Palestine Mild plants research

Research Study Mild plants and soil types Site :Wadi El-Dilb & Wadi El-Uqda

Afaf Shamieh

Table of Contents 1.0 2.0

Area of study Flowers

3-7

Monocotyledons Family

8-14

Dictyledons family

15-16

Other mild plants and flowers

17-18

Soil

19-20

Brown Rendzina

21-22

Terra Rosa

23-24

Arable Lands

25

SWOT analysis

26

Awarness

27

Refrences

Area Of Study Wadi el Dilb and Wadi el Uqda in Addition to Tarfida area, are the only remaining lands which are not

effected by the urban development in Ramallah City. Each area is considered one of the most areas which are dense with high variation of wild life consisting of animals, Plants and trees. As these areas remain the only natural landscape left for people to enjoy and go to.

Wadi el Dilb Map source: GIS Ramallah,2019

Wadi el Uqda Map source: GIS Ramallah,2019

Pointing out that, Ramallah Municipality tends to open a new road crossing these areas. Therefore this study shows the importance of these areas for reserving the wild life and the its importance in terms of agriculture and recreational means

Mild Flowers

Monocotyledonce

“Monocotyledons commonly referred to as monocots,are flowering plants, the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of the major groups into which the flowering plants have traditionally been divided.

However, molecular phylogenetic research has shown that while the monocots form a monophyletic group or clade (comprising all the descendants of a common ancestor), the dicotyledons do not.”1

Wadi el Uqda+ Wadi el Dilb Field Visit 2019, Taken By: Afaf Shamieh

Crocus hyemalis Boiss. & Blanche Jan

Feb

Feb March April

May

June

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

In Bloom

Flowering Time Introduced Native Sunlight Amount Shade

Superdivision: Spermatophyta

Division: Angiospermae

Partial

Class: Monocotyledoneae

General Description Plant Type: Bulbs Petal Color: white, yellow Leaves: Rosette Leaf Type: Entire Height: 7-10cm Spread: 2-5cm Spacing: 5cm Water needs: Average Maintenance: Low Soil Type: chalk,clay, Loam, Sand Soil Drainage: Well-Drained

Garden Uses: Beds and borders, patio and containers.

Locaed in : Wadi El-Dilb+Wadi el-kalb+ wadi El ‘oqdeh

Full

Family: Iridaceae

Genus: Crocus

Crocus pallasii Goldb Jan

Feb

Feb

March April

May

June

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

In Bloom

Flowering Time Introduced Native Sunlight Amount Shade

Superdivision: Spermatophyta

Division: Angiospermae

Partial

Full

Class: Monocotyledoneae

General Description Plant Type: Bulb Petal Color: Lilach,Violet Leaves: Rosettes Leaf Type: Entire Height: Under 6 inches Width: 1 to 3 inches Problem solver: Deer Resistant, Groundcover, Drought Tolerant Speccial Features: Low Maintenance, Fragrance, Good for Containers Soil Type: Chalk,Clay,Loam, Sand.

Garden Uses: Beds and borders, Pathways, Patio and containers, Underplanting roses and shrubs.

Locaed in : Wadi El-Dilb+Wadi el-kalb+ wadi El ‘oqdeh

Family: Iridaceae

Genus: Crocus

Crocus ochroleucus Boiss. & Gaill.Read Jan

Feb

Feb

March April

May

June

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

In Bloom

Flowering Time Introduced Native Sunlight Amount Shade

Superdivision: Spermatophyta

Division: Angiospermae

General Description

Plant Type: Bulb Petal Color: white Leaves: Rosette Leaf Type: Entire Height: 7-10cm Spread: 2-5cm Spacing: 5cm Water needs: Average Maintenance: Low Soil Type: chalk, clay, Loam, Sand

Partial

Full

Class: Monocotyledoneae

Family: Iridaceae

General Description

Soil Drainage: Well-Drained Garden Uses: Beds and borders, patio and containers.

Locaed in : Wadi El-Dilb+Wadi el-kalb+ wadi El ‘oqdeh

Genus: Crocus

Arum palaestinum Boiss.

Jan

Feb

Feb March April

May

June

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

In Bloom

Flowering Time Introduced Native Sunlight Amount Shade

Superdivision: Spermatophyta

Division: Angiospermae

Partial

Full

Class: Monocotyledoneae

General Description

Plant Type: Perennials Petal Color: No perianth Leaves: Rosette Leaf Type: Entire Height: 15-21 cm Spread: 3-7 mm wide Water needs: Low-Average Maintenance: Low Soil Type: Chalk, Loam, Sand Soil Drainage: Wet soil

Garden Uses: Beds and borders, underplanting roses and shrubs.

