russia and attacked India, they pushed the Dravidians to the southern part of India.

There is also a belief that the original belongs to the region of Alexandra Macedonia. It is said that when the Alexander stopped at the Indus and some of his men crossed the river and came south and finally settled in the Nilgiris.

The early Indian history of Todas has been totally lost due to the long-extended period which went before their movement to the Deccan.

They possessed forest tracts of inferior hills between Kanarese and Tamilian areas, form part of the Eastern Ghats. At that point they partitioned into two additional parts one moved towards the northern part and the other moved to the Nilgiris mountains.

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1. A man and woman of the Toda tribe standing in a photographic studio, with a dog lying at their feet. Photograph, ca.1900. Iconographic Collections

2. Toda mund (hamlet) and barrel-vaulted houses in the Nilgiris Hills in Tamil Nadu, 1869

Demographics Toda group has constantly been a small one, kept so in the past by the consolidated foundations of polyandry and infanticide. The group encountered a disturbing statistical decrease during the first half of the 20th century, since female infanticide had mostly stopped. The prevalence of venereal infections that genuinely traded off female fertility, and the problem was handled with penicillin between the mid-1950s and early 1960s.

Today’s Toda community is twice as various as it was in the early 1960s.

Location and Origin Toda people are said to be the oldest inhabitants of Nilgiri hills. This community is based on Nilgiri hills which are in Northwestern part of Tamilnadu and their habitat is characterized high elevated topography along with pleasant climate.

The Todas live on these hills and graze their water buffalos. Many people have also argued that the people of this tribe had created these grasslands by burning the vegetation and grazing their herds of buffalo.

3. A 1974 photograph of a Toda hamlet in the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu.

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Beliefs and stories One day god Amodr went with his wife to the great mountain to create life. From the earth, he brought 1600 buffaloes and his wife 1800. Holding the tail of the last buffalo, there came out a man from earth and it believed that this man was the first Toda.

The sacred buffaloes which are given to the Todas by the God roam in the highest peak of mountains named ‘Mukatti’. Once there was a honeycomb hidden in the Deccan mountain, one day it burst, and the honey flowed down the slopes and became Picara river-The sacred river of Toda.

4. Milking buffallo

5. Women curdling the milk

Since the buffaloes that are created by the Amodr are sacred, they may not be milked by anyone except the priest. The ordinary buffaloes created by the Amodr’s wife may be milked by all the Toda men and the Milk is given to their women for curdling.

“The God Aihn rules over Amunawdr, the realm of the dead. He is a dairyman and created the Todas and their buffaloes. To qualify for entry into the afterworld, the Todas of the Nilgiris must follow all prescribed ceremonies.” – This was the main belief of Toda culture. To get an entry to the life after death, they believed to follow these given ceremonies.

Also, these practices had some rules to be followed. One of them was to use specific plant species and their god would not accept any substitute and this is how they managed to preserve nature as well.

They also had few landmarks such as slopes, trees, plants, rocks, rivers, streams, caves which were marked sacred and were meant to be preserved.

However, currently these floral species have become extinct along with the Toda tribe and their rituals. Their lifestyle is currently experiencing danger due to upcoming corrupt civilization.

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Settlement Patterns and Typology – The Mund The Toda families reside in Mund with a certain tract of grazing land surrounding it.

Most of these houses consist of only one room, but many are formed by connecting two or three in a line with its own door leading to the external.

The rooms are of same shape, but size vary accordingly, from five to six cubits square in area and five to six cubits high. Therefore, a house of two rooms will be approximately 8ft by 16ft., and house of three would be 8ft by 24 ft.

Each hut is enclosed within a wall of loose stones.

6. Construction of Toda Huts

7. A typical Toda Hut

The roof of all houses is covered with grass and bamboo secured with split rattan and are either constructed in bend diagram or brought to an edge at a top, with a wooden ridge pole.

