IAM VIADUKT addition to Zurich Viaducts

 Â? Â? Â?  Â? Â? Â

Photo Š Roger Frei EM2N Architects

­

­

­

 � � �

Built in 1894 (Late 19th-century), viaduct arches Functions : Commercial › Retail Hospitality + Sport › Restaurant Architects: EM2N Built Year : 2010 Area: 9008 m²

Â? Â?

�  ­ � sse a r t s duktttenViadukt a i V La

€ � ‚ ƒ �

Â…

�  ­

Zurich was born as effect of the industrial revolution, with a strategic location between the Limmat river and train stations. Its industry thrived until the 1970s,furthermore nowadays it experiences a strong identity and revival plans led by the City-council corporation between the public opinion and the government. (IAMVIADUKT ZURICH Shed in A+t magazine n39-40)

Pictures from Zurich-West Area During the 19th Century, the railroad changed the fabric of the cities, affecting factories construction, goods mobility and developing workers quarters, with arising block developments. Hence that, In 1875 the national swiss railways was planning to construct the Aussersihl Viaduct, which intended to extend from: Zurich- Oerlikon- Winterthur route. The structure is divided to two main viaducts: the Wipkinger viaduct, which is still being used as a rail link and the Letten Viaduct, which is being used since 2009 until now for pedestrian and bicycles path. the viaducts cut through diagonally and in a nonlinear curve creating urban spaces around it. Noting that trains http://www.em2n.ch

initially were over railway embankments forming a barrier to districts expansions, separating the quarter.

Later on, a dam in 1897 was constructed which allowed the structure of the Aussersihl viaduct to form a connection. In 2004 the development plan of EM2N intended to unite the separated urban fabric within the two Viaducts and their surroundings, by introducing a metal structure featuring skylight bubble windows merging within the masonry old walls and arches. Through which, traffic flow can flow into and out of the industrial quarter. Aiming to encourage the rebirth of the industrial quarter and visioning a mixed-use area with more residential environment.

(EM2N architects)

Â?

 �

The new viaduct in 1898 from an aerial perspective. (Image: Spelterini aerial view)

 �

1891

2004

1894

1940

1980s

2005

2008

2010

2020

­

1996

2001

‡ ‰ Œ ‹‰ ‰ ‹

„

‚ � ‚ From the record building to the fancy mile: The Aussersihl Viaduct during the construction period

•­­– EM2Ns Pictures, before the addition works to the arches

•­�­ EM2Ns Pictures, After the Addition

https://www.em2n.ch/projects/viaductarches

2010 copyrightRalph Hut, Zurich ÂŽ

��–­ ‰ ‹ ‹    • Œ‹ Œ During the WW2, Zurich was considered to be an essential bulwark area on the line of defense, for the swiss government facing the British army. Hence that, special attention was given for the railway’s links between different areas in Zurich, which are located above the viaducts.(Tina Fassbind,2017).

leading to more damage to part of the viaduct structure and the killing of a person and injuries of many more.Tina Fassbind. (2017).

During WW2 (1939-1940), a Swiss general built 95 fighting stalls across Zurich, as one pillar of the latten Viaduct consisted of two infantry bunkers (machine gun positions). In case of an emergency the viaduct would have been exploded.(Tina Fassbind,2017).

The damaged part was reconstructed using lighter natural stones, which now can testify to the damage that was done that night.(Tina

The railways got blown up due by the detonated bombs in the night between the 22nd and the 23rd of December, 1940. due to the British plane strikes that were aiming Mannheim area, but due to bad weather the planes alternatively had to hit another destination. Zurich was the victim of this attack.

(Tina Fassbind,2017).

The bombs mistakenly hit the Aussershil viaduct, damaging the overhead line. The repair work was being done at the same night, when another bomb detonated the viaduct,

F

a

s

s

b

i

n

d

,

2

0

1

7

)

.

The destroyed viaduct: British planes mistakenly bombed Zurich in 1940.

Tina Fassbind. (2017).

