2025-26 Student Research Abstracts

Learn more about our research

106 New Scotland Ave Albany, New York 12208 www.acphs.edu

erom nraeL hcraeser ruo tuoba

Faculty-Guided evA dnaltocS Research weN 601 Student 80221 kroY weN ,ynablA ude.shpca.ww2026 w 2025

Index

Mission We educate the next generation of leaders to improve the health of our society.

Vision ACPHS strives to be a global leader in preparing students for transformative health careers to solve problems that change the world.

V Vatsavai, P. Verkaik, A. Vogt, J. Vredenburg, I. W Wantuch, K. Williams, J. White, J. White, B. Woodward, P. Y Yates, J. Yager, E. Yoon, H. Z

36 41 50 56 51 34, 71 45 51 72 27 27 13

Zara, L.

76

Zhang, A. Zheng, H.

73 28, 38, 46, 53, 58, 69

Greetings!

It is with great pride and gratitude that we present this year's Research Symposium Compendium of Abstracts. The work contained in these pages represents the dedication and talent of our ACPHS students and faculty, and we are honored to celebrate their contributions to basic, clinical and applied research.

This compendium has grown considerably in recent years, and we are pleased to share that this year's symposium welcomed 53 participants — a reflection of the energy and enthusiasm for research that continues to flourish across our community. None of this would be possible without the combined efforts of our researchers, our administrative teams, and the generosity of supporters.

We hope the breadth and quality of the research presented here inspires as much pride in our community as it does in us. We are grateful to everyone who made it possible.

Sincerely,

Toyin Tofade Toyin Tofade, MS, PharmD, CPCC, FFIP President and Professor

Joseph J. Carreno Joseph J. Carreno, PharmD, MPH Associate Professor and Director of Research and Sponsored Programs

2025

The Isolation of Bacteriophage Invectra N. Burgess; W. Sanchez; H. Bouchard; W. Othman; D. Schengrund; B. Meng Bacteriophages encompass a vast majority of the biosphere's make up. Due to their abundance, there's a wide sequence variety that make up these phages.

Despite being so miniscule that they can only be seen with an electron microscope, they are an upcoming efficient way of battling the ever-evolving bacteria in the environment. Phage Invectra was isolated using enriched isolation. Once purified, Invectra was sequenced by the University of Pittsburgh.

Following sequencing, tools such as DNA Master, Phamerator, Staterator, and BLAST were utilized to annotate the phage. Analyzing bacteriophages and their genes may provide us clues on potential alternatives to aid in combating antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. Since bacteriophages are genetically diverse, analyzing and understanding their mechanics can help us understand certain biological processes better. These opportunities can enhance medical care by being able to target specific bacteria without harming the ecosystem within the inflicted.

Characterizing the Shift from Apoptosis to Necroptosis Using Monocyte-Derived Macrophage in Hyperglycemic Conditions A. DeGraw; A. Knapp; M. Deragon; T. LaRocca There are two main types of cell death eukaryotic cells can undergo depending on the surrounding environment. These are apoptosis, which is a non-inflammatory death, and necroptosis, which is a severe inflammatory death. With the severity of the inflammation that is caused by necroptosis, the damage to the cells and surrounding tissues is irreversible. On the other hand, apoptosis does not elicit a significant immune response. It is used to help rid the body of damaged or unhealthy cells in non-damaging ways. By using mammalian cells, in both normal and high glucose conditions, we were able to analyze the hyperglycemic shift between TNF-induced apoptosis and necroptosis. Through the use of western blots, WST-1 viability assays, and fluorescence imaging, these cell death pathways were able to be explored and characterized.

There was a noted presence of peroxynitrite produced from the cells in the hyperglycemic conditions as determined by fluorescence imaging. Using the inhibitor PITO, a nitric oxide scavenger, cell death was inhibited in high glucose, but not normal glucose as determined by WST-1 viability assay. Through analyzing the role of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in these pathways, we hope to further the understanding of the underlying mechanism of the hyperglycemic shift to necroptosis.

1

Bioreactor Systems and Shake Flask Methodologies for Microbial Submerged Fermentation E. Chukwudiebube; P. Datta; M. Shah Submerged microbial fermentations are the cornerstone of industrial biomanufacturing and have been successfully used for industrial production of insulin, antibiotics, enzymes, and biofuels. Most microbial fermentations used in the biopharmaceutical industry utilize submerged fermentation processes, where microorganisms are cultivated in a liquid nutrient broth. Bioreactors (fermentors, fermenters) are essential for industrial-scale biomanufacturing and provide a controlled environment for cultivation of the microorganism. The various bioreactor systems for microbial submerged fermentation are the stirred tank bioreactor, airlift, fluidized bed, bubble column, and photobioreactor.

Stirred tank bioreactors remain the most commonly used bioreactors for industrial biomanufacturing. The key operational parameters influencing fermentation performance include agitation, aeration, dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature control. Precise control of key operational parameters ensures desired product's SISPQ (Safety, Identity, Strength, Purity, and Quality). Bioreactor calibrations and process control are fundamental for ensuring accuracy, consistency, operational efficiency and mitigating risks. Bioreactors are operated in a batch, fed batch, or continuous mode. While bioreactors are the workhorse in upstream biomanufacturing, initial shake flask experiments are essential for the initial screening process and development studies.

The scaling-up from shake flask to bench scale bioreactors to industrial bioreactors pose significant challenges such as the inoculum size and preparation, agitation speed, oxygen transfer rate, pH control, temperature control and dissolved oxygen control. Investigating scale-up across shake flasks, bench-scale, and industrial bioreactors provide critical data for bioreactor design and process modeling. This review focuses on various bioreactor systems, bioreactor process controls, and scale-up strategies from shake flasks to bioreactors.

2

Impact of Technology Use on Online Behaviors and Mental Health in Past Adolescence K. Fonseca; L. Rodriguez-Steen In recent years, technology use has increased across the globe. This has widespread-reaching impacts across all ages. However, it may have particularly serious implications for young people who may not have the mechanisms to understand the potential impacts of reliance on technology. Research indicates that children in the United States spend an average of 4 to 6 hours a day using technology, and this only increases in the teen years as teens spend an average of up to 9 hours using technology (AACAP, 2020).

At the same time, research demonstrates that increased contact with technology can open the door for exposure to problematic internet experiences, including online risk exposure. Online risk exposure is defined as the culmination of negative online risk experiences (Maghsoudi et al., 2020). This includes sharing private information, online harassment, sexual solicitations, and exposure to explicit online content. Research demonstrates that online risk exposure mediates the relationship between internet use and psychological stress (Maghsoudi et al., 2020). Previous research also indicates that online risk exposure leads to negative psychological effects on adolescents. Adolescents may engage in more risky behaviors online to reinforce the relationships they have or new ones they want to make. For example, Noll and colleagues (2013) suggest that an adolescent who has been maltreated poses the risk of exhibiting behaviors online that can lead them to be harmed and that adolescents are probably not aware that exhibiting risky behaviors online can make adults online assume they will engage in sexual conversation or meet offline.

The purpose of this study is to examine internet usage in combination with mental health, online sexual solicitation/grooming, and online risk exposure. By exploring this relationship, we aimed to better understand the impact of technology on the mental health of young people as well as online sexual solicitation/grooming, and online risk exposure.

3

Pharmacological Inhibition of RNA Polymerase III and its Effects on Reactivation of HIV Replication M. Deol; J. Das; M. Deragon; V. Singh HIV latent reservoirs are challenging to eliminate due to a number of mechanisms working in tandem to keep viral expression repressed. It is imperative that we discover new strategies to reactivate HIV reservoirs so that infected cells can be identified and eliminated, an HIV cure strategy known as "Shock and Kill." Recent evidence has shown that RNA Polymerase III (RNAP III) may play a role in maintaining HIV latency.

Preliminary studies from our lab demonstrated that the inhibition of RNAP III by ML60218 leads to a strong reactivation of latently infected cell lines including THP89GFP and J89GFP cells. These findings suggested that RNA Pol III may have a restrictive effect on HIV replication. Thus, in this study, we investigated if pharmacological inhibition of RNAP III by RNAP III inhibitor ML60218 could promote HIV expression. We observed that RNAP III inhibition induced significantly increased expression of HIV initiation, elongation, and Tat transcripts in HIV-1 pseudotyped (DuoFluo)-infected THP-1 and SupT cells. However, the quantity of total HIV DNA did not change, suggesting that RNA Pol III specifically regulates HIV transcription.

Additionally, we also evaluated the effects of RNAP III inhibition on the expression of IFN-α and IFN-β in DuoFluo-infected THP-1 and SupT cells using RT-PCR. Furthermore, we conducted Immunoblotting to assess the effects of ML60218 on the activation status of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Overall, these findings bolster previous notions that RNAP III may promote HIV latency by restricting HIV replication via induction of interferon signaling. The findings of this study may present a promising HIV cure strategy by manipulating RNA Pol III-driven mechanisms.

4

Cannabinoids as Sleep Aids Against Alzheimer's Disease N. Hammond; S. Leonette; L. Thomas Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most diagnosed diseases in the world that impact on millions of patients' lives, with symptoms of memory loss, confusion, agitation, and trouble sleeping. AD exhibits a bidirectional relationship with sleep, where disease progression is associated with a decline in sleep quality and duration. Cannabinoids like CBG, CBN, and CBD have shown promise in improving sleep.

Clinical trials have shown promising data for using CBN in combination with CBG. This coupling may help with the anti- inflammatory side effects of Alzheimer's disease. Emergent literature also indicated that chronic low sleep quality may be a main cause for AD. Upon literature and preliminary clinical findings, we hypothesize that selected cannabinoids and personalized pharmacotherapy protocol can improve the quality of sleep in AD patients and even slow the progression of the disease. In the long term, we propose to use cannabinoids as an intervention to mitigate sleep disturbances associated with AD. With more translational research, cannabinoids may be a main-line solution to sleep issues that treat and even prevent AD.

5

Exploring Genetic Pathways Involved in Antibiotic Collateral Sensitivity Through the Evolution of Antibiotic-Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae A. Mills; D. Slusarek; A. Rathor; A. McCabe Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic Gram-negative bacterium that causes a variety of infections including UTI and pneumonia in immunocompromised/hospitalized patients. K. pneumoniae is pathogen of concern because it is frequently multi-drug resistant (MDR). Due to scarcity of new antibiotics, treatment options for MDR infections are limited prompting exploration of effective combinations of existing antibiotics to identify synergistic combinations. Antibiotic synergy occurs when combinations of drugs are more effective together than either drug is separately. We are interested in understanding mechanisms of collateral sensitivity that may underly synergistic antibiotic combinations and evolution of antibiotic resistance of K. pneumoniae mutants.

Collateral sensitivity occurs when resistance to one drug causes sensitivity to another. Gentamicin-resistant cultures evolved to levels over 100-fold greater than the MIC of WT K. pneumoniae MKP220 to explore mechanisms of collateral sensitivity, as a way of developing new combination therapies. Purification of gentamicin-resistant K. pneumoniae mutants was achieved by multiple rounds of streak purification and the MIC of gentamicin was determined for each isolate.

Sensitivity to additional antibiotics was determined by comparing these strains to WT using disc diffusion assays and liquid growth curves. The growth rates and colony morphologies of the isolated strains' phenotypes were examined for physiological defects under various environmental conditions.

Mutants of interest were chosen that showed of range of phenotype and gentamicin profiles. They were sent for whole genome sequencing to identify mutations that may underly resistance and/or sensitivity. Multiple mutations were found in the selected strains including genes involved in energy production, cell membrane, stress responses, DNA replication, and other areas. Knockout mutations of three select genes were created in a WT background and compared to WT and parental strains for growth and resistance profiles. Identified mutations will illuminate the role in collateral sensitivity.

6

Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV-1 Activates the cGAS/STING Pathway to Produce IFN in MT2 Cells R. Bombaywala; B. Miranda; B. Shi The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is a retrovirus that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS), a severe human disease characterized by hyperimmune activation and inflammation. Infection by HIV-1 cell-free virus was found to evade host innate immune recognition and avoid the production of type I interferon (IFN) due to the encapsulation of its DNA in the viral capsid. However, whether cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1, a much more aggressive form of viral infection, can induce IFN production and cause potential immunopathogenesis has been largely unknown.

In this study, the human T cell line, MT2 cell, which is positive for HTLV-1, was infected by a single round VSV-G pseudotyped HIV-1 GFP+ virus. It was found that HIV-1 GFP+ viruses could continue to spread dominantly by cell-to-cell contact by incorporation of HTLV-1 glycoprotein after finishing the first round of replication in MT2 cells. Interestingly, western blotting results showed strong phosphorylation of STING (Ser366) protein and IRF-3 (Ser396) protein in MT2 cells in late time points, in an infection dosage-dependent manner, indicating the activation of cGAS/STING pathway induced by 2nd round cell-to-cell transmission. Further, this pathway activation could be blocked by cGAS inhibitor G140 or inhibited by treatment of reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz (EFA) at 12 hours post-infection.

Finally, quantified by real-time PCR, it was also found that episomal HIV-1 DNA increased with viral replication cycles while HTLV-1 DNA remained at a much lower level without noticeable changes. Together, these results demonstrated that cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 strongly activated the cGAS/STING/IRF-3 pathway in MT2 cells.

7

Sulforaphane Inhibits HIV-1 Expression in Monocytes and Microglial Cells D. Sangasani; M. Deragon; J. Das; V. Singh Progression of HIV infection and retained latency within the host can lead to exacerbation of damage to affected immune-associated cells. In the event that HIV crosses the blood-brain barrier, infection of these resident immune cells can cause inflammation and damage. This damage to cells and the surrounding tissue can result in a range of neurological complications, leading to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). The severity of HAND is dependent on several factors, including the stage of HIV infection and viral load, which indicates the clinical importance of preventing the reactivation of HIV within the host. As microglia are the predominant immune-associated cells within the brain, they are the most likely target for HIV infection following the crossing of the blood-brain barrier.

Our previous studies have suggested that Sulforaphane can restrict the reactivation of latently infected cells. In this study we intended to evaluate the effect of SFN on HIV reactivation in monocytic cell line (U1) and microglial (HMC3) cells. We observed that SFN significantly reduced the expression of HIV-1 transcripts in microglial as well as monocytic cell lines. Treatment with SFN showed significantly increased and long-term retention of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) protein expression levels during TNF-α based reactivation of latent HIV infected cells. Future directions include western blot analysis of HMC3 cells in line with previously determined results, along with establishment of long-term protection from HIV reactivation in this cell line. This study is poised to address the gap in our understanding of latent brain reservoir and advocate the interventions using SFN as a neuroprotective antiviral.

8

Annotating the Genome of Bacteriophage Invectra E. Ragnauth; L. Sager; D. Schengrund; H. Bouchard; W. Othman; B. Meng In this study, Gordonia phage Invectra was discovered, isolated, and its genome analyzed. Using an enriched isolation technique, phage Invectra was collected from a soil sample, isolated, and amplified using the host bacteria Gordonia rubripertincta. Invectra's genome was then sequenced at the University of Pittsburgh and analyzed using several computer applications. It was discovered that Invectra is a temperate phage in the subcluster CZ4 and has the Morphotype Siphoviridae.

Invectra has 80 genes, and 49018 base pairs that were auto annotated and are in the process of being verified by hand. DNA Master was used to determine the accuracy of certain start sites. In conjunction, Phamerator and Staterator were used to verify the start positions for every gene. Other tools such as HHPred and BLAST were also used to compare Invectra to previously annotated phages. The discovery of Invectra may help with the discovery and annotation of other phages in the future, as its complete genome will be a part of the NCBI database.

How Does Fast-Fashion Purchasing Habits Impact Perception of Climate Change?

B. Longden; L. Rodriguez Steen The purpose of this study is to examine the frequency of college students purchasing habits from fast fashion companies, their understanding of climate change, and their acceptance of climate change. Data was collected from 48 college-age students.

Participants responded to a series of questionnaires designed to capture their opinions and attitudes about fast fashion and climate. In contrast to the hypotheses of the current research, results showed there was little significance between the variables of interest. Overall, this study demonstrated that college-age students are knowledgeable about and accepting of climate change and the impact of climate change.

9

Further Characterization of Microemulsions for Use of Topical Drug Delivery E. Tangorra; M. Hass This research project is a continuation of development of microemulsions (ME) and nanoparticle (NP) technologies as topical delivery vehicles for prodrugs and co-drugs derived from mycophenolic acid (MPA). The overall aim of the project is to develop novel topical therapies for treating psoriasis and other inflammatory skin diseases.

