2018 Falmouth Academy Science and Engineering Fair

Falmouth Academy

Science AND ENGINEERING Fair

2018

Falmouth Academy

Science AND ENGINEERING Fair Sponsors

february 22, 2018

Newton Signature Sponsor: Dr. Lawrence Novak, Southeastern Surgical Associates Teledyne Marine Systems

30th Annual Science and Engineering Fair

Schedule of Events 1:30 ...................... Orientation for Judges 2:00-5:00 .............Judging of Projects 5:00 ...................... Student Class Dinners 5:00-6:30 ............ Dinner for Judges,

Mentors, Sponsors,

and Faculty 6:00 ...................... Public Viewing 7:00 ...................... Awards Ceremony 8:00 ...................... Bus to Vineyard Ferry

Legacy Sponsors: Marine Biological Laboratory Salt Pond Areas Bird Sanctuaries, Inc. Sea Education Association Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Edison Sponsors: Robert and Alison Ament Endowed Fund for Science Cape Cod Healthcare Cazeault Roofing & Solar McLane Research Labs, Inc. Notus Clean Energy, LLC Seascan, Inc. Curie Sponsors: Dalpe Excavation, Inc. Falmouth Products, Inc. Pelagic Electronics Waterbury Optometry Wood Lumber Company Marconi Sponsors: Associates of Cape Cod Court Street Animal Hospital Prince S. Crowell Falmouth Toyota Sophie Markovich, DMD, PC Family Orthodontics Portside Liquors Quicks Hole Tavern Woods Hole Research Center Archimedes Sponsors: The 300 Committee Land Trust Cape Cod Pediatrics, LLP Children’s School of Science

ABOUT THE SCIENCE FAIR LOGO The original Falmouth Academy Science Fair logo was a linoleum cut designed by Ira Carmel ’89 on the occasion of FA’s inaugural science fair, held on March 17, 1989. The logo has been refreshed in celebration of the 30th anniversary of the Fair, but retains its original whimsical representation of the depth and breadth of the research that is conducted by our students.

Whether exploring the basic elements of life or building better rockets, our students’ curiosity about the world around them is reflected in this logo and in all the work presented here tonight.

Special Prize Sponsors: Dr. Scott D. Brown ’89 Falmouth Water Stewards Dr. and Mrs. Bruce Gordon Hutker Architects, Inc. In-Kind Vendors: Coffee Obsession John’s Liquor Store Party Cape Cod

F

Welcome

rom the time of Socrates perhaps, familiar practices in education have been continually repackaged and remarketed as new and “cutting edge.” So it has been over the past few years with the buzz about “PBL,” project-based learning. It is unsurprising then that in an era of misguided focus on standardized-assessment testing, with its accompanying result of educators teaching to the tests, some wise voices would counter with a rediscovered embrace of student evaluation based on performance, projects, and practical demonstrations of learning and learned skills. Falmouth Academy has never been a test-driven school, and it would be difficult to find a better example of meaningful project-based learning than the experience of our students at our annual Science and Engineering Fair, now in its 30th year. I suspect that our pioneering science faculty who had the confidence to propose in 1988 that a small school could stage its own science fair with virtually all students participating at all grade levels did not realize that they were decades ahead of a 21st Century educational trend. They were just imaginative teachers working to enhance the learning of their students.

Rob Wells Head of School

The truth is that there is nothing terribly new about the idea that students learn well from immersing themselves deeply in hands-on, individual research and from the creative process of research project design. Ted Sizer’s work with the Coalition of Essential Schools in the late 20th Century, among other thoughtful educational voices, championed similar ideas with student portfolio-based assessment and the guiding model of “student as worker and teacher as coach.” These ideas and practices represent sound pedagogy whether in the past, present, or future, and the work done by our students, mentored by their science teachers, sometimes in conjunction with generous working scientists from our extraordinary local scientific community, is an outstanding example of such teaching and learning done well.

I have witnessed more than a generation of Falmouth Academy students benefit from their efforts as researchers and experimenters, as well as from their invaluable experiences of having to stand and deliver before their Science and Engineering Fair judges. Year after year, I never ceased to be amazed.

It is my pleasure to welcome you to the 2018 Falmouth Academy Science and Engineering Fair. We are delighted you are here.

