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ISSUE 115/SEPT. 2023

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RUSSIA -AFRICA: Friendship with limits THE DANGERS of Military Takeovers in Africa GREEN HYDROGEN; Namibia’s Gateway to a clean Energy future

EXCLUSIVE Interview

ANGOLA Business is open

for

H.E Tete AntÓnio Angolan Minister of External Relations and Council Chairperson of the Southern Africa Development Community

2ND EDITIONOF INTERNATIONAL AFRICAN ENERGY, OIL AND GAS SUMMIT IN ANGOLA, 2023 Theme

BALANCING THE NEED FOR SMOOTH ENERGY TRANSITION IN AFRICA AND THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE ENERGY SECTOR

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30th Nov. - 4th Dec. 2023 Intercontinental Hotel Miramar, Luanda, Angola

Magais Gulf & Resort Court, Angola

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Business Development Manager Acholem Chinecherem G.

H.E Paballo Makhetha (South Africa)

Mobolaji Abiodun

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Content

HIS EXCELLENCY

EXCLUSIVE TETE Interview ANTÓNIO

AFRICAN PEACE AWARDS

AFRICAN PEACE AWARDS 2023

26 30 33 36

RUSSIA -AFRICA: Friendship with limits CLIMATE CHANGE Priorities In Africa GREEN HYDROGEN; Namibia’s Gateway to a clean Energy future THE DANGERS of Military Takeovers in Africa

Putting africa first

maritime piracy & robbery on the high sea

EXCLUSIVE Interview

With HIS EXCELLENCY

TETE ANTÓNIO

Angolan Minister of External Relations and Council Chairperson of the Southern Africa Development Community

Mr. Noah: Your Excellency, would you say that Angola is open for business?

Sr. Noé: Excelência, diria que Angola está aberta para negócios?

Response: Yes Angola is open for business. We have a frame work dealing with Investment, to make it easy for people live and invest in Angola. Apart from the legal reforms, we have created facilities for Visa for those that are going to Angola, environment has been created and there are also incentives in the country. The government has privatized many units in comparison which were run by the government so that private sector can take advantage of it and do business in Angola.

Resposta: Sim, Angola está aberta a negócios. Temos uma estrutura que trata do Investimento, para facilitar às pessoas viver e investir em Angola. Para além das reformas legais, criámos facilidades de visto para quem vai para Angola, criou-se ambiente e também há incentivos no país. O governo privatizou muitas unidades que eram geridas pelo governo para que o sector privado pudesse tirar vantagem disso e fazer negócios em Angola.

Mr. Noah: Thank you so much your Excellency, doing business within the continent is very difficult, it is a lot easier to do business with the Europe, the U.S and China but within the African continents doing business is quite difficult, is there anything or suggestions that you have for African?

Sr. Noé: Muito obrigado, Excelência, fazer negócios dentro do continente é muito difícil, é muito mais fácil fazer negócios com a Europa, os EUA e a China, mas dentro dos continentes africanos fazer negócios é muito difícil, há alguma coisa ou sugestões que você tem para os africanos? 6

H.E Tete Antonio with Mr. Noah Ajare, Editor-in-Chief, African Peace Magazine, UK

Mr. Noah: Thank you your Excellency. One of the sub-themes is education, culture of peace and African citizenship. African citizenship is very interesting, is it something that is going to happen within this generation to have a united citizenship for a whole continent?

Sr. Noé: Obrigado Excelência. Um dos subtemas é a educação, a cultura de paz e a cidadania africana. A cidadania africana é muito interessante, será algo que vai acontecer nesta geração para termos uma cidadania unida para todo um continente?

Response: Yes, African Citizenship is possible. let's not limit our mission and visions actually, the founding fathers of our continent that I'm talking about those pan African leaders, they had this dream and this dream should continue, is only to pray to God to make sure that whatever we have mentioned so far as calculating, infrastructure and whatever can only be consolidated by mingling from African people among themselves, if we don't meet then we don't exist as a family, this is one of the biggest challenges. We need to relate and network as a family with love.

Resposta: Sim, a Cidadania Africana é possível. não vamos limitar a nossa missão e visões, na verdade, os pais fundadores do nosso continente, dos quais estou falando, aqueles líderes pan-africanos, eles tiveram esse sonho e esse sonho deve continuar, é apenas orar a Deus para ter certeza de que tudo o que mencionamos na medida em que o cálculo, as infraestruturas e tudo o mais só podem ser consolidados através da mistura dos povos africanos entre si, se não nos encontrarmos não existimos como família, este é um dos maiores desaos. Precisamos nos relacionar e fazer networking como uma família com amor.

Mr Noah: Thank you very much my Excellency. We Africans over the years have relied heavily on foreign aids and loans. Is there any way to look inward and survive without loans because it is said “anywhere that is giving you in aids is taking it back somehow”, can Africans survive without foreign aids and loan? Response: Well, I think any continent or country goes from a certain period of history where solidarity and cooperation is needed. Europe after the war has needs and got a Marshall Plan it's not because they could not do nothing by themselves but the conditions at the time have beendictated but they needed this Marshall plans to rebuild the continent, I'm talking about the Eastern Europe.

Sr. Noe: Muito obrigado, Excelência. Nós, africanos, ao longo dos anos, dependemos fortemente de ajuda e empréstimos estrangeiros. Existe alguma maneira de olhar para dentro e sobreviver sem empréstimos porque se diz que “qualquer lugar que lhe dê ajuda está de alguma forma recuperando-a”. Podem os africanos sobreviver sem ajuda e empréstimos estrangeiros? Resposta: Bem, penso que qualquer continente ou país passa de um determinado período da história onde a solidariedade e a cooperação são necessárias. A Europa depois da guerra tem necessidades e tem um Plano Marshall, não é porque não pudessem fazer nada sozinhos, mas as condições da altura foram ditadas, mas eles precisavam deste Plano Marshall para reconstruir o continente, estou a falar da Europa de Leste.

“

Africa is not begging for help but...

On the African perspective of getting aids and loans, we Africans came from a long history, we destroyed empires, societies, structures including demographic structures just look at how far we would have gone in terms of development if not for this history, we also had the issue of colonialism and neocolonialism, so we have kick off but certainly the time has come to make sure we believe in ourselves and understand that many of the solution can be found among ourselves. Let’s take the issue of food security for instance, we don’t believe that Africans cannot feed themselves, it is true for some reason we have been importing goods like wheat and others and sometimes even forgetting we can grow it in Africa and many people made us believe that wheat doesn’t grow in Africa, but it does and many others. It means if we believe in ourselves, we can really do things, I’m talking about this good example to also explain that at some point we should more rely on ourselves than foreign aids.