A series of ME and NE were previously prepared from various oils, surfactants and water, assessed for stability and characterized by their particles size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. PS, PDI and ZP measurements were taken using a Malvern Nanosizer 90S instrument. Stable ME/NE were then loaded with the methylester of MPA, MPA-ME. These loaded ME/NE were assessed for stability and PS, PDI and ZP were measured. Loaded ME samples are currently being analyzed to determine the load capacity of these vehicles using solid phase extraction (SPE), lyophilization and reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).

Future plans are to evaluate the effectiveness of the ME to deliver MPA-ME to the skin using an ex vivo porcine skin model.

10

Upstream Bioprocess Characterization for a mAb-Producing CHO Cell Line: A Study of Chemically Defined Media and Amino Acid Supplementation V. Carrillo; E. Louie; P. Datta Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are the most frequently used non-human mammalian cell line in the industry, producing more than 70% of recombinant protein therapies. NISTCHO cells are a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line that has been genetically engineered to produce a monoclonal antibody called cNISTmAb. The cell line was developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in collaboration with MilliporeSigma and serves as a model cell line for process development studies and for training in biomanufacturing.

The current study explores the impact of commercially available chemically defined media (EX-CELL CD CHO Serum-Free Medium and HyClone™ ActiPro™ cell culture media) and amino acid supplementation strategies on the upstream bioprocess of NistCHO cells. The cell growth, viability, and mAb production were assessed. The overarching aim is to develop a robust and optimized bioprocess that maximizes mAb yield and quality, contributing to more efficient and cost-effective biomanufacturing. This research underscores the critical role of upstream process optimization in maximizing product yield and aligns with the growing demands of the biopharmaceutical industry.

11

PKPD Modeling and Quantitative Analysis of Immunotherapy Drug Pembrolizumab R. Celebi; M. Musteata This study develops an in-vitro fluidic pharmacokinetic system to assess pembrolizumab's clearance and effect on cell growth as an alternative to animal models. Murine blood circulation dynamics are simulated within the fluidic system and integrate LC-MS/MS and SPME probes for drug quantification. PKAnalix software allows determination of clearance and elimination characteristics. This model supports and enables precise monitoring of drug metabolism and dose-dependent clearance changes such as target-mediated drug disposition.

These approaches enhance pharmacokinetic monitoring of monoclonal antibodies as well as enhance immunotherapy dosing and translational research in oncology.

The fluidic apparatus consists of a mechanical arrangement of pumps and tubing that mimic the circulatory system of a mouse. Tubing carries drug solution from the injection point to the mixing chamber, then through the system circulation to mimic blood flow. Other features entail adjustable flow rates and a port for elimination and sample collection. With this system, drug concentration changes are monitored over time. Clearance kinetics were assessed in optimization trials with methyl blue injections. Pembrolizumab samples collected over a time course were analyzed and quantified using LC-MS/MS with a Shimadzu LC system and AB Sciex QTRAP 5500 mass spectrometer, employing a Phenomenex Kinetex C18 column. A closed-loop fluidic system was used to evaluate pembrolizumab stability and adsorption within the system, which was quantified by LC-MS. SPME is a common microsampling method of analysis that was validated in previous studies. Data from optimization and validation trials showed calculated clearance values aligned with the elimination pump flow rate. Data plots by PKAnalix visually presented a lack of outliers and an expected profile of a multiple-dose regimen, in an IV Bolus, one compartment model. The system was validated to show the elimination pump provided the calculated clearance of methyl blue in the fluidic system. PEG minimized adsorption while maintaining signal intensity. Closed-loop trials confirmed pembrolizumab's stability over time, validating the system's ability to maintain drug integrity for multiple days.

This study successfully optimized a fluidic pharmacokinetic apparatus and system for creating realistic pharmacokinetic profiles, optimized quantification of pembrolizumab by LC-MS/MS, was validated using PKAnalix, and explored quantification of pembrolizumab by SPME. These findings support the fluidic pharmacokinetic generator apparatus and LC-MS/MS quantification as valuable tools for simulating monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics and exploring its effect on cells.

12

Charting the Path: ACPHS PharmD Alumni's Journey to Success in the Pharmaceutical Industry D. Byk; V. Amin; K. Buenviaje; K. Eapen; H. Yoon Over the past decade, the pharmaceutical landscape has witnessed significant changes, with an increasing demand for postgraduate training. (among ACPHS students and alumni) This surge can be attributed to various factors, including a plateau in compensation levels within community and hospital pharmacy practices.

Additionally, the pharmaceutical industry has seen a proliferation of FDA-approved medications (specialty products), leading to increased demand for scientifically and clinically trained healthcare professionals, especially pharmacists, across diverse functional roles.

This study aims to explore the career trajectories of Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (ACPHS) pharmacy students in their final year who are pursuing the fellowship path and alumni currently employed in the pharmaceutical industry. As post-graduate training opportunities expand and become more competitive in response to industry demands, understanding alumni's professional paths can help bridge the knowledge gap for current students. Specifically, this study aims to assess the role of fellowships, advanced degrees, and networking in career progression. The insights gathered will provide valuable guidance for pharmacy students navigating potential postgraduate training options in a pharmaceutical landscape.

The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive survey amongst ACPHS students and alumni currently employed in the pharmaceutical industry. (By focusing on our esteemed alumni, this research aims to bridge the knowledge gap concerning post-graduate training opportunities.) The insights gleaned from this study will be invaluable for current student pharmacists as they consider their options for post-graduate training in this evolving pharmaceutical landscape.

Through the inclusion of esteemed alumni, this study helped to identify the most common routes to leadership roles. This in turn will inform current pharmacy students about the qualifications and experiences that could enhance their future career progression within the pharmaceutical industry.

13

Analysis of the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Effects of Hypoalbuminemia on Treatment of Breast Cancer with Tamoxifen D. Mattison; K. Jin; M. Musteata The prevalence of hypoalbuminemia (HA) and the preference of tamoxifen endocrine therapy for breast cancer patients, means that an experiment taking both into account has the potential to provide useful information that can benefit the dosing and health outcomes of breast cancer patients. There has been little research looking into in vivo tamoxifen breast cancer treatment and albumin interactions, adding to the significance that results of such an experiment would provide.

This experiment had two specific aims. The first aim was to determine the best Liquid-Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis method for tamoxifen and its metabolites. First, a calibration curve was created to allow the device to accurately detect the compounds and determine their concentration, resulting in calibration equations and retention times. Second, different combinations of total recovery vial types and sample solvents were tested to determine which will yield more consistent and accurate results over time when measured using the calibrated LC-MS/MS method. There was no significant difference found between the vial types, but acetonitrile was determined to be a better sample solvent for tamoxifen than methanol.

The second aim of this research is to determine with mouse models if HA influences the treatment outcome of breast cancer patients being treated with tamoxifen. Both albumin and tamoxifen serum concentrations will be determined, while the size of the breast cancer tumors in the mice will be accessed to determine tamoxifen's efficacy for the four different mice groups. Though no results have been obtained yet, it is hypothesized that mice without albumin will exhibit toxic levels of the drug shown in results from the therapeutic drug monitoring analysis and potentially show adverse drug effects. On the other hand, mice with higher albumin are hypothesized to have received less effective treatment and to display larger tumors throughout the study and at necropsy.

14

Development of a Novel In Vivo Ultrafiltration Method for Monitoring of Pembrolizumab Pharmacokinetics L. Gladding; M. Musteata The goal of this research is to use a novel in vivo ultrafiltration method to investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the anti-cancer drug pembrolizumab in laboratory mice and potentially in humans. To do this, we have developed a unique ultrafiltration probe using a polyacrylonitrile-dimethylformamide solution and a pipette tip, which can then be inserted into mouse tissue for sample collection. The probes were created by coating the end of a pipette tip in the PAN in DMF solution and immediately submerging the tip in distilled water, using a pump to prevent water from entering the tip by capillary action. This method has been proven to be highly robust, creating working probes from 9-15% w/w PAN concentrations.

To test the filtering ability of our created probes, a molybdenum disulfide microparticle solution with particles ranging from 1-2 micrometers in diameter, and a hemoglobin solution were utilized. By mixing the two solutions together, the combined solution could then be drawn up into the probe and observed under a microscope to ascertain the presence of hemoglobin, indicated by a red coloring of the liquid, and a lack of microparticles, whose presence would be indicated by a black cloudiness in the solution.

After determining the effectiveness of the created probes, we plan on testing the probe with various samples containing pembrolizumab, using an LC-MS/MS assay developed in our laboratory to verify the presence of the drug in the ultrafiltrate.

We would then like to repeat the above process of testing the probes by filtering plasma solutions containing pembrolizumab, as well as samples in a fluidic two-compartment pharmacokinetic model generator that includes live cells. As the end goal, we would like to test the effectiveness of these probes in live laboratory mice.

15

Synthesis of a Co-drug Derived from Mycophenolic Acid and 5-Aminolevulinic Acid T. Tebano; M. Hass Mycophenolic acid (MPA), an immunosuppressant, and 5-aminolevulinic acid, a photosensitizer, have both demonstrated effectiveness in treating symptoms of the autoimmune disorder, psoriasis. Psoriasis treatment often consists of combination therapy. The overall objective of this project is to synthesize a codrug originating from MPA and ALA. Methyl mycophenolate (MPA-ME) and 5-((tert-bbutoxycarbonyl) amino-4-oxopentanoic acid (BOC-ALA) can be used as starting materials for the synthesis of mycophenolate-aminolevulinate methyl ester (MPA-ALA ME). Crude MPA-ALA ME was synthesized using organic synthetic techniques, where the carboxylic acid of ALA couples to the phenol of MPA. The methyl ester (ME) of MPA-ME and the tert-butoxy (BOC) group of BOC-ALA serve as protecting groups, and the BOC group is deprotected during the second step of the MPA-ALA ME synthesis, forming the co-drug. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy are currently being used to characterize synthesized MPA-ALA ME. HaCaT cells are used to assess metabolism and release of the active MPA and ALA. MPA-ME is also used as a model compound in these studies.

We aim to demonstrate that ALA and MPA can be released by the ALA-MPA codrug as a result of the codrug undergoing hydrolysis promoted by hydrolytic enzymes that can be found in HaCaT cells. We expect that the extent of hydrolysis in HaCaT cells and in the skin will correspond to the activity of the released ALA and MPA, which can be monitored by HPLC.

16

Understanding and Managing Solitary Fibrous Tumors (SFT) M. Javed Solitary Fibrous Tumors (SFTs) are rare connective tissue growths characterized by thick collagen and branching blood vessels, primarily affecting older adults. These tumors can occur in various locations, including the pleura, head and neck, breast, kidney, prostate, and spinal cord. While most SFTs are non-cancerous and grow slowly, their diagnosis involves imaging tests like MRI, CT scans, and biopsies to confirm the presence of the tumor. Molecularly, SFTs are distinguished by markers such as CD34, CD99, and BCL2, with the NAB2-STAT6 fusion gene playing a crucial role in tumor development.

Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, with surgery being the primary approach for localized tumors. Prognosis depends on factors like tumor size, cell division activity, and surgical margins.

Ongoing research focuses on understanding SFT biology, developing subtype-specific therapies, and improving treatment outcomes for high-risk patients. This review highlights the epidemiology, diagnostic methods, molecular understanding, treatment options, and future directions in managing SFTs.

Organelle Topology Profiling for MDA-231 BoM TNBCs using Random Forest Model D. Oruko; J. Goldwag; F. Awadalla; K.Matteson; X. Intes; U. Kruger; M.Barroso We have previously demonstrated the use of random forest in profiling of different cancer cell lines using topological features. In this study we used the same principle to determine the reliability of random forest as a tool for measuring drug effect on triple negative breast cancer cells using their topological features. Bone tropic metastatic cells were treated with different concentrations of MGH(YAP/TAZ inhibitors).

The cells were imaged via confocal microscope and 3D rendered using imaris software. Morphological and topological features were then collected and used in training and testing random forest models. Topological features of the Surface Contact Area (SCA) between mitochondria and Endosomes were observed to produce the highest levels of accuracy at 90.26%. This indicates the need for more data to increase the percentage accuracies and the reliability of topological features in profiling treatment of metastatic cancer cells.

17

Targeting CCL5 Signaling Pathway in Endocrine Resistant Breast Cancer Therapy D. Lomonaco; K. Jin Estrogen receptor (ER) is the primary transcription factor driving ~75% of all breast cancers and serves as the target for endocrine therapies. However, resistance to endocrine therapy remains a critical clinical challenge, particularly in metastatic ER-positive breast cancers harboring ESR1 point mutations in the ligand-binding domain, such as Y537S and D538G. These mutations are frequently identified in metastatic tumors and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) from patients undergoing endocrine treatment.

Despite the efficacy of endocrine therapies combined with CDK4/6 inhibitors, resistance mechanisms and therapeutic vulnerabilities in ESR1-mutated metastatic breast cancer remain poorly understood. Our preliminary studies explored the crosstalk between endocrine-resistant breast cancer (ERBC) cells and stromal cells.

By co-culturing seven ERBC cell lines, including genome-edited models of ESR1 mutations, with four stromal cell types, we screened 28 secretome combinations using cytokine antibody arrays. This analysis identified significant upregulation of CCL5 and endoglin in the tumor-stromal microenvironment. We hypothesize that CCL5 mediates endocrine therapy resistance and facilitates the metastatic transition of ERBC cells through interactions with stromal components. To test this, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to generate CCL5 knockout EO771 cells and validated the loss of CCL5 expression via qRT-PCR and ELISA. Functional assays revealed significantly reduced proliferation and migration in CCL5 KO cells compared to wild-type cells.

In vivo studies using an orthotopic mouse model will be performed to examine if CCL5 KO tumor growth and metastasis, and treatment with maraviroc (a CCR5 inhibitor) selectively reduced wild-type cell viability. These findings establish CCL5 as a critical regulator of ERBC growth and metastasis, supporting its potential as a therapeutic target. This research provides a foundation for designing clinical trials targeting CCL5-mediated resistance mechanisms in endocrine-resistant breast cancer.

18

Investigating the Influence of Human Serum Albumin Concentration On (z)-4-Hydroxytamoxifen Treatment of Breast Cancer M. Berghela; K. Jin; M. Musteata Precision medicine in cancer treatment demands accurate dosing and timely interventions for optimal patient outcomes. However, clinicians encounter numerous challenges, including demographic shifts towards an aging population, rising obesity rates, and complex diagnostic dilemmas contributing to elevated mortality rates. A critical aspect within our control is the selection of appropriate treatments and the precise administration of therapeutic doses.

Balancing the efficacy and toxicity of anti-cancer drugs is paramount, as overdosing can lead to adverse effects and financial burden, while suboptimal dosing may result in treatment failure. The therapeutic window for these drugs is narrow yet varies significantly among individuals due to their interactions with proteins and fats in bodily fluids and tissues. Monitoring drug concentrations in the bloodstream provides valuable insights into dosing optimization, yet total drug levels alone do not reflect the active drug fraction within cancerous tissues. To address this limitation, we aimed to establish normalized drug levels by integrating drug quantities with patient-specific body compositions.

Our primary objective was to elucidate the optimal tamoxifen levels for breast cancer treatment and investigate the influence of tamoxifen-protein interactions, particularly with albumin, on breast cancer cell growth. Utilizing a fluidic device designed to mimic drug kinetics in murine physiology, we successfully constructed and validated a model mirroring the in vivo drug distribution dynamics. Subsequent analysis revealed normalized tamoxifen levels and demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect of albumin on tamoxifen's anti-cancer efficacy in breast cancer cell cultures. These findings underscore the pivotal role of albumin in modulating tamoxifen's therapeutic response in breast cancer. Moreover, leveraging patient-specific albumin levels may inform personalized tamoxifen dosing strategies, optimizing therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse effects.

19

Sulforaphane Treatment Inhibits HIV Reactivation in Latently Infected Cells with Long-Term Effects A. Nunes; J. Das; M. Deragon; V. Singh HIV persists as a major global health challenge due to its ability to integrate into the host genome, allowing it to evade immune detection and resist conventional therapies. Block and lock approach has emerged as a promising strategy to achieve a functional cure by rendering HIV promoter into a permanent repressive state thus driving the provirus into a state of deep latency.

Sulforaphane (SFN) is a phytochemical found in Brassicaceae vegetables, has been reported to possess anti-HIV properties by restricting viral replication via NRF2-mediated antioxidative signaling. Our previous findings demonstrated that SFN treatment renders latently infected monocytes and T - cells resistant to reactivation, significantly reducing HIV transcription, viral RNA copies, and p24 protein levels. The effect was mediated by SFN-induced NRF2 signaling, which diminished NF-кB activation and suppressed HIV-1 LTR-driven transcription.