Thicker bamboo sticks are curved to give the cottages its basic confined shape. More slender bamboo sticks are attached close and parallel to one another over this frame.

Dried grass is stacked over this as thatch. All the interstices and openings in the planks are painstakingly loaded up with clay along with cow-dung.

This unusually small entrance is a means of protection from wild animals. The front portion of the hut is decorated with the Toda art forms, a kind of rock mural painting

8. Land the Toda tribe used to live on

10. Plan of the Toda Mund

A: The pestle and mortar- ‘kudi’ B: The fireplace- ‘vorsh’ C: Store space D: Raised bed of clay E: Vacant space on floor where family eats F: The Door 9. Site Plan and Sectional drawing of the Toda Mund

There will be pound or pen, into which buffaloes are driven at evening after grazing, near to the Munds. It varies in dimensions, mainly depends upon the number of cattle and the enclosed walls are made up of stones filled with soil and earth with a height around 4ft.- 5ft. The calves will be kept in small huts near to the people’s dwellings.

Every Mund comprise of a house dedicated to the purpose of the Dairy-Palthchi-containing two rooms, outer one serves as the residence to the dairymen and the inner one for the storage.

Nowadays, only temples are made in traditional way.

11. Boath-Typical Toda temple

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The Dairy- Pallivarsh is based on a comparative model as the house aside from that the back and front exteriors. This structure cannot be repaired.

The external zone, with its raised seat at the edge dividers for the dairyman and his assistant, is furnished with a fireplace in the centre, while the fundamental space of the structure, the inward sanctum, is held for the dairyman's sacred duties, which for the most part comprise in the churning of milk to get butter and in protecting the subsequent buttermilk.

12. Construction of Boath-Typical Toda temple 13. New concrete house made from traditional shape

The bazaar at Ooty has great economic and social bearing, led to many innovations spreading to Toda hamlets. With education and switch to urban lifestyle, they tend to lose their distinct identity. Many Todas, today feels that the traditional way of life is undesirable, and they will do their best to blend with the crowd.

The Mariamman temple situated near to the Ooty bazaar is now a major ritual centre for the Toda. They make pilgrimages to the Hindu place and worship and import the images of Hindu gods into their homes.

The Toda has benefited from several government schemes. New concrete homes are made in the traditional shape were introduced in the later 1960’s. despite improvements like doors, windows and chimneys, these designs were unsuccessful as they were found to be too cold.

Nowadays, only temples are constructed in traditional method.

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Relation with Nature For Toda people, relationship with nature began at the time of birth. After naming the infant, the grandfather would take them out in nature and point out various natural elements such as birds, rivers, rising sun, different water bodies. Also, the infant’s name would relate to nature depending upon the gender. Since eternity, an unbreakable bond has linked Todas to their natural environment.

The Todas also used nature to gain inspiration for their day to day lives. The built form of their houses and temples and their shape has said to be evolved from rainbow.

Also, the products of daily use have been evolved from nature. For example, the churning stick has said to be designed from a specific type of flower named kafehll(zh) (Ceropegia pusilla). The behaviour of a person is said to be indicative of nature such as if a person was worried about something and touches the stem of the (arkilpoof) flower, it would close. They also used to predict the seasons depending upon the flowering season of different plants. The embroidery patterns of their artwork are inspired from nature such as flowers, butterflies, squirrels, plants, honeycombs, etc.

14. Paternity rites at a specified tree species

15. Nhyoollnn seasonal hamlet: many natural landmarks around this hamlet are sacred and are chanted in the prayer

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Social Conditions For Toda people, equality is an important aspect. Current study says that out of 87% of tiled houses, 56% of them were donated by the government and remaining were constructed by themselves. Approximately 1.63% of Toda population has undergone graduation. Also, the hamlets were given a provision of basic amenities such electricity, water and transportation.

Considering the social status of Toda women, nearly half of the women were not consulted regarding public matters but around 77% of women were given the chance of consultation in family matters. This says that though they were given respect in decision making when it came to family but the same was not done for public issues.