Na perspectiva africana de obter ajudas e empréstimos, nós, africanos, viemos de uma longa história, destruímos impérios, sociedades, estruturas incluindo estruturas demográficas, basta ver até onde teríamos ido em termos de desenvolvimento se não fosse por esta história, também tivemos a questão do colonialismo e do neocolonialismo, por isso demos o pontapé inicial, mas certamente chegou a hora de ter certeza de que acreditamos em nós mesmos e de compreender que muitas das soluções podem ser encontradas entre nós. Tomemos por exemplo a questão da segurança alimentar, não acreditamos que os africanos não possam alimentar-se, é verdade que por alguma razão temos importado bens como trigo e outros e por vezes até nos esquecemos que podemos cultivá-los em África e muitas pessoas fizeram acreditamos que o trigo não cresce na África, mas sim e em muitos outros. Significa que se acreditarmos em nós mesmos, podemos realmente fazer coisas. Estou falando deste bom exemplo para explicar também que em algum momento deveremos confiar mais em nós mesmos do que em ajudas externas.

but also we need to make sure we can mobilize resources among ourselves including taking advantage of vibrant business opportunities and communities which is growing in Africa. We just give example of how the African Union sometimes at some point manage to deal with Ebola crisis and Sierra Leone by mobilizing 30 million from the African business community, it came from this continent. We managed to make a difference in Sierra-Leone beginning where the continent sent many volunteers coming from different countries to make this effort and money was mobilized here in the continent. I think we need to continue making reforms in order to have a sweet environment for the investment while we are mobilizing foreign investment. However, we are not the only ones, going by this way, if you check the Asian countries, I’m not going to mention names because some of them we know already which I’m talking about, a lot of investments Went there and today they are pulled many levels of societies from poverty to a more comfortable situation, thanks to that investment which they used in the country.

mas também precisamos de garantir que podemos mobilizar recursos entre nós, incluindo tirar partido de oportunidades de negócios e comunidades vibrantes que estão a crescer em África. Apenas damos um exemplo de como a União Africana por vezes consegue, em algum momento, lidar com a crise do Ébola e com a Serra Leoa, mobilizando 30 milhões da comunidade empresarial africana, que veio deste continente. Conseguimos fazer a diferença na Serra Leoa começando onde o continente enviou muitos voluntários vindos de diferentes países para fazer esse esforço e o dinheiro foi mobilizado aqui no continente. Penso que precisamos de continuar a fazer reformas para termos um ambiente favorável ao investimento enquanto mobilizamos o investimento estrangeiro. Porém, não somos os únicos, passando por aqui, se você verificar os países asiáticos, não vou citar nomes porque alguns deles já sabemos de que estou falando, muitos investimentos foram lá e hoje são puxados muitos níveis de sociedade da pobreza para uma situação mais confortável, graças ao investimento que fizeram no país.

“

...if we believe in ourselves (Africans), we can really do things...

Africa is not begging for help but if we invest in countries and shift the paradigm of exporting, we cannot continue to export remotely and sometimes we wonder why some are rich and why we are poor, the difference is just simple as it is, one has specialized himself in transforming, while we have been specialized in giving in them raw materials. If we do the reverse to transform and specialize in production we would become rich as a continent, and to create a value, wealth, jobs and development that is how we will become rich. So, let’s have the knowledge of how to run the electrical cars but the batteries should be made in Africa then yes, we can become rich. Mr Noah: Thank you very much your Excellency, a lot of Africans went to travel abroad, to Europe, US, etc just because of the better conditions of living and a lot of Africans die in the Mediterranean ocean. So, what advice do you have for the youth? Response: Yes, African Youth should stay back and develop the continent. The Youth should also remember one thing with our generation and new generation were grown by having one standard to which we are looking at, I mean looking at Europe and America as a dream society but sometimes we forget that this something we can do ourself or maybe we forget also that what transformed those country came from the same place we are running from. Africa was used to transform and develop the western world.

África não está a implorar por ajuda, mas se investirmos nos países e mudarmos o paradigma da exportação, não podemos continuar a exportar remotamente e por vezes perguntamo-nos porque é que alguns são ricos e porque é que nós somos pobres, a diferença é tão simples como é, tem-se especializou-se em transformar, enquanto nós nos especializamos em fornecer-lhes matéria-prima. Se fizermos o inverso para transformar e especializar-nos na produção, tornar-nos-emos ricos como continente e, para criar valor, riqueza, empregos e desenvolvimento, é assim que nos tornaremos ricos. Então, vamos ter o conhecimento de como fazer funcionar os carros eléctricos, mas as baterias devem ser fabricadas em África, então sim, podemos ficar ricos. Sr. Noah: Muito obrigado, Excelência, muitos africanos foram viajar para o estrangeiro, para a Europa, EUA, etc. só por causa das melhores condições de vida e muitos africanos morrem no oceano Mediterrâneo. Então, que conselho você daria para os jovens? Resposta: Sim, a Juventude Africana deve ficar atrás e desenvolver o continente. A Juventude também deve lembrar-se de uma coisa com a nossa geração e a nova geração cresceu tendo um padrão para o qual estamos olhando, quero dizer, olhar para a Europa e a América como uma sociedade de sonho, mas às vezes esquecemos que isso é algo que podemos fazer nós mesmos ou talvez esquecemos também que o que transformou aquele país veio do mesmo lugar de onde fugimos. A África foi usada para transformar e desenvolver o mundo ocidental.

H.E Tete Antonio with Nigeria Minister of Foreign Affairs, H.E Yusuf Maitama Tuggar

Let’s transform our continent ourselves but then it is up to us as adults and up to the youths to make sure they remain in our countries, to transform our economy and society, let them not be called the future but the present because they have to participate with us to make sure that tomorrow they are the ones to pick up and run the countries in which we are leaving today. Mr Noah: Thank you so much my Excellency. What advice do you have for the youth of Africa? Response: I think the youth should be aware of their role, that they have a huge role to play; the youth has always been the source of transformation, just look at the famous African leaders if you look at Lumumba, he was in his 30s, Nkrumah and several others, I can go on and on, they made the difference. One of the African leaders once said; “Being young is not a biological matter but it is also an ideological matter”. We need to believe in our Youths and we need to believe in our continent. Let us help them so that there is a move to change the continent, give them the window of opportunity because anyway, Africa is a young continent if you look at the population of the African continent we would see that we cannot do without the youths. The Youth are not only the future but also the present. Mr. Noah: We are extremely grateful for your time your Excellency.