This capstone project aims to investigate the long-term effects of SFN on HIV latency and its ability to prevent reactivation. Using latently infected U1 (monocyte) cell lines, we evaluated the HIV reactivation upon SFN pre-treatment (10 µM for 24 hours) followed by TNFα stimulation. HIV transcription, viral RNA levels, and p24 expression were quantified at 48 hours, then 72- and 96-hours post-reactivation.

Further, single SFN treatment prevented second wave (72h after first reactivation) of TNF α induced reactivation suggesting a long-lasting repressive effect of SFN on HIV promoter. These findings were found consistent in latently infected J89GFP cells (representative of T cells).

Our findings provide a critical insight into the potential of SFN as a latency-promoting agent, contributing to the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at achieving a functional cure for HIV.

20

Perceptions of Parents Grieving the Death of a Teenage Child: A Vignette Study B. Rakoczy; K. Fonseca; N. Dorr People grieving the death of a loved one are often judged negatively by others and may not receive the social support they need (e.g., Gonschor et al., 2020; O'Callaghan & Lambert, 2024;). Isolating the effect of various factors on how grieving individuals are perceived has been studied using vignette-based experiments (e.g., Eisma et al., 2019; Zammit et al., 2024).

The current study seeks to augment scientific knowledge by examining people's perceptions of a grieving parent using a vignette-based study. Approximately three-hundred adults will be randomly assigned to read one of 12 online vignettes using a 2 (sex of grieving parent: mother or father) x 2 (cause of child's death: drug overdose or brain aneurysm) x 3 (type of grief coping strategy: avoidant, ruminating, or healthy) factorial design. Participants will complete self-report measures of perceptions of the griever, emotional reactions to the griever, desire to give social support, perceptions of parental guilt and blame, and perceptions of stigma related to the death and coping strategy.

We hypothesize people will perceive mothers less favorably and more deserving of guilt and blame than fathers, people will perceive parents whose child died from a drug-related overdose less favorably and more deserving of guilt and blame than parents whose child died from a brain aneurysm, and people will perceive parents using avoidant coping strategies less favorably than those using rumination, followed by those using healthy strategies. Additionally, we hypothesize a three-way interaction such that people will perceive mothers who use avoidant strategies to cope with their grief from their child dying from a drug overdose as the most deserving of guilt and blame. We further hypothesize people will feel most uncomfortable at the thought of interacting with a parent who uses avoidant coping strategies and whose child died from drug overdose.

21

Effect of Neutral and Negative Emotionally Arousing Images on Galvanic Skin Response: Toward the Development of a Novel Classroom Activity S. Jagda; R. Flint The electrodermal response, or galvanic skin response (GSR), has the potential to provide important information in the field of Forensic Neuroscience. As such, it is important for students with such interests to understand how this technique works.

Here we present preliminary data toward the development of a classroom activity examining GSR. Participants from Forensic Neuroscience and Neuropsychology classes viewed a slideshow containing negative (4) and neutral (4) faces as well as negative (4) and neutral (4) pictures taken from the RADIATE and IAPS stimulus databases, respectively. After completing an informed consent form, participants were connected to a small portable GSR biofeedback monitor (Hypnotherapy Equipment UK Ltd). One electrode was connected to the index finger and the other to the middle finger of the participant's dominant hand. Pictures were presented for 7 seconds followed by a 20 second blank screen. During the picture presentation, participants were asked to focus on the picture and their highest GSR response during the 7 second stimulus presentation was recorded.

Immediately afterwards they were asked to rate the picture on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (very negative) to 5 (very positive) with 3 representing 'neutral.'

Data were later discussed with the classes as part of the educational process.

Participants were then asked to complete a demographic questionnaire as well as a short questionnaire regarding the effectiveness of the activity. Data collection for this project is ongoing, but we will present the results of the data that have been collected thus far.

22

The Effects of Media Consumption on Self-Worth and Body Image K. Scott; D. Schoenfeld; L. Rodriguez Steen Media consumption has become an integral aspect of daily life, exposing individuals to an array of images and messages that shape their perceptions of self and body image. Through social media, written content, and visual media, people are consistently presented with curated and often altered portrayals of beauty, success, and self-worth. These idealized representations create unrealistic standards that may lead to negative self-perception and body dissatisfaction. As media accessibility continues to grow, it becomes increasingly important to understand the psychological effects of media consumption.

Current research highlights a strong connection between media exposure and self-esteem. According to Statista (2022), approximately 3.78 billion people used social media in 2021, with 76% of young individuals engaging with platforms like Instagram daily (Perrin & Anderson, 2019). These platforms often showcase appearance-focused, highly edited images that reinforce unattainable beauty standards (Chua & Chang, 2016). Even fitness-related content tends to conform to a slim ideal, contributing to weight anxiety and negative mood (Harper & Tiggemann, 2008). Furthermore, social media use has been correlated with lower overall well-being (Sherlock & Wagstaff, 2019). Beyond social media, visual media such as television, movies, and online videos also play a significant role in shaping self-perception. Nielsen (2021) found that the average American adult watches over four hours of television daily, with portable streaming devices increasing accessibility.

These media sources perpetuate unrealistic body standards, further impacting self-esteem and body image. Despite growing research on media consumption and psychological well-being, gaps remain in understanding how different media types influence self-perception. This study aims to explore the relationship between various forms of media exposure and self-esteem, hypothesizing that increased media consumption will correlate with higher levels of body dissatisfaction and negative self-image.

23

Method Development for the Denaturation, Digestion, and Analysis of Pembrolizumab by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) W. Tan Lu; M. Long; M. Musteata Pembrolizumab is a monoclonal antibody (mAb), an immune checkpoint inhibitor that allows the activation of tumor specific T cells, which kills tumor cells and secrete cytokines that restore anti-tumor immune responses. As the use of these therapies continue to rise for the treatment of cancers, an analytical method suitable for easy application in clinical settings would greatly support research and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for dose optimization.

In this study, it is hypothesized that the enzymatic digestion of pembrolizumab can be effectively optimized by selecting appropriate digestion conditions, leading to the generation of fragments that are able to achieve an intense and high-resolution signal by LC-MS/MS. Furthermore, it is proposed that the limit of detection (LOD) and the chromatographic noise can be decreased by using low molecular weight cut off (MWCO) filters. NanosepTM 3K centrifugal filters were used as part of the sample preparation process and surrogate peptides obtained from the digestion reaction were analyzed via LC-MS/MS. The optimization of the digestion step was done by testing multiple conditions, such as time, temperature, agitation, filter type, and denaturation reagents. Trypsin digestion efficiency was tested with various concentrations and types of trypsin. An increase in LC-MS/MS signal intensity and resolution was achieved by coating the centrifugal filters with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or milk.

Future directions include the validation of this method with an SPME-like device and its application to an artificial circulatory system, biological samples, and cell culture media to demonstrate its possible application in clinical settings.

24

Role of Nuclear Trafficking in Hyperglycemic Shift from Apoptosis to Necroptosis M. Deragon; K. Cook; M. Dougherty; T. LaRocca Necroptosis is a regulated form of inflammatory cell death that is associated with the pathophysiology of many diseases. Pro-necroptotic proteins such as MLKL, RIP1, and RIP3 are linked to initiation of this cell death pathway. A shift from apoptosis to necroptosis can be observed under certain conditions such as hyperglycemia, however the current mechanisms controlling the shift aren't clear.

MLKL. Our current hypothesis is that nuclear trafficking plays a vital role in the hyperglycemic shift to necroptosis given that pro-necroptotic proteins such as MLKL, RIP1, and RIP3 which are normally found in the cytoplasm have been known to translocate to the nucleus, in a manner that resembles caspase migration from cytoplasm to nuclease for initiation of apoptosis. To test this, nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions were isolated from cells incubated in high glucose (50mM) and normal glucose (10mM), then western blotting was performed to analyze which samples the proteins present in each sample. In addition, WST-1 viability assays were performed in the context of inhibition of nuclear import and export.

Learning and Extinction of a Novel Tactile Spatial Memory Task J. Morehouse; G. O'Boyle; R. Flint A novel task was developed to examine tactile spatial learning and extinction.

Forty-five participants completed two sessions of five trials each using the index finger of their dominant hand to locate the target stimulus among numerous distractor stimuli.

The target location was changed for session two, without the participant's knowledge. Results indicate significant learning, extinction, and reacquisition, establishing a protocol from which further studies of tactile spatial learning in humans may be developed.

25

Exploring the Impact of Mental Illness of Perceptions of Criminality in Offenders with Schizophrenia, Borderline Personality Disorder, or Depression A. Gomez; L. Rodriguez Steen Mental illness is a heavily stigmatized issue and individuals with mental illnesses frequently face discrimination (El-Badri & Mellsop, 2007). There is much overlap between mental illnesses and involvement in the criminal justice system. While criminal risk factors are effective at predicting involvement in the criminal justice system, psychiatric symptoms are not as effective (Bolaños et al., 2020).

However, people who hold important roles in the justice system may also hold perceptions and attitudes about mental illnesses that could impact the functioning of their roles (Batastini et al., 2018). Research indicates that when people with mental illnesses become involved in the criminal justice system, problems may arise because of their diagnoses (Hall et al., 2019). The present study examined how mental illness impacts perceptions of offenders. Sixty participants read one of three vignettes depicting an offender with a mental illness: (1) Schizophrenia, (2) Borderline Personality Disorder, or (3) Depression. Next, participants answered questions regarding their perceptions of the offender, crime, and mental health.

Results did not demonstrate a difference in perceptions of the offender based on mental illness. However, there appeared to be a correlation between attitudes towards both mental illness and criminal behaviors and the perceptions of a mentally ill offender.

The goal of this study was to better understand the impact of mental illness on perceptions of an offender. It is important to understand what factors impact perceptions of offenders. For example, a person's perceptions can affect their decision making when on a jury. As results from the current study suggest a significant relationship between attitudes towards both mental illness and crime and perceptions of offenders with mental illnesses, there is a possibility that less favorable attitudes towards either mental illness or crime can influence a potential juror's decision making in trials where the defendant has a mental illness.

26

Cell Phones as Fomites: A Pilot Study Assessing the Effects of UV Light Versus Antibacterial Wipes for Prevention of Spreading Pathogens J. Yates; E. Yager; P. Denvir Almost every student on our campus carries a cell phone with them. These devices are placed on countless surfaces throughout the day and are in constant contact with our hands and our face when making a phone call. Most people don't think about cleaning their phones or clean it rarely.

My study aims to compare two different cleaning methods of cell phones - UV light exposure and antibacterial wipes. The aim is twofold; first, to educate the student population on possible microbes and fomites that grow and attach to their personal items that they carry with them, in particular, their cell phone. Second, to illustrate two different cleaning methods to clean their phones to see which decreases the presence of microbes more effectively to inform our campus on how they should clean their cell phones efficiently. Data collected would be aggregated for all phones 'pre' and 'post' of each of the two disinfecting methods.

Analysis of results would be quantitative by observing the percentage coverage of the inoculated plate for the given swab. The implications of this research will be to illustrate the microbes that live on the surfaces of our personal devices that we carry with us everywhere we go. It will raise awareness of the importance of hygiene and cleaning these products on a regular basis.

The objective is that with this data, we can determine which of two cleaning methods is more effective at killing microbes, along with a cost analysis for the overall best way to clean cell phones. This can be taken a step further to see if the proven method could be established in a high traffic area such as the Gozzo Student Center where students, faculty and staff can all take a moment to clean their personal devices while on campus.

27

2026

Endocannabinoids as Biomarker for Anorexia Nervosa- Clinical Evidence and Challenges L. Thomas; H. Zheng Background: Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is characterized by persistent restrictive food intake and altered reward processing in relation to food. The foundational mechanisms defining these changes have been poorly defined. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) serves as a key regulator to feeding behavior and reward and has emerged as a potential regulator of AN dysfunction.

Hypothesis: This study tests the hypothesis that anorexia nervosa is associated with reduced plasma AEA and specific brain-region alteration in cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) availability, demonstrating impaired ECS modulation of reward.

Methods/Approach: A targeted narrative review was conducted to evaluate the peripheral and central components of the endocannabinoid system in AN. Preference was given to primary studies with defined sampling conditions and statistically significant findings. Literature identification was conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed using the terms 'anorexia nervosa', 'AEA', '2-AG', 'endocannabinoid system', 'PET', and 'mesolimbic system'. Studies were included if they quantified AEA/2-AG in patients with AN across study designs, sample sizes, and sampling conditions of meal-time blood draw. Studies using PET imaging containing patient population of AN measuring CB1R availability. Findings were synthesized to assess the relationship between peripheral and central endocannabinoid tone and reward-associated circuits.

Results: Heterogeneity in plasma AEA exists across studies, with significant increases, no difference, and significant decreases relative to controls. Study designs varied between static or dynamic change revolving around a single feeding period. Dynamic assessments revealed altered postprandial changes to endocannabinoid response. CB1 receptor PET imaging studies demonstrate a negative correlation between BMI in food intake disorders (FIDs) and CB1R availability in the insula, striatum, prefrontal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex. This implicates disrupted endocannabinoid modulation of interoception, reward valuation, and cognitive control.

Conclusion: Integration of peripheral endocannabinoid tone and central CB1R imaging supports a model of multilevel endocannabinoid dysfunction. This disruption likely contributes to impaired reward processing, interoception, and contributes to persistent restrictive behavior in AN. A combined peripheral-central ECS framework provides a more complete framework for understanding disease mechanisms and guiding future biomarker assays.

28

Characterization of Glutaredoxin Gene grx2 of Francisella Tularensis F. Murray; Z. Ma; M. Malik Francisella tularensis is an intracellular, gram-negative bacteria responsible for causing tularemia. Due to its high virulence and ability to be aerosolized, it has been used as a bioterror weapon in the past. This bacterium primarily likes to infect macrophages, which can generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in response to the infection. To combat this, F. tularensis has developed a slew of antioxidant systems including the glutaredoxin system, which has been shown to help regulate cellular redox homeostasis.

This system contains NADPH, glutathione reductase, glutathione, and glutaredoxins. While this system has been extensively characterized in other bacteria, the role of glutaredoxins in F. tularensis remains unknown. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of glutaredoxin 2 (Grx2) of F. tularensis LVS in oxidative stress resistance. It is hypothesized that the removal of the grx2 gene in F. tularensis will result in decreased survivability under conditions of oxidative stress. Indeed, deletion of the grx2 gene resulted in decreased survivability of F. tularensis under conditions of oxidative stress. However, there were no measured changes in sensitivity of the grx2 mutant to antibiotics. Characterization of grx2's role in intramacrophage survival of F. tularensis is still in progress. This study provides further insight into the glutaredoxin antioxidant system in F. tularensis and its role in the bacteria's resistance to oxidative stress.

29

Exploring Molecular Mechanisms of Collateral Sensitivity in Gentamicin Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae E. Ninche; K. Scott; A. Mills; D. Slusarek; D. Brena; J. Mecsas; A. McCabe Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of life-threatening nosocomial and community-acquired infections, particularly among the immunocompromised and neonates. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) K. pneumoniae has severely limited treatment options and poses a significant risk to public health as resistance genes continuously spread through horizontal gene transfer. Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin are widely used for the treatment of gram-negative infections; however, mechanisms of gentamicin resistance in K. pneumoniae are incompletely characterized.

The limited development of new antibiotics necessitates the development of novel therapeutic strategies. One such alternative strategy is collateral sensitivity, a phenomenon in which resistance to one antibiotic increases susceptibility to another due to fitness costs or evolutionary tradeoffs. It is hypothesized that mutations which confer resistance to gentamicin are also responsible for the increased sensitivity of Klebsiella pneumoniae to other clinically relevant antibiotics. Preliminary work has been done to create gentamicin resistant strains of K. pneumoniae with resistance levels exceeding 100-fold of the wild-type MIC and initial whole genome sequencing identified mutations in genes associated with membrane function and stress response. Analysis of Kirby Bauer disc diffusion assays and minimum inhibitory concentration assays revealed collateral sensitivity of these strains to levofloxacin and colistin. The results of this study will further the understanding of resistance mechanisms in K. pneumoniae and provide a rationale for designing antibiotic therapies which exploit collateral sensitivity to combat the growing threat of multidrug resistant infections.