Head of School

W

ith unprecedented advances in medicine and biotechnology, alternative energy breakthroughs, ice caps melting, sea levels rising, extreme weather events, cloning, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, complex computing systems living on the tip of a pen, smart cars, smart houses, and technology moving faster than, almost, the speed of light, science is no longer an area of study just for those destined to have a career in research, medicine, or engineering.

Not a day goes by that we are not confronted with the need to assess scientific fact versus fiction to make decisions, both personal and political, based on what we determine to be verifiable facts.

How do we as parents and educators approach this challenge? How do we nurture our children’s deep-seated desire for knowledge, ability to think objectively, and the confidence to look critically at information? The answer starts with focused, scientific work at a young age.

Our students bring questions to class about information they have read or heard from friends or family or on the news or social media. At that point, we embark upon a journey of research and verification.

Whatever the outcome, students at Falmouth Academy are encouraged to be thoughtfully skeptical and to “trust, but verify” sources of information.

Jill Reves Science and Engineering Fair Coordinator

All this questioning leads students toward the topics they choose for their own independent research for the Science and Engineering Fair. With that choice, it truly becomes their issue to explore and investigate.

No matter the results, they learn how to report their scientific investigations with detail, interest, and most of all, integrity. Our students are the scientists of tomorrow, and I could not be prouder of them.

Thank you for your care, time, and support throughout this amazing journey of discovery.

Teacher, Science Department Chair, and Science and Engineering Fair Coordinator

2018 FALMOUTH ACADEMY Mr. Philip Alatalo Ms. Saramaria Allenby ’83 Ms. Ellie Armstrong Dr. Richard Armstrong Dr. Kevin Becker Ms. Linda Beetlestone Mr. Scott Bennett Mr. Kyle Benton ’12 Mr. Andy Bowen Dr. Steven Boyd Dr. Albert Bradley Dr. Scott Brown ’89 Mr. Christopher Buccino ’02 Mr. Brian Buczkowski Mr. Net Charoenpong Ms. Antonie Chute Ms. Katie Curtis Dr. Paul De Weer Mr. Juan Diaz Quiroz Dr. Merrie Beth Dodge Ms. Jessica Donohue Dr. John Dowling Dr. Ann Dunlea Dr. Chad Epifanio Ms. Gabriela Farfan Ms. Inke Forbrich Mr. Joseph Forns Dr. Sophia Fox ’94 Ms. Rene Francolini Ms. Diana Franks Dr. Robert Fricke Dr. Stefan Gabriel Ms. Sofia Gabriel ’11 Mr. Hap Garritt Dr. Robert Gould Dr. Thomas Gregg Dr. Kristin Gribble Dr. Lara Gulmann Dr. Mark Hahn Ms. Christina Hernandez Mr. Gregory Hinkle Dr. John Hobbie Dr. Marko Horb Dr. Richard Houghton Ms. Clara Hulburt ’79 Dr. Deborah Hutchinson Dr. Michael Jech Dr. Jeff Kaeli Dr. Sibel Karchner Mr. Mark Kasprzyk Mr. Josef Kellndorfer Mr. Loren Kellogg Mr. Louie Kerr Ms. Jessica Kozik Mr. Keegan Krick ’12

WHOI, Research Associate Gosnold at Cataumet, Spiritual Care Advisor MBL, Retired Falmouth Podiatry, Podiatrist, Retired WHOI, Postdoctoral Researcher Women & Infants Hospital, Genetic Counselor, MS MBL, Marine Resources Coordinator Continuum Innovation, Mechanical Engineer WHOI, Principal Engineer Hydros Inc., Owner WHOI Oceanographer, Emeritis Rochester Institute of Technology, Principal Scientist Stimson Studio, Landscape Architect USGS, Curator of Geologic Collections WHOI, PhD Student NOAA, Biological Sciences Technician Dublin School, Teacher University of Pennsylvania, Professor of Physiology, Emeritus MBL, Postdoctoral Scientist Martha’s Vineyard Hospital, Physician SEA, Research Assistant Harvard University, Research Professor WHOI, Postdoctoral Scholar Self-Employed, Consultant MIT-WHOI Joint Program, PhD Candidate MBL, Research Associate Applied Marine Ecology Lab, Senior Scientist Cape Cod National Seashore, National Park Service, Aquatic Ecologist WHOI, Research Assistant WHOI, Research Associate Nobska Farms, President Johnson & Johnson, Mitek Sports Medicine Principal Engineer, Product Development University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth Master’s Candidate, Marine Biology MBL/Ecosystems Center, Senior Research Assistant/Information Manager MBL, Scientist, Retired Falmouth Hospital, Orthopedic Surgeon, Retired MBL, Assistant Scientist WHOI, Research Scientist WHOI, Senior Scientist MIT/WHOI Joint Program, PhD Candidate Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Director, Research MBL, Senior Scholar MBL, Senior Scientist WHRC, Senior Scientist Teledyne Webb Research, Sales Executive USGS, Research Geologist NOAA, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Research Fisheries Biologist WHOI, Research Engineer WHOI, Research Specialist Town of Falmouth, Conservation/Land Management Technician Earth Big Data, LLC, President and Senior Scientist Integrated Statistics, Principal Biologist MBL, Director, Imaging Services WHOI, Research Assistant MIT, Research Associate