 †

„

„ … … € �

Built in 1894 (Late 19th-century), viaduct arches Functions : Commercial › Retail Hospitality + Sport › Restaurant Architects: EM2N Built Year : 2010 Area: 9008 m²

Photo Š Roger Frei

Photo 1601 SBB / VBZ Limmatstrasse, Zurich, 1970 Copyrights: SBB route 750 Zurich - Winterthur

‰ Assersihl Viaduct Wipkinger Viaduct

” ‘

‚ ‹ ‘‚

834 meters, lomgest bridge structure in Switzerland at the time

63 brick arches openings Material: Hewn natural stone

 � � ••›œ• †

Tina Fassbind. (2017).

�ž †’ ‚€ �

Letten Viaduct

‡ � ‚ ‚ ’ � —˜ ™ —š

823 meters

61 brick arches openings

 � � •–›–š †

•ž � •

­

© Dynardo GmbH, 2019

© Dynardo GmbH, 2019

Load (P)

P

P1x=P2x 0

Load (P)

Load (P)

0

Load (P)

0

P

P3

‰ ” •­�� Š Dynardo GmbH, 2019 24. CADFEM ANSYS Simulation Conference Switzerland 19. Juni 2019, Rapperswil

Structure (backfill concrete, gravel) Concrete deck in new condition) End walls(Sandstone masonry)

Foundations Limestone masonry (arches) Sandstone masonry

Multi-layer pillar masonry

Pillar A

Pillar B

Load (P)

P

P1x=P2x 0

Load (P)

P

ŠDr Seån Carroll. (2020)

Š Dynardo GmbH, 2019

 Œ ’

Š ‹ Œ  † Ž Ž ‘

Rennovation: Between 1940-1960, 2005, 2010 Functions : Reconstruction, rennovation, refurbishment, addition

Renovation was mainly conducted on the vaults. Asthe structure was to be renovated in regards to operational safety, and maintenance operation. Also later on, the preservation of the historical structure. (Hasche, Katja,2007), includinf the Walls and vaults were rehabilitated in order to prone the water leakage and cracks by using new stone.

In 1940, the viaduct was damaged due to WW2 British bombs, both the feed line and the overhead line needed renovation. Therefore, the Viaduct was renovated three t i m e s , the first between 1940 and 1960, the second in 2005, and the last renovation along a refurbishment program was carried out in 2010 and opened to the public.

The first renovation in 1940 was to protect the walls against rainwater, therefore a coat of concrete was applied in section. Between 1939-1940 a seal was attached above the masonry vaults.

The Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) in the 1980s aimed to expand the railway to the uninhabited west instead of the expansion of the viaducts area, as a result the railway line was kept double tracked and wasn’t expanded. As well as the SBB attempts to introduce the Ausserihl viaduct under the name (Fil Rouge (Red Thread) through constructing two eastwards tracks for increasing the capacity of the line connecting Zurich

HB and Oerlikon. Therefore, the SSB was planning on construction new four-lane routes which would have been built over the viaduct and would have imposed over the existing residential houses and covered them. In addition to its effect on the Letten Viaduct as it would have endangered its pillars. Hence that, a committee was established due to the resistance of residents of the area in order to oppose the SBB plan and communicate to move the addition few meters .

There are no Documentation of the process of renovation carried out between 1940-1960, but articles indicate that the arches shown in the pictures where reconstructed using the same Hawn natural stone and the damage effect can still be seen until now.

According to my observations and pictures analysis the arches were reconstructed as they were in their initial s t a t e .

Betwen 2003-2006, Wipkinger Viaduct was renovated as it was a cultural asset with regional importance, and was considered as a monument and need of protection.

Furthermore restoration processes was done on the steel bridges and stone areas, due to the gained weathering of the stone in addition to the cracks and broken joints in the structure.

A study in 2019 done by the SBB and Dynardo GmbH, shows the failure of structure in different environments and loads which proposes adding concrete layer on top of the arches. Neverthless there is a plan by the SBB for renovation of both the Wipkingen station and Viaduct in 2025. The plan aims to renovate the railways infrustructure and the upgrading and expansion of the train station. Š SSB CFF FFS projects Š Tina Fassbind, (2017).