30

Crosstalk Between NRF2 and Interferon Signaling Pathways May Control HIV Latency D. Gioia; J. Das; M. Deragon; V. Singh The "block and lock" approach has emerged as a viable strategy to achieve a functional cure for HIV by forcing the latently infected cells into deep latency using novel latency promoting agents. In our recent study we evaluated the latency-promoting properties of Sulforaphane (SFN) and demonstrated that SFN mediated NRF2 (nuclear erythroid 2 related factor 2) induction significantly blocked the TNF-alpha-induced HIV reactivation probably through inhibition of NF-kB signalling. In the current study, we extended our investigation to evaluate the long-term effects of SFN on HIV reactivation and crosstalk between NRF-2, NF-kB and IRF-3 signalling pathways. U1 cells (a human monocyte cell line latently infected with HIV-1) were reactivated with TNF-alpha alone or pretreated with SFN. Following reactivation, total protein lysates and RNA were collected for immunoblotting and RT-qPCR. Additionally, primary CD4+ T cells were infected with DuoFluo HIV and treated with SFN 24h post-infection to analyze the effect of SFN on transcription of integrated HIV and expression of proinflammatory and interferon signaling molecules.

Our data demonstrated that single treatment with SFN can induce persistent NRF2 activation and provide resistance to two rounds of TNFα mediated HIV reactivation at 1h and 72 h post-SFN pretreatment by inhibiting NF-kB activation. Co-IP assays demonstrated physical interaction between NRF2 and NF-kB in the presence of SFN causing reduction in TNFα induced expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1b) as well. Interestingly, NRF2 induction also resulted in IRF-3 activation measured by elevated levels of IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and ISG-15. Further, primary CD4 T cells infected with HIV isolate ex vivo, showed that SFN treatment 48 hours post-infection significantly reduced the transcription of integrated HIV as well as expression of proinflammatory cytokines. On contrary, the IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and ISG-15 levels were increased. Overall, our study provides strong evidence suggesting that NRF2 induction can inhibit HIV reactivation by diminishing NF-kB pathway while inducing antiviral innate immune signaling and thus presenting a novel strategy to block and lock HIV for functional cure.

31

Activation of Innate Immune Response in MT2 Cells by HIV-1 Cell-to-Cell Transmission M. Facteau; S. Lozier; N. Thai; B. Shi Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS), is a lentivirus that causes severe immune dysfunction in infected individuals. Type one interferon (IFN) is a key driver of the host innate immune response; however, findings on the roles of IFN towards HIV-1 infection have been elusive after so many years of research. In this study, a single round VSV-G pseudotyped HIV-1 GFP+ virus was used to infect the human T cell line MT2. It was found that the HIV-1 GFP+ virus is transmitted to uninfected cells predominantly by cell-to-cell transmission after completing the first round of replication in MT2 cells. Cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 in MT2 cells activates the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) / stimulator of interferon genes (STING) / IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) pathway by phosphorylating STING and IRF3. In a separate experiment, cGAS or IRF3 in MT2 cells were knocked out using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool, and then confirmed by Western blotting. Knocking out the cGAS gene prevented phosphorylation of STING and IRF3 in HIV-1 GFP+ infected MT2 cells, indicating that cGAS is the sensor of this signaling pathway.

Further, the established cGAS KO and IRF3 KO cells were used as donors in HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission co-culture experiments with different recipient cells to examine the innate immune response. In another experiment, jasplakinolide (a stabilizer of actin filaments) and anti-HTLV antibodies were found to inhibit cell-to-cell transmission in the co-culture of HIV-1 GFP+ infected MT2 cells and TZM-bl cells (an HIV-1 reporter cell line). Together, our results demonstrated that cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 activates the innate immune response by inducing the cGAS/STING/IRF3 pathway signaling.

32

Role of Nuclear Trafficking During the Hyperglycemic Shift to Necroptosis K. Cook; D. Schengrund; M. Dougherty; W. McCaig; M. Deragon; T. LaRocca Apoptosis is the predominant form of cell death. This process is non- inflammatory and is important for proper homeostasis of the body. Necroptosis is a regulated form of necrotic cell death that is associated with the pathophysiology of many diseases, including ischemia- reperfusion injury. The pathway of necroptosis is initiated by MLKL,RIP1, and RIP3. A shift from apoptosis to necroptosis can be observed under hyperglycemic conditions, however the exact mechanism of this shift is not known. Due to the inflammatory nature of necroptosis, it is critical to develop an understanding of this process for regulation of necroptosis in inflammatory diseases. We hypothesized that nuclear trafficking of pro-necroptotic proteins plays a role in the shift from apoptosis to necroptosis under hyperglycemic conditions.

This stems from the observations of pro-necroptotic proteins translocating to the nucleus during necroptosis in a manner that resembles caspase migration from cytoplasm to the nucleus during apoptosis. We tested our hypothesis by isolating nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions from U937 monocytes grown in normal (10 mM) or high glucose (50 mM) following treatment with TNF-α for 24 hours. Cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and western blot. In addition, WST-1 viability assays were performed in the context of inhibition of nuclear import and export. MLKL, RIP1, and RIP3 are normally present in the cytoplasm, however, under hyperglycemic conditions they translocate to the nucleus. These data suggest that translocation of key proteins involved in necroptosis to the nucleus are major contributors to the hyperglycemic shift from apoptosis to necroptosis.

Understanding the underlying mechanism of this shift can be used from developing potential treatments for diseases linked to necroptosis induced inflammation such as what is observed in neurodegenerative disorders.

33

Lead Contamination: The Disparity that Haunts Albany J. Williams; S. Pettigrew Lead is a naturally occurring element and a potent neurotoxin that can impair cognitive development. In children, lead exposure can cause lower IQ, decreased ability to pay attention, and underperformance in school. Ingestion is the most common route of exposure, with 20% to 70% being absorbed into the body, with children absorbing more, especially on an empty stomach. Inhalation is the most potent form of exposure, with all inhaled lead being absorbed through the lungs; dermal exposure isn't a significant exposure pathway. However, children are at a higher risk of ingestion through hand-to-mouth behaviors. In the 1930s, the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) zoned areas of different cities based on "perceived risk" using a grading system ranking areas from A to D, A being green, B being blue, C being yellow, and D being red, hence the term "redlining". Redlined neighborhoods were mostly made up of minorities and were denied loans to build homes or fix up preexisting ones.

Child blood-lead data by zip codes chosen to represent the range of 1930s HOLC zones in the city of Albany were retrieved from NYSDOH. Differences in proportion of blood-lead levels over 5mcg/dl were tested 1) across all zip codes and 2) by HOLC grade for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 using Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit tests.

Statistically significant differences were observed between zip codes for all years at p-value < < 0.0000. Statistical differences were observed between HOLC grade for all years at p-value < < 0.0000, with Grade D having the highest proportion of children with elevated blood-lead levels. Historical discrimination is associated with present day elevated blood lead levels in children.

34

A Survey of Patient Satisfaction and Preferences Regarding the Setting of Their Primary Care A. Campos; M. Doll Prior research has demonstrated that healthcare quality, timely service, location, and service availability are important factors related to patient satisfaction in primary care settings; however, less is known regarding the level of patient (dis)satisfaction that motivates a patient to change their healthcare practice.

Recently, a private practice in CT experienced a large influx of patients from a nearby healthcare clinic. The aim of this study was to examine patient motivations for changing their primary care setting, in the context of patient satisfaction with their prior primary care practice.

A questionnaire was created to examine factors that motivated patients to change their primary care provider and patient satisfaction with their current and past primary care practices. Patients were recruited by posting a flyer with a survey QR code in the waiting room of a private practice in CT from January 1st to March 6th, 2026. To be eligible to participate, patients must have been at least 18 years of age and self-reported a change in their primary care practice within the past 5 years.

Participants were given a $5 gift card for survey completion. Descriptive analyses to examine the relationship between patient satisfaction and patient decision to change their healthcare practice were planned. In total, 96 patients initiated the survey, with 65 patients fully completing the survey. Analyses to examine patient motivation for changing their primary care setting are currently underway.

35

The Synergistic Inhibitory Effect of Targeting CCL5 and Endoglin in Endocrine-Resistant Mammary Tumors P. Vatsavai; K. Jin Endocrine resistance remains a major clinical challenge for patients with estrogen receptor-positive (ER + ) breast cancer, often leading to therapeutic failure and disease progression. Prior studies in our laboratory identified two stromal-associated factors-CCL5 and Endoglin (CD105)-as consistently upregulated in tumor-stromal co-culture systems representing endocrine-resistant breast cancer. These molecules are linked to enhanced angiogenesis, immune modulation, tumor-stromal crosstalk, and metastatic behavior, suggesting a potential role in supporting resistance mechanisms. In this study, we established endocrine-resistant variants of the murine ER + EO771 mammary carcinoma line through chronic exposure to 4-hydroxytamoxifen, fulvestrant, and the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib.

All resistant models demonstrated stable long-term proliferation under drug pressure, distinct morphological alterations, and significantly reduced drug sensitivity compared with parental cells, confirming successful induction of resistance. These resistant cell lines provide a biologically relevant platform for examining the expression and functional contribution of CCL5 and Endoglin in endocrine resistance. By integrating prior mechanistic findings with an immunocompetent murine model, this study establishes a foundation for investigating how microenvironmental cytokine and angiogenic signaling pathways support resistance, with the long-term goal of identifying therapeutic strategies that target CCL5- and CD105-mediated pathways in endocrine-resistant breast cancer.

36

Investigating Influenza Vaccination Coverage among Pre-Kindergarteners Before and After the Repeal of Nonmedical Exemptions in Connecticut Z. Ahmad; H. Spong; J. Correira; M. Doll Influenza is an acute respiratory illness that is easily transmissible in group settings, with younger children at higher risk of severe disease. In the United States, Connecticut (CT) is one of six jurisdictions that require influenza vaccination for pre-kindergarten (pre-K) entry. In 2021, CT passed Public Act 21-6, which removed nonmedical exemption (NME) options for school-required immunizations, including influenza. Our objective was to analyze the impact of the law on influenza vaccination coverage among CT pre-K students.

Publicly available pre-K influenza vaccination data were obtained from the CT Department of Public Health. An interrupted time series was conducted to evaluate the law's effect on pre-K influenza vaccine coverage using data from 2012-13 through 2023-24 school years, with the 2020-21 school year excluded due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The law's effect was examined at state and county levels after adjustment for coverage trends using generalized linear models and generalized estimating equations, respectively.

State-level influenza coverage among pre-K students increased by 2.1% (95% CI: 1.6%, 2.6%) following the law. At the county-level, a mean increase in influenza vaccine coverage among pre-K students was suggested, but non-significant (2.2%, 95% CI: -0.4%, 4.9%). CT Public Act 21-6 was effective in increasing state-level influenza vaccine coverage among pre-K students; while a mean increase in coverage was also suggested at the county level, it was non-significant

37

Eyewitness Memory for Central and Peripheral Details of a Robbery A. Koudriashova; T. Alyazjeen; G. O'Boyle; R. Flint Examined the effect of false information provided during initial testing on eyewitness memory for central and peripheral details. Participants viewed a bank robbery video followed by true, or true and false statements regarding central and peripheral details and a test 1-week later. There were more hits for central and more false alarms for peripheral details. More false alarms for peripheral details were made by the group that were presented with false statements at initial testing.

Medicinal Benefits of Cloves through the Endocannabinoid System: Beta-Caryophyllene + Eugenol A.L. Boochoon; H.Zheng Our group's goal is to find non-cannabis plants that interact with the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and hypothesize that their potential clinical benefits may be based on the ECS mechanism of action. Clove is a botanical spice, reported to have active ingredients with interesting bioactivities and therapeutic potentials. Amongst them, beta-caryophyllene activates the CB2 receptors, but not CB1 receptors, which prevents inhibition of psycho-active effects. It also contains eugenol which interacts with GABAA, TRPV1, and TRPA1 receptors. The overall therapeutic benefits are produced via synergetic interactions between beta-caryophyllene and eugenol. In the long term, we hope to develop clove-based products with health benefits.

Relationships Between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Non-Criminal Deviant Behavior, and Personality A. Chow; S. Jagda; N. Dorr; F. Chow; R. Flint Examined relationships between adverse childhood experiences and non-criminal deviant behavior, personality, and narcissism. College students completed self-report measures of adverse childhood experiences, non-criminal deviance, personality, narcissism, and criminal behavior. Non-criminal deviance scores were negatively correlated with scores on the personality traits of honesty/humility and conscientiousness and were positively correlated with a measure of criminal behavior. The relationships between non-criminal deviance scores and honesty/humility and conscientiousness remained statistically significant after controlling for criminal behavior.

38

From Stable to Critical in 30 Days: Investigating the Pathophysiologic Bridge Between GI Dysfunction, Metabolic Disorders, and Terminal Cardiac Arrest C. Azzopardi; V. Singh; A. Scott Russell; M. Parent A 74-year-old male patient with a history of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), dyslipidemia, and chronic gastrointestinal (GI) complaints went into cardiac arrest. A notable review of laboratory data obtained leading to the incident revealed a significant clinical decline. All values, including lipid panels, metabolic markers, hepatic enzymes, and cardiac markers, were initially within range but then became markedly abnormal within one month of the cardiac arrest. Elevated cardiac markers, such as Troponin I, High-Sensitivity Troponin I (hs-Troponin I), and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), suggested acute myocardial injury and cardiac stress.

Additional laboratory findings suggested a worsening of the patient's underlying lipid disorder and fatty liver disease that may have led to elevated cardiac markers.

It is plausible that all the underlying conditions suddenly affected each other simultaneously, resulting in cardiac arrest.

CAD, NAFLD, dyslipidemia, and chronic GI conditions are connected to cardiometabolic disease as they share underlying mechanisms such as metabolic dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and lipid abnormalities. This possible connection shows how cardiometabolic disease is linked to acute cardiac events and how important early diagnosis is to avoid extensive care or worsening conditions. Based on positive blood cultures for Enterococcus faecalis one week prior to cardiac arrest, it is reasonable to suspect that bacteremia may have exacerbated a decline in the patient's condition. Unfortunately, physicians were unable to resuscitate the patient. Based on clinical history, laboratory findings, and other diagnostic information, physicians were unable to identify the definitive pathological cause for his cardiac arrest. Therefore, they recorded the death as an unidentified cause. It is unknown whether the patient was receiving treatment for his conditions; however, one can assume he was receiving appropriate treatment and medication, as evidenced by his stable condition until his incident. This case highlights the unpredictability of cardiometabolic disease progression based on the rapid changes in the patient's laboratory values over a relatively short time period.

39

Optimizing Recombinant Protein Expression and Purification of Human Cytochrome P450 2U1 A. Bauer; J. Pyser; H. Guo; G. Thaljeh; M. Lewis; M. Shah Human cytochrome P450 2U1 (CYP2U1), a highly conserved member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily, is often referred to as an "orphan" enzyme since it remains poorly understood, particularly with respect to its physiological function and substrate specificity. CYP2U1 is primarily expressed in the brain and thymus, and it has been implicated in the metabolism of endogenous lipid molecules such as arachidonic acid and arachidonoyl serotonin, suggesting a role in lipid signaling pathways. Recent evidence has also linked CYP2U1 to neurological disorders and cancer, highlighting the importance of further structural and functional investigation. The objective of this study was to recombinantly express and purify human CYP2U1 in a bacterial system to obtain sufficient quantities of stable, functional protein for downstream structural and functional characterization.

CYP2U1 was expressed in Escherichia coli under optimized culture conditions designed to improve protein solubility and promote proper folding, including the co-expression with GroEL/ES chaperones.

After protein expression, the E.coli paste was resuspended in appropriate buffers followed by homogenization that significantly improved the yield of the protein.

The protein was purified using a combination of nickel affinity chromatography followed by ion-exchange chromatography, which together produced a highly enriched protein sample with minimal contamination. Purified fractions were evaluated using UV-visible absorbance spectroscopy for purity and yield, and the protein was pooled, stabilized with detergents to maintain stability. The advanced bio-processing platforms at the Center for Biopharmaceutical Education and Training allowed us to consistently produce high-quality recombinant CYP2U1 suitable for structural and functional studies. Furthermore, preliminary biophysical studies using the isothermal titration calorimetry were performed at the Renssalaer Polytechnic Institute to characterize the binding of this enzyme with substrates.

Overall, these results provide an important foundation for future studies that will support further investigation into the structure-function relationship of this enzyme and characterization of physiological substrates to understand the role of CYP2U1 in human health and disease, particularly in neurological function and cancer-related pathways.

40

Induction of NRF2 Signaling Negatively Regulates HIV Transcription in HMC3 Microglial Cells J. Bishara; A. Verkaik; D. Sangasani; J. Das; M. Deragon; V. Singh Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a serious health concern, as despite current anti-retroviral (ART) therapy options, there is no cure due to the retrovirus' ability to integrate into human DNA and reactivate when triggered. The "block-and-lock" approach has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy aimed at permanently silencing HIV transcription. Preliminary studies have shown that a naturally occurring substance known as sulforaphane (SFN) is an effective latency-promoting agent that induces NRF2, leading to downstream inhibition of NFkB, a key transcription factor required for HIV transcription. In this report, we provide further evidence that SFN can downregulate HIV expression in microglial cells, which are the main reservoir for HIV in the central nervous system. In this study, human immortalized microglial cells (HMC-3) were cultured and infected with HIV DuoFluo (DF) virus. 24 hours post-infection, cells were treated with SFN (10 μ M) or DMSO control.