Vamos transformar nós próprios o nosso continente, mas depois cabe a nós, como adultos e aos jovens, garantir que permanecem nos nossos países, transformar a nossa economia e a nossa sociedade, que não sejam chamados de futuro, mas de presente, porque têm de participar connosco para garantir que amanhã serão eles que tomarão conta e governarão os países de onde partimos hoje. Sr. Noah: Muito obrigado, Excelência. Que conselho você daria para os jovens da África? Resposta: Penso que os jovens devem estar conscientes do seu papel, que têm um papel enorme a desempenhar; a juventude sempre foi a fonte de transformação, basta olhar para os famosos líderes africanos, se olharmos para Lumumba, ele tinha cerca de 30 anos, Nkrumah e vários outros, posso continuar, eles fizeram a diferença. Um dos líderes africanos disse uma vez; “Ser jovem não é uma questão biológica, mas é também uma questão ideológica”. Precisamos de acreditar nos nossos jovens e precisamos de acreditar no nosso continente. Vamos ajudá-los para que haja um movimento para mudar o continente, dar-lhes a janela de oportunidade porque de qualquer forma, África é um continente jovem se olharmos para a população do continente africano veríamos que não podemos prescindir dos jovens. A Juventude não é apenas o futuro, mas também o presente. Sr. Noah: Estamos extremamente gratos pelo seu tempo, Excelência.

COASTAL TRADE IN

Governance IN AFRICA

The world's oceans, seas, and rivers remain a major source of wealth, creating trillions of dollars in goods and services. Oceans and freshwater sources provide livelihood and employment to millions of people. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that sh provide more than 4.2 billion people with more than 15 percent of their animal protein intake. Of the world's international trade, 90 percent is transported by see and Africa is not left out in the coastal trading. Africa which is the second-largest continent in the world in both area and population has an almost entirely isolated landmass with only a small land bridge in the northeast, connecting the African Mainland with Western Asia. Africa covers six percent of the world's total surface area, roughly 30,244,000 km² (11,700,000 mi²). Including its adjacent islands, the continent occupies about 20 percent of Earth's total land area. Africa's largest country is Algeria, followed by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa) and Sudan. The continent therefore has a vast ocean resource base that can contribute to sustainable development of African States. The lacustrine (or lake) zones of Africa cover approximately 240,000 square kilometers. International trade is important to many African economies, with more than 90 percent of Africa's imports and exports conducted by sea. Freshwater and ocean sh make a vital contribution to the food and nutritional security of over 200 million Africans and provide income for over 10 million. The sea plays an important part of trade: more than 90% of Africa imports and exports are conducted by sea and globally important strategic trade routes are in Africa. Coastal trade plays a crucial role in the economic development of African countries facilitating both domestics and international trade. According to an African proverb that says “Trade not aid”, coastal trade is the lifeblood of many Africans nation connecting them to regional and international markets fostering economic growth and providing opportunities for development. 14 13

African governments are progressively implementing an ocean -based economy as an approach for generating economic growth to better improve social welfare and equity and to reduce environmental and ecological concerns on the continent Over 90% of Africa’s imports and exports are transported by water, which emphasizes the great geographical position the continent has to advance regional and international trade. The presence of vast ocean and lake resources creates sufficient opportunity for African countries to diversify their economies. Governance in Africa greatly influences the management and coordination of natural resource wealth. To a degree, again good ocean governance could unleash the full potential of the oceans towards reaching the desired outcomes in a sustainable economy. However, going by the African proverbs that’s says “The hand that reaches the coast was once in the ocean”, the governance of coastal trade in Africa faces several challenges that hinders the efficiency and potentials. Looking at Regulatory Challenges, one of the challenges in coastal trade governance is the presence of regulatory gaps. Fragmented legal framework and overlapping jurisdictions across different countries complicate the effective regulation of trade activities. This often leads to inconsistent customs procedures, complex documentation requirements, and delays in cargo handling at ports. Harmonizing regulations and establishing regional agreement could greatly streamline trade processes and redu ce barriers to intra -African trade. Custom Efficiency, Inefficient custom procedures pose a significant obstacle to smooth coastal trade. Cumbersome clearance processes, excessive bureaucracy and corruption contribute to delays an increased cost for trader s. Digitalization of customs procedures, such as the implementations of single window system, can greatly enhance efficiency by using paperwork, streamlining processes and enabling greater transparency. Investing in training and capacity building for customs officials is also essential to improve their skills and enhance their ability to combat illicit trade activities. Infrastructure Development, Lack of adequate infrastructure, including ports, roads, and railways, hampers the growth of coastal trade in Africa. Insufficient ports facilities, limited storage capacity and outdated equipment result in congestion and longer turnaround times for vessels. Promoting infrastructure development, including public private partnership and attracting foreign investmen t is crucial to address this bottleneck and improve trade logistics. 14

Moreover, investing in trade related infrastructure should be accompanied by efforts to enhance connectivity and establish efcient multimodal transportation networks. Addressing informal trade, informal trade is prevalent among African coast often bypassing formal regulatory frameworks while informal trade contributes to employment and economic activities, it also poses challenges in terms of revenue loss, unfair competition and potential risks to national security. encouraging informal traders to transition to formal channels through simplied procedures, improve access to nance, and targeted support can bring them into the formal economy while ensuring regulatory compliance and harnessing their economy potentials. The increasingly intense use of the oceans and seas in several economic sectors, combined with the impacts of climate change, has added to the pressure on the marine environment. In addition, a large part of the African population lives in coastal areas, and with most African coastal countries undergoing rapid population growth, urbanization, coastward migration, and associated socioeconomic growth, countries are experiencing dramatic coastal change, with increased pressure on marine resources. This situation, in combination with advanced technological possibilities. Let's conclude with the adage that's says “A ship does not sail with yesterday's wind”. Coastal trade governance in Africa represents a signicant opportunity for economic growth and development. By addressing regulatory challenges, improving custom efciency, investing in infrastructure development, and tackling informal trade, African countries can unlock the full potentials of coastal trade and contribute to the continents overall progress. As African nations work together, leveraging their diverse strengths and resources, they can sail towards a brighter future, guided by improved trade governance and prosperity for all.

COUR

STREET "Thief! Thief!!" Mr Kunle, a trader who sells packs of sugar, gripped the shirt of a customer (a young male student) who was buying fruits from the shop next to that of Mr Kunles. "Excuse me, sir. What do you mean? I'm not a thief," the student responded. "You're a thief, is that not a pack of sugar you're holding?" Mr Kunle said angrily, still holding on to the student's shirt. "Yes, it's a pack of sugar. Is there a problem? Why are

ON THE

you holding my shirt?" the student asked perplexed. "You're a thief. A common ole! My packs of sugar on this table are all 15 in total. Now it's only 14. You took my sugar. You're a thief!" Mr Kunle accused. At this time, a little crowd had begun to gather up to find out what the commotion was all about. "You can't accuse me wrongly. You're not the only one who sells pack of sugar in this market. I bought it somewhere else before coming down here, "the student explained.