Also, about maintaining a relation with other tribes, they used to attend ceremonies of non-tribal communities and allowed the same to attend theirs.

Economic Conditions According to the tradition, the Toda people belong to the Pastoral community, but recent studies say that now they have started engaging in agricultural activities as well. Approximately, 80% of them were owners of buffaloes of 50,000 rupees and above value. The rights of maintaining the economy of house was under the male and very few females of the households were responsible in terms of money and expenditure. They used to sell the dairy products directly to the consumers but along with it they did not sell them to outsiders as they used to worship buffaloes as god.

Their handicraft items were sold through welfare society whereas agriculture products were sold to the market agents.

Currently, the government of India has introduced various tribal development programs for the tribes which have started downtrodden and nearly 75% of the Toda became members of it and got many benefits. Though the Todas are not good as saving their money, they are hesitant to give up on their traditional systems which has been now ongoing since long time.

Laws and Political organisation The Todas are controlled by their own traditional government called the “NAIM” in order to maintain social harmony. This traditional government is headed by the headman also known as “MONEGAR” and has full control over the tribe. The panchayat has five council members and one of them is from Bodega community which does not have any say in the final virtue. If any Toda commits crime, they had to pay offerings such as a buffalo calf, a piece of cloth called tuni and a silver ring as a fine. Also, as a part of law, Toda women were not allowed to enter with dairy products inside the premises of temple in order to maintain the purity of the complex.

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Occupation and Trading systems Todas are pastoralist and herdsman of the Nilgiris and their lives are evolved along with the tenting of buffaloes. But some of the Todas have taken to cultivation and the government apart from looking after their health helps them in agriculture.

Families from different tribal communities were linked to one another through hereditary links. In this system, Toda provided dairy products in exchange of grains from Badagas, utensils and craft ware from Kotas and forest produce from Kuravas.

16. Milking buffallo

17. A Toda women with their sacred animal- buffallo

The Toda women spend time by pounding grain, cleaning the house and cooking food.

Women loves the curls and they spent time doing it to each other.

18. Toda women pounding the grain

19. Women curling their hair

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Religion Todas worship nature like hill gods, Lord Amodr (the realm of the dead) and Goddess Teikirzi. According to them, Teikirzi with her brother first created the sacred buffalo and then the first Toda man. The milking of sacred buffalo is performed by the priest only. They do not allow women in the temple and for the rituals. Walking across the bridges, rivers must be on barefoot or swimming.

The ‘Boath’- Toda temple is dedicated to Goddess Teikirzi.

They worship fire, rivers, and celestial objects, all of which are considered creations of the goddess Teikirzi.

When the Other people came to conquer the Todas, Teikirzi said ‘let them be stones’ and is believed that the invaders were turned into stones.

Rituals and Ceremonies Wedding ceremony Toda couple only get married in their seventh month of pregnancy. Although relationships are arranged, only conception formalizes the union. In the past, Todas were known to follow fraternal polyandry, by which a woman can have several husbands who are normally brothers.

For the wedding, people will gather in their traditional Toda attire-white linen topped with uniquely woven shawl. Women with their hair curled into varying number of locks, hovered around the bride. Men dance in a circle, chanting and Singing.

20. Wedding Ritual of Toda couple Source: Google

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Bow and Arrow ceremony This is a ceremony which happen in between the wedding ceremony, the sevenmonth pregnant wife and husband together watch the ceremony of lighting the tree and bow and arrow.

Husband goes to the forest to find the special shrubs and grasses used to make the bow and arrow- the symbol of creation and fertility. He then makes a bow and arrow and will give to the wife saying ‘To the bow and arrow we touch’ and place near the lighted tree. The wife must not turn her eye from the flame of the light in the tree until it dies.

21. The lighted tree Source: Youtube

22. Husband giving the bow and arrow to wife Source: Youtube

Funeral ceremony Funeral is a key cultural celebration for Toda. Traditionally Toda have two funerals, several months apart, when someone dies. Both ceremonies incorporate elements of nature.