The destroyed viaduct: British planes mistakenly bombed Zurich in 1940.

Tina Fassbind. (2017).

ÂŽ

The plan includes: 1-Rehabilitation of masonry viaducts 2-Renovation of the Letten bridge 3-Rehabilitation in the tunnel between Wipkingen and Oerlikon (damp, hollow spots, drip) 4-Renovation on the contact line and roadway 5-Designing the Wipkingen train station for handicapped a c c e s s i b i l i t y .

6-Construction of new platforms for step-free access.

7-New pedestrians paths , continuous to the south (1939-1940) The pillars and walls of the viaduct are of limestone, as for vaults they are constructed with sandstone, the steel bridges bearings are offseted on granite blocks at the abutments. In the renovation, the surface of the stone was tapped, cleaned and peeled, also some areas the stone was replaced with natural respected stone. As for the cracks and joints, the grouting material was removed and re-grouted using masonry mortar. (Hasche, Katja,2007). Cracks wider than 2mm were grouted with mortar to prevent the weathering of the stone. (Hasche, Katja,2007).

A study showed the load-bearing behavior of the pillars, indicating that the pillars are affected by vertical and horizontal forces, which led to the injection of 23 pillars with fine cement.

(Hasche, Katja,2007).

Also supporting the support banks of the bridges by using tie rods under each bridge bearing. In addition to anchoring the granite stone with reinforcement as it used to bare the load by its own weight, which by time and heavy

Cracks in Viaducts pillars, supported with tie rods (ACSPartner)

machines got deteriorated and pushed further than its place. Nevertheless, the railings of the railway needed to be fixed therefore its original cast iron post was preserved.

(Hasche, Katja,2007).

Renovation of the steel bridges After chemical analysis and examinations, the Latten Bridge old pain was contaminated with heavy metal, and the bridge was in bad condition due to the corrosion, which needed to be fixed. In addition to the need to reinforce the Upper and lower bracing in the truss and the supporting elements with steel.

The installation of the ballast bed was between 1939-1942 which was replaced with a new seal to accumulate rainwater, as it used to damage the stone due to frosting and flaking of the stone.

However, in later renovation processes, including 2006 and 2011 reports indicate that new materials were introduced to the viaducts in order to strengthen their load capacity.

.

† �  € ˆ �

The Viadukt structure was last renovated in 2004, when the arches were unsafe and unsuitable for people to stay and work underneath them. (SBB at the time), in addition to the need to replace broken fixtures. The foundation of preservation of the Zurich (PWG) laid hand on the viaducts and laid them under protection and planned for the refurbishment and continuation of the landscape and the upgrading of the surrounding

areas, aiming to reuse the spaces for cultural and commercial functions. and allowing connectivity between the two viaducts, also envisioning a mixed-use district. As well as the concern of the Natural history society about maintaining the viaducts historical accuracy, therefore concrete, steel and gravel were used in the design under the pressure of the Natural history society, honoring the historical elements of the existing s t r u c t u r e .

Refurbishment plan: 2004-2010

Œ � “

Š Studio Vulkan

‰ ” ‹ ‰ ‹

Refurbishment plan: 2003-2010

­

”

¥� ��¢� �– £ ‰‰‹

Lettenviadukt foot- and cycle path Studio Vulkan Landschaftsarchitektur Partially available for the public: 1998 Design: 2004, Competition: 2004 Architecture ViaduktbĂśgen: EM2N, ZĂźrich Implementation period: 2008-2010 Open to public 2009 Photos: RenĂŠ RĂśtheli

(2015)+

‰Œ

Minimalist interventions, Reversable Steel banisters Gravel Concrete Benches Concrete planks Concrete lamps Incorporating new public spaces and technology park that blend in the industrial quarter identity as well as the business, retail and housing units. (a+t reclaim issue (2015).

The railway track was converted into a pedestrian, bicycle path. As well as activating the residual space into a vibrant front. (a+t reclaims issue (2015).