The effects were studied short-term at 24 hours post SFN or DMSO treatment, and long-term at 15 days post treatment. Total RNA and protein content were collected from the cells at their respective time points and analyzed by western blot, RT-qPCR, and p24 ELISA. Imaging analysis demonstrated reduced activation-associated fluorescence signals (high mcherry and low GFP) in SFN-treated cells compared to DMSO conditions, indicating suppression of HIV. RT-PCR showed that SFN mediated NRF2 induction can restrict HIV transcription as measured by a reduction in HIV initiation and elongation transcripts. HIV capsid protein p24 ELISA confirmed these findings, with reduced p24 levels in the SFN treatment group. These findings were consistent with the long-term treatment data sets. Our data suggest that SFN's effects on HIV are mediated by NRF2 induction, as seen by increased levels of NRF2 in the presence of SFN after 15 days by western blot. Overall, SFN exerts long-term effects by increasing levels of NRF2 and decreasing levels of HIV transcription. This information provides a baseline of knowledge to find an effective strategy to reduce neurocognitive complications associated with HIV and potentially devise a novel block and lock approach for HIV cure.

41

The Surface Matters: Investigating How Material Deformation Affects Latent Print Forensic Value M. Burnett; S. Alvaro Fingerprint testing is a frequently used discipline of forensic science that most crime scenes utilize. Frequent testing and analysis means that there is a plethora of research surrounding the topic. Tests have been conducted on challenging materials such as adhesives, wax, and treated paper. These tests allow forensic scientists to decrease the amount of testing and create faster turn-around time for forensic evidence processing. However, there are still challenges that have been left unanswered. What happens when the print-holding material is not in perfect condition? There is a severe lack of research regarding how forensic tests are performed when there is induced distortion or texture in the material. The end goal of this research is to answer how the structural condition of the material will affect the quality of the fingerprint.

In order to test how the condition of the material will affect the print, the materials being used have the ability to be "wadded". The ability of the material to fold is crucial to the research along with selecting a range of textures. These materials are "everyday" items, with the direct intention of testing items that can be found anywhere. To test this, latent fingerprints are deposited onto porous and nonporous materials. After placement, these materials will be wadded and folded to simulate distortion. The treated materials will then be developed using ninhydrin, DFO, or fingerprint powder to visualize the ridge detail. The clarity and completeness of the prints will be evaluated to assess how material deformation impacts fingerprint integrity. Latent prints are often found on materials that are folded, crumpled, or textured, which can make visualization and identification difficult. This study provides insight into how these real-world conditions influence the integrity and clarity of fingerprints.

42

Structural and Functional Basis of Diclofenac Binding to Human Cytochrome P450 2C8 and 2C9 R. Chavan; M. Shah Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are heme-containing monooxygenases responsible for the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics and numerous endogenous compounds. The CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 families account for most of the Phase I drug biotransformation, converting lipophilic chemicals into more water-soluble metabolites suitable for elimination. Among these, CYP2C8 and 2C9 are some of the key drug-metabolizing enzymes involved in the disposition of several therapeutically important drugs. CYP2C8 is involved in the metabolism of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac, anti-cancer drugs paclitaxel and enzalutamide, anti-malarial amodiaquine, anti-diabetic pioglitazone, etc.

Whereas the CYP2C9 metabolizes diclofenac, anticoagulant warfarin, and many other drugs.

Their activity is influenced by genetic variation, environmental inducers or inhibitors, and tissue-specific expression patterns, all of which contribute to interindividual variability in drug response. CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 are the two major enzymes that contribute to the metabolism of diclofenac, and the aim of the research is to understand the differences in binding of diclofenac with CYP2C8 and 2C9 using structural, functional, computational, and biophysical approaches. Our laboratory has established robust systems for recombinant expression and purification of CYP2C8 in Escherichia coli, enabling high-quality of protein production for biochemical and structural analyses. Using these approaches, CYP2C8 was crystallized in the absence and presence of the drug substrate diclofenac, and diffraction data were collected at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light source. Computational ligand docking illustrates the binding of diclofenac in the active site of CYP2C8 and 2C9 in an orientation that is consistent to its metabolism to hydroxy diclofenac by each of the two respective enzymes.

Isothermal titration calorimetry studies illustrate similarities and differences in binding affinity of diclofenac with CYP2C8 than 2C9. Together, the results show the molecular interactions of diclofenac with the two major isoforms of the CYP2C subfamily of enzymes, thereby improving our understanding of xenobiotic biotransformation and differences in drug metabolism.

43

A Case Study of Human Intestinal Infection with Taenia Saginata Following Consumption of Raw Meats in Endemic Areas S. Crannell; R. Scott Taeniasis is the human intestinal infection caused by a member of the Taenia genus - T.saginata, T.solium, or T.asiatica. An infection with Taenia saginata often occurs following the consumption of raw or undercooked beef that was infected with T.saginata cysts and not properly stored to kill off the parasites. This type of taeniasis is most often uncomplicated but may be accompanied by mild gastrointestinal symptoms and, most often, the discovery of motile proglottids within the stool. Blood work may reveal sharply increased eosinophil levels, while microscopic examination of a fecal sample can be used to identify ova of the Taenia genus, confirming a helminth infection, and molecular techniques such as PCR can be used to identify which specific species is causing the infection.

The use of broad-spectrum anti-helminth drugs, such as Praziquantel and Niclosamide, can be used to paralyze or kill the tapeworm, forcing it to detach from the patient's intestinal wall. A 24-year-old female, with a history of eating raw meats in both the Philippines and Ethiopia, reported to the emergency department following the discovery of a tapeworm proglottid in her stool and complaints of yearlong diffuse abdominal pains that had localized to her left side. Upon testing, she was discovered to have previous CT imaging showing thickening of her ilium and current markedly increased levels of eosinophils. Microscopic examination revealed ova matching the description of a Taenia species, prompting treatment with a 10 mg/kg dose of Praziquantel. Definitive identification as Taenia saginata, a beef tapeworm, was conducted using PCR amplification and sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase-1 (COX-1) gene. This final diagnostic testing was conducted by the New York State Department of Health due to the uncommon occurrence of tapeworm infections diagnosed within the United States.

44

Investigating the Role of RNA Polymerase III Mediated Innate Immunity in Regulating HIV Replication C. Dang; J.Das; J. White; M. Deragon; V. Singh Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a global health challenge primarily due to its ability to establish a stable latent reservoir within infected cells. This state of latency represents a significant hurdle for a definitive cure, as these reservoirs are not eliminated by current antiretroviral therapies. Despite extensive research, specific signaling pathways that can be successfully targeted to remove latent reservoirs and thus cure have not been fully identified. This study investigates the mechanisms of immune signaling in HIV infection, specifically attributing a key regulatory role to RNA Polymerase III (RNAPIII).

Preliminary data suggest that RNAPIII activity influences the dynamics of both viral replication and the establishment of latency. We investigated the effect of RNAPIII inhibition on the innate immune response against HIV using specific cell lines (primary CD4 T cells, THP-1 and SupT) pre-treated with the RNAPIII inhibitor ML50 or a DMSO control for a defined period before viral infection with HIV Duo-Fluo.

Following infection, protein lysates and cDNAs were prepared at a 24-hour time point and subjected to Western blot and RT-qPCR analysis. These methods were focused on determining the relationship between RNAPIII inhibition and the activity of proteins associated with cellular defense including NRF2, IFN-beta, and ISG-15.

Our results demonstrated that RNAPIII inhibition increased the expression of HIV in all different cell types. Concomitant to increased HIV expression, RNAPIII inhibition also resulted in reduced expression of innate immune factors including IFN-beta and ISG15. Further, we also observed significantly reduced levels of NRF2 transcripts, suggesting that RNAPIII mediates NRF2 activation during the host response to HIV. These findings advocate for further investigation into the interaction between RNAPIII, NRF2 and interferon signaling to better understand the mechanisms of viral latency establishment. Ultimately, targeting this pathway may help establish novel cure strategies aimed at eradicating latent HIV reservoirs.

45

Matcha Phytochemicals and Health Benefits Compared to Green Tea T. Dinh; H. Zheng Green tea, as a dietary supplement, may provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition, largely attributed to its chemical composition of polyphenolic compounds. Matcha, a powdered form of green tea, comes from the same plant Camellia sinensis but the cultivation, growing, and processing leads to a different phytochemical profile that contains higher concentrations of catechins, caffeine, and L-theanine. These differences enhance its bioactivity and clinical effects of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neurostimulating comparative to green tea.

Additionally, the ingestion of the entire leaf in powdered form may further increase the bioavailability of these bioactive supplements.

Through literature research, we are comparing the chemical composition, bioactivity, and the clinical evidence of health benefits associated with matcha and traditional green tea. The results indicate that a higher composition of phytochemicals such as catechin, caffeine and L-theanine in matcha leads to higher antioxidant, and other activities compared to traditional green tea. Our research will insure to make higher quality matcha products with claimed benefits while highlighting the need for further standardized research.

Characterization of the Hyperglycemic Shift from Apoptosis to Necroptosis in Microglia L. Fedun; M. Shakow; M. Deragon; T. LaRocca Previous studies show that hypoxia-ischemia brain injury is exacerbated by hyperglycemic conditions, with overall brain integrity increasing respectively in the presence of necroptosis inhibitor, nec-1s. This study utilizes Human Microglial Clone 3 (HMC3) cells to gain insight into the mechanism behind this, as microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain. To characterize the hyperglycemic shift from apoptosis to necroptosis, HMC3 cells were grown in 96-well plates then subsequently treated with pharmacological inhibitors preventing either necroptotic or apoptotic related proteins, therefore halting those respective death mechanisms. Additionally, inhibitors / activators of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were used as ROS is a known driver of necroptosis. From this we were able to identify two key points: (1) microglia are able to carry-out the hyperglycemic shift as seen previously and (2) receptor-interacting protein kinases (RIP) 1, and 3, as well as mixed lineage kinase domain- like (MLKL) protein, and ROS drive the shift from apoptosis to necroptosis.

46

Effects of Ginsenoside 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol on the Hyperglycemic Shift From Apoptosis to Necroptosis E. Gayne; M. Deragon; T. LaRocca Hyperglycemic conditions cause a shift from apoptosis to necroptosis when cell death is induced by TNF-α. This is significant as it represents a shift from non-inflammatory to inflammatory cell death. This shift in cell death mechanisms is relevant to the exacerbation of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) brain injury.

Ginsenoside 20(S) - Protopanaxadiol (20(S)-PPD), a bioactive aglycone metabolite of ginsenosides found in ginseng, has been shown to alter the binding affinity, protein stability, and genetic transcription of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and Mcl-1. Here, we explore if 20(S)-PPD can reverse the shift from apoptosis to necroptosis in hyperglycemia reducing levels of inflammatory cell death.

Downstream, this treatment may prevent significant amounts of brain damage with a reduced amount of glial scarring during neonatal HI-brain injury in hyperglycemic individuals. Once fully characterized, 20(S)-PPD may aid in recovery following IR injury, ensuring a greater chance of full recovery with minimal neurological deficiencies during hyperglycemia.

Preliminary Evaluation of Glucose and Essential Amino Acid Fed-Batch Feeding on Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Growth and Viability E. Louie; B. Rounds; P. Datta Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are crucial to the biopharmaceutical industry, producing recombinant proteins. The National Institute of Standards and Technology Chinese Hamster Ovary cell line, or NISTCHO cells, produces an anti-RSV monoclonal antibody. These cells are grown in chemically defined media with various components critical for metabolic processes to occur. While the cells are grown, it is important to maintain a high percentage viability as a declining population reduces productivity and releases intracellular proteases that can degrade the product of interest. For increasing cell growth, cells can be grown in a fed-batch system to maintain them in the exponential growth phase with high percentage viability. This preliminary study focuses on feeding cells with glucose and amino acids, two crucial components in media, to view the impact on cell growth and percentage viability.

47

Environmental Effects on Latent Fingerprints Durability on Various Surfaces H. Gobind; S. Alvaro Latent prints are important, but fragile, biological evidence, that degrades at varying rates across multiple surfaces depending on the environmental exposure.

This study investigated those degradation rates using 6 common surfaces (glass window, glass drinkware, aluminum soda can, plastic Ziploc bag, rubber exercise band, and paper) subjected to indoor (laboratory) and outdoor environmental exposure. There were two phases of this research. Phase 1 established the best development/lifting method for each surface. For the porous surface (paper) it was shown that after applying ninhydrin it was better to let it dry overnight rather than using a blow drier. For the non-porous surfaces, a combination method of cyanoacrylate fuming followed by fluorescent powder gave a better result than either method alone. For phase 2, the surfaces were exposed for a duration of 1, 3, and 6 months. Ridge visibility was quantified using a 0 - 4 scale, with three trials for each duration and environment. Results show that environmental factors significantly degrade ridge visibility, as the surfaces that were outside degraded at a much higher rather than the one indoors. There were some interesting trends, such as prints on surfaces that kept increasing as time went on. This research provides forensic investigators with better knowledge and understanding of how well a print can last in a given environment.

48

Community-level Monitoring of PM2.5 Air Pollution S. Green; A Choens; S. Pettigrew PM2.5 causes increased rates of asthma, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

Historically redlined communities of Albany, NY have long voiced concerns regarding poor air quality and associated health disparities. Previous research has proven increased rates of asthma in such communities. More recent research also demonstrates differences by neighborhood, though peak concentrations may be masked by data visualization methods. This ongoing project seeks to establish hyperlocal trends and to implement a notification system to promptly communicate real-time risk to community members.

11 PurpleAir Zen sensors were installed by June 2025 to create a community-based air monitoring network in Albany. The sensors were mainly clustered in the South End and Mansion Area neighborhoods, with 1 sensor each installed in the Delaware Ave and Buckingham Lake neighborhoods. All sensors collected continuous air pollution data, which was downloaded in March of 2026 at the 10-minute grain.

Current EPA air quality standards were used to determine categorization of PM2.5 concentrations and thresholds used in the analysis. PM2.5 concentrations were analyzed by temporal and locational trends, including neighborhood, urban heat index, and status as a 'disadvantaged' community by NYS DEC definitions.

The PM2.5 findings point toward persistent air pollution issues in Albany, most notably in the South End and Mansion Area neighborhoods. These 2 neighborhoods had the sensors with the greatest daily average PM2.5 concentrations, as well as the highest frequency of readings exceeding 9 μg/m³.

However, the small number of sensors, the exclusion of sensor 220927's data, and the study period of around 8 months limits the statistical significance and generalizability of the findings. Continued monitoring with additional sensors will be necessary to establish trends based on locational and temporal variables.

49

Embryonal RMS: The Typical Presentation and a Real-Life Case L. Gwilt; J. Vogt; E. Colon; M. Parent; R. Scott Skeletal muscle cells are an important part of how our body can move and function in a voluntary manner; as such, these cells can be found all over the body. These cells develop from mobile mesenchymal cells derived from the mesodermal germ layer though the involvement of MyoD1, which activates many downstream effects via a gene expression cascade that controls the development and proliferation of what will eventually differentiate into skeletal muscle cells. However, when this process is altered through genetic mutations, abnormal growth can occur. The term rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) refers to cancer of the skeletal muscle cells, consisting of four separate subtypes. The embryonal subtype of RMS is the most common among pediatric soft tissue cancer cases, typically appearing in those under 20, more often in males, and manifesting most often in the abdomen/genitourinary regions.

While no exact genetic cause has been identified, many cases demonstrate at least one mutation in a gene involved in either tumor suppression or cell growth. The symptoms of embryonal RMS vary depending on the location of the tumor, as most patients are asymptomatic; thus, most symptoms are caused by the tumor growth impeding normal function, such as pelvic tumors growing to interfere with kidney or gastrointestinal function. Laboratory values typically reflect the systems being impacted, with histological results assisting in the confirmation of the disease. The presented case of a 7-year-old boy displays the typical manifestation of an embryonal RMS tumor in the pelvic area. He serves as a classic example of how embryonal RMS may present, with symptoms and lab values related to the location of the tumor while remaining otherwise asymptomatic. Though the patient presents with a typical case of embryonal RMS, continuous monitoring throughout chemotherapy cycles showed leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and febrile episodes, demonstrating the side-effects chemotherapy may have on a patient no matter the initial diagnosis.