Science and Engineering Fair Judges Dr. Liz Kujawinski Dr. Alan Kzirian Dr. Joy Lapseritis Ms. Natalie Leva Mr. Nick Lowell ’88 Ms. Adrian Mann Dr. Paraskevi Mara Ms. Marinna Martini Dr. Craig McConnochie Dr. Nathan Miller Dr. Michael Moore Ms. Joan Muller Dr. Pamela Neubert Dr. Donald O’Malley Dr. Jan Pechenik Dr. Rut Pedrosa Pàmies Mr. Charles Perry Mr. David Pingal Dr. James Preisig Dr. Kathleen Regan Dr. Charles Robertson Dr. Diane Sanzone Ms. Cristina Schultz Dr. George Seaver Ms. Meg Shea Dr. Rich Signell Dr. Amy Smith Dr. Alan Steinbach Ms. Mel Stephen Dr. Norm Stillman Ms. Hillary Sullivan Dr. Uri ten Brink Dr. Carolyn Tepolt Dr. David Twichell Ms. Nancy Twichell Dr. David Urbach Dr. Gonzalo Viana di Prisco Dr. Bill Waite Dr. Rusty Warren Mr. JC Weber Ms. Laura Weber Dr. Albert Williams Ms. Isabelle Williams Ms. Deborah Winograd Ms. Ann Wolf Dr. Geoffrey Woolford Dr. Oliver Zafiriou MBL MIT NOAA NOAA/ NEFSC SEA

WHOI, Associate Scientist MBL, Senior Scientist, Emeritus Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Scientist USDA, Survey Specialist Lowell Instruments, LLC, President & Founder USGS, Physical Scientist University of Crete, Greece, Adjunct Lecturer USGS, Electronics Engineer WHOI, Postdoctoral Scholar USGS, Geophysicist WHOI, Senior Scientist Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Education Coordinator AECOM, Director of Marine Science Cape Cod Healthcare, Orthopedic Surgeon Tufts University, Professor MBL/Ecosystems Center, Postdoctoral Researcher McLane Research Laboratories, Electro-Mechanical Technician Teledyne Marine Systems, Software Systems Engineer JPAnalytics, LLC, President and Founder EcoEditing, Microbial Ecologist Dupont and NanoDrop, Physicist, Retired AECOM, Vice President/Global Offshore Lead WHOI, PhD candidate SeaLite Engineering, President WCSD, HCSD, AACSD, High School Biology Teacher, Retired USGS, Oceanographer WHOI, Postdoctoral Investigator UC Berkeley, Clinical Professor Emeritus Plymouth Public Schools, Science Teacher, Retired Court Street Animal Hospital, Veterinarian WHRC, Research Assistant USGS, Research Geophysicist WHOI, Assistant Scientist USGS, Oceanographer, Retired Falmouth Academy, Science Teacher, Retired Falmouth Hospital, Physician MBL, Research Associate USGS, Geophysicist ClientView Consulting, Partner MBL/Ecosystems Center, Senior Research Assistant WHOI, PhD Candidate WHOI, Scientist Emeritus AECOM, Marine Biologist, Retired USDA, Biological Technician, Retired Plymouth South High School, Chemistry Teacher, Retired Ocean Spray Cranberries Inc., Vice President Research and Development, Retired WHOI, Scientist Emeritus

Marine Biological Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration/ Northeast Fisheries Science Center Sea Education Association

USDA APHIS

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

USGS

United States Geological Survey

WHOI

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

WHRC

Woods Hole Research Center

Exhibitors and Projects 001 AUGAT, Piper The Effect of Image Complexity on Human Memory 002 BALSER, Madeleine The Effect of Oil on Plants 003 BEST, Maggie How Does the Addition of Hydrogen Peroxide Affect the Rate of

Catalase Enzyme Activity?