Public Park Playing Area

Large, modern graphic slabs with smaller gravel in between –Lukas Schweingruber

Â…

Concrete , Stainless Steel, Gravel The Letten Viaduct used to serve transporting goods and commuters by train. While now it serves as an urban link between open spaces along the quarter and linking to the open spaces along the river and district 5. As well as offering different views along the city.

(Studio Vulkan Landschaftsarchitektur, 2 0 0 4 ) The route of the old railway is re-interpreted through the concrete planks which are situated along the longitudinal railway line, and embedded upon a layer of loose gravel, which allows reptiles to move through freely.

(Studio Vulkan Landschaftsarchitektur, 2 0 0 4 )

© René Rötheli

Studio Vulkan

The path is aligned with seating benches, and lighting elements for walkers, runners and reptiles.

The buildings on Limmatstrasse 212-218 at the entrance to the Letten Viaduct.(Image archive Dürst, Zurich, November 19, 2011.)

 ‡ ‰

Â?

by EM2N The refurbishment project started in 2004 as a competition, EM2N studio (Swiss) won the competition and completed the project in 2010. (em2n.ch,2009) The project aimed to transform the spaces under the structure of the Wipkinger viaduct and extend them to the spaces below the structure of the Letten viaduct.

Hence EM2N aimed to connect West-Zurich with the city center through the viaducts, which once were as barriers of flow and traffic between the two areas. (em2n.ch,2009) In addition to upgrading the pre-zones through introducing stopover spaces. (Media release from the city of Zurich, 2001). The same applies for the whole quarter as industrial buildings, that were turned to theaters and restaurants.

The program of the project proposes a unit featuring skylight through roof bubbles integrated with a market hall, kindergarten and boutiques in addition to introducing shopping spaces adapting to old uses of the spaces under the arches. (em2n.ch,2009) The two historical viaducts were not touched but rather preserved and remained the same with their old masonry walls, maintaining the authenticity of construction materials, while the architects resolved the building regulations (hygiene, energy, fire protection and comfort demand) under a low-budget .

EM2Ns Architects, 2009 /Designboom

Š Roger Frei

Š Roger Frei

The railway line was formed as a linear park integrated with the urban fabric of the area promoting cultural, leisure and work activities across the area. The existing Structure became a link, as for the new structure it is restrained to emphasize the Cyclopean masonry arches.

IAM VIADUKT is a reinterpretation of the infrastructural viaducts, while introducing and injecting a series of shops, cafes, gym, and restaurants underneath the arches The spaces underneath the arches were used since the early19th century as warehouses, shops and restaurants. In 2003 the enovat i o n .

of the arches was crucial to protect the historical structure therefore the fixtures were planned to be removed.

In 2004 EM2N architects and their partners Shweingruber landschaftsarchitekten project planned to erect a simple shed inspiring from the businesses that accommodated the space before the refurbishment and renovation project. (BAUNETZ ARCHITECTS) The realization of the project was held by the PWG foundation as it wanted to accommodate new and different uses related to the district along the 500 meters length of the viaducts with an area of 1,000 m².

(BAUNETZ ARCHITECTS)

EM2Ns Architects, 2009 +Designboom + (BAUNETZ ARCHITECTS)

ÂŽ

‰ ‹

http://www.em2n.ch The foundation created a concept under the name IAM VIADUCKT aiming to make the spaces under the 53 arches usable again.

In April ,2010 the first shops opened, in addition to the first market hall which was publicly opened in september,2010 located on Limmatstrasse, where the viaducts goes separate ways. The whole construction of the added structure and refurbishment realization took almost two years. (EM2N archit e c t s ) The new addition is constructed using minimalist and restrained materials in order to keep the existing arches material integrity intact , focusing on the exposed masonry of the arches.

