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Gasoline Direct Injection and Deposit Control Performance

Alex Kulinowski, Sr OEM Advisor CGSB, November 16, 2023

Presentation Outline Today’s emission landscape GDI overview The evolution of transportation technology Fuel additive to control real-world deposits Summary

North American Emissions Landscape External Forces Regulators have goals of zero emission vehicles 

CO2 and criteria emissions

Energy industry is challenged to lower fuel carbon intensity 

Lower carbon fuels also help decarbonize the legacy fleet

OEMs required to make a significant shift in vehicle technology 

OEMs are committed to zero emission (BEV) vehicles •

The transition to electric transportation is facing challenges

In the interim, as a (long?) bridge, what can be done to the ICE? 

Gasoline direct injection has delivered a significant fuel economy improvement for the traditional internal combustion engine

Fuel additives can help achieve low carbon aspirations by controlling deposits and reducing emissions degradation AftonChemical.com 2023 © Afton Chemical Corporation, All Rights Reserved. Not to be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation.

Source: istockphoto.com

shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation

What is DIG? What is Gasoline Direct injection? 

Injects fuel directly into cylinder instead of intake port

Why? 

Increases power, improves FE, and lowers exhaust emissions

How? 

Evaporative cooling allows the compression ratio to be raised that provides greater thermodynamic efficiency  Improved mixture permits more aggressive ignition curves

Concerns 

Particulates  Stochastic pre-ignition (SPI) GDI technology is used in ~60% of the light duty vehicles sold today and is used in ~35% of the car parc There is no industry test to demonstrate additive effectiveness in GDI engines AftonChemical.com 2023 © Afton Chemical Corporation, All Rights Reserved. Not to be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation.

Fuel Additives Provide Deposit Control in GDI Engines Afton has developed a vehicle-based testing protocol for GDI cleanliness 

Accelerated injector fouling

Used as a tool to develop fuel additive technology providing enhanced GDI deposit control 82% cleanup in 5 tanks

Source: SAE 2017-01-2298, A General Method for Fouling Injectors in Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles and the Effects of Deposits on Vehicle Performance

Does a fuel additive developed in an accelerated lab test deliver real world performance benefits?

Real-World GDI Fleet Study Hypothesis: Real-world GDI vehicles of lower mileage (30-50k) have dirty injectors, which result in lost fuel economy. Clean-up with a first intent GDI additive can restore that lost fuel economy by cleaning up these harmful deposits.

• REPLACE ENGINE OIL • 300 MILES ON BASE TEST FUEL

• FTP-75 (BAG 2), 40 TOTAL, ~150 MILES • VOLUMETRIC AND EMISSIONS-BASED FUEL CONSUMPTION MEASUREMENTS

Vehicles bought as-is from a local dealership Newer model year GDI vehicles with 30 – 50K miles

• QUAD-4 DRIVE CYCLE, 4000 MILES • ADDITIVE AT REGULAR-GRADE TREAT RATE

Fueled in the field with commercial pump fuel No pre-screening was conducted to determine if vehicles were “dirty”

• FTP-75 (BAG 2), 40 TOTAL, ~150 MILES • VOLUMETRIC AND EMISSIONS-BASED FUEL CONSUMPTION MEASUREMENTS

Real-World GDI Fleet Results Hypothesis: Real-world GDI vehicles of lower mileage (30-50k) have dirty injectors, which result in lost fuel economy.

2.7 % 2017 Kia Optima

2016 Buick Regal

0.6 %

2016 Volkswagen GTI

2.3 %

0.4 %

2015 Ford F150

2.4 %

2.1 %

FUEL ECONOMY

Clean-up with first-intent GDI additive can restore that lost fuel economy by cleaning up these harmful deposits.

2017 Honda Civic

2013 Kia Optima

2015 Chevy Equinox

A 1.5% Fleet Average Fuel Economy Improvement Was Measured AftonChemical.com 2023 © Afton Chemical Corporation, All Rights Reserved. Not to be copied, shared, or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation.

Summary The aspiration is zero emissions for transport. All stakeholders are working toward this goal. Liquid fuels will remain in the market for years Deposits are causing a loss of fuel economy over time

Source: clipground.com

Afton fleet studies show that the use of properly-formulated fuel additives can restore fuel economy in GDI vehicles, resulting in a significant reduction of CO2 emissions The industry would benefit from a standardized test for GDI deposit control