"It's a lie. I had 15 packs of sugar. I have not sold anyone since morning. I noticed that one was missing few minutes ago after you passed. You're a thief. That's how students like you do. Go about stealing! Today will be your end!" Mr Kunle threatened. The crowd began to murmur. Some starts slapping the student all over from various angles. "I didn't steal anything. I can swear on anything. My father sent me money to buy foodstuffs for myself. I have never stolen anything before!" the student cried out in despair. The crowd refused to listen to him. Someone from the crowd shouted, "Go and bring petrol! Get motor tyres! This thief must go down!" More people from the crowd, holds the student down to prevent him from escaping with his life. "Please! Please! I didn't steal! Let me call my hostel mates! They will testify," the students pleads on. "Shut up criminal!" someone from the crowd slapped his mouth. Mr Kunle leaves the crowd and in few minutes returned with a keg of

petrol. Two other boys brought two tyres each. They threw the tyres on him and the content of the keg emptied on him. A match stick was struck and in split seconds the student was in flames. He cried and pleaded for his life. It was too late. The deed has been done. His life gradually eased away as the flames burned deeper. The crowds stood aside and watch the flames engulf him. A little girl of 8 years walked up to Mr Kunle and tugs his trousers, "Daddy! Daddy!!" "Yes, Feranmi. What's it?" "Mummy said that this sugar you sell is sweeter than the honey she used to use to make tea. She wants one more, and daddy, why is everyone looking like this? What are they burning in the market?" the little girl explained. "Wait, you said that your mummy likes the sugar I sell?" he asked. "Yes, She even wants one more at home," she replied smiling. "Feranmi, did you take anything from the shop to your mummy at home?" he asked.

"Yes daddy. I told you. I took one pack of sugar to mummy at home. It was on the table. I told you, but you were talking to one other man, so you said I should not disturb you and do what I wanted to do, "she explained further.” “Ha! Feranmi!" Mr Kunle expressed shock. He turned to look at the burning flames; all that was left of the student was his ashes. "Ah! Ah! Ah!" he kept screaming continuously with his hands on his head. A guilt he would live on with forever. The short story above portrays the unfortunate means in which on the streets of most society in Africa, use to judge and take action on an accused. The use of jungle justice is as it's popularly referred to as, has been the means in which angry mob use in ending the lives of any individual accused of stealing. No proper investigation is carried out. No report is made to the security agencies. No handling of the accused to the security agents for proper and thorough investigation. The streets have turned into security agents and also the court without fair hearing. Through this 'jungle justice' means of passing judgment, so many innocent young lives have been cut short and great destinies gone to the great beyond without

hopes of achieving their dreams, goals and aspirations. I penned down this article as a means to create awareness and also be a platform to plead with the general public and people of Africa to put an end to this barbaric act of lynching accused of any crime. Rather than lynching and killing, hand over any accused person to the appropriate authorities to do their due diligence by going through the legal process of investigations and court hearings before a sentence would be given (if the accused is actually guilty of the crime). Every individual has the right to fair hearing before a noble court. And no one should be deprived of this privilege. Africans on the street shouldn't take the law into their hands. The court on the street must end and must be done as soon as possible. Help save the lives of the innocent!

Author: Sandra Chinenye Onyema +2349050232914

ANGOLA

Business IS OPEN FOR

Angola está aberta para negócios

While Angola now represents the biggest oil producer across the African continent, the southern African country offers significant opportunities for investors from across the entire energy value chain.

Embora Angola represente agora o maior produtor de petróleo em todo o continente africano, o país da África Austral oferece oportunidades significativas para investidores de toda a cadeia de valor energético.

From oil and gas exploration and production to infrastructure development to renewable energy, there are many reasons to invest in Angola.

Da exploração e produção de petróleo e gás ao desenvolvimento de infraestruturas e energias renováveis, há muitas razões para investir em Angola.

Business opportunities in Angola are plentiful, and one of the greatest benefits of doing business there is the amount of natural resources that the country has. The natural resources include diamonds, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, copper, tin, cobalt, phosphates, limestone and salt. In fact, about 25% of Angola’s gross domestic product comes from these resources. There are plenty of opportunities to be had if you do your research and choose carefully when entering the market.

As oportunidades de negócios em Angola são abundantes e um dos maiores benefícios de fazer negócios lá é a quantidade de recursos naturais que o país possui. Os recursos naturais incluem diamantes, petróleo, gás natural, minério de ferro, cobre, estanho, cobalto, fosfatos, calcário e sal. Na verdade, cerca de 25% do produto interno bruto de Angola provém destes recursos. Existem muitas oportunidades se você fizer sua pesquisa e escolher com cuidado ao entrar no mercado. 20

MARKET SIZE OF ANGOLA

TAMANHO DO MERCADO DE ANGOLA

Angola has a population of approximately 35 million people with an average life expectancy of 63 years. The country’s GDP is based on oil exports, which account for 95% of government revenue and more than 50% of GDP. Therefore, Angola’s economy is highly dependent on petroleum prices. Lower commodity prices have had a negative impact on Angola’s overall economic growth, although low energy costs are beneficial to consumers and businesses alike.

Angola tem uma população de aproximadamente 35 milhões de pessoas com uma esperança média de vida de 63 anos. O PIB do país baseia-se nas exportações de petróleo, que representam 95% das receitas do governo e mais de 50% do PIB. Portanto, a economia de Angola é altamente dependente dos preços do petróleo. Os preços mais baixos das matériasprimas tiveram um impacto negativo no crescimento económico global de Angola, embora os baixos custos da energia sejam benéficos tanto para os consumidores como para as empresas.

1. DUAL FEED DISTILLERY (ETHANOL AS BIO-FUEL) Biofuels are transportation fuels such as ethanol and biomass-based diesel fuel that are made from biomass materials. These fuels are usually blended with petroleum fuels (gasoline and distillate/diesel fuel and heating oil), but they can also be used on their own. 2. STEEL SHIPPING (CARGO CONTAINER)

CONTAINERS

The cargo container industry produces a lot of intermodal containers each and every year. They are used to transport goods all over the world. About 180 million container loads crisscross the oceans each year in about 5000 container ships.

1. DESTILARIA DE ALIMENTAÇÃO DUPLA (ETANOL COMO BIOCOMBUSTÍVEL) Os biocombustíveis são combustíveis para transporte, como o etanol e o óleo diesel à base de biomassa, feitos de materiais de biomassa. Esses combustíveis são geralmente misturados com combustíveis de petróleo (gasolina e combustível destilado/diesel e óleo para aquecimento), mas também podem ser usados isoladamente.

2. RECIPIENTES DE TRANSPORTE DE AÇO (CONTÊINER DE CARGA) A indústria de contêineres de carga produz muitos contêineres intermodais todos os anos. Eles são usados para transportar mercadorias em todo o mundo. Cerca de 180 milhões de cargas de contêineres cruzam os oceanos todos os anos em cerca de 5.000 navios porta-contêineres.