EM2N, architects and landscape designers, aimed to reclaim the spaces underneath the arches by using steel-clad structures that house the 36 spaces, introducing shops, restaurants and galleries, and more. (EM2N a r c h i t e c t s ) The historic arches glow at night due to the lighting fixtures installed in the small shops that give a warm glow and the lighting elements above their ceiling lighting the ARCHITECTS) arches.(BAUNETZ

‡

The shops under the Letten Viaduct are single story shops, on the other hand the spaces under the Wiplinger Viaduct are two-story height spaces. The lower level is connected with the pedestrian path on the Letten Viaduct via staircase s .

The spaces on the ground level are open to both sides of the viaducts by using window fronts which are recessed from the masonry walls at each side. On the other hand, galleries are suspended from the ceiling, the fittings of these spaces are made of reinforced concrete slabs situated upon a fried of cams that absorbs vibrations due to the vibrations generated from the trains, therefore, the galleries are suspended with steel from their ceiling. as for the side facade the space rests on steel bracket that is connected to reinforced concrete lintel .

(BAUNETZ ARCHITECTS) .

(BAUNETZ ARCHITECTS)

‰‹‹ ¤ ”

ALESSIO FORLANO PHOTOGRAPHY

copyrightRoger Frei

A folded roof covers the area of the market hall located between the both viaducts. It is characterized through using different height of folding structure, which ascends and descends in other places according to the interior use.

The structure of the roof consists of steel and wood.

(BAUNETZ ARCHITECTS)

‰ ”

‹

Trusses were used to connect the area between the two viaducts hence it was stretched between the two viaducts masonry pillars. Which are connected by Wooden prefabricated panels and glulam beams. the folding roof sits on a steel structure. The skin itself is made of ethylene propylene terpolymer rubber film which is fixed with clamps.

As for the Facade of the market hall it is covered with a layer of mineral wool like a cushion. (BAUNETZ ARCHIT E C T S ) Natural light enters through skylight domes that illuminate the space. the diameter of the domes reaches 180cm. in case of a fire, the domes can open.

The domes structure consists of three layers; one layer of polycarbonate panel and two layers of clear acrylic glass that reflects heat.

(BAUNETZ ARCHITECTS) (BAUNETZ ARCHITECTS)

pyrightAntje Quiram, Stuttgart

The interior ceiling, it is covered with plasterboard, as for the floor, a system of underfloor heating is covered with hydrophobic hard concrete. (BAUNETZ ARCHIT E C T S ) The new addition required new electrical, mechanical, plumbing, lighting, heating and cooling, firefighting and security systems. As well as new finishes which complies with the industrial identity of the area as well as the historical masonry walls.

Grey and white colors were used in the in interior as well as industrialized piping systems and furniture.

As well as providing toilet cubicles for each s p a c e .

ALESSIO FORLANO PHOTOGRAPHY

‰ ‹‰ Interior Example of a gym opened in the IAM VIADUKT spaces, Balboa Gym is a start-up that promotes urban movement and puts people in the center of care through the design of the space.

The interior space is designed to integrate with the functionality m urbanity and authenticity of the whole new addition. as well as connecting the interior with the exterior and allow interactions between people in and out the gym.

The interior space is divided into two platforms, the ground floor opens to the public park by using a transparent big glass panels and door, on the opposite side another glass door opens to the street facing the waste treatment plant. As for the infrastructure and services of the gym are located on a raised platform opening to the ground floor and open park. the wardrobes and lockers are arranged in a smart way to benefit from the space.

‰ ”

‹

The materials respond to the functionality vision of the space and the authenticity of materials, using a single material with simple details.

Noting that the masonry walls were not touched, but rather contrasting the masonry martial with another hard galvanized steel, specially used in the stairs. as for the paint, the ceiling the floor were painted with shock blue paint, with installing attracting light fixtures. and adding splashes of red in the finishes.

