Nutrition e5 Chapter 17

Chapter

17 Life Cycle: From Childhood Through Adulthood

Childhood • Energy and nutrient needs during childhood • Energy and protein • Kcal and grams protein per kg decrease from infancy

• Vitamins and minerals • Vitamin and mineral supplements

• Influences on childhood food habits and intake

Childhood • Nutritional concerns during childhood • Malnutrition and hunger • Food and behavior • Childhood overweight • Nutrition and chronic disease in childhood • Lead toxicity

• Vegetarianism in childhood

Adolescence • Physical growth and development • Adolescent growth spurt • Boys: begins between 12–13 years • Gain about 8 inches in height, 45 pounds in weight • Girls: begins between 10–11 years • Gain about 6 inches in height, 35 pounds in weight • Body composition • Emotional maturity: developmental tasks

Adolescence • Nutrient needs of adolescents • Energy and protein • Highest total calories and protein grams per day

• Vitamins and minerals • Influences on adolescent food intake

Adolescence

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Adolescence • Nutrition-related concerns of adolescents • • • • •

Fitness and sports Acne Eating disorders Adolescent obesity Tobacco, alcohol, recreational drugs

Staying Young While Growing Older • Age-related changes • Weight and body composition • Add fat, lose lean body mass

• Physical activity • Reduced muscle and skeletal strength

• Immunity • Decline in defense mechanism

• Taste and smell • Decline in ability

• Gastrointestinal changes • Reduced acid secretion, reduced motility

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Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult • Energy • Reduced needs • Decreased activity, decreased lean body mass

• Protein • Same needs per kg body weight as younger adults

• Carbohydrate • More likely to be lactose intolerant

• Fat • Maintain moderate low-fat diet

• Water • Reduced thirst response

Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult • Vitamins and Minerals • • • • • •

Vitamin D B vitamins Antioxidants Calcium Zinc Iron

• To Supplement or Not to Supplement

Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult

Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults • Drug–drug and drug–nutrient interactions • Can affect use of drugs or nutrients

• Depression • May reduce food intake • Alcoholism can interfere with nutrient use

• Anorexia of aging • Loss of appetite with illness • Can lead to protein–energy malnutrition

Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults • Arthritis • May interfere with food preparation and eating • Dietary changes may improve symptoms

• Bowel and bladder regulation • Increased risk of urinary tract infection • Chronic constipation more common with age • Need for increased fluids, fiber

• Dental health • May interfere with eating ability, food choices

Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults • Vision problems • Can affect ability to shop, cook • Antioxidants may reduce macular degeneration

• Osteoporosis • Common in elders, especially women • Maintain calcium, vitamin D, exercise

• Alzheimer’s disease • Affects ability to function • Reduced taste, smell • Risk for weight loss, malnutrition

• Overweight and Obesity

Meal Management for Mature Adults • Managing independently • Services for elders • Meals on Wheels • Elderly Nutrition Program • Food Stamp Program

• Wise eating for one or two • Finding community resources

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Dietary Guidance for Healthy Children Aged 2 to 11 Years • It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that children aged 2 to 11 years should achieve optimal physical and cognitive development, attain a healthy weight, enjoy food, and reduce the risk of chronic disease through appropriate eating habits and participation in regular physical activity.

The Dangers of Teenage Smoking • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that nearly 4 million adolescents smoke regularly. Each day, about 6,000 young people try a cigarette, and more than 3,000 become regular smokers. • The CDC predicts that of all young people currently under the age of 18, more than 5 million will die prematurely of a smoking-related disease. New research shows that the earlier a person begins to smoke, the greater the damage.

American Heart Association: Overweight in Children • Overweight children are more likely to be overweight adults. Successfully preventing or treating overweight in childhood may reduce the risk of adult overweight. • This may help reduce the risk of heart disease and other diseases.

AHA: Fiber and Children’s Diets • Children older than 2 years should gradually adopt the American Heart Association Eating Plan.

• That means saturated fat intake should be 8– 10 percent of total calories and dietary cholesterol should be limited to no more than 300 mg daily.

• Children should also get the majority of calories from complex carbohydrates high in fiber.

Benefits of Increased Physical Activity

Perception of Taste • The perception of taste declines with age. To detect flavors, older people need food with stronger flavors and odors.

• This loss of taste may contribute to loss of appetite and poor food intake.

• Age-related changes in the GI tract reduce nutrient absorption. Decreased motility contributes to constipation.

Nutrition Across the Spectrum of Aging • It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that older Americans receive appropriate care; have broadened access to coordinated, comprehensive food and nutrition services; and receive the benefits of ongoing research to identify the most effective food and nutrition programs, interventions, and therapies across the spectrum of aging.

Water and Aging • Although caloric needs decline with loss of lean tissue and reduced physical activity, protein needs do not change for elders. • A high-carbohydrate, moderate-fat diet is still recommended. • Water is important; because of their diminished thirst response, older people may not drink enough.