Locaed in : Wadi El-Dilb+Wadi el-kalb+ wadi El ‘oqdeh

Family: Araceae

Genus: Arum

Dicotyledoneae

“The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or more rarely dicotyls), are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants or angiosperms were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group, namely that the seed has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. There are around 200,000 species within this group.”2

Wadi el Uqda+ Wadi el Dilb Field Visit 2019, Taken By: Afaf Shamieh

Bellis perennis (Daisy) Jan

Feb

Feb

March April

May

June

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

In Bloom

Flowering Time Introduced Native

Sunlight Amount Shade

Superdivision: Spermatophyta

Division: Angiospermae

Partial

Class: Dicotyledoneae

Full

Family: Compositae (Asteraceae)

General Description

Flower: consists of a number of small, tightly packed individual flowers or ‘Florets’ ( arranged as a Capitulum).

Leaves: Rosettes Leaf Type: Entire The small, hairy, spoon-shaped leaves, which are green throughout the year

Locaed in : Wadi El-Dilb

Color: the flower heads have bright golden-yellow central discs, composed of 'disc florets', which are surrounded by petal-like white 'ray-florets' that often have deep pink or reddish flushes on the underside.

Height:6 to 12 inches Width: 6-12 inches wide

Genus: Bellis

Vitex agnus-castus L. Jan

Feb

Feb

March April

May

June

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

In Bloom

Flowering Time Introduced Native Sunlight Amount Shade

Superdivision: Spermatophyta

Division: Angiospermae

General Description

Plant Type: large shrub/ tree Petal Color: Lilach,Violet Leaves: opposite (two leaves per node) Leaf Type: digitate, compound Height: 120cm-4.5m Spread:120cm-3.6m Spacing:120cm-360cm Water needs: Average Maintenance: Low Soil Type: Loam, Sand

Partial

Class: Dicotyledoneae

Full

Family: Verbenaceae

Soil Drainage: Moist but Well-Drained, Well-Drained.

Garden Uses: Beds and borders.

Locaed in : Wadi El-Dilb (down the mountain )

Genus: Vitex

Cyclamen persicum Mill Jan

Feb

Feb

March April

May

June

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

In Bloom

Flowering Time Introduced Native Sunlight Amount Shade

Superdivision: Spermatophyta

Division: Angiospermae

Partial

Class: Dicotyledoneae

Full

Family: Primulaceae

Genus: Cyclamen

General Description Plant Type: Perennials Petal Color: pink, white, Lilach, violet Leaves: Rosette Leaf Type: Entire Height: 7-15cm Spread: 17-20cm Spacing: 20cm Depth: 2cm Water needs: Average Maintenance: Low Soil Type: Loam, Sand

Soil Drainage: Well-Drained Garden Uses: Beds and borders, Ground covers, patio and containers, Underplaning roses and shrubs.

Locaed in : Wadi El-Dilb+Wadi el-kalb+ wadi El ‘oqdeh (more found In wadi el dilb Near rocks )

Cistus salviifolius L. Jan

Feb

Feb

March April

May

June

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

In Bloom

Flowering Time Introduced Native Sunlight Amount Shade

Superdivision: Spermatophyta

Division: Angiospermae

Partial

Full

Class: Dicotyledoneae

Family: Cistaceae

General Description

Plant Type: shrubs Petal Color: White, Pink Leaf Arrangment: Opposite (two leaves per node) Leaf Type: Entire Height: 60cm-120cm Spread: 120-150cm Spacing:150cm Water needs: low Soil Type: chalk, Clay Loam, Sand

Garden Uses: Banks and slopes, beds and borders, ground covers, patio and containers.

Locaed in : Wadi El-Dilb+Wadi el-kalb+ wadi El ‘oqdeh (found in mid high places )

Genus: Cistus

Geranium lucidum L. Jan

Feb

Feb

March April

May

June

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Not in Bloom

Flowering Time Introduced Native Sunlight Amount Shade

Superdivision: Spermatophyta

Division: Angiospermae

Partial

Full

Class: Dicotyledoneae

General Description

Plant Type:Herbaceous annual plant Petal Color: Pink Leaves: Alternate (one leaf per node) Leaf Type: Dissected, Dissected once Height: 40cm Petal: 8-10 mm in diameter Water needs: Average Maintenance: Low

Soil Type: Loam, Sand Soil Drainage: Moist but Well-Drained, Well-Drained Garden Uses: Beds and borders.

Locaed in : wadi El ‘oqdeh (In the valley. near the water flow )

Family: Geraniaceae

Genus: Geranium

Glossonema boveanum (Decne.) Decne.

Jan

Feb

Feb

March April

May

June

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Not in Bloom

Flowering Time Introduced Native Sunlight Amount Shade

Superdivision: Spermatophyta

Division: Angiospermae

Partial

Class: Dicotyledoneae

Full

Family: Asclepiadaceae

General Description

Petal Color: Red, violet Leaves: Opposite Leaf Type: Entire Height: 60cm Garden Uses: A source of food and medicine Habitat:A weed of cultivation and in waste places Medicinal: The plant contains a copious amount of milky sap

Locaed in : wadi El ‘oqdeh + wadi el kalb+ wadi el dilib ( Spread in in big quanities)

Genus: Glossonema

Others

Reichardia tingitana L

Grass

Moss

Soil Types

Terra Rosa

Brown Renzina

Brown Rendzina

“Shallow Brown Earths”

Rendzina is humus-rich, intrazonal soil.