As the client wanted and said “ Metallisim�

EM2Ns Architects, 2009 /Designboom

Â…

‰ Â&#x; ‰ ‹ ‰ ‹

‰ ‹

USE , Ratio of additions 67.6%

†

� ‚†ƒ ’ � ‚ „ ‚ �

� ¼ „ ‚ „ ‚ �

Architectural Additions: Size of the addition

Construction works, Ratio: 36.3%

�� † � �

” „ „ ‡ †’ „

“ „ ‚‚ „ „ „ �� †� � �� †�

† � ‡ � ‚€ ’ „ „ …‚ † �

Material

¼ ‚€ ‚ „ † “ †‚ ‚ „ Appearance of Architectural Additions, Ratio: 68.6% Location of Addition

ÂŚ ‚ ‚ ‚ƒ ‚€ ‚ „ Â’ „ ‚ ƒ

Plans shape after addition

‚†

Facade shape after addition

Š †‚ �Ž ‚ ‚ Š †‚ �Ž Œ Š †‚ �Ž

Natural Aesthetics

Engineering Aesthetics Soliman, O. A., & Aggour, 2018

’� ‚ � †ƒ �Š‰ � � �Ž ‰ „ ‚ ‚†ƒ ’ � ‡ ‚ƒ‚ ‚ � ™ ’ † ��†† � … � ‹ „ ‚ � ‰ ƒ ‚ ‰ � †

‰ Â&#x; Participants ratio of the Questionnaire and Acceptance ratio 100

‰ € � � ‰ ‚ ‚€ ‚

‰ ‚ ‚€ ‚

80 60

ƒ ‰ ‚ ‚€ ‚

40 20 0

Around 76 % of the public accepts the new addition, hence that another questionnaire was held to test the acceptance of the pubic of the new addition relation to physical appearance, heritage use, opinion depended on construction, appearance, and use of the heritage b u i l d i n g .

‹ƒ ‚ ’ � ‚ ’ „ �

‹ƒ ‚ ’ � ‚ ’ „

‚ � ‚

From the Survey and questionnaire, the participants selected the appearance and use to be the most important aspects in the renovation of the Viaducts because of the heritage importance of the viaducts and the utilization of the area in an innovative way supporting the same original use of the area and adding compatible uses supporting local businesses. As well as the urban design of the area and performing its industrial signific a n c e Soliman, O. A., & Aggour, 2018

‹ƒ ‚ ’ � ‚ ’ „ ƒƒ

According to the study this project s the highest accepted project in regards of use of the building compared to many other projects researched in the study.

” �

IAM VIADUKT refurbishment plan and addition, is considered to be important on different scales, first: the highlighting of the importance of the historical significance of the industrial quarter which the project is located in.

Secondly, preserving and renovating the structure of the historical masonry viaducts. Third: the intervention upon the area of the project considering providing connectivity, compatible uses, in addition to landscaping and upgrading the surrounding area which gave it cultural importance in addition to reviving the whole area through mixed use projects and renovation processes.

To start off with the historical significance of the place. The area hosted different important historical events in addition to role of the infrastructure in shaping Zurich Area through railway introduction and development.

Therefore, the place is considered to have cultural significance hence that the spaces beneath the structure itself were used by residents accommodating shops and restaurants when they couldn’t find any places in the high-cost Zurich area, accordingly, it is important to conserve this structure, but rather the whole district with its industrial buildings reflecting the 19th century.

According to Article 2 .1 and 2.1 in Burra charter the conservation aims to retain the cultural significance of the place, which is valid in this case hence that the new project now holds cultural, commercial, public importance specially that it is integrated with the residents and former workers in the s p a c e .

In addition to the role of conservation in safeguarding the places of such

cultural significate according to article 2.4 burra charter; in this case the structure has been renovated different times for two different reasons: the first was protecting the structure from collapsing and the risk of deteriorating and the second one was for highlighting its cultural and historical i m p o r t a n c e .

The renovation and addition to the viaducts, can be seen to have respected the existing fabric, meaning and use which is required by any conservation process according to article 3.1 Burra charter; initially the two viaducts were used as railway lines, the project preserved and renovated the higher railway while refurbished the lower railway line, which I see suitable as they have respected the original use and added a new compatible use for public use. As for the spaces underneath the arches: the existing fabric before the addition accommodated shops and local businesses which was also preserved and enhanced in the project, but rather integrated into the urbanity of the area through public parks and pedestrian and bicycle paths. Considering the meaning of the space, the industrial identity and the implications of flow and connectivity can be seen through the use of the new added minimalistic materials which comply with the existing materials and doesn’t over shadow the integrity of the structure. As well as highlighting the implications of connectivity the Letten viaduct implies through its connection to different parts in the area and different urban public areas and parks.

