Issuu

ORO Editions

ORO Editions Publishers of Architecture, Art, and Design Gordon Goff: Publisher www.oroeditions.com info@oroeditions.com Published by ORO Editions Copyright © 2022 Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture FOLLOW ONLINE smithgill.com smithgill.blog Facebook @smithgillarch Instagram @asggarch Twitter @smithgillarch All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, mechanical, photocopying or microfilming, recording, or otherwise (except that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press) without written permission from the publisher. You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Cover image ©Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 First Edition ISBN: 978-1-954081-37-6 Color Separations and Printing: ORO Group Ltd. Printed in China. ORO Editions makes a continuous effort to minimize the overall carbon footprint of its publications. As part of this goal, ORO Editions, in association with Global ReLeaf, arranges to plant trees to replace those used in the manufacturing of the paper produced for its books. Global ReLeaf is an international campaign run by American Forests, one of the world’s oldest nonprofit conservation organizations. Global ReLeaf is American Forests’ education and action program that helps individuals, organizations, agencies, and corporations improve the local and global environment by planting and caring for trees.

ORO Editions

CONTENTS 7 FOREWORD

Peter Irwin, CM, PhD, P.Eng., Founding Partner and Past President, RWDI

9 CHAPTER 1: INNOVATIVE SYSTEMS

183 CHAPTER 2: HARNESSING ENERGIES

261 CHAPTER 3: DESIGNING AN ICON

407 CHAPTER 4: EXTENDING ECOLOGIES

469 CHAPTER 5: ACHIEVING MEGATALL

557 CONCLUSION

A discussion with Adrian D. Smith, FAIA, RIBA

ORO Editions 563

APPENDIX

Project Credits Awards + Publications

1 PARK AVENUE DUBAI, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, 2008 500M

1 Park Avenue has ambitious sustainability goals and was conceived as a net-zero energy tower that integrates wind-turbine power generation and solar