004 BOWEN, Domenic Which Carnivorous Plants are the Best at Attracting Insects?

005 BRIENZA, Petra How Does Black and White Fleece Affect the Penetration of

UltraViolet (UV) Light?

006 BUTLER, Jack The Effect of De-Icers on Brine Shrimp 007 CLEMENTS, Mark Does Moisture Affect the Degradation of Compostable Plates?

008 CORMIE, Landon The Effects of Increasing Salinity on the Hatching of Brine Shrimp 009 DARACK, Mateo Do Different Mouthwashes Affect the Growth of Escherichia coli?

010 DIFALCO-WHEELER, Jack The Effect of String Tension on the Throw of a Lacrosse Ball 011 DVORAK, Juliana Temperature Variations at Different Altitudes of Air and Depth of Water 012 EDDY, Annabel Essential Oils’ Effect on E. coli Growth 013 FAVREAU, Emmett The Effect of Sound Frequency on E. coli 014 FEENEY, Bryn Are All Types of “Biodegradable” Utensils Equally Degradable?

015 FELDOTT, Cody Does Temperature Affect the Preferred Habitat of Hermit Crabs?

016 FRIGON, Bobby Does Salinity Affect the Germination of Bean Seeds?

017 GALVAM, Mia Facial Symmetry and the Perception of Beauty 018 GELINAS-ALEXANDER, Does Fabric Type Affect the Penetration of Ultra Violet (UV) Light?

Sebastian 019 GIUMETTI, Ben How Much Do Worms Affect the Decomposition Rate of a Compost Pile?

020 GOLDSMITH, Katelyn The Effectiveness of Different Sound Insulations 021 GRECO, Bianca Which Type of Wood Supports the Most Weight?

022 GULMANN, Ben How Does Soil Type Affect the Nitrate Concentration in Fertilizer Runoff?

023 HARMON, Tyler The Effect of Ultra Violet Light on Yeast 024 HEARD, Tibby What Household Items Kill E. coli the Best?

025 HEYWOOD, Ned How Does Organic Fertilizer Affect the Nitrate Concentration in Pond Water

over Time?

026 HOEHLEIN, Kailei The Effect of Different Surfaces on the Bounce Height of Men’s and Women’s

Basketballs 027 JUNKER, Ursula The Effect of Propolis on Yeast Growth 028 KEELER, Howard The Effect of Degration of Soft Plastic Fishing Lures on Saltwater Quality 029 KELLEHER, James The Effect of a Magnetic Field and Heat on Electronic Devices 030 KELLEHER, Sean The Truth About the Five-Second Rule 031 KELLOGG, Samuel How Does the Addition of Fertilizer Affect Pond Ecosystems?

032 KEOHANE, Ella The Effect of Light on the Hatching Rate of Brine Shrimp 033 KOKOSZKA, Sophia How Does Temperature Affect the Rate of Catalase Enzyme Activity?

Middle School (Grades 7-8) 034 KURELJA, Ana Does the Five-Second Rule Apply More to Hard or Soft Foods?

035 LEAVER, Edith The Spoilage of Organic Versus Non-Organic Milk 036 LEDWELL, Leo How Fast Do Different Types of Ice Cream Melt?

037 LEVEQUE, Sadie The Effect of Garlic and Onion on Yeast Growth 038 LOTT, Abigail How Much Radiant Energy is Absorbed by Different Colors?

039 LOWELL, Margaret Do Different Types of Napkins Biodegrade More Effectively?

040 MACDONALD, Maria How Do Different Colored Fabrics Affect the Penetration of

Ultra Violet (UV) Light?

041 MARVEL, Drew The Effects of Falling pH on the Hatching Rate of Brine Shrimp 042 MARZOT, Roberto The Effect of pH on the Germination Rate of Morning Glory Seeds 043 MELE, Julia Marigold Seed Germination at Different Temperatures 044 MESPLE, Autumn Do Dogs Have a Color Preference?