3. MAGNESIUM STEARATE

3. ESTEARATO DE MAGNÉSIO

Magnesium stearate is the chemical compound consisting of stearate (anion of stearic acid) and magnesium cation. Magnesium stearate is a white, waterinsoluble powder.

O estearato de magnésio é o composto químico que consiste em estearato (ânion do ácido esteárico) e cátion magnésio. O estearato de magnésio é um pó branco insolúvel em água.

4. SANITARY NAPKINS

4. GUARDANAPOS SANITÁRIOS

Sanitary Napkin comes under Nonwoven fabrics which as a whole come under technical textile. The functions of sanitary napkins are to absorb and retain menstrual fluid, and isolate menstrual fluids from the body.

Os absorventes higiênicos estão incluídos nos tecidos não tecidos que, como um todo, estão incluídos nos têxteis técnicos. As funções dos absorventes higiênicos são absorver e reter o fluido menstrual e isolar os fluidos menstruais do corpo.

5. BAMBOO TOOTHBRUSH Bamboo toothbrushes are manual toothbrushes, similar in design to what you would find on any store shelf. A bamboo toothbrush has a long handle and bristles to remove food debris and plaque from your teeth. 6. PP WOVEN FABRIC Polypropylene, which is also known as PP for short name, is one kind of thermoplastic resin material that produced by the polymerization of propylene. 7. BRICKS FROM FLY ASH Fly Ash brick is a product of basic cement clinker materials i.e. FLY ASH, STONE DUST/SAND, LIME, GYPSUM and BONDING AGENT. The mix is so ideally worked out to produce bricks of higher strength with consistency as well as uniformity.

5. ESCOVA DE DENTES DE BAMBU As escovas de dente de bambu são escovas de dente manuais, com design semelhante ao que você encontraria nas prateleiras de qualquer loja. Uma escova de dentes de bambu tem cabo longo e cerdas para remover restos de comida e placa bacteriana dos dentes. 6. TECIDO PP O polipropileno, também conhecido como PP, é um tipo de material de resina termoplástica produzido pela polimerização do propileno. 7. TIJOLOS DE CINZA VOADORA O tijolo Fly Ash é um produto de materiais básicos de clínquer de cimento, ou seja, cinza volante, pó de pedra / areia, cal, gesso e agente de ligação. A mistura é idealmente elaborada para produzir tijolos de maior resistência com consistência e uniformidade.

8. BLOOD COLLECTION BAGS Blood bag is a disposable bio-medical device used for collection, storage, transportation and transfusion of human blood and blood components. The system consists of a single or multiple bags connected with tubings, needle, needle cover, clamp etc 9. DICYANDIAMIDE (DCDA) Dicyandiamide is a strongly alkaline and water-soluble white crystalline compound with the scientific name of cyanoguanidine. The chemical is the dimer of cyanamide or cyanoguanidine, which is mainly used in the production of melamine 10.E-RICKSHAW MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: Electric Rickshaw, in short, also called as ERickshaw. This kind of transport vehicle are famous in many countries, this is eco-friendly vehicles for carrying passengers across the city without fuel. This is the reason these vehicles have become so popular. This erickshaw are popular in many countries and has been in use by many 11.AUTOMATED VEHICLE SCRAPPING UNIT: A Vehicle Scrapping Unit (VSU) is a facility or business where vehicle dismantlers (often referred to as scrappers) dismantle and recycle old, unwanted, and derelict vehicles 12.OXYGEN AND NITROGEN GAS PLANT Oxygen (CO2, gas at 00/1 matm., 1.429g./l, crit. Pressure, 49.7 Matm.) is a colorless, odourless, and tasteless gas, somewhat heavier than air. It is one of the most active elements and plays on essential part in the respiration of living cells and in combustion.

8. SACOS DE COLETA DE SANGUE Bolsa de sangue é um dispositivo biomédico descartável utilizado para coleta, armazenamento, transporte e transfusão de sangue humano e componentes sanguíneos. O sistema consiste em um único ou vários sacos conectados com tubos, agulha, tampa da agulha, braçadeira, etc. 9. DICIANDIAMIDA (DCDA) A dicianodiamida é um composto cristalino branco fortemente alcalino e solúvel em água com o nome científico de cianoguanidina. O produto químico é o dímero de cianamida ou cianoguanidina, que é usado principalmente na produção de melamina 10. INDÚSTRIA DE FABRICAÇÃO DE ERICKSHAW: Riquixá elétrico, em resumo, também chamado de E-Rickshaw. Este tipo de veículo de transporte é famoso em muitos países, são veículos ecológicos para transportar passageiros pela cidade sem combustível. Esta é a razão pela qual esses veículos se tornaram tão populares. Este eriquixá é popular em muitos países e tem sido usado por muitos 11. UNIDADE DE DESCARTE DE VEÍCULOS AUTOMATIZADA: Uma Unidade de Sucateamento de Veículos (VSU) é uma instalação ou negócio onde desmontadores de veículos (muitas vezes chamados de sucateiros) desmontam e reciclam veículos antigos, indesejados e abandonados 12.PLANTA DE GÁS OXIGÊNIO E NITROGÊNIO O oxigênio (CO2, gás a 00/1 mat., 1,429g./l, pressão crítica, 49,7 Matm.) é um gás incolor, inodoro e insípido, um pouco mais pesado que o ar. É um dos elementos mais ativos e desempenha um papel essencial na respiração das células vivas e na combustão.

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Profile of His Excellency

Téte António

Ambassador Téte António, born on January

22, 1955 in the municipality of Bembe, Province of Uíge, has a Master’s degree in International Economic Relations by the University of Kiev/Ukraine.

1997), Ofﬁcial of the African Union and

He attended courses in Preventive

Specialized Institutions Department of the

Diplomacy at Columbia University, New York, in

Africa and Middle East Directorate of the

Conﬂict Management, Resolution and

Ministry of External Relations and Employee of

Mediation at the Jimmy Carter Center, and

IMPORTANG assigned to the Ministry of Foreign

Diplomacy at the Cairo Ministry of Foreign

Trade. Ambassador Téte António joined several

Affairs Institute in Egypt, United Nations Law and Practice at New York University, USA.

African Union election observation missions

Before being appointed Minister, he served

and attended several study missions to

as Secretary of State for External Relations,

countries emerged from conﬂict by the UN

Representative of the African Union to the

Peace building Commission; Participated in

United Nations, in New York, Diplomatic Adviser

several meetings of the UN, African Union, South

to the President of the African Union

Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, the UN

Commission, Minister Counselor at the

Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), the

Permanent Mission of the Republic of Angola to

Southern African Development Community

the United Nations, in New York.