50

A Review of Grey Literature Resources for Vancomycin Dosing Tutorials E. Kuska; J. Mlyniec; K. Wantuch; L. Brock; K. Desear; T. Gauthier; E. Hirsch; W. Kufel; T. Morrisette; M. Pearsall; B. White; J. Carreno Optimized vancomycin dosing is associated with improved clinical outcomes, especially decreased acute kidney injury. Free, online, grey literature training materials are available for vancomycin dosing; however, their utility is unclear. This study evaluates the utility of these tools for just-in-time (e.g. refresher courses) training for general clinicians dosing vancomycin. A structured grey literature review of websites was performed, and the Online Course Quality Review (OSCQR) rubric was modified for this study. Eligible resources included free, web-based tutorials aimed at general clinicians. The materials were evaluated using the rubric.

Data were summarized as counts and proportions. A total of 65 online resources were identified. Seven resources were eligible for inclusion and reviewed. The OSCQR rubric was modified to include 17 relevant items. The average (range) number of elements per resource was 10 per resource (6-14). The resources with the largest proportions of elements were MemoryPharm (14/17, 82%), DoseMe (13/17, 76%) and ClinCalc (11/17, 65%). Evaluating only the High Impact Standards, MemoryPharm, DoseMe, and ClinCalc had (11/11, 100%), (9/11,82%), and (7/11,64%).

Memory Pharm, DoseMe, and ClinCalc performed highly using the OSCQR rubric.

The additional resources may be useful in other domains, such as site-wide implementation or for more in-depth review. Further research is needed to understand the utility of these resources in clinical education.

51

Case Study of a Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patient: Can Implementing Diagnostic Laboratory Testing Earlier Improve Prognosis?

R. Lavigne; R. Scott This is a case report on a 71-year-old male who presented to the hospital with signs of sepsis, and through daily blood draws was determined to have an underlying hematological disorder. Based upon the laboratory findings of immature white blood cells, high lactate dehydrogenase, and increased D-dimer levels, it was determined that the patient had chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). For this form of cancer, a confirmatory bone marrow aspiration and molecular diagnostic testing was required, which revealed that he had multiple chromosomal abnormalities typically linked to CML. There is an increased release of immature white blood cells from the bone marrow during CML that can be caused by a genetic mutation. A classic example of such a mutation is a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, which forms the "Philadelphia chromosome," leading to the creation of the fusion oncogene called BCR::ABL1. This gene creates protein tyrosine kinase that constitutively acts upon cellular pathways by inhibiting cell apoptosis, allowing for the overproduction of cells. There is still little understanding of why the mutation occurs, but it can typically be found in older adults with other comorbidities. CML can present with general flu-like symptoms, but it is often asymptomatic. Therefore, comorbidities can mask its presence. There are options to treat this cancer depending on the severity. Those who are diagnosed earlier can be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors that target the pathways leading to apoptosis of the cancerous cells, and those who are diagnosed later can be considered for a stem cell transplant. Both treatment methods have improved the prognosis, and patients have been able to live longer with minimal side effects. The involvement of the laboratory is crucial to being able to diagnose CML earlier and ensure the patient receives the proper treatment.

52

Endocannabinoid System Dysregulation and Sleep Disturbances with Alzheimer's Disease S. Leonette; H. Zheng Sleep disturbances have become increasingly implicated as a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), preceding cognitive impairments and accelerating the progression of the underlying pathology. The disruption of slow-wave sleep affects glymphatic clearance efficiency, leading to the deposition of neurotoxic peptides such as amyloid-beta, which in turn creates a bidirectional feedback loop between disrupted sleep and neurodegenerative pathology. However, the current therapeutic options available for the management of AD do not address the underlying neurobiology of disrupted sleep. The endocannabinoid system (ECS), as a neuromodulatory system, plays a crucial role in the regulation of various physiological processes, including the regulation of the sleep cycle. The endocannabinoids, namely anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), have shown differential and synergistic effects in the regulation of the sleep cycle.

AEA is implicated in the regulation of the initiation of the sleep cycle, whereas 2-AG regulates the maintenance of the sleep cycle. Recent evidence points to the disruption of the ECS in Alzheimer's disease, characterized by disrupted cannabinoid receptor expression, endocannabinoid tone, and neuroinflammation.

This paper outlines a framework for the mechanistic link between disrupted ECS tone and disrupted sleep in Alzheimer's disease. By compiling evidence from preclinical studies as well as human studies, this paper outlines the role of disrupted ECS tone in the regulation of the sleep cycle in Alzheimer's disease.

Additionally, the role of ECS-derived biomarkers in the definition of disrupted sleep in Alzheimer's patients is discussed. The therapeutic potential of disrupted ECS tone in the regulation of the sleep cycle in Alzheimer's patients is also discussed.

53

Taking a New Breath: A Case Study on Navigating the Journey to Lung Transplantation Ineligibility in a Patient with Interstitial Lung Disease and Sickle Cell Disease Comorbidity C. Martinez; R. Scott; M. Parent This case study presents the findings of a 25-year-old male patient born with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) who has recently developed Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD). Prior to the development of ILD the patient was treated with hydroxyurea as standard-of-care treatment for their SCD. Hydroxyurea functions by decreasing hemoglobin S (Hgb S), the sickle cell variant of hemoglobin, while increasing fetal hemoglobin (Hgb F) levels, managing SCD symptoms. The patient's health care team determined lung transplantation as the necessary treatment for his ILD diagnosis. Indeed, ILD with comorbid SCD jeopardizes lung transplantation eligibility, as this surgery involves a high risk of bleeding due to Hgb S increasing hemolysis and the risk of vascular injury. In addition, it is imperative that Hgb S be lower to prevent the risk of graft dysfunction, risk of vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC), tissue damage and other SCD associated complications. The goal of the patient's care team was then to decrease his Hgb S content below 2% via exchange transfusions, so that the patient could be eligible for lung transplantation. It was decided that the patient would receive packed red blood cell (pRBC) exchange transfusions with the intention of lowering his Hgb S content. These transfusions rendered hydroxyurea usage redundant and therefore hydroxyurea was discontinued. This course of treatment was able to successfully lower the patient's Hgb S levels and the patient was able to successfully receive a lung transplant.

Within this case study we discuss the pathophysiology of SCD with ILD co-morbidity and treatment, including preoperative management and reasoning.

Furthermore, we investigate the possibility that the patient's ILD was caused by SCD. However, the cause of the patient's ILD diagnosis is idiopathic to date.

54

Analysis of Pembrolizumab in Biological Samples: Using Sampling by ABS Plastic SPME and Quantitation by LC-MS/MS D. Mattison; M. Long; E. Ng; M. Musteata This research aims to develop a method combining acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) and Liquid-Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) techniques for the quantification of the anti-cancer, monoclonal antibody drug, pembrolizumab. Clinically, such a method would allow for therapeutic drug monitoring of pembrolizumab within blood and tumors, accessing the concentration of drug reaching the cancer site, and allowing for better dosing recommendations and more efficacious pembrolizumab treatment, while also demonstrating the first use of SPME for sampling proteins. To test the overall effectiveness of various SPME approaches, calibration curves plotting the Amount of Extracted Pembrolizumab vs Amount of Pembrolizumab in Sample were created. These curves were analyzed for the SPME fiber yield, saturation, and precision.

Additional experiments were done to manipulate certain materials or parameters of the method like oxidation, addition of coupling agents, and fiber thickness to observe how they may increase its robustness. Initially, various SPME materials were tested against one another. ABS plastic fibers were chosen for having the highest yield of those supports that still maintained reasonable precision (RSD<6%). However, those fibers became saturated at higher pembrolizumab levels, demonstrating the need for further modifications to increase the linear range. In one approach, a sub-5-minute exposure time of the SPME fiber in the pembrolizumab sample demonstrated ideal precision and yield. Building on this knowledge, a calibration curve was constructed utilizing 20 seconds of SPME sampling. The overall curve (3-80 ug/mL) was logarithmic (R2= 0.9845) with high precision and adequate yield. The linear portion of the curve (3-27 ug/mL, R2=0.9775) was below the range needed for in vivo applications, though still applicable for collected samples that can be diluted. Thus, fiber saturation still must be lowered by increasing their extraction capacity.

The new SPME sampling method showed linearity and reproducibility in the 3-27 ug/mL range, which is suitable for in vitro applications. Further optimization and validation of this ABS Plastic SPME method is still needed to create a method applicable in vivo. Future goals include further developing and validating the quantitative method for in vivo sampling in mice.

55

Investigating the Role of NRF2 Inducers as HIV Latency Promoting Agents J. Mauceri; C. Gichigi; J. Das; I. Vredenburg; V. Singh The biggest hurdle for curing HIV has been its ability to establish a latent reservoir, that can evade the immune system and antiretroviral therapy while retaining the potential to reactivate. There have been two strategies that emerged to combat this latent reservoir, Shock-and-Kill and Block-and-Lock. Shock-and-Kill entails using latency reversing agents to break HIV out of its latency, allowing for the immune system and/or treatments to kill all the cells serving as reservoir.

Block-and-Lock, the opposite of Shock-and-Kill, uses latency promoting agents to force HIV to stay in its dormant latency form and prevent reactivation. Recently, our group has provided evidence that induction of NRF2 by Sulforaphane (SFN), prevents latently infected cells from reactivation and thus NRF2 signaling may be targeted therapeutically to achieve cure via block and lock approach.

In this study, we are evaluating an FDA approved NRF2 inducer, RTA-408, for its potential to promote HIV latency. RTA-408 is a known antioxidant inflammatory modulator (AIM) and has already been clinically approved for Friedreich's Ataxia.

We hypothesize that RTA-408 will act as a latency promoting agent to block HIV transcription via NRF2 signaling. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) has a major role in HIV transcription by interacting with HIV's 5'-long terminal repeat region and promoting HIV activation. Latently infected cell lines representing T cells and monocytes were pretreated with NRF-2 inducers SFN or RTA-408, followed by reactivation with TNFα. After 72h, cells were subjected to another round of reactivation with TNFα and incubated for additional 24h. Cells were collected at 48, 72 and 96h post SFN treatment and various assays were performed to measure viral replication (RT-qPCR, p24 ELISA, Flow cytometry). The results suggest that RTA-408 decreases HIV reactivation as measured by reduction in HIV specific transcripts (initiation and elongation) and reduced p24 levels, more so than SFN. Importantly, a single dose of RTA-408 protected HIV from two subsequent reactivations at 1h and 72h post treatment. These findings warrant further studies to evaluate the efficacy of RTA-408 as a latency promoting agent in ex vivo models of HIV latency as well as in a small controlled clinical trial to develop a novel strategy for a functional cure for HIV.

56

Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV-1 Activates the cGAS/STING Pathway in MT2 Cells B. Miranda; B. Shi The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is a retrovirus that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS), a severe human disease characterized by hyperimmune activation and inflammation. The cGAS/STING/IRF-3 signaling pathway primarily regulates the innate immune response upon exposure to viral dsDNA during infection. Infection by HIV-1 cell-free virus was found to be able to evade host innate immune recognition by preventing the production of type I interferon (IFN) due to the encapsulation of viral DNA. However, whether cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1, an aggressive form of viral infection, can induce IFN production and cause potential immunopathogenesis has been largely unknown.

In this study, the human T cell line MT2, which is HTLV-1 positive, was infected with a single-round VSV-G pseudotyped HIV-1 GFP+ virus. It was found that HIV-1 GFP+ viruses continued to spread dominantly through cell-to-cell contact after finishing the first round of replication in MT2 cells. Quantification of total cellular HIV-1 DNA and episomal HIV-1 DNA confirmed multiple rounds of replication within the MT2 cells. It was found that HIV-1 DNA levels, but not HTLV-1 DNA, increased substantially after infection with the HIV-1 GFP+ virus, suggesting that the unintegrated HIV-1 DNA served as a PAMP to activate the cGAS/STING/IRF-3 pathway in MT2 cells. Interestingly, infection of MT2 cells with the HIV-1 GFP+ virus activated the cGAS/STING pathway in a time- and dose-dependent manner, as detected by phosphorylation of STING (Ser366) and phosphorylation of IRF-3 (Ser396).

The results indicated that pathway activation occurs at 48 hours post infection, following the second round of reverse transcription. Furthermore, the G140 inhibitor of cGAS blocked phosphorylation of STING and IRF3, confirming that cGAS is the initial sensor for activation of the pathway. Subsequently, reverse-transcription TaqMan PCR demonstrated upregulation of IFN-β expression at the transcriptional level following HIV-mediated activation of the cGAS/STING pathway. These results strongly support the activation of the cGAS/STING pathway induced by cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 in infected MT2 cells.

57

The Dose Makes The Poison: The Pharmaceutical Applications of Black Henbane N. Moiseyev; H. Zheng Black Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), also known as Stinking Nightshade, is a flower native to temperate Europe and Siberia. Historically, Black Henbane was used as an anesthetic and hallucinogen. Norwegian women would apply ointments and creams containing Black Henbane and experience hallucinogenic effects, while in Greece during the First Century A.D., Henbane was used as a treatment for sleeplessness and pain (Alizadeh et al., 2014). The Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board notes Black Henbane as a poisonous weed known to contain various alkaloid compounds and cause many cases of livestock and human poisoning (NWCB, 1988). Black Henbane primarily contains the chemical Hyoscyamine, in addition to Atropine, Tropane, and Scopolamine. These chemicals have pharmacological effects such as being spasmolytic, sedatives, and bronchodilating (Alizadeh et al., 2014). Hyoscyamine was isolated from Black Henbane after it was understood that Hyoscyamine was the naturally occurring form of Atropine.

Now, we use Hyoscyamine to treat gastrointestinal symptoms in pediatric cases. It may also be used in surgery or to alleviate symptoms during cancer treatment (MSKCC). Other isolated chemicals such as Atropine and Scopolamine are used as muscle relaxants and anti-nausea medications (Alizadeh et al., 2014). A recent study suggested that Atropine may also be used as a Parkinson's Disease inhibitor.

Atropine and Hyoscyamine were extracted from the seeds of Black Henbane and injected into mice Parkinson's Disease models. There was a notable effect in the inhibition of the MAO Enzyme, which breaks down dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine and eventually contributes to Parkinson's Disease development (Tariq Khan et al., 2021). Black Henbane has been used from ancient Greece all the way into modern times. Overall, the plant has many pharmacological uses, and has been a popular treatment in both history and modern day medicine. Its promise in medicine remains up in the air for research, even if it already has popular uses. In the future, I propose that the isolated alkaloids from Black Henbane should become frontline remedies for neurological disorders as long as research is applied to them.

58

Disseminated Blastomyces Dermatiditis in an Immunocompetent Pediatric Patient: A Case Report J. Musacchio; R. Scott; M. Parent An 8 year old male presented to the pediatrician with complaint of raised, red, and ulcerated skin lesions on the chest, back, legs, feet, and abdomen. After failure of antibiotic treatments, Keflex and Bactrim, the patient returned with even more lesions than the prior visit, all at different stages of growth. Some lesions were healed, while others were red, fluid filled, and ulcerated. Additionally, the patient developed pain and swelling in previously asymptomatic extremities of the right wrist and foot, indicating dissemination. The patient stated that he went hunting in Cape Cod, Massachusetts and ATVing in Saratoga, New York a few months prior, but no wounds were noticed on the trip. A skin biopsy initially led the physician to believe Cryptococcus, a type of fungus, was the cause of infection. Several laboratory tests including a blood culture, Complete Blood Count (CBC), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), urine culture, MRI, histology staining, immunoglobulin testing, bone cultures, urine and serum antigen tests, and molecular testing were run.

The presumptive diagnosis of Blastomyces dermatiditis, which disseminated from the child's skin to bones, was confirmed through an elevated C-Reactive Protein, ESR, Blastomyces urine antigen and Histoplasma serum antigen. Polymerase Chain Reaction by the New York Department of Health and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) testing further confirmed the diagnosis of Blastomyces dermatiditis with osteoarticular involvement. The patient was treated with surgical bone debridement and prolonged antifungal therapy with liposomal amphotericin B, and itraconazole to clear the fungal infection. This case emphasizes the importance of obtaining patient history and following through with all tests performed to rule out and rule in certain infectious organisms.

59

Development and Characterization of Microemulsion Formulations for Topical Delivery of Methotrexate S. Nusbaum; M. Hass Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disease that impacts approximately 3% of adults in the US, according to a nationally representative cross-sectional study published in 2021 (1). This suggests that it is one of the most common immune-mediated diseases affecting adults in the US..

This project focused on creating a microemulsion (ME) for topical delivery of methotrexate (MTX), a first line agent for treating moderate to severe with psoriasis.