045 MESPLE, Jonah The Effect of Sunscreen on the Hatching Rate of Brine Shrimp 046 METRI, Sofia The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on Hermit Crabs 047 MONIZ, Logan The Strength of Different Truss Designs 048 MULLINS, Owen Creating the Ideal Salt Water Battery 049 NEUBERT, Abigail Varied Activities and the Perception of Time in Humans 050 PRATT, Ethan How Airplane Wing Shape Affects Drag 051 PREISIG, Eric The Effects of Compost Additives on the Degradation of Different

Biodegradable Plates 052 RAMSEY, Kyra The Effect of Plank Training on Male and Female Bodies 053 RAY, Charlotte Does the Finish Affect the Absorption Rate of Water into Wood?

054 REDFIELD, Henry Leaves of Different Trees and Their Effect on Water pH 055 REIMOLD, Jamie Does the “Five-Second Rule” Apply to Cooked and Raw Meat Equally?

056 RICHARDSON, Maxwell The Drag and Performance of Different Hull Designs 057 RICHARDSON, Summer The Hatching Rate of Brine Shrimp Eggs at Different Levels of Dissolved Oxygen 058 RICHINS, Maxwell The Effect of Temperature on the Bounce Height of Different Brands of Golf Balls 059 RICKARD, Alex The Effect of Aspirin on Bean Plants 060 RUSSELL, Ava Do Different Types of Compostable Plates Biodegrade Faster?

061 SCOTT, Tristan Testing the Characteristics and Preservation of a Variety of Egg Brands 062 TEWHEY, Lily Is there Any Truth to the Five-Second Rule?

063 THIELER, Sarah Which House Shape Withstands a Hurricane the Best?

064 THRASHER, Sam The Effect of Nitrogen on Brine Shrimp 065 TOOMEY, Emmalee Is Smiling Contagious?

066 VAN HORN, Silas Does Hard or Soft Wood Absorb the Most Water over Time?

067 VAZQUEZ, Mateo Does Bee Propolis have Anti-Microbial Properties?

068 WARD, Grace The Effect of pH on the Germination of Calendula Seeds 069 WATRING, Dalton The Burning Characteristics of Different Types of Wood

Exhibitors and Projects 101 ALLENBY, Cole The Effect of Different Types of Music on the Bacterium

Staphylococcus epidermidis 102 AUGAT, Gray Do Invasive or Native Grasses Consume More CO2 ?

103 BOARDMAN, Quincy The Effect of Different Types of Alcohol on Bacterial Growth 104 BOWEN, Nell The Effect of Physical Antifouling Methods on the Fouling of

Underwater Surfaces 105 BUEHLER, Christopher Testing the Effectiveness of Household Cleaners on E. coli 106 BURKE, Dylan The Effect of the Outfield Wall’s Geometry on Home Runs 107 BUTLER, Rebecca and The Effect of PCB-153 on the Circadian Rhythms of Danio rerio Embryos

METRI, Anna 108 CAPRARO, Quinn The Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation on Planaria Regeneration 109 CAZEAULT, Ellamae The Effect of Marsh Restriction on Marsh Health 110 CHOU, Christian What Kind of Video Games Elevate Heart Rate Most?

111 CHUN, Eliza The Variation in Taffy Consistency Made with Sugar Substitutes 112 CHUNYU, Zhaohua Nrf2b’s Regulation of Oxidative Stress Response Genes in Zebrafish 113 CIAFFONI, Robert The Effect of Nitrate on Heart Rates of Palamontes vulgaris 114 CLARK, Silas The Abundance of Bittersweet and Porcelain Berry at Peterson Farm 115 CLEARY, Parker Creating a Xylem Filter 116 CLEMENT, Justine What Type of Toxicodendron Vernicifluum Will Last the Longest?

117 COLT-SIMONDS, Sam Signature Whistle Lineage between Mother and Calf Bottlenose Dolphins 118 CORKERON, Caitlin Complex Maze Learning Abilities in Sheepshead Minnow 119 COX, Rebecca and Exploring Life in One of the Last Remaining Frontiers on Earth:

LOTT, Sarah The Lower Oceanic Crust 120 DEBARROS, Chandler The Scavenger: Food Preferences in Green Crabs 121 DJIKAEV, Max How Leaves, Worms and Sticks Affect Compost Decomposition 122 DRAPER, Madeleine Development of Image Analysis Techniques to Evaluate Sea Slug Motion 123 EARLEY, Thomas Nitrogen’s Negative Affects on Our Marine Ecosystems 124 EDWARDS, Tyler The Difference in Magnetic Strength Between Iron and Bismuth 125 ELDREDGE, Shelby Do Plants Promote Pesticide Breakdown?

126 EMERY, Camden Testing the Effects of Textiles on Transmission of Ultraviolet Light 127 FAN, Yanchu The Effect of Salt Concentration on the Growth of Chlorella 128 FARINA, Francesca The Effect of Synthetic Versus Natural Detergents on Daphnia magna 129 FARINA, Marco Propolis From Bees: A Natural Antibiotic?

130 FELDOTT, Brooke Testing the Reaction of Ants to Positive and Negative Pheromone Trails 131 FENSKE, Charlie Analysis of Morphing Wings to Enhance Aircraft Efficiency 132 FENSKE, Lukas Effects of Recycled Polypropylene Aggregate on Concrete Strength 133 FERREIRA, Alba (Bella) The Effect of Regeneration on Planarian Behavior 134 FLETCHER, Emma The Most Effective Way to Purify Gray Water from Horses’ Water Buckets

Upper School (Grades 9-12) 135 FRANCIS, Maddy and The Behavioral Preferences of Ants to Plant-Based Sugar Sources

NOVAK, Josh 136 FRANCIS, Paige The Effect of Suspended Sediment on Daphnia magna 137 FRASER, Duncan The Effect of Temperature on the Consumption of Hydrocarbons by

Oil-Degrading Microbes 138 GLASGOW, Noah Creamery Sanitation Method Efficacies Relative to Creamery Surfaces 139 GOLDBACH, James The Effects of Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobacteria on Peas 140 HARMON, Drew The Effect of Different Aggregates on the Strength of Concrete 141 HEARD, Isabel The Effect of pH on the Rate that Tardigrades Come out of Cryptobiosis 142 HEARD, Walker and Changes in Chlorophyllous Marine Microorganisms in the Woodneck Area

PERRY, Samuel 143 HEYWOOD, Ella How Do Colored Filters Affect the Temperature in a Solar Oven?

144 HILL, Devin How Different pH Levels Affect Planaria 145 HINKLE, Ian Distinguishing Striped Bass Using Line Aberrations 146 HOEHLEIN, Anna Which Film Developer Solution Produces the Clearest Image?

147 IGOE, Jillian The Impact of Temperature Changes on Coral Symbioses 148 ISLAM, Arian The Effect of Antifreeze on Cucumber Seed Germination 149 JONES, Connor Developing a Tidal Generator 150 JORDAN, Bailey Testing the Effects of Insecticides on the Sea Anemone Nematostella 151 JOYCE, Kylie and How Temperature Affects the Growth Rate of Pseudomonas fluorescens

MCKEON, Emily 152 KADISON, Dylan Does Hosing Cedar Shingles Actually Decrease the Chance of a Fire?

153 KEELER, Emma Bio-prospecting for Benthic Fungi and Their Bactericidal Antibiotics 154 KELLY, Maria The Effect of Temperature on the Metabolism and Mobility of Leeches 155 KERR, Sarah The Effect of Salinity on the Hermaphroditic Changes of Capitella teleta 156 KURELJA, Lillian The Effect of Color on Hermit Crab Behavior 157 LAPIERRE, Chloe Is the Oil-Spill Dispersant Cocamidopropyl Betaine Worse than the Oil? 158 LEDWELL, Aidan Testing the Oil Content of Different Flavors of Cheese 159 LEONARD, John How Environmental Changes Affect Ant Behavior 160 LITTLEFIELD, Leah Passive Blood Spatter Pattern Analysis on Different Substrates 161 LYTLE, Sarah Differing Alloys and Their Effect on Sword Durability 162 MACDONALD, Alyssa Do Common Water Filters Clean Contaminated Water?

163 MACDONALD, Lucca The Difference in Wavelengths of Different Instruments Playing the Same Note 164 MACLEAN, Cameron The Effect of Wind on Wave Height 165 MARKELLO, Kenzy Organic vs Non-Organic Foods: Which Will Last Longer?

166 MATTISON, Beatrice Do Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria Affect the Growth and Health of Plants?

167 MATTISON, Ellie Inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis by Essential Oils 168 MCADAMS, Charlie The Effect of Hurricanes on Different Forms of Power Collection in Puerto Rico

Exhibitors and Projects UPPER SCHOOL (Grades 9-12) 169 MCCABE, Amelia The Effects of pH on Leaf Color and Root Growth of Ocimum basilicum and

Mentha spicata 170 MCDOWELL, John The Effect of Light on Seed Germination in Different Types of Seeds 171 MCKEONE, Treven Analyzing the Correlation to and Cause of Urban Sky Glow on Cape Cod 172 MEDEIROS, Maria Observing Food Preferences of Purple Sea Urchins and Green Sea Urchins 173 O’BRIEN, Connor The Effect of Different Temperatures on Neodymium Magnets 174 OLI, Bishakha The Effect of Endocrine Mimicking Contaminants on Reproduction in Rotifers 175 PALMER, Erik The Effect of Wing Design and the Amount of Lift Produced 176 PIL, Gedeon The Effect of Various Alcohols on Cloud Chamber Reactivity 177 POOLE, Ava Is the Popularity of Apple Varieties Affected by Sugar Content?

178 RAJAGOPAL, Saniya The Effect of Noise Pollution on Grass Shrimp 179 RAMSEY, Ainsley Detecting Icebergs in Sermilik Fjord, Greenland 180 RUSSELL, Grace The Effect of Lowered Oxygen Levels on Hermit Crab Behavior 181 SAGANIC, Maisie The Effect of Care Variations on Dionaea muscipula 182 SANTAMAURO, Isabelle Do Honeybees Choose UV Reflective over Non-UV Reflective Colors?

183 SCHWENK, Ben Habitat Modeling of Northern Sand Lance 184 SEARLE, Victoria Surveying Plastics on Vineyard Beaches 185 STILLMAN, Hannah Correction of Mutations Underlying Tay-Sachs Disease by RNA Editing 186 SVARCZKOPF, Alexa (Lexi) Analysis of the Effects of Climate Change on North Atlantic Hurricanes 187 TAN, Alice Persistence of Marker Ink on Different Surfaces 188 THIELER, David The Effect of Fin Shape on the Flight of Model Rockets 189 THOMAS, Ellie Can Crabs’ Sense of Smell Help Them Navigate through a Maze?

190 THOMPSON, Zephyrine Do Hermit Crabs Prefer 3-D Printed Shells or Natural Gastropod Shells?

191 TODD-WEINSTEIN, Natalie Caliber of a Gun and Penetration through a Ceramic/Wood Target 192 VALLEY, Madison How Do Differing Light Levels Affect Dissolved Oxygen in Pond Water?

193 WAITE, Devin Electron Beam Manipulation 194 WAITE, Ryan The Response of Local Waters to the Addition of Different Fertilizers 195 WANG, Yuchen (Heather) The Degradation of Microplastic in the South Pacific Ocean 196 WATSON, Jordan How Does Weight Affect Spin on a Toy Top? 197 WEARE, Helena and The Effects of Huperzine A Combined With Memantine HCl on H. crassicornis

STEWART, Isabelle 198 WEBER, Marina Mascara Persistence in Water 199 XIA, Yuhong (Iris) The Role of Winter Rye in Reducing Nitrogen Leaching 200 ZAMAN, Sama The Effect of Fat Content on the Culturing of Milk 201 ZHANG, Cather Effects of Soil Acidification on Plant Growth 202 ZHENG, Liming The Effect of Bryostatin on Hermissenda crassicornis Learning Speed

Thank you to our 2018 Mentors & Advisors Mr. Philip Alatalo Dr. Neel Aluru Dr. Magdalena Andres Ms. Jessica Donohue Dr. Virginia Edgcomb Mr. Vinicius Ferreira Ms. Diana Franks Ms. Melody Fretschl Dr. Meagan Gonneea Dr. Kristin Gribble Sgt. Ben Guthrie Mr. Mark Hahn Dr. Alan Kuzirian Dr. Kara Lavender Law Mr. Joshua Leveque Ms. Susan Moffat Dr. Jan Pechenik

Ms. Pamela Polloni Dr. Loretta Roberson Dr. Joshua Rosenthal Ms. Mary Ryther Dr. Mayra Sรกnchez Dr. Laela Sayigh Ms. Lindsey Scott Dr. Stephen Senft Mr. Richard Sperduto Ms. Jenni Stanley Mr. Justin Suca Dr. Carolyn Tepolt Mr. Pierre Tillier Ms. Frederica Valois Mr. Jeff Weldon Dr. Steven Zottoli

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