Nevertheless, connecting the area with the city center across the river.

Noting that all the additions can be traced and the treatments are evidence of the Viaducts history unlike many previous renovation processes of which included adding concrete, cement or other materials.

As for the Appearance of the Viaducts, they are intact and not overshadowed by any new material, hence complying with article 3.2 that indicates that any changes shouldn’t destroy the physical appearance. As well as adapting to the sale of the existing structure.

Furthermore, the techniques used in the new addition are not related to the original building techniques, hence modern techniques were used, due to the need to protect the Viaducts due to railway vibrations and increasing machine loads which affects the structure negatively. Otherwise, there is no justification of using new techniques as indicated by article 4.2 which advices to use traditional techniques and materials to conserve the significant fabric.

Whereas, the project succussed in accommodating three different uses, same use to original use, uses compatible with the original and different uses, this is indicated in article 7 burra charter. More of the project retained the use of the place while also introducing a compatible use.

Focusing on the micro scale of the contents of the new addition, all the fixtures and objects specially on the Letten viaduct and Wipkinger railway have been retained following article 10 Burra charter, and new fixtures were installed in the new addition which comply with the identity of the area and reflecting its functional and authentic identity in addition to provide a safe area under safety and comfort regulations, for example adding fire, security, plumbing and electrical systems.

Last but not least, the project was initially held by the SSB and the PWG and the city council, but it faced many oppositions from the residents which have led to the shaping of the project in accordance to the needs of the people and the government plans for development.

To summarize, I conclude that the project main idea and refurbishment plan corresponds to ethe articles in Burra charter on the scales of s preserving cultural significance, compatible use and physical appearance in addition to its new technological techniques adaptable with the environmental sustainability. On the other hand, there were many bad practices held to conserve the viaducts either by rebuilding or adding new material that affect the authenticity of the structure.

Consequently, the study of Soliman, O. A., & Aggour, 2018 on the addition case in this project indicated that the acceptance of the public towards the new addition and its relation to the cultural heritage and the use and appearance is high (76%) compared with other cases. noting that the participants in Soliman and Aggours questionnaire highlighted their acceptance of the appearance and importance of the uses introduced to the area.

ÂŽ

• -Çelik, C., & KarayılanoÄ&#x;lu, G. (2009, April).

[Paper presentation]. 5th International Conference on New Trends in Architecture and Interior Design, Istanbul-TURKEY. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334397923_ADAPTIVE_REUSE_IMPLEMENTATIONS_OF_ABANDONED_INDUSTRIAL_AREAS_EXAMPLE_OF_ZURICH-WEST -Hasche, Katja. (2007). BAHNARCHITEKTUR. , 133(39), 1-9. https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=sbz-004:2007:133::826#3028 -Soliman, O. A., & Aggour/Faculty Of Engineerig, Cairo University, M. M. (2018). A FRAMEWORK FOR NEW ARCHITECTURAL ADDITIONS TO HERITAGE BUILDINGS.