(SADC), the Economic Commission of Central

Ambassador Téte António was also a

African States (ECCAS) and the Common

member of the Angolan delegation to the

Market of Eastern and Southern Africa

United Nations Security Council (2003-2004),

(COMESA). He speaks ﬂuently and writes Portuguese,

Principal Expert during the Angolan Presidency of the UN Peace building Commission; Adviser

English, French, Russian, Kikongo and Lingala.

to the President of the 59th Session of the UN

He co-authored the book entitled: “Angola

General Assembly (2004-2005); Director of the

at the UN Security Council (2003-2004),

Ofﬁce of the Vice Minister of External Relations

Experience and Practical Contribution to

(1999-2002); African Union Political Observer to

Conﬂict Resolution in Africa“.

the United Nations Mission for the Organization of a Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) based in El Aiune, Western Sahara from 1997 to 1999; Diplomat at the Embassy of the Republic of Angola in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Permanent Mission to the African Union (1993-

RUSSIA AFRICA F R I E N D S H I P

Introduction The Russian government contributes very little economic benefits to African nations and this has limited the engagement of most African countries to Russia. During the run-up to the St Petersburg Summit, some African leaders expressed displeasure with President Vladimir Putin's refusal to embrace peace. Also, Putin's decision to call it quits with the Black Sea Grain Initiative further added to the frustration of African leaders. In May 2023, the US ambassador accused South Africa of supplying weapons to Russia. This accusations and revelations broke the link in the US South Africa relationship. Another strong African country that's connected to the Russian government is Egypt; this country has been a large importer of Russian grain. According to a US Intelligence document exposed in

W I T H

L I M I T S

April, it showed that Cairo had the intentions to supply ammunition to Russia to support its war in Ukraine in exchange for the supply of Russian grains. Cairo has however tried to maintain a balance between her partnership with US and Russia. In East Africa, Kenya played the balancing act. It condemned the invasion of Ukraine by the Russian government. It has however, maintained its trade relationship with Russia when it hosted Sergei Lavrov in May to discuss deals involving trade. The country with the least engagement and connection with Russia is Nigeria. Its current President, President Bola Ahmed Tinubu have no ties with the Russian government, rather he's focused on his relationship with the US. In most African countries, the Russian's influence and impact over the business environment remains limited to trade.

BACKGROUND In 1956 - 1957, during the Cold War, the Soviet Union supported its allies which include Egypt. The Soviet Union also made provision of financial, military arms, and diplomatic assistance to the various movements that were fighting against racial discrimination and colonialism regimes in Zimbabwe and South Africa. In sub-Saharan Africa, the Soviet Union focused on countries that chose the socialist model of development, countries such as Mali, the Republic of Congo, Angola, Mozambique, Benin, Guinea, Ethiopia, Tanzania and others. And other countries that chose a neutral ground in their foreign policy such as Nigeria and Zambia. However, over 30 years later, the Soviet Union collapsed and there was a reorientation of the socialists African nations towards having ties and relationship with the Europe and US. This resulted to the dying down of the Russian - African relationship for a long period of time. However, at

this period, the South African relationship with the Russians became normalized. Around June 1992, the past president of South Africa, President Frederik de Klerk visited Russia. This visit occurred at the time South Africa was pulling out of the policy of apartheid. In the early 2000s, the communication between Russia and African countries began to rise again after Russian President, President Vladimir Putin visited Egypt in 2005, Morocco and Algeria in 2006 and Libya in 2008. More mutual visits ensured afterwards by the representatives of government corporations and private companies. In 2006, Putin made an official visit to South Africa's president, President Thabo Mbeki. As at June 2023, a delegation of seven African countries; Zambia, Senegal, South Africa, Republic of Congo, The Comoros, Egypt and Uganda met with President Vladimir Putin at St. Petersburg to offer proposal to find a lasting resolution to the conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

African Proverbs in Relation to Peace in Africa

reasoning is most likely to hurt himself in the bid to go start a battle.

A popular Somalian Proverb goes thus:

Russia - Africa ties in Relation to Peace in Africa

"To agree to have dialogue is the beginning of a peaceful resolution"

The Russian political connection to Africa is one which has bred a ground for warring bells and drums which poses as a threat to peace and unity in Africa.

This simply implies that, in the place of dispute and conflict, sitting down at a round table to discuss extensively about the causes of the conflict and finding a common ground and agreement is a swift step to stopping a conflict from escalating. Another powerful proverb in Africa goes like this: "A regular fighter who discords peace is bound to be fought by his own anger" This simply means that one who has refused to accept a peaceful offer, one who have let anger, bitterness and rage cloud his eyes and

Conclusion With the recent happenings since 2023 began till date, one can infer that the Russian government relationship to some of the African countries have brought nothing other than unrest and political instability to the African region, creating anarchy within the nations that it backs up. The West African countries are mostly hit and affected by this interference from the Russian government. We, however look forward to a permanent resolution to this crisis.

Climate

Change Priorities in INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

The major negotiators of climate change in Africa have a background knowledge of the importance of Nature-based Solutions (NBS) in delivering land and sea based options as part of the aim of the Paris Agreement. To ensure that the temperature rise doesn't exceed 1.5°C by 2050, innovative solutions must be researched on to secure the natural sources we have in Africa's territory and also to meet up with the needs of Africans. Largely, the concern in Africa have been adapting to climate change, but the focus should also be on ways to reduce the emission of carbon into Africa's natural sources such as grasslands, wildlife, forests, coastal and marine regions.

The Conference of the Parties to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP) is the top decision-making body that implements the convention on climate change such as the 2015 Paris Agreement. Annually, the COP reviews national data and reports gathered on the emissions reductions and other climate measures. COP27 closed with a breakthrough agreement to provide loss and damage funding for vulnerable nations that was hit hard and badly affected by floods, droughts and other climate disasters. COP 28 will be held from November 30th - December 12th, 2023 at Expo City, Dubai.

African Proverbs In Conserving Nature

Relation

There's a unique Kenyan proverb that goes thus: “Treat the Earth well. It was not given to you by your parents; it was loaned to you by your children." This proverb means that we all should endeavor to protect and preserve our natural sources and vegetation because we are doing it not just for our sake, but for our future generations yet unborn. Relating Climate Change Priorities To Peace In Africa

and private sectors as all hands would be on deck to ensure that we limit the possibility of being hit by global warming consequences. Working together in unison most definitely would lead to peace and progress. Conclusion Africa will bring up the issue of acknowledging the climate vulnerabilities and the need for sustainable development in the next COP annual meeting. With the right assistance and focus, Africa's ecosystem is sure to satisfy the pressing needs of both the natural sources and human needs.