It is one of the soils most closely associated with the bedrock type and an example of initial stages of soil development.

Color: Dark, grayish-brown Origin: It is usually formed by weathering of soft rock types: usually carbonate rocks (dolomite, limestone, marl, chalk) but occasionally sulfate rocks (gypsum).

Contains: Full of organic matter associated with bedrock contains lots of chalk Full of calcium Type:Very rocky and weathered.

Development: Poor

Soil Erosion

Typically poor for agriculture

Characteristics: Color + Organic matter :

Coarse

Fine H1

H3

H2

Depth of the soil

H1 is bigger than H2 due to soil erosion H2 is bigger than H3 due to overtime soil erosion

Higher Clud Stability

Wadi el Dilb Map source: GIS Ramallah,2019

Color is Brighter in the sample 3 Due to the accumulation of Calcium from the soil erosion.

Organic matter amount on top of the mountain is higher due to nonhuman behaviour and the growth of the natural cycle along with wild trees and plants

Amount of Calcium

Accumation of calcium in lower levels

Wild plants Habitant Depth of the soil after erosion H3 Reaches:1.5meter -2 meter due to the erosion of higher soil levels

Plant Extraction of water due to soil porosity

1 Macro Pores Wadi el Dilb Field Visit 2019, Taken By: Afaf Shamieh

Wadi el Uqda Field Visit 2019, Taken By: Afaf Shamieh

2

3 Micro Pores

Terra Rosa

“red soil” or “red earth”.

Terra rossa is a polygenetic relict soil, formed during the Tertiary and subjected to hot and humid periods during the Quaternary.

Color: Vary from orange to reddish brown and various shades of red in color Origin: Developed on limestone or dolmite.

Type: Heavy and clay-rich (silty-clay to clayey) soil, Soil Drainage: Usually well drained, due to the strong development of its structure, Which Allows Agricultural

Use.

Soil Erosion

Wadi el Uqda Map source: GIS Ramallah,2019

Section A-A Soil Types

B

Characteristics:

Coarse

Coarse

Color + Organic matter :

Fine

A

A

Lorem ipsum

Depth of the soil

Clay erosion Terra Rosa (Heavy Soil)

Gravel erosion Grain erosion Sand erosion Can be used for agriculture due to the codensation of organic matter due to soil erosion

B Wadi el Dilb Map source: GIS Ramallah,2019

Section B-B Soil Types

Color is Brighter in the sample 2 Due to the accumulation of Calcium from the soil erosion.

Organic matter: No natural organic matter due to the human agricultural Behaviour

Plant Extraction of water due to soil porosity 1

2 Crust

Wild plants Habitant The Soil have a crust surface which prevents water and air from getting throught the soils pores

Which makes it harder to plant in.

And increases the possibility of water floods.

In addition to the destruction of the soil and its erosion due to the closness to the water flow.

Soil Shrinkage Due to the polarity of water (H2O), when it gets through the soil it inflates it. when the water dries out. the soil shrinks through time this leads to the cracking of the soil and the reduction of its benifits

Arable lands Wadi el Uqda Field Visit 2019, Taken By: Afaf Shamieh

Wadi El-Dilb

Wadi el Dilb pic. Field Visit 2019/Taken by :Afaf Shamieh

Wadi el Dilb pic. Field Visit 2019 /Taken by :Afaf Shamieh

Plants Wadi el Dilb Map source: GIS Ramallah,2019

Trees

Can be planted

Garbage

S

-Availablility of Agricultural institutions

-Fertility of the soil

-Availability of a institution for animal safety.

-Natural water source

-Diversified Climate -Farmers who are related to and protect their lands

-Affected by climate change

W O T

-Low productivity of agricultural goods

-Lack of national planning to protect the landscape

-Bad infrastructure

-Decrease in people intrested in Farming

-Low quality of certain soil areas

-Underknowledge of the importance of

-Cracking of soil due to floods

the natural landscape for people and youth.

-Creating a path for people to ejoy

-The availability of a natural water source

-Developing the agricultural area for higher

-High potential for agri-Tourisim

productivity -Empty lands which can be planted

-Water floods from upper streets -Soil erosion due to the increase of load on streets and infrastructure -Destruction of stone walls -Isreali attempts to control the empty lands

-Settelment activity near wadi el Dilb -Lack of land reglulations and plans -Threats by the isreali market which -Floods the local agricultural market -Drought

Refrences General Description of each plant/Flower: -Analytical flora | Flora of Israel online flora of Israel online. Flora of Israel Online. https://flora.org.il/en/plants/ -Gardenia.net. https://www.gardenia.net/ -Better Homes & Gardens. https://www.bhg.com/ Soil Description: ALESTINE:COUNTRY REPORT TO THE FAO INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES. (1996). The Palestinian Institute for Arid Land and Environmental Studies (PIALES). https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/PGR/SoW1/east/PALESTIN.pdf