2019 Falmouth Academy Science and Engineering Fair

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FAIR

2019

31st

Falmouth Academy

31st Annual Science and Engineering Fair

february 21, 2019

SCHEDULE OF EVENTS 1:30 ...................... Orientation for Judges 2:00-5:00 .............Judging of Projects 5:00 ...................... Student Class Dinners 5:00-6:30 ............ Dinner for Judges,

Mentors, Sponsors,

and Faculty 6:00 ...................... Public Viewing 7:00 ...................... Awards Ceremony 8:00 ...................... Bus to Vineyard Ferry

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FAIR SPONSORS Newton Signature Sponsor: Teledyne Marine Martha’s Vineyard Bank Legacy Sponsors: Marine Biological Laboratory Salt Pond Areas Bird Sanctuaries, Inc. Sea Education Association Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Edison Sponsors: Robert and Alison Ament Endowed Fund for Science Capeside Oral & Facial Surgery, Inc. Cazeault Roofing & Solar Eversource Falmouth Hospital McLane Research Labs, Inc. Notus Clean Energy, LLC Curie Sponsors: Dalpe Excavation, Inc. Falmouth Products, Inc. Liz & Larry Novak Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston Pelagic Electronics Portside Liquors Wood Lumber Company Marconi Sponsors: Associates of Cape Cod Cape Cod Pediatrics, LLP Court Street Animal Hospital Prince S. Crowell Falmouth Leisure, Inc. Dr. Sophie Markovich, DMD, PC Family Orthodontics Quicks Hole Tavern Woods Hole Research Center

ABOUT THE SCIENCE FAIR LOGO The original Falmouth Academy Science Fair logo was a linoleum cut designed by Ira Carmel ’89 on the occasion of FA’s inaugural science fair, held on March 17, 1989. The logo was refreshed in celebration of the 30th anniversary of the Fair, but retains its original whimsical representation of the depth and breadth of the research that is conducted by our students.

Whether exploring the basic elements of life or building better rockets, our students’ curiosity about the world around them is reflected in this logo and in all the work presented here tonight.

Photos courtesy of Barbara Campbell, Amy Galvam, Leah Fasten P’22, Susan Moffat, and the FA Archives.

Archimedes Sponsors: The 300 Committee Land Trust Falmouth Women’s Health Lowell Instruments, LLC Special Prize Sponsors: Dr. Scott D. Brown ‘89 Falmouth Water Stewards Dr. and Mrs. Bruce R. Gordon Hutker Architects, Inc. In-Kind Vendors: Coffee Obsession John’s Liquor Store Party Cape Cod

WELCOME

A

s I reflect on my own middle and high school journey, one thing is clear. My memories of science class have little to do with information, with sitting and listening, and everything to do with experience, with standing and doing...and dissecting, and constructing, and measuring, and designing, and imagining, and, above all, wondering. Wondering about the tides, about the solar system, about sound and light, about plants and animals and the sea, even about my beating heart, the blood coursing through my veins, and the machinations of my (rather slow!) developing brain.

I remember building two water wheels, one with tongue dispensers the other with little plastic cups to learn about hydroelectric power. I remember the feel of a shark’s eyeball in my hand, the feel of its skin, sandpapery to the touch. I remember tossing my container out of my third floor classroom, then sprinting down three flights to see if my precious egg was still intact.

Matt Green Science, well taught, is a verb, and an action verb at that, a simple truth that has been on full Head of School display at the Falmouth Academy Science and Engineering Fair for the past 31 years. And for the better part of five months, our students have been elbow deep in verbs of their own, under the watchful guidance of our science department faculty, whose experience and expertise are eclipsed only by their dedication to their craft and their love for students and whose herculean efforts are eclipsed only by those of our amazing students.

Today is their Super Bowl, their public performance, their final recital. We are delighted that so many friends, faculty, family members, and most notably practicing scientists are here in the stands cheering them on. They have certainly earned your applause, but if I know scientists, the reward they most seek from you will be your questions.

As for me, I am going to ask them to tell me all about the verbs particular to their experience.

It is my pleasure to welcome you to the 2019 Falmouth Academy Science and Engineering Fair.

Matt Green Head of School

I

n the days of a 24-hour news cycle, every citizen, from a scientist to an artist, needs to assess scientific fact versus propaganda to navigate decisions in a world full of lightening-fast technological advances.

How do we as parents and educators approach this challenge? How do we nurture our children’s desire for knowledge, their ability to think objectively, and their confidence to look critically at information? The answer starts with focused, scientific work.

Every day our students bring questions to class about information they have read or heard from friends or family or on the news or social media. At that point, we embark upon a journey of research and verification. Whatever the outcome, students at Falmouth Academy are encouraged to have a healthy skepticism and to “trust, but verify” sources of information.

All this questioning leads students toward the topic they choose for their own independent research for the Science and Engineering Fair. With that choice, it truly becomes their issue to explore and investigate.

Jill Reves Science and Engineering Fair Coordinator

No matter the results, they learn how to report their scientific investigations with detail, interest, and most of all, integrity.

Our students are the leaders of tomorrow, and I could not be prouder of them.

Thank you for your care, time, and support throughout this amazing journey of discovery.

Jill Reves Teacher, Science Department Chair, and Science and Engineering Fair Coordinator

2019 FALMOUTH ACADEMY

Mr. Philip Alatalo WHOI, Research Associate Ms. Ellie Armstrong MBL, Retired Dr. Richard Armstrong Falmouth Podiatry, Podiatrist Mr. Thomas Austin WHOI, Oceanographer Emeritus Mr. David Bailey WHOI, Research Assistant III Mr. Tyler Barron ’12 Self-Employed, Carpenter Ms. Linda Beetlestone Women and Infants Hospital, Genetic Counselor Mr. Scott Bennett MBL, Marine Research & Outreach Coordinator Mr. Kyle Benton ’12 EPAM Continuum, Mechanical Engineer Mr. Andy Bowen WHOI, Principal Engineer Dr. Steven Boyd Hydros Evironmental Diagnostics, President Dr. Albert Bradley WHOI, Engineer, Retired Ms. Beth Brazil-Hauck WHRC, Director of Foundation Relations Dr. Scott Brown ’89 Rochester Institute of Technology, Principal Scientist Mr. Christopher Buccino ’02 Stimson Studio, Associate Landscape Architect Mr. Brian Buczkowski USGS, Curator of Geologic Collections Ms. Antonie Chute NOAA Fisheries, Biological Sciences Technician Ms. Nancy Copley WHOI, Research Associate Dr. Donald Crampton Cape Cod Community College, Dean of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Mr. Evan Dalton ’04 Manomet Inc., Science Educator Dr. Paul De Weer University of Pennsylvania, Emeritus Professor of Physiology Ms. Jessica Donohue SEA, Senior Research Assistant Dr. John Dowling Harvard University, Research Professor of Neurosciences Dr. Alina Ebling WHOI, Postdoctoral Investigator Dr. Hugh Fargher Teledyne Marine, Applications Engineer Ms. Amy Fish Bourne Public Schools, Makerspace Coordinator Mr. Joseph Forns Applied Marine Ecology Lab, Senior Scientist Ms. Diana Franks WHOI, Research Associate Dr. Robert Fricke Nobska Farms, Inc., President/Owner Dr. Stefan Gabriel Johnson & Johnson Mitek Sports Medicine, Principal Engineer Ms. Sofia Gabriel ’11 Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Consultant Dr. Elizabeth Garland Self Employed, Biological Oceanographer Mr. Hap Garritt MBL, Ecosystems Center, Senior Research Assistant Ms. Karen Geagan-Lopes ’96 Whitman Hanson Regional High School, Biology Teacher Mr. Robert Goldsborough WHOI, Engineer Dr. Robert Gould MBL, Scientist, Retired Dr. Lara Gulmann WHOI, Research Associate Dr. Mark Hahn WHOI, Senior Scientist Dr. Gregory Hinkle Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Senior Director, Research Dr. John Hobbie MBL, Retired Dr. Max Holmes WHRC, Deputy Director and Senior Scientist Dr. Peter Hopewood Tufts University School of Medicine, Assistant Clinical Professor of

Public Health and Clinical Medicine Dr. Forrest Horton WHOI, Geologist Dr. Richard Houghton WHRC, Senior Scientist Ms. Clara Hulburt ’79 Teledyne Marine, Sales Executive Dr. Deborah Hutchinson USGS, Research Geologist Dr. Sofia Ibarraran WHOI and MBL, Postdoctoral Researcher, completed Dr. Michael Jech NOAA/Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Research Fisheries Biologist Dr. Jeff Kaeli WHOI, Research Engineer Dr. Sibel Karchner WHOI, Research Specialist Dr. Josef Kellndorfer Earth Big Data LLC, President and Senior Scientist Mr. Loren Kellogg NOAA, Northeast Fisheries Observer Program, Principal Biologist Mr. Louie Kerr MBL, Director of Imaging Services Mr. Nolan Kitts WHRC, Research Assistant Ms. Jessica Kozik WHOI, Research Assistant III

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FAIR JUDGES

Mr. Keegan Krick ’12 MIT, Research Associate Dr. Alan M. Kuzirian MBL, Senior Scientist, Emeritus Ms. Natalie Leva USDA, Biological Laboratory Technologist Mr. Nick Lowell ’88 Lowell Instruments, LLC, President Dr. Alison Macdonald WHOI, Senior Research Specialist, Physical Oceanography Ms. Adrian Mann USGS, Physical Scientist Dr. Graham Marsh ’01 Biogen, Scientist Dr. Judith McDowell WHOI, Scientist Emeritus Ms. Christina Minions WHRC, Research Assistant Mr. Aleksey Morozov MBL, Research Assistant III Ms. Joan Muller Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Education Coordinator Dr. Michael Neubert WHOI, Senior Scientist Dr. Pamela Neubert AECOM, Associate Vice President Mr. William Nicholson ’11 Wake Forest University, Undergraduate Biophysics Dr. Donald O’Malley Cape Cod Healthcare, Orthopedic Surgeon Dr. Jan Pechenik Tufts University, Professor Mr. Charles Perry McLane Research Labs, Electro-Mechanical Technician Dr. Stephanie Petillo WHOI, Research Engineer, Software Lead Dr. Claire Pontbriand Aecern, CTO & Director of Programs Dr. James Preisig JPAnalytics, Founder and President Mr. John Ramsey Applied Coastal, Principal Coastal Engineer Mr. Raymond Reimold Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Emergency Response Mr. Rob Reynolds Zephyr Education Foundation, President Dr. Charles Robertson DuPont and nanoDrop Technologies, Physicist, Developer Dr. Toby Schneider GobySoft, Oceanographic Engineer Mr. Jared Schwartz ’03 WHOI, Engineer II Ms. Lindsay Scott WHRC, Research Assistant Dr. George Seaver SeaLite Engineering, President Dr. Richard Signell USGS, Oceanographer Dr. Melissa Soule WHOI, Research Specialist Dr. Timothy Stanton WHOI, Scientist Emeritus Dr. Alan Steinbach Convenient MD, Physician Dr. Jaynie Stephenson Biology Teacher/Former Researcher Ms. Kaleigh Sullivan Associates of Cape Cod, Production Technician Dr. Uri ten Brink USGS, Research Geophysicist Dr. David Urbach Private Consultant, Cardiologist Dr. Sofie Van Parijs NOAA/Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Senior Scientist Mr. Korey Verhein WHOI, Engineer II/Jason ROV Pilot Dr. Bill Waite USGS, Geophysicist Dr. Rusty Warren WHOI, Volunteer Mr. JC Weber MBL, Senior Research Assistant Dr. Albert Williams WHOI, Scientist Emeritus Ms. Isabelle Williams AECOM, Senior Marine Biologist, Retired Ms. Deborah Winograd USDA, Retired Ms. Ann Wolf Plymouth South High School, Retired Chemistry Instructor Dr. Oliver Zafiriou WHOI, Scientist Emeritus Dr. Michael Zigmond University of Pittsburgh, Professor Emeritus MBL MIT NOAA NOAA/ NEFSC SEA

Marine Biological Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration/ Northeast Fisheries Science Center Sea Education Association

USDA APHIS

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

USGS

United States Geological Survey

WHOI

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

WHRC

Woods Hole Research Center

EXHIBITORS AND PROJECTS 001 ANGELL, Benjamin Are Marine Fungi Picky Eaters?

002 ATEMA, Loek What is the Effect of Marine Paint on the Hatching of Brine Shrimp?

003 ATHEARN, Clara Can Essential Oils Inhibit the Growth of Escherichia coli?

004 BEST, Maggie Modeling the Human Cardiovascular System: The Factors that

Affect Blood Flow Rate 005 BRIENZA, Petra The Effect of Different Leavening Agents on Cake 006 BUTLER, William Does Leaf Litter Change the pH of Water?

007 CARRENO-VOGT, Isabel Can Marine Fungi Break Down Plastic?

008 CARROLL, Oona Does Hardwood or Softwood Absorb More Water?

009 CHILDS, Joseph How Sunscreen Affects the Hatching Rate of Brine Shrimp Eggs 010 CLATWORTHY, Madeline The Effect of Temperature on the Hatching Rate of Brine Shrimp 011 CLEMENTS, Mark Is Fantasy Football Success Based on Luck or Skill?

012 CONNORS, Lily Does the Size of a Basketball Affect the Bounce Height?

013 CORMIE, Landon The Strength of Different Brands of Fishing Line 014 CROOM, Leah Salty Seeds, Will They Sprout?

015 DARACK, Mateo The Effect of Different Sound Frequencies on the Germination of Red Bean Seeds 016 DOLAN, Gregory Does Wood Varnish Affect the Absorption Rate of Water?

017 EDDY, Annabel The Effect of Beauty Treatments on Human Hair 018 FEENEY, Bryn Does Eye Color Affect Peripheral Vision?

019 FERONTI, Keller How Does Temperature Affect the Function of an Enzyme?

020 FRANCIS, Adele Are Marine Fungi Diabetic?

021 FREEDMAN, Evan Can Products from Bees Inhibit the Growth of Escherichia coli or

Saccharomyces cereviseae?

022 FRIGON, Robert The Effect of Regular Soap and “Green” Soap on Plants 023 GELINAS-ALEXANDER, How Humans Digest Plastics

Sebastian 024 GIUMETTI, Benjamin The Effect of Worms on the Temperature of Compost 025 GRECO, Bianca The Effect of Music on Studying 026 GRECO, Marcus How Water Temperature Affects the pH of a Vernal Pool 027 GREEN, Jessica The Effectiveness of Different Insulations 028 GULMANN, Benjamin Effects of Nitrogen-Rich Fertilizer on Palaemonetes vulgaris 029 HANOIAN, Christian Does Salinity Affect the Water Absorption Rate in Wood?

030 HARTMAN, Alexa How Does Temperature Affect the Germination of Radishes?

031 HEYWOOD, Edward Modeling Ocean Acidification: The Effect of Various pH Levels on Calcium Decay 032 HOLMES, Nate Does pH Affect the Hatching Rate of Trout Eggs?

033 JUNKER, Ursula The Effect of Differently Raised Eggs on the Color of Tempera Paint 034 KELLEHER, Sean Are Fingerprints Inherited?

MIDDLE SCHOOL (GRADES 7-8) 035 036 037 038 039 040 041 042 043 044 045 046 047 048 049 050 051 052 053 054 055 056 057 058 059 060 061 062 063 064 065 066 067 068 069 070

KELLEHER, Siobhan KELLOGG, Samuel KEOHANE, Ella KOKOSZKA, Sophia KURELJA, Ana LEVEQUE, Sadie LOWELL, Margaret LUCAS, Charlotte MACDONALD, Maria MANNING, Noah MARVEL, Andrew MCCABE, Noah MCGUIRE, Gus MCVEY, Oisin MELE, Julia MELLO, Michael MESPLÉ, Jonah MULLINS, Reily OLSEN, Clark PIL, Natalie PREISIG, Eric RAY, Charlotte REDFIELD, Henry REIMOLD, James RICHARDSON, Summer RUSSELL, Ava SCHWENK, Aidan SHACHOY, Patrick SMITH, Giulia STRAND, Ava TEWHEY, Lillian VANHORN, Silas VAZQUEZ, Mateo VAZQUEZ, Sabrina WAKEFIELD, Wylie WARD, Grace

How pH Affects Seed Germination?

The Effect of Surface Tension on the Water Uptake of Plants How Different Levels of Caffeine Affect Change in Daphnia Heart Rate The Effect of Smell on Short-Term Memory in Teenagers The Effect of Color on Emotions The Effect of Music on Heart Rate The Flammability of Different Fabrics What Is the Dirt on Biodegradable Bags?

The Effectiveness of Cleaners in Killing Escherichia coli Are Some Paper Napkins More Compostable than Others?

The Effectiveness of Soccer Shin Guards How Does Temperature Affect the Bounce Height of a Soccer Ball?

The Effect of Temperature on Bouncing Balls Do Garlic and Onions Have Antimicrobial Properties?

The Effect of Different Floorboards on the Sound Produced by Different Tap Shoes How Leaves Affect the pH of Freshwater and Saltwater The Effect of Auditory and Visual Distraction on Human Reaction Time Which Brand of Biodegradable Plate Composts the Fastest?

Which Rock Type Absorbs the Most Water?

Does pH Affect the Hatching of the Marine Invertebrate, Artemia salina?

Optimizing the Angle of Wind Turbine Blades The Effect of Washing on Flame-Retardant Baby Pajamas Is Burning Trash Better than Recycling?

The Effect of Flex on a Hockey Stick’s Shot Speed The Attractiveness of Symmetric vs. Non-Symmetric Faces The Effect of Carbon and Nitrogen on Compost Temperature The Mutagenic Effects of Caffeine on Escherichia coli Does Rubber Affect the Bounciness of a Ball?

The Effect of Salinity on the Hatching Rate of Brine Shrimp How Coniferous and Deciduous Tree Leaves Affect the pH of Water The Effect of Exercise on Short-Term Memory Retention Can Chitin be Used as a Biodegradable Substitute for Plastic?

Comparing Apples and Oranges: Which Fruit do Fruit Flies Prefer?

The Effect of Mouthwash on Escherichia coli How Much Weight Can Different Woods Support?

The Effect of Different Types of Sunscreen on Brine Shrimp

EXHIBITORS AND PROJECTS 101 102 103 104 105 106

107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133

134 135

AUGAT, Gray AUGAT, Piper BOARDMAN, Quincy BOWEN, Domenic BRAZIL, Hannah BUTLER, Jack and GALVAM, Mia CAZEAULT, Ellamae CHUN, Alexandra CIAFFONI, Robert CLARK, Silas CLEMENT, Justine CORKERON, Caitlin CRAMPTON, Zachary DEBARROS, Chandler DIFALCO-WHEELER, Jack DJIKAEV, Max DOUGLASS, Casandra ELDREDGE, Shelby FAN, Ethan FARINA, Francesca FARINA, Marco FAVREAU, Emmett FELDOTT, Cody FENSKE, Lukas FRANCIS, Paige GAETANI, Ruby GLASGOW, Noah GOLDBACH, James GOLDSMITH, Spencer GONNEEA, Tarun HARMON, Andrew HARMON, Tyler HEARD, Isabel and POOLE, Ava HEYWOOD, Ella HILL, Devin

Do Native or Invasive Cacti Consume More CO2?

How Different Boat Paints Pollute Water and Affect Daphnia magna The Effect of Temperature on Superconductor Resistance The Effects of Changing Climate on Branchiopod Mortality How Much Carbon Is in Arctic Permafrost?

Methanol Substitutes for Chromatography using Spinach Leaf The Effect of Sunscreen on Grass Shrimp How to Train Your Pogona vitticeps The Effect of Elodea on Oil: A Study of Bioremediation The Impact of Temperature Changes on the Coral Microbiome Modeling the Effect of Skin pH on the Aroma of Perfume Is the Number of Neutrophils Different in Sick vs Healthy Dogs?

How Does Bridge Design Complexity Affect Weight-Bearing Capacity?

Placement Cells & Athletic Performance: A Study of Light and Dark Electrolyte Levels in Different Drinks Reusing Compost Heat Output The Effect of Motor Oil on the Kidney Cells of Tursiops truncatus Are Green Cleaning Products More Environmentally Safe than Regular Ones?

Design of Environment-Friendly SVP Drifters What Alkaline Base Is Most Effective in Making Soap?

Strategies for Dealing with the Seal-Shark Interactions on Cape Cod The Effects of Different Acne Medications on Staphylococcus epidermidis Testing How Oil Travels through Different Sediments Design and Characterization of Coastal Defenses in a Wave Flume The Phenotypic Effect of Adding a New DNA Sequence to Escherichia coli Soybean Futures in a Changing Climate The Acidifying Ocean’s Effect on Protease Activity in Alteromonas Testing the Potential of Marine Fungi to Bioremediate Crude Oil Spills Brucite Solubility in a Changing Ocean Environment Monitoring the Levels of Mercury in Shellfish Effectiveness of the Strength of Nitinol The Effects of Caffeine on Bean Plants Earthworms: Population Problems and Groundwater Is the Adhesion of Natural Paints Comparable to that of Acrylic Paints?

A Study on the Accuracy of Eyewitness’ Accounts over Time

UPPER SCHOOL (GRADES 9-12) 136 HOEHLEIN, Anna The Effect of Radiation on Marigold Seed Germination 137 HOEHLEIN, Kailei Burning Calories to Test Labeling Accuracy 138 ISLAM, Arian Web Strength: A Comparative Study of the Orb Weaver Spider and the Cellar Spider 139 JONES, Connor Effects of Different Temperature Coolants on the Compressive Strength of

Prince Rupert’s Drops 140 JORDAN, Bailey How Does Sunscreen Affect the Growth Rate of Chlorella 141 KADISON, Dylan Do Album Cover Designs Affect the Sales of CDs and Records?

142 KEELER, Emma The Classification of Fungal Derivatives with Clinical Potential 143 KEELER, Howard Developing and Testing a Hookless Fishing Lure 144 KELLEHER, James Interchanging the Propanol Used in a Cloud Chamber with Other Liquids 145 KELLY, Maria Sugar Kelp Direct Seeding 146 KURELJA, Lillian The Effects of Impulsivity and Distractive Stimuli 147 LAPIERRE, Chloe The Study of Bacterial Contamination of Restaurant Silverware 148 LEAVER, Edie The Sensitivity of Luminol to Varying Dilutions of Blood Stains 149 LEDWELL, Packy The Effect of Temperatures on the Behavioral Patterns of Hermit Crabs 150 LITTLEFIELD, Leah and Witness Reliability: The Effect of Time on Memory Retention

BOWEN, Nell 151 LOTT, Abigail What Brand of Ibuprofen Is the Most Soluble?

152 MACDONALD, Alyssa How Does Sleep Deprivation Affect Mutant Drosophila melanogaster?

153 MACDONALD, Lucca Testing Whether Coenobitidae Can Learn Using Trial and Error Learning 154 MACLEAN, Cameron The Effects of Mechanical Advantage vs Weight in Mouse Trap Cars 155 MARKELLO, Mackenzie Does Kombucha Possess Antibacterial Properties?

156 MATTISON, Beatrice Neutralizing “Stomach Acid” with Drugstore vs Natural Remedies 157 MATTISON, Ellie Plastic Pollution in Crane Wildlife Park: A Study of Used Shotgun Shells 158 MCADAMS, Charles Ability of Planaria to Make Decisions in High Stress Situations 159 MCCABE, William How Much is Sea Surface Temperature Affected by Hurricanes?

160 MCDOWELL, Clint How Does Pressure Affect Different Underwater Robotic Materials?

161 MCDOWELL, John What is the Effect of Various Substances on the Conductivity of Copper Wire?

162 MCKEON, Emily A Study of Human Color Preference Based on Candy Choice 163 MCKEONE, Treven Movement Towards Light in Pagurus longicarpus 164 MEDEIROS, Maria Observing Bacteria in Dog Water Bowls Made of Different Materials 165 MESPLE, Autumn How Does Acidity Affect the Growth of Algae?

166 METRI, Sofia Studies on the Preservation of Vitality in Brachionus manjavacas 167 MIHALOVICH, Benjamin Healthy Ice Cream: Decreasing the Acidity of Ice Cream 168 MONIZ, Logan The Mechanics of a Four-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine 169 NAZIBA, Fairooz Development of Sea Urchin Embryos to Observe Stem Cells 170 NEUBERT, Abigail Mircrozooplankton Availability to Larval River Herring in Local Lakes

EXHIBITORS AND PROJECTS UPPER SCHOOL (GRADES 9-12) 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180

181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203

O’BRIEN, Connor PALMER, Erik PETERSON, Maya PETERSON, Soren PLOTKIN, Sarah PRATT, Ethan RAJAGOPAL, Saniya RAMSEY, Ainsley RAMSEY, Kyra RICHINS, Maxwell and STERLING, Derick RICKARD, Alex SAGANIC, Mary SANTAMAURO, Isabelle SCOTT, Tristan SEARLE, Victoria STILLMAN, Hannah SUDOFSKY, Tasha TAN, Bowen THIELER, Sarah THOMAS, Ellie THRASHER, Samuel TODD-WEINSTEIN, Natalie TOOMEY, Emmalee VALLEY, Madison VENETIS, Sophia WAITE, Ryan WATSON, Jordan XIA, Yuhong ZAMAN, Sama ZHANG, Cather ZHENG, Liming ZHU, Leihua ZITOMER, Michael

A Study of Human Emotional Attachment to Inanimate Objects The Relationship Between Noise and Energy Production in Wind Turbines Seasonal Changes Across Mixed Layer Depths in the Ross Sea Exploration of Hydrofoils Connections Between a Location and the bpm or Key of National Anthems Testing Methods of Erosion Prevention at Menauhant Beach Behavioral Response of Coral to Anthropogenic Noise Does the Inlet Morphology Affect Tidal Exchange?

Is Wave Power a Feasible Source of Energy? Building a Prototype The Effect of Varying Air Pressure on Different Brands of Soccer Balls The Effects of Water Temperature on Ciona intestinalis Camouflage Behavior in Two Species of Cephalopod The Solubility of Antibiotics and Bioavailability After Incubation The Efficiency of Various Microplastic Filters Caffeine Addiction in the Ant Lasius niger Assessing RNA Editing within the Coral Symbiont Symbiodinium Structural Building Design that Is Earthquake Safe The Effect of Yellow Pigments on Brine Shrimp and Rhizobium Exploring the Presence of Microplastics in Great Pond Do Different Methods of Cooking Make Conch More Tender or Less?

What Wind Turbine Blade is the Most Effective Power Producer?

The Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Cockroach Behavior Does Grooming a Horse Affect Heart Rate?

The Effects of pH Level on Coral Skeletons Which Is Broken Down Faster by Amylase, GMO or Non-GMO Starch?

The Effect of Over-Fertilization on Local Soils The Effect of Footwear on the Performance of a Standing Back Tuck A Computer Program for Solving Six-Piece Burr Puzzles Caffeine Concentration in Drinks and Effect on Daphnia Heart Rate Effects of Diphenhydramine and Fexofenadine on Lymantria dispar Growth The Effect of Acid Rain on Corrosion Rate of Metals Effects of Different Sleep Aids on Brine Shrimp The Science Behind Gecko Technology and an Attempt to Make One

THANK YOU TO OUR 2019 MENTORS & ADVISORS Mr. David Bailey

Dr. Mark Hahn

Dr. Aran Mooney

Mr. Scott Bennett

Dr. Michael Jakuba

Dr. Duygu Ozpolat

Ms. Jess Benjamin

Dr. Mark Borrelli

Ms. Jessica Donahue Ms. Diana Franks

Dr. Virginia Edgcomb Ms. Mayra Garcia

Dr. Graham Giese Ms. Sarah Glancy Mr. Bret Grasse

Dr. Kristin Gribble

Dr. Eldad Gutner-Hoch

Dr. Ben Hodges Mr. Ian Jones

Mr. Tom Lanagan Dr. Joel Llopiz

Mr. Fritz Lauenstein Ms. Brianna Lohr

Dr. Alison Macdonald Ms. Adrian Mann

Dr. Mike Mazzotta

Dr. Sarah McCarron ’96 Dr. Dan McCorkle

Dr. Susan Natali

Dr. Christopher Reddy Mr. David Remsen

Dr. Loretta Roberson Dr. Joshua Rosenthal Dr. Mak Saito

Mr. Taylor Sakmar

Dr. Jeffrey Seewald Ms. Kay Slater

Ms. Deborah Winograd

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