With environmental management and conservation of the ecosystem, job opportunities are being created for young Africans who can equally get attached to various jobs involved in both the government

GREEN

HYDR GEN:

NAMIBIA'S GATEWAY TO CLEAN ENERGY FUTURE

INTRODUCTION Across the globe, developed and highly industrialized economies are interested in going through green transitions. Industrialized countries within North America and Europe are finding other means of renewable energy other than the usual fossil fuels and carbon. And they are already investing in new sources; one of these new sources is the Green Hydrogen. Namibia is moving from the stage of having little industrialization to developing into much more industrialization which would be rooted on a source of fuel that's void of carbon.

HISTORY OF GREEN HYDROGEN IN NAMIBIA AND THE VISION 2030 In 2004, the former President of Namibia, President Sam Nujoma in 2004 launched the Vision 2030 in which the discussion about green Hydrogen was an integral project that Namibia was looking forward to so have an impact on the economic growth of the people of Namibia and be able to meet up to the standard of the developed nations by the year 2030. The Namibian government agreed to a $10bn deal with German company, Hyphen that will facilitate the production of two million tonnes of green ammonia per year by 2030. The Economic Advisor to the President, James Mnyupe said in an interview, “the project is so large and so significant, that it actually enables other industries to flourish… it’s a harbinger of prosperity for the rest of the country.”

African Proverb In Relation to The Green Hydrogen and the Vision 2030

Relating The Namibia's Hydrogen To Peace In Africa

There's a common saying that goes thus:

Namibia's Vision 2030 has introduced Africa to the contemporary world were growth and development gets evolved every now and then. They have moved at a faster pace with this agenda on ground, and with this, it has pulled positive strings to other African nations and brought their interest to the good news of using an alternative source of energy production. This positive impact emits cordial relationship, cooperation and healthy competition that promotes peace with Africa.

”The way you lay your bed, so shall you lie" This means that including the Green Hydrogen plan in the Vision 2030 by the Namibian's government is a means of laying the bed nearly in the morning, to return to it in the same neat manner, which further means that putting this plan down for the future benefits of the citizens of Namibia is a good start for the country's economy growth. It's a means of laying a good foundation for a great renewable energy source. Another common proverb goes this way: "A person who fails to plan, plans to fail" This is a direct message which means planning way ahead for the future, secures the future and keeps one ready for whatever the future brings. Namibia have already secured her future with the Vision 2030 and the new renewable energy source which keeps them in track with developing and meeting up with the developed continent standard.

Green

Conclusion Namibia have opened a gateway to an alternative, yet clean renewable energy through the green hydrogen source and we all can agree that this is a great means to holding a firm security for the future of the great citizens of Namibia.

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The

DANGERS

OF MILITARY

TAKE OVERS IN

AFRICA Introduction

Brief Background

The military have always played a vital role in protecting states from external forces and threats. However, when fulfilling their roles, this institution has also put the security at risks. The power and force that this institution got empowered with can also be used against the regime that empowered it — this is a danger that the military can pose to any regime. The military institution is capable of bringing up civil conflicts and destabilizing political regimes with loose control over the military.

Between 1960 to 2012, African states have experienced over 200 military take overs. As at 2015, it appeared that coups were fast going out of fashion in Africa. It seemed like it was now a story of the past. Not until, later years, there became a rise in seemingly old-fashioned coup. To be factual, it appeared that the return of coups in recent times have become much more dangerous that it had been some years back. In some West African states such as Chad, Sudan, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Burkina Faso and Niger have in recent times experienced both failed and successful military take overs. The West African states have been saddled with military coups and this has raised concerns with other states of the sub-region under the organization, Economic

Through coup d’états, there have been records of the military institutions in Africa destabilizing several political regimes. This has been common with mostly postindependent African states especially in West African states.

Community of West African States (ECOWAS) whose motive is to maintain and restore peace and security within the West African States. The causes of these coups within West have been linked to internal factors such as corruption, poor governance, and greed from the military, poor economic growth and several others. They have also been linked to external factors such as the colonial effects from the conflicts and war from foreign states such as France, Russia and USA. African Proverbs In Military Take Overs

Relation

the people, but once a coup is plotted and a military take over happens, this often leads to the breaking of laws and order and on a long run affects the peace of the people and other region connected to the state. Conclusion For true democracy where the freedom and human rights of the people are assured and won't be denied, military coup should be condemned and not encouraged as it pose as a distinctive danger to peace and unity of the nation.

A popular proverb in Africa says that: “When two elephant fights, the grass suffers" This implies that when a coup is carried out by the military to destabilize a democratic government, the effects of this rash decision would always fall back on the citizens of the state. The peace and stability of the economy is being affected negatively which results into general unrest of the citizens. Relating To Peace in Africa The military under and controlled by the democratic leadership of a state is aimed at peace keeping and security of the lives and property of

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PUTTING FIRST gained her independence off her colonial masters; Africa has been struggling to maintain stability and socio-economic development. Most African countries have had high records of conicts, corruption and economic meltdown. And this has been linked to how African leaders with various records have been managing and attending to the various issues affecting Africa's growth, peace and progress. Little or no attention has been given to raise the standard of living of the citizens of Africans, ranging from poor health care system, violation of human rights, misappropriation of funds, mismanagement of natural resources, poor infrastructural development, poor educational system, poor investment in the production of African products and a host of others.

INTRODUCTION Africa as our dear continent deserves to be cherished and nurtured. She's our pride and she needs to be prioritized by the African leaders and also be regarded by her citizens. Africa must be placed ahead of our personal needs and desires and our aim as Africans is to watch it grow and develop into a blooming continent like the other continents in existence. Africa has got to step up to the standard of the current global movement and revolution. She needs to be the world's center of peace and progress because she has all the resources available to be able to achieve such goal. Africa needs to be put rst.

BACKGROUND Dating back to the early years after various African countries

African Proverbs In Relation To Putting Africa First There have been a long-aged saying that's common around Africa and it says: "Wherever a man's treasure lies, that is where his heart is" Connecting this to putting Africa first, it simply means that if Africa is actually treasured and values by her leaders there would have over time an experience of huge growth and development across African nations. Simply put, the reason why Africa appears to be slow with development is because African leaders have been nonchalant about the growth and development over this period of years. Relating This to African Peace For true peace, harmony and unity to co-exist in Africa, African leaders must step up their game in the

process in which they manage, handle and make decisions over pressing issues that affects African peace and progress. To maintain peace, African leaders must maintain a brotherly bonding and coexistence within African nations whereby these nations can have great inter-business, social, cultural and good communication connect amongst themselves to promote peace within the black race. Conclusion African leaders at different levels should study and learn how developed countries manage the peace that exists within these developed countries so as to work towards getting Africa up to the world standard when it comes to coexisting and promoting civility. The leaders must do away with greed and mischievous agenda as we all work together in ensuring that Africa's needs are always prioritized