-Steingruber/SBB/CFF/FFS, & Dr.-Ing. Roger Schlegel/Dynardo GmbH. (2019).  Â?Â?Â? Â?  ­  Â? Â? Â? € Â?Â?  €‚Â? Â? ƒÂ? Â? „‚­ Â?Â? ­…‚ Â?‚Â?† ‡ ­ Â? Â?‡… Â? ­Â?  Â? ‡ Â…  ˆ‰ Â?† ­   ‡‚‰Â?Â… Dynardo GmbH. -Dr SeĂĄn Carroll. (2020, July 31). ­‚……  Â? Â?Š… …  … Â…Â?‚‡Š ‹ Â?‚Â?ƒ­  Â? DegreeTutors. https://www.degreetutors.com/structural-analysis/ -Tina Fassbind. (2017, December 25). Â?Â… ­ † Â? Â? Â…Â? Â? Œ­  Ž‚­‡ Tamedia. https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/zuerich/stadt/als-der-weg-nach-westen-frei-wurde/story/30335550  Â? ­‚Â?†  ˆ‰ Â?† ­   ‡‚‰Â? ‚Â?‡ €‘ ‚  Â?Â?Â?ƒŒ  ˆ‰ Â?† Â? (n.d.). SSB CFF FFS. https://company.sbb.ch/de/ueber-die-sbb/projekte/projekte-zuerich-ostschweiz/sanierung-wipkinger-viadukt.html

-VIDEO. Letten viaducts refurbishment. Zurich.  ’� ­ �  €  ……‚ (2015, February 3). a+t Architecture Publishers. https://aplust.net/blog/video_letten_viaducts_refurbishment_zurich_at_reclaim_issue/ �� �“  ‡‚‰� (n.d.). Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine. https://landezine.com/index.php/2012/01/lettenviadukt-by-schweingruber-zulauf-landschaftsarchitekten/ ‚­ � “  ‡‚ � ­ Œ‚­‘ …�€ �� ‘Š

(2009, March 3). designboom | architecture & design magazine. https://www.designboom.com/archi-

tecture/zurich-viaduct-refurbishment-by-em2n/

Œ‚­‘ …�€ �� “  ‡‚ �  ­ � … (2020, February 17). ArchiTravel | Online Architecture Guide. https://www.architravel.com/project/refurbishment-viaduct-arches/

-Helsinkizurich ¡  Â?‘ƒ €   ‡‚‰Â? ‘ Â?ÂŽ Â?  ­ƒ ‰  Â?‡  Â? ­‡ ˆÂ? (n.d.). Divisare. https://divisare.com/projects/364673-helsinkizurich-balboa-im-viadukt-between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place -Nemetschek Vectorworks, Inc. (n.d.). Schwingruber Zulauf Landschaftsarchitekten: Â? Â?Â? Â?“  ‡‚‰Â?  ­ Â? Â? ‰Â? Â? ” .

Case Study CH3: Schweingruber Zulauf .

- Â?Â? Â?“  ‡‚‰Â? (n.d.). Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine. https://landezine.com/index.php/2012/01/lettenviadukt-by-schweingruber-zulauf-landschaftsarchitekten/ -BauNetz. (n.d.).  ­‰Â?Â? Â?Â? ‚Â?‡   ‡‚‰Â?‘•† Â?  Â? ‚­ Â? – — Â?  †Â? Â…  Â? – ˜­ƒ™— ÂŽ ­‘ –  ‚Â? Â?„_  …… Â? Baunetz Wissen. https://www.baunetzwissen.de/geneigtes-dach/objekte/buero-gewerbe/markthalle-und-viaduktboegen-in-zuerich-4262387 -Posten 9: ‚…… ­… Â?Â? ­ “  ‡‚‰Â? (2020, September 11). Startseite Portal der Stadt ZĂźrich - Stadt ZĂźrich. https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/hbd/de/index/staedtebau/archaeo_denkmal/denkmal/denkmaltage/etd-2020-entdecken/9-viadukt.html -EM2N AG | digvis GmbH. (n.d.). ­ƒš Â?Â… EM2N - News. https://www.em2n.ch/projects/viaductarches - Œ‚­‘ …Â?€ Â?Â? “  ‡‚ Â?  ­ Â? Â… ‘Š

(2015, May 12). Architizer. https://architizer.com/projects/refurbishment-viaduct-arches/ -CHEN, G. (2020, August 27). ƒ�… ­“ � ƒ�  �‡ ˆ­ �  � �Š ›  Ž Š ƒŒ � Œ  � Ž �„ ­� �‡ The Star Online. https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/travel/2016/02/06/conservation-and-practicality-a-way-of-life-in-switzerland

Â…