The goal was to compare stability, characteristics, and deliverability of the formulations. MEs were characterized by their visual appearance and particle size measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). In addition, in vitro permeation experiments were done with porcine skin using Franz Diffusion cells to determine the specific layers where the MTX accumulates in the skin. The long-term goal of the lab is to develop and deliver a topical ester codrug derived from MTX and aminolevulinic acid (ALA), another drug used to treat psoriasis through photodynamic therapy to the skin, using the ME developed in this project.

These co-drugs are designed to hydrolyze in the viable skin layers and release the activated parent compounds to modulate inflammation and hyperproliferation of skin cells in psoriatic skin. This study focused on formulation and penetration studies of methotrexate disodium salt (MTX DSS) to help inform later formulations of MTX with ALA.

Tactile Spatial Memory: Implications from Increased Difficulty and Detailed Track Plots J. Morehouse; L. Motlagh; R. Flint

Non-visual tactile spatial learning was examined using a challenging novel task.

Participants located a small target stimulus among numerous distractor stimuli across 2 blocks of 5 trials each. The location of the target stimulus was moved, without participant knowledge, following the 5th trial of the first block. Results revealed a main effect of trial indicating improved performance across trials, but no effect of block or trial by block interaction.

60

Characterizing the Hyperglycemic Shift from Apoptosis to Necroptosis in Undifferentiated and Differentiated U937 Monocytes/Macrophages A. Momoh; M. Othman; A. Knapp; M. Deragon; T. LaRocca Undifferentiated U937 cells are known to switch from apoptotic programmed cell death to necroptotic programmed cell death in hyperglycemic conditions. It is hypothesized that introducing PMA-differentiated macrophages to hyperglycemic conditions will also shift induced cell death toward a necroptotic pathway. When analyzed, both differentiated and undifferentiated cells showed increased death in high glucose conditions. Caspase inhibition did not prevent the increase in cell death in hyperglycemic conditions in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells.

However, cell death was prevented by the inhibition of RIP1 and RIP3 in high glucose in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells.

The difference in cell death behavior appears when both cell types are treated with an AGE inhibitor, pyridoxamine (PDX), where cell death decreases with only the differentiated macrophages. Apoptotic caspase activities also showed a more significant decrease in differentiated cells placed in hyperglycemic conditions, providing evidence of the shutdown of apoptosis. In addition, differentiated and undifferentiated cells show increased levels of necroptotic markers, RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL in high glucose conditions. Overall, it can be noted that there is a more dramatic shift to necroptotic programmed cell death in differentiated macrophages placed in hyperglycemic environments.

Ependymomas in Adolescents: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Outcomes E. Coryea; M. Sardella Ependymomas are the third most common malignant tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) in adolescents. These tumors originate from ependymal cells lining the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.

Diagnosis typically involves neuroimaging, most commonly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to identify tumor presence and assess for potential spread through the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

The current standard of care for ependymomas includes maximal safe surgical resection followed by adjuvant radiation therapy. Chemotherapy has shown limited effectiveness for this tumor type and is not considered a primary treatment modality. Despite advances in surgical and radiation techniques, patients with ependymomas often experience tumor recurrence and may face poor long-term survival outcomes. Ongoing research is needed to better understand tumor biology and to develop more effective therapeutic strategies to improve prognosis and quality of life for affected patients.

61

The Development of Biofilm Protocols for Klebsiella Aerogenes and Escherichia Coli K-12 A. Rajesh; K. Hallstrom There are many Gram-negative pathogens, such as Salmonella typhimurium, that are responsible for various gastrointestinal illnesses. Outbreaks of these bacteria often originate from food industries, due to their ability to form biofilms. A biofilm is a community of bacteria that are coated with an extracellular polymeric substance that can adhere to the surface of machines found in food factories. The goal of this research is to develop protocols that can help identify the factors that promote biofilm formation. Klebsiella aerogenes and Escherichia coli K-12 bacteria were used in substitute of Salmonella for preliminary experiments to begin developing protocols.

This substitution is appropriate because all three bacteria share similar characteristics, including their Gram-negative structure, their ability to form biofilms, their association with the human GI tract, and their ability to grow in similar laboratory conditions. Overnight cultures of K. aerogenes and E. coli K-12 were grown, optical densities of these cultures were collected, and a crystal violet staining procedure was performed to quantify biofilm formation. After repeated experiments, concentrations of nutrient tyramine were added to bacterial cultures to observe its effects on biofilm formation.

To study biofilms on solid media, the fluorescent dye Calcofluor White was incorporated into two types of agar plates. The tyramine experiments showed that a 1 mM tyramine concentration demonstrated consistent biofilm growth compared to 10 µM of tyramine, while bacteria given no tyramine showed the least amount of biofilm growth. From the Calcofluor White experiments, MacConkey plates exhibited ring-shaped growth around the biofilm colonies, indicating strong biofilm formation. These findings indicate that the protocols developed provide an effective approach for studying biofilm formation for preliminary experiments and may be applied to Salmonella in the future.

62

Exploring Production, Characterization, and Analysis of Purified Recombinant Cas9 Nuclease Using BL21 E. coli (DE3) B. Rounds; E. Louie; P. Datta Clustered regularly spaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 genome-editing technology has revolutionized modern biotechnology by enabling precise, RNA-guided modification of genetic material. Despite its widespread adoption in research and growing applications in gene therapy and immunotherapy, large-scale implementation of Cas9-based systems remains limited by challenges in recombinant protein production, purification, and integration/scale-up. In this study, recombinant Cas9 is produced using Escherichia coli expression systems, with exploration in optimizing expression conditions to improve protein yield and solubility. Following expression, purification is achieved through affinity chromatography techniques and analyzed using gel electrophoresis. The results highlight the importance of integrating upstream expression optimization with downstream purification optimization to produce functional Cas9 at reproducible yields. Addressing these challenges is essential for improving the accessibility and scalability of CRISPR-based technologies for both research and therapeutic applications.

Therapeutic Use of Lipid Nanoparticles Outside the Liver: Advancements, Limitations, and Future Directions M. Stuhler; R. Dearborn Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as the dominant platform for nucleic acid therapeutic delivery, offering nucleic acid protection, biocompatibility, and tunable physicochemical properties across a broad range of therapeutic modalities.

Despite these advantages, conventional LNP formulations are fundamentally constrained by hepatic tropism, a consequence of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-mediated liver accumulation. This consequence limits their utility for the treatment of extrahepatic diseases. Redirecting LNP biodistribution to non-hepatic tissues represents one of the most pressing challenges in the field. This review examines three core engineering strategies developed to overcome this limitation: active targeting, passive targeting, and endogenous targeting. Active targeting employs surface-conjugated ligands, such as monoclonal antibodies, to achieve tissue-selective delivery. Passive targeting modifies the physical properties of LNPs to yield improved on-target delivery. Endogenous targeting allows for the reprogramming of LNP biodistribution by chemically altering the composition of LNPs. Each approach presents distinct limitations, and further optimization remains necessary before broad clinical translation. Collectively, however, these strategies mark meaningful progress toward programmable, tissue-selective LNP platforms capable of expanding the therapeutic use of lipid nanoparticles outside the liver.

63

Optimizing Relebactam Concentrations to Restore Aztreonam Susceptibility in Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa A. Salisbury; K. Moolick; N. O'Donnell Metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa represents a major threat to global health. MBLs are bacterial enzymes that hydrolyze the β-lactam ring, rendering traditional treatments ineffective and leaving few options for severe infections. MBL-producing P. aeruginosa exhibits resistance to most well-tolerated antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems.

Treatment of patients infected with these pathogens may require use of toxic agents, such as aminoglycosides or polymyxins. While combinations like aztreonam paired with novel inhibitors such as avibactam and relebactam exhibit in vitro activity against MBL-producing Enterobacterales, less is known about their use in MBL-producing P .aeruginosa, additionally their clinical utility is currently hindered by a lack of optimized dosing strategies. Our preliminary work in the hollow fiber infection model suggests higher doses of imipenem/relebactam, combined with aztreonam, result in increased killing relative to standard doses.

This project aims to evaluate higher exposures of relebactam, in combination with aztreonam, to effectively inhibit visual growth of MBL-producing P. aeruginosa.

Our central hypothesis is that increasing relebactam concentrations within a clinically achievable range enhances bacterial susceptibility to aztreonam, but that antimicrobial activity plateaus beyond a critical threshold. To test this, MICs were conducted via CLSI-recommended methodologies using set concentrations of relebactam (4 mg/L), as well as MICs with higher concentrations of relebactam (6 and 8 mg/L). Triple agent MICs (i.e., imipenem, relebactam, and aztreonam) were also conducted, with matched imipenem and aztreonam concentrations, and fixed concentrations of relebactam. MIC values were evaluated at 18-24 hours with the lowest concentration that inhibited visual growth determined to be the MICs. Preliminary results demonstrate that increasing relebactam from 4 to 6 µg/mL reduced minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in several Aztreonam-resistant isolates, while further increases beyond this range yielded no additional antimicrobial benefit. Decreases in MIC were generally modest (~2 fold decrease).

This research may help to define isolates where higher doses of imipenem/relebactam combined with aztreonam may increase bacterial killing. By establishing the safest effective concentrations, this work will reduce reliance on toxic regimens, ultimately improving patient outcomes and preserving the efficacy of last-line antimicrobial defenses.

64

Pembrolizumab as an Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy in Syngeneic Triple Negative Breast Cancer Models U. Shah; K. Jin Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by a lack of targeted therapeutic options and poor clinical outcomes.

Immune checkpoint blockade targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach; however, pembrolizumab's mechanistic effects in preclinical breast cancer models remain incompletely defined. In this study, we utilized a PD-1/PD-L1 Bio-IC™ reporter system to investigate pembrolizumab-mediated PD-1 activation and its functional consequences in both engineered cell models and TNBC cell lines. PD-L1-overexpressing Raji (RPDL1) cells and PD-1-overexpressing Jurkat (JPD1) cells were first validated by qRT-PCR to confirm robust transgene expression.

Using the QUANTI-Luc™ 4 Lucia/Gaussia luminescence assay, we demonstrated that co-cultures of RPDL1 and JPD1 cells exhibited significantly increased luciferase activity in response to pembrolizumab across all tested concentrations, confirming effective PD-1 pathway engagement by the antibody. Extending this system to TNBC models, we showed that pembrolizumab similarly enhanced luciferase activity in co-cultures of JPD1 cells with human TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468). In contrast, murine TNBC cell lines (EO771, 4T1) displayed only modest activation, consistent with the known species specificity of pembrolizumab, which binds human PD-1 with high affinity but interacts poorly with murine PD-1 or PD-L1. Importantly, apoptotic assays revealed no significant increase in tumor cell death in any co-culture condition, reflecting the non-cytotoxic nature of Jurkat reporter cells. Collectively, these findings establish the PD-1/PD-L1 Bio-IC™ co-culture system as a sensitive platform for assessing pembrolizumab-mediated PD-1 activation and demonstrate that PD-L1 expressed by TNBC cells is sufficient to drive PD-1 signaling. This reporter-based strategy provides a useful first-stage screening model for evaluating immune checkpoint interactions and may inform future studies incorporating cytotoxic T cells or in vivo models to more fully assess pembrolizumab's antitumor potential.

65

Systemic and Educational Barriers to Pharmacist-Led PTSD care for Military Patients in Civilian Pharmacy Practice S. Solomon; R. Flint Active-duty military personnel face elevated rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and frequently require complex pharmacologic management. Pharmacists are uniquely positioned to optimize medication therapy, monitor adverse drug events, address drug-drug interactions and reinforce adherence. However, both systemic and educational barriers may limit pharmacist-led PTSD care, particularly in civilian community settings. Evidence suggests pharmacists are less comfortable counseling patients with mental health conditions compared with other chronic diseases and workflow pressures may reduce meaningful clinical engagement. In addition, personal political views and insufficient integration of military cultural competence and trauma-informed care principles within civilian pharmacy education may limit pharmacists' preparedness to communicate effectively and sensitively with active-duty service members. Systemic barriers further affect access to care. Reimbursement challenges associated with TRICARE have led some independent pharmacies, despite being listed as participating providers within the Military Health System, to restrict or decline service, creating additional obstacles for military patients seeking psychotropic medications. In contrast, military treatment facility pharmacies operate within integrated health systems that facilitate collaboration with behavioral health services and allow for more coordinated PTSD management.

This study proposes a cross-sectional, survey-based observational design to evaluate differences in pharmacist involvement in PTSD care among active-duty military personnel utilizing military versus community pharmacies. Eligible participants (≥18 years, active duty, English-speaking) will complete an anonymous Qualtrics survey assessing demographics, pharmacy type, psychotropic medication use, frequency of pharmacist interaction, comfort seeking pharmacist advice and PTSD symptom severity using the PTSD Checklist-Military Version (PCL-M). Statistical analyses will include descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests, Chi-square analyses, Spearman correlations and multiple linear regression to determine whether pharmacy type predicts PTSD symptom severity while controlling for demographic and clinical variables. It is anticipated that military pharmacy users will report more frequent pharmacist interactions and greater comfort seeking guidance compared with community pharmacy users. Potential findings aim to highlight disparities in pharmacist involvement, identify potential demographic and perceptual biases and inform curricular and systemic reforms to strengthen trauma-informed, patient-centered PTSD care for military populations.

66

Investigating the Impact of Connecticut's Nonmedical Exemption Repeal on School-Entry Measles Vaccination Coverage H. Spong; Z. Ahmad; J. Correira; M. Doll Measles vaccination is critical to maintain herd immunity and prevent outbreaks.

Effective April 2021, Connecticut (CT) passed Public Act 21-6 removing nonmedical exemption (NME) options from school-required immunizations. The law included a grandfather clause allowing students with existing nonmedical exemptions (NMEs) to continue their education without vaccination. Due to this policy, grandfathered NMEs may persist for years. Our objective was to evaluate the law's effects on measles vaccination coverage and implications for NMEs over time.

CT examines measles vaccination and NMEs at kindergarten and 7th grades; these and school enrollment data are publicly available through the CT Department of Public Health. Using data from 2012-13 through 2023-24 school years, we examined the law's effect upon implementation for kindergarten and 7th grade county-level measles vaccination coverage using stratified generalized estimating equations, excluding the 2020-21 year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. To examine NME persistence, kindergarten and 7th grade data were used to track NMEs over time, assuming students with an NME remained unvaccinated.

Upon the law's implementation, county-level measles vaccination coverage increased by a mean of 1.8% (95% CI: 1.1%, 2.5%) among kindergartners; no change was observed among 7th graders (-0.2%; 95% CI: -0.7%, 0.3%). Among CT counties, NMEs peaked in 2021-22 graduates, with persistence through 2035-36. CT Public Act 21-6 increased mean county-level measles vaccination coverage among kindergartners; however, the law's full impact is not anticipated until 2036.

67

Synthesis and Characterization of Microemulsions and Nanoparticles for Use as Topical Drug Delivery Vehicles E. Tangorra; M. Hass This research project is a continuation of development of microemulsions (ME) and nanoparticle (NP) technologies as topical delivery vehicles for prodrugs and co-drugs derived from mycophenolic acid (MPA). The overall aim of the project is to develop novel topical therapies for treating psoriasis and other inflammatory skin diseases. A series of ME and NE were previously prepared from various oils, surfactants and water, assessed for stability and characterized by their particles size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. PS, PDI and ZP measurements were taken using a Malvern Nanosizer 90S instrument. Stable ME/NE were then loaded with the methylester of MPA, MPA-ME. These loaded ME/NE were assessed for stability and PS, PDI and ZP were measured. Loaded ME samples are currently being analyzed to determine the load capacity of these vehicles using solid phase extraction (SPE), lyophilization and reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Evaluate the effectiveness of the ME to deliver MPA-ME to the skin using an ex vivo porcine skin model. A Franz diffusion cell apparatus was employed to evaluate the permeation of the MPA ME formulation over a 2 hour exposure. Samples were collected from the skin's surface, stratum corneum, viable epidermis, and dermis to quantify the amount of MPA ME that penetrated each compartment. Quantification relied on calibration curves constructed for both MPA and MPA ME, allowing calculation of percent recovery for each layer. Recovery values were analyzed, showing a wide range which prompts a discussion of potential sources of loss and outlining future troubleshooting strategies (e.g., oil phase modification, skin membrane assessment, refining analytical sensitivity).

68

Pharmaceutical Science of the Amur Cork Tree Phellodendron amurense -- Rediscover the "Poor Man's Versatile Cure" N. Thai; H. Zheng Phellodendron amurense, commonly known as the Amur cork tree, serves as one of the 50 fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicine (Cheng et al., 2019).