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MARIT IME PIRACY & ROBBERY On The High Sea Maritime crime (piracy and armed robberies against ships in the high sea) are challenges to the shipping that have global impact on maritime trade and security. The evolution of this ancient phenomenon and its history dates to hundreds of years; it is characterized by rapid changes both in terms of the number and severity of incidents and in their geographical concentration. Earlier the law of piracy existed in the form of customary laws and practices. It was only in the 20th century that the codication of piracy-related customary laws and practices began. Over the year, this law has grown and developed, with the increase in maritime piracy operations some legal complications have also surfaced. The international legal regime has developed and grown changes were prompted legal system, which surfaced laws were implemented. The piracy ares up every few with the modernization of Piracy is one of the oldest It was largely thought to the 1830s in most of the parts of Asia. However, from and into the early twentyemerged as a signicant maritime safety and security.

pertaining to maritime piracy over the years. These due to lacunas in the when the codied problem of maritime years, especially boats and weapons. threats to maritime security. have been eradicated by world's oceans, except for the late twentieth century rst century, it has again threat to international

The criminal phenomenon as a major threat to maritime security and to particularly considering course not only on high territorial waters. Here are different regulations jurisprudence on when of piracy and we are robbery against the ship.

of piracy has resurfaced international trade and the freedom of the Seas, that the relevant act of sea but increasingly on are the problems there as well as diverse we are facing a crime facing an armed

The boom in pirate attacks in the late rst and early second decade of the 21st century attracted considerable attention. Due to the signicant economic impact and the human cost of pirate attacks, this phenomenon has become one of the serious challenges facing global maritime trade and security. Currently, as a result of international efforts, pirate attacks in the hottest spots such as the Gulf of Aden and off the coasts of Somalia, and later in the Gulf of Guinea, have been reduced to almost zero level. At the same time, in other regions the number of incidents (mostly armed robberies) has increased rapidly. Since the dynamics of maritime crimes is quite erratic and dependent on a number of factors, it can be said that the development of piracy in the long run is very difcult to predict. Generally, the similarity between the two types of crime is that criminals board a vessel with the intent of committing a robbery or other crime by using threats and weapons. An essential difference between these categories is that armed robbery takes place within a State's internal waters, archipelagic waters and territorial sea, while piracy is committed on the high seas, outside the jurisdiction of any State. Another difference is the ultimate goal of the attack, as well as the way it is prepared and executed. Maritime armed robbery is quite similar to the armed robbery on shore. These attacks, as a rule, are opportunistic, occurring when the ship is anchored. Criminals are most often armed with knives and can easily convince unarmed people on board to part with their money and belongings. Kidnapping is rare and is for the purpose of an easier retreat from the scene of a crime, not a ransom demand. Unlike these low-cost and low-risk crimes, piracy attacks are usually preceded by detailed intelligence for the targeted vessel (route, crew, presence of armed guards, security measures on board, etc.) and are carried out mostly underway. Pirates are equipped with modern means of communication to locate vessels far in the sea, high-speed boards (often with logistics provided by "mother-ships"), and heavy armament. Additionally, pirates use organized shore support to unload and sell cargo, repaint and sell stolen vessels, negotiate ransoms, receive and "launder" ransom money, etc. The term "piracy" covers two different types of crime: the rst is robbery or

violence – piracy and armed robbery – are treated on equal grounds for the purposes

Duties

Countries

under

UNCLOS, UNCLOS provides that all States have an obligation to cooperate to the fullest possible extent in the repression of piracy. All States shall cooperate to the hijacking, where the purpose of the attack

fullest possible extent in the repression of

is to steal the ship or its cargo; the second

piracy on the high seas or in any other

is kidnapping, where the ship and crew

place outside the jurisdiction of any State.

are held captive until a ransom is paid. Because of the high "stakes" and the difficulty

capturing

ship

while

underway, especially if the crew resists, such operations can be accompanied by a high level of violence both during the attack itself and after the successful capture of the ship. According

Resolution

A.1025(26)

Root Causes: maritime piracy and armed robbery

primarily

characterized

occur

regions

weak

governance,

political instability, and poverty. Factors such as unemployment, corruption and the availability of weapons create an enabling

environment

for

criminal

networks

Lack

operate.

law

enforcement

capabilities,

ineffective

(Annex, paragraph 2.2)6 of the 'Code of

maritime

frameworks,

and

Practice for the Investigation of the Crimes

expanses of unpatrolled waters further

of Piracy and Armed Robbery Against

exacerbate the problem. Addressing the

Ships'

Maritime

root causes requires a comprehensive

robbery

approach

the

Organization

International

(IMO),

armed

law

that

includes

vast

good

against ships covers any of the following

governance, poverty alleviation, capacity

acts:

building and regional cooperation.

any illegal act of violence or

detention or any act of depredation, or threat thereof, other than an act of piracy, committed for private ends and directed against a ship or against persons or property on board such a ship, within a State's internal waters, archipelagic waters and territorial sea; any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described above. Because of their significance for global maritime security, both acts of

Economic Ramifications: Maritime piracy and

armed

robbery

have

economic

implications.

associated

with

significant The

increased

cost

insurance

premiums rerouting vessels and deploying security measures are

passed

on to

customers,

global

trade.

affecting

Additionally, attacks on fishing vessels and offshore oil installations undermine the livelihood of local communities 55

and impede economic development

adhering to recommended transit and

in affected regions. The economic

maintaining

impact extends beyond immediate

enhances vessel security and reduces

losses, affecting investment decisions

vulnerability

and overall confidence in maritime

programs for seafarers particularly in

trade.

high-risk

International

Response:

The

international

community

has

implemented combat

several

deployment

personnel

areas,

mechanisms

attack.

ensure

Training

they

are

prepared to respond effectively to piracy incidents.

In conclusion, while progress has been

Naval

patrols,

made in combating maritime piracy

armed

security

and armed robbery, these crimes

piracy.

measures

reporting

the

continue to threaten the safety and

establishment of transit corridors have

security of seafarers and global trade.

helped deter and respond to attacks.

Addressing

Collaboration between governments,

fostering

international organizations, and the

and

shipping industry has resulted in the

approaches are essential components

sharing

building

vessels

and

intelligence,

capacity

the

international

adopting

the

underlying

working

and

legal

frameworks

facilitate

the

community can create is Siva maritime

prosecutions

However,

environment and protect the vital

sustained efforts are necessary to address

piracy’s

root

cause

arteries of global trade.

and

support affected seafarers through counseling,

rehabilitation,

and

reintegration programs. Technology

and

Best

the

driven

supports,

pirates.

collaboratively

cooperation,

technology

situation

causes,

Practices:

Advancement in technology, such as improve surveillance systems, real time tracking, and satellite imagery have become invaluable tools in the fight against maritime piracy. Encouraging the adoption of best practices, such as the use of citadels on vessels

international