23. Men killing the buffalo for the funeral ritual

24. Lighting up the fire for Cremation

The first ceremony is called ‘Pachai kedu’ or ‘green funeral’. One or two buffaloes are killed, after which deceased’s hand is made to clutch the buffaloes’ horn thrice. When ceremonies are finished, the body is incinerated and buried, so it decays to end up with the nature. The second funeral is referred to a dry funeral, where a bone or ashes of the deceased are utilized in the function.

Their belief is that ‘the spirit of the deceased Todas, together with the soul of the buffalo killed by their friends, accompany them to heaven and supply milk, take a16leap from Makurti Peak, as the nearest way to the celestial regions.’

25. Palanquin used to carry the deceased body to the hilltop

People will gather on a hilltop, barefoot and each wears their traditional attire. They gather around a small palanquin draped in flower garlands. They dance praising the achievements of the deceased. The relatives stow things that are necessary for the journey to the after world, which include grains, milk, tobacco etc.

Language The Toda language has a place with Dravidian family; it isolated from Tamil-Malayalam around third century B.C. They talk their own language, however that language does not have its own script. A considerable lot of their history and cultural traditions are passed orally from one generation to other as stories, songs and teachings.

Map 2: Dravidian language speaking areas Source: Wikipedia

Festivals Todas celebrate their festival in the Last Sunday of December or first Sunday of January. On this Sunday, hundreds of Toda men from more than 60 hamlets comes to Moonpo Temple in Muthunadu Mund- oldest Toda temple.

As part of celebrations, Todas offers prayers to the daily, Thenkish Amman and perform dance outside.

They pray to the deity to give them good health, rains and harvest during the coming year. They also pray for the wellbeing of their buffaloes.

“May it be well, with the buffaloes and cows, May it be well, May there be no disease, may there be no destroyer, may clouds rise, main rain fall, may grass flourish, for the sake of the God and for ourselves, May it be well” They fast for the entire day and drink only milk mixed with jaggery and salt.

26. Toda men and women dancing for the festival

Traditional attire The Toda people wear garments which come near to what the antiquated Indians wore. They use a solitary piece of fabric around themselves- ‘Puthkuli’. The women wrap around a piece like a skirt and the men wear a dhoti. Their clothes have patterns and symbols on them which resembles the traces of their ancestors to which they are yet clutching

27. Men and women in traditional Toda dress-’puthukuli’

‘Puthkuli’ is made of thick cotton, its measurements are about 2.2 m by 135 cm and in appearance helps some to remember the antiquated Greek frock. It is off-white in colour, with expansive red and dark groups woven crosswise over one end.

Ladies regularly add embroidered geometric patterns to these borders. The cloth is folded over the body with the striped end tossed over the left shoulder. Underneath the cloth, men wear a cotton waistcloth over a breech fabric. Ladies wrap the waistcloth under their arms with the goal that their entire body is secured and fully covered. And ancient Todas went shoeless. Toda me will have a stick with them, as they were pastoralists.

Nowadays, Toda men may wear Western-style shirts and pants, with or without the Puthkuli, otherwise they wear during the ceremonies and rituals only. Ladies have taken to wearing the sari and blouse. Kids are perpetually wearing South Indian or Westernstyle garments.

The Todas have no weaving aptitudes and in the past got the fabric from weaving standings living in the encompassing swamps. Today, materials for making Puthkuli, are acquired from the bazaars of Ooty as readymade garments.

28. Toda men

29. Toda women

Another distinct feature in Toda appearance is the haircut. Tod women are fond of curling their long hairs. More older men let their facial hair develop into thick beards.

And both men and women wear ornaments. It was the custom for young ladies achieving adolescence to be inked over broad regions of the body, nowadays, young women hesitate to do much tattoos.

Arts and Crafts Toda ladies master in weaving and embroidery, as found in decorative pattern they add to their ‘Puthkuli’.

Endeavours attempted in the late 1950s to create traditional Toda embroidery as craft work industry, met with blended outcomes, although Toda weaving is promoted locally.

30.Geometric design in woven shawls

31. Toda women weaving ‘Puthkuli’

Traditional Tattoos Tribal tattoos have been mainstreamed in India since ages, although temporary staining using henna are famously used in traditional festivals in the country, however the historical backdrop of lasting tattoo is over 100 years of age.

32. Tattoos in the female body- a main form of ornamentation

The permanent tattoos are called pachakutharathu in some parts of South India. The tattoo custom has been famous in South India, particularly in Tamil Nadu even before 1980.

In this region, most nomadic Korathi tattoo artists used to travel across the countryside to seek new clients. A twisted confounded tattoo configuration was popular back then – as it was believed to ensnare evil beings. It was inked permanently on bodies to keep people safe until death.

Nowadays, young women hesitate to do much tattoos. However, a small symbolic tattoos are prevalent.

Food habits Dairy items, alongside cereals and sugar are the fundamental items in Toda diet.

Buttermilk is used for drinking and for cooking. Rice is the Staple food. The supper comprises of rice, either bubbled in buttermilk and presented with spread, or cooked in water and eaten with spiced vegetables. The supper is generally trailed by a glass of buttermilk, arranged with milk and improved with jaggery. The Todas are vegans and devour no meat, although in the past the flesh of the buffalo calf was ceremonially expended.

The Todas often eat a light feast at about 7:00 am and a bigger one at early in the day after the wild oxen have been drained. Different bites and beverages (counting buttermilk and espresso) are expended for the duration of the day, with another dinner being eaten in the late evening. Food is served on leaves, or on metal or tempered steel dishes, and is eaten with the correct hand.

The Todas are partial to stimulants. Men smoke bidis, the little dark coloured cigarettes produced using moved tobacco leaves that are regular all through India.

Opium is occasionally added to espresso, and the two people utilize snuff, setting it inside the lip as opposed to in the nose. Privately refined liquor is expended in enormous amounts.

Current Scenario At the end of 20th century, many pastor lands of Todas were taken away by the outsiders and used it for agriculture. It can be said looking at the necessity of buffalo herding that their existence has become crucial and endangered. Due to diminishing of the buffaloes, the toda tribe has been facing hard times currently.

Presently, where the city of Ooty stands, was originally the home of Todas. The current number of the tribe living there are nearly 2000. Thorthai Goodn,35 who was born and brought up in Karashmund say that when he was a child, the whole place was full of grasslands and has enough space to pasture the buffaloes. He has now become a tour guide and takes the tourists to visit the remaining areas of Toda tribe and places which were of importance.

33.Thorthai Good, with his family in front of their traditionally shaped house

Conclusion Many people have had taken great interest in learning about the Toda Community and many works have been published regarding the same. But unfortunately, these factors have not affected the tribe in any positive manner. As many of their traditions and rituals were related to buffaloes and due to their extinction, the overall community has been affected in various ways. Despite the efforts put in preserving their age-old culture and rituals, their future is still uncertain. Although, the Toda landscape still looks beautiful in its way and the people expect it to stay in place in future.

References •

Marshall, William E. (1873), Travels amongst the Toda, or the study of a primitive tribe in South India, London: Longmans, Green, and Co. Pp. xx, 269.

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Rivers, W. H. R. (1906), The Todas, London: Mcmillan and Company. Pp. xviii, 755

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Chhabra, T. (2015). Toda traditions in Peril. [online] Available at: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/toda-traditions-in-peril-14967 [Accessed 28 Jul. 2019].

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Chhabra, T. (2018). TODAS: THE NATURALISTIC PEOPLE. [online] Available at: http://www.vikalpsangam.org/article/todas-the-naturalistic-people/#.XT0nDfIzbIU [Accessed 28 Jul. 2019].

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