Native to eastern Asia, the bark of the Amur cork tree is a highly diverse medicinal product, having applications in treatments for gastrointestinal issues and bacterial infections (Chen et al., 2024). The active ingredient berberine and related alkaloids are responsible for the anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effects offered by the plant. It is a strong candidate for combination treatments as its anti-microbial properties demonstrate the ability to alter bacterial cell structures and prevent bacterial growth in the H. pylori model (Chen et al., 2024), especially with rising concerns of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

In recent studies, researchers have identified anti-cancer and anti-tumor activities in P. amurense, primarily blocking cAMP response binding proteins and Akt signaling, which inhibits growth of tumor and cancer cells (National Cancer Institute). Though the Amur cork tree is considered an invasive plant within the United States, the therapeutic effects observed from recent reports and historical literature justifies its further research. Reconsidering its classification as an invasive species will allow more in-depth research and development of botanical products, which may be a promising therapeutic for clinical needs.

69

Structural Basis of Drug Binding to Human Cytochrome P450 2C9: Insights into the Impact of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism R. Trivedi; M. Shah The human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-thiolate monooxygenases involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics. A total of 57 functional genes make up the human CYP superfamily. Of these, families 1, 2, and 3 play a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and several endogenous compounds. The CYP2 family with 13 subfamilies is one of the largest P450 families, encompassing many key isoforms including CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, and CYP2E1. Of the CYP2C subfamily, the CYP2C9 enzyme is responsible for metabolizing ~15% of therapeutic medicines, including anticoagulant warfarin, antihypertensive losartan, antidiabetic glimepiride, and analgesic ibuprofen. CYP2C9 is a highly polymorphic enzyme with more than 85 genetic variations identified thus far.

The CYP2C9*2 allelic variant, found in different populations, represents amino acid substitution at position 144 from arginine to cysteine. Compared to the wild type, the patients possessing the CYP2C9*2 allele illustrate significantly less intrinsic metabolic activity towards various drug substrates leading to increased blood concentrations of the drug and potential toxicity. Such toxicity can further exacerbate due to co-administered drugs that are inhibitors of CYP2C9. Using structural, biophysical, and functional studies, the aim is to determine how CYP2C9*2 interacts with the substrate Siponimod, a drug used to treat multiple sclerosis and elucidate the impact of a CYP2C9 inhibitor Fluconazole.

Recombinant protein expression and purification of CYP2C9*2 was carried out followed by crystallization in the presence and absence of the drug Siponimod or Fluconazole. Structure of CYP2C9*2-fluconazole complex solved using X-ray crystallography illustrated the binding of an inhibitor in the active site of the enzyme. Additionally, computational approaches were employed that showed the differences in binding of Siponimod to the wild type and the *2 structure.

Isothermal titration calorimetry demonstrates a higher binding affinity of Fluconazole with *2 variant than the wild-type enzyme, and enzymatic assays indicate decreased turn-over of Siponimod by the CYP2C9*2 variant compared to the wild type. Overall, the goal is to elucidate the binding of the drug substrate Siponimod and an inhibitor Fluconazole to CYP2C9*2 that will aid in understanding the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms in human CYP2C9 enzyme.

70

Pretransfusion Panreactivity in a Multiple Myeloma Patient: How Previous Treatments Can Obscure Diagnostic Test Results Y-F. Tsai; J. Williams; R. Scott; M. Parent Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell disorder that disrupts normal bone remodeling, causing skeletal complications known as myeloma bone disease. In healthy individuals, bone metabolism is regulated by processes that maintain homeostasis between bone resorption and bone formation by specialized bone cells. This balance cannot be maintained when malignant plasma cells infiltrate the bone marrow space and enhance bone destruction while suppressing bone formation. This makes it essential to diagnose MM early on. Diagnosis relies on the detection of the clonal plasma cells that have flooded the marrow space and their impact on the bone. As myeloma cells occupy the bone marrow and crowd out normal hematopoietic precursors, they reduce the production of resident cells like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, resulting in blood cell number reduction, or cytopenias, that may require transfusion support.

This paper follows a 72-year-old woman with MM who was admitted for acute left lower-extremity swelling and deep vein thrombosis. Routine pretransfusion testing showed leukopenia and stable mild anemia without hypercalcemia or renal failure.

However, during pre-transfusion testing, her antibody screen displayed unexpected panreactive Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT) results and the presence of autoantibody. In addition, further review of the patient's history revealed prior treatment with daratumumab, a blood surface antigen-targeting antibody (anti-CD38) used to treat MM, that can also cause unintended panreactivity in the IAT. This case illustrates several important considerations, including the need for clear communication between clinical teams and the use of serologic testing to prevent recent medications from affecting blood type test accuracy.

71

Telling the Story in Blood: Spatter or Smear?

P. Woodward; S. Alvaro Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) is frequently used in forensic investigations to reconstruct violent events, yet the discipline has faced criticism for subjectivity and inconsistent interpretation. Studies have shown that even trained analysts can disagree when classifying bloodstain patterns, highlighting the need for more standardized and objective methods. One factor that complicates interpretation is the influence of fabric surfaces, which can alter stain morphology through absorption, diffusion, and interaction with textile structure. Despite previous research on blood behavior on textiles, there remains a gap in understanding how different fabric textures influence the ability to reliably distinguish between spatter patterns and transfer (smear) stains under controlled conditions. This study aims to develop a controlled experimental model to differentiate blood spatter and smear patterns on a variety of fabric types. Simulated arterial-like spatters will be generated using a disposable pipette, while smear patterns will be created through gloved-hand contact. Stains will be produced on multiple textile surfaces, including three washes of denim, a sweatshirt, two patterned shirts, and a white T-shirt, representing a range of textures and absorbency levels.

Each stain will be documented through high-resolution photography and microscopic examination. Quantitative measurements of stain size, shape, and elongation will be collected to characterize morphological differences between spatter and smear patterns. To evaluate the reliability of these distinguishing characteristics, a blind classification study will be conducted. Unknown stains generated under the same experimental conditions will be analyzed using the established observation and measurement criteria. The classifications will then be compared to the true stain types to determine accuracy and reproducibility. It is expected that spatter patterns will display smaller, more circular droplets with directional characteristics, whereas smear patterns will appear elongated and irregular due to direct contact with the fabric surface. The results of this research are expected to demonstrate that measurable morphological features can be used to reliably distinguish between spatter and smear stains on fabric. By establishing a reproducible experimental framework and objective classification criteria, this study seeks to strengthen the scientific basis of bloodstain pattern analysis.

Improved standardization of fabric-based bloodstain interpretation may help reduce analyst bias, increase the reliability of forensic testimony, and ultimately contribute to more accurate crime scene reconstruction and fewer wrongful convictions.

72

Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis: Laboratory Findings and Diagnostic Approach in Tick-borne Infections A. Zhang; S. Russell Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a bacterial infection caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, which can be contracted by the bites of infected Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus ticks. Most cases in the United States occur in the Northeast or upper Midwest during peak seasons of tick activity, namely late spring into summer. A. phagocytophilum primarily infects neutrophils, which are a type of white blood cell that function in host defense through mechanisms such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and intracellular microbial killing in healthy individuals.

However, infection with A. phagocytophilum alters normal neutrophil function by preventing phagolysosomal fusion and suppressing oxidative burst, thereby supporting intracellular bacterial replication.

These pathogenic mechanisms contribute to characteristic laboratory abnormalities, including leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and mildly elevated liver transaminases.

This capstone examines the case of a 70-year-old female in Glens Falls, New York who presented with fever, progressive weakness, severe leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, elevated liver transaminases, and sepsis following a tick bite. Peripheral blood smear analysis revealed intracytoplasmic inclusions (morulae) within neutrophils, and molecular testing using polymerase chain reaction confirmed A. phagocytophilum infection while serological testing revealed coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease.

Empirical treatment was initiated with doxycycline, the recommended first-line therapy for HGA and other tick-borne diseases due to its ability to target intracellular pathogens by inhibiting protein synthesis. The patient responded rapidly to treatment, showing fever resolution and gradual normalization of leukocyte and platelet counts. This case highlights the importance of recognizing and piecing together the characteristic clinical and laboratory features of HGA, emphasizing the critical role of integrated laboratory diagnostics-clinical chemistry, hematology, serology, and molecular diagnostics-for ensuring timely diagnosis and treatment of HGA. Current literature on etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic testing, and treatment is reviewed to provide context for disease progression and prognosis.

73

Development of an Assessment Tool to Evaluate the Appropriateness of Direct Oral Anticoagulation Use in Atrial Fibrillation in the Long-Term Care Setting K. Romano; U. Sano; M. Burke; M. Brodeur The prevalence of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) and its subsequent use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are increasing in older adults. However, it is found that older adults are not being prescribed anticoagulants appropriately due to the perceived increased bleeding risks, despite guideline recommendations.

Currently, there is limited research reviewing DOAC utilization in older adults within the long-term care setting. This project aims to answer the question, among residents in the long-term care setting with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation who are receiving a DOACs, can the development of an assessment tool, compared to standard prescribing practices, improve the identification of appropriate (indication, dosing, risk scores, safety monitoring) versus inappropriate DOAC prescribing? The primary outcome is to develop an assessment tool using expert opinion, clinical knowledge and evidence-based data to evaluate the appropriateness of DOAC use in AF in the long-term care setting.

In phase one, resident charts in point click care that meet the defined inclusion criteria of residing in long term care, having a documented diagnosis of AF, and an active order for a factor Xa DOAC will be included. A retrospective chart review will be performed by the researcher to collect baseline descriptive data and characterize current DOAC prescribing practices. This data will be stored on a secure RedCap server at Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, where only the PI and co-PI will have assess to the data. Descriptive statistics will be done, and these findings will inform the development of an evidence-based assessment tool. The tool development will be supported using EVAL Health which is a computer-powered app designed for researchers to build clinical pathways and decision support tools. This platform does not hold any PHI. Following development of the app, the same resident data will be re-analyzed using the tool to evaluate its performance in assessing prescribing appropriateness compared to the manual chart review. In phase 2 the tool will be assessed for reliability, validity and feasibility. Inter-rater reliability testing will be conducted comparing two clinicians’ application of the tool to determine accuracy in evaluating the appropriate DOAC prescribing in LTC residents.

74

75

Understanding the Relationship Between Nutrient Availability and Antibiotic Sensitivity in Klebsiella Pneumoniae L. Zara; Y. Bardakjian; T. LaFountain; M. Deragon; A. McCabe Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen of increasing clinical concern due to its frequent multidrug resistance and its capacity to survive under diverse environmental conditions. In Dr. McCabe’s laboratory, ongoing research has focused on mechanisms of gentamicin resistance and collateral antibiotic sensitivity in evolved and genetically defined K. pneumoniae strains. The aim of this project was to determine whether nutrient limitation alters antibiotic response phenotypes in strains previously associated with gentamicin resistance and collateral sensitivity. Wild-type (WT), ΔdapE, ΔcyoA, Am2, ΔcpxA, and DS3 strains were initially cultured in lysogeny broth and then transferred into M9 minimal medium to model a low nutrient, infection relevant environment. Growth curve plate reader assays were performed in M9 medium using serial dilutions of gentamicin, meropenem, and ceftriaxone. For each strain, an apparent inhibitory threshold was defined as the lowest antibiotic concentration at which growth shifted from sustained growth to visibly reduced growth relative to the no drug control. Supplemental Kirby-Bauer assays were also performed in triplicate against WT for baseline comparison.

The results demonstrated that nutrient limitation affected antibiotic response phenotypes in a drug dependent manner. Gentamicin produced the clearest strain differences in M9 medium, with WT, ΔcyoA, and ΔcpxA exhibiting higher inhibitory thresholds than ΔdapE, Am2, and especially DS3. In contrast, meropenem produced nearly identical inhibitory thresholds across all strains, indicating minimal separation under these conditions. Ceftriaxone showed an intermediate pattern, with modest differences among strains. These findings indicate that low nutrient conditions do not uniformly preserve or eliminate resistance associated phenotypes, but instead reshape them depending on the antibiotic tested. This project supports the broader conclusion that environmental context is an important determinant of antibiotic response behavior in K. pneumoniae and contributes to ongoing efforts to better understand resistance linked phenotypes under infection relevant stress conditions.

76

Index A Ahmad, Z. Alvaro, S. Alyazjeen, T. Amin, V. Awadalla, F. Azzopardi, C. B Bardakjian, Y. Barroso, M. Bauer, A. Berghela, M. Bishara, J. Boochoon, A. Bouchard, H. Bombaywala, R. Brena, D. Brock, L. Brodeur, M. Burgess, N. Burke, M. Burnett, M. Buenviaje, K. Byk, D. C Carrillo, V. Carreno, J. Campos, A. Celebi, R. Chavan, R. Choens, A. Chow, A. Chow, F. Chukwudiebube, E. Cook, K Colon, E.

37, 67 42, 48, 72 38 13 17 39 76 17 40 19 41 38 1, 9 7 30 51 74 1 74 42 13 13 11 51 35 12 43 49 38 38 2 25, 33 50

Index Correira, J. Coryea, E. Crannell, S. D Dang, C. Das, J. Datta, P. DeGraw, A. Denvir, P Desear, K. Deol, M. Dearborn, R. Deragon, M Dinh, T. Doll, M Dorr, N. Dougherty, M. E Eapen, K. F Facteau, M. Fedun, L. Fonseca, K. Flint, R. G Gauthier, T. Gayne, E. Gichigi, C. Gioia, D. Gladding, L Goldwag, J. Gobind, H. Gomez, A. Green, S. Guo, H. Gwilt, L.

37, 67 61 44 45 4, 8, 20, 31, 41, 45, 56 2, 11, 47, 63 1 27 51 4 63 1, 4, 8, 20, 25, 31, 33 41, 45, 46, 47, 61, 76 46 35, 37, 67 21, 38 25, 33 13 32 46 3, 21 22, 25, 38, 60, 66 51 47 56 31 15 17 48 26 49 40 50

Index H Hallstrom, K. Hirsch, E. Hammond, N. Hass, M I Intes, X. J Jagda, S. Javed, M. Jin, K K Knapp, A. Koudriashova, A. Kufel, W. Kruger, U. Kuska, E. L LaFountain, T. LaRocca, T Lavigne, R. Leonette, S. Lewis, M. Lomonaco, D Longden, B. Long, M. Louie, E Lozier, S. M Ma, Z. Malik, M. Matteson, K. Mattison, D. Martinez, C. Mauceri, J.

62 51 5 10, 16, 60, 68 17 22, 38 17 14, 18, 19, 36, 65 1, 61 38 51 17 51 76 1, 25, 33, 46, 47, 61 52 5, 53 40 18 9 24, 55 11, 47, 63 32 29 29 17 14, 55 54 56

Index McCabe, A. McCaig, W. Mecsas, J Meng, B. Mlyniec, J. Miranda, B. Mills, A. Momoh, A. Moiseyev, N. Moolick, K. Morehouse, J. Morrisette, T. Motlagh, L. Murray, F. Musacchio, J. Musteata, M. N Ninche, E. Nunes, A. Nusbaum, S. Ng, E. O O’Boyle, G. O’Donnell, N. Othman, M. Othman, W. Oruko, D. P Parent, M. Pettigrew, S. Pyser, J. Pearsall, M. R Rajesh, A. Ragnauth, E. Rakoczy, B. Rathor, A.

6, 30, 76 33 30 1, 9 51 7, 57 6, 30 61 58 64 25, 60 51 60 29 59 12, 14, 15, 19, 24, 55 30 20 60 55 25, 38 64 61 1, 9 17 39, 50, 54, 59, 71, 34, 49 40 51 62 9 21 6

Index Rodriguez-Steen, L. Romano, K. Rounds, B. Russell, S. S Sager, L. Salisbury, A. Sangasani, D. Sano, U. Sanchez, W. Sardella, M. Schengrund, D. Schoenfeld, D. Scott, K. Scott R. Scott Russell, A. Shah, M. Shah, U. Shakow, M. Shi, B. Singh, V.

3, 9, 23, 26 74 47, 63 73 9 64 8, 41 74 1 61 1, 9, 33 23 23, 30 44, 50, 52, 54, 59, 71 39 2, 40, 43, 70 65 46 7, 32, 57

Slusarek, D. Solomon, S. Spong, H. Stuhler, M.

4, 8, 20, 31, 39, 41, 45, 56 6, 30 66 37, 67 63

T Tangorra, E. Tan Lu, W. Tebano, T. Thai, N. Thaljeh, G. Thomas, L. Trivedi, R. Tsai, Y-F.

10, 68 24 16 32, 69 40 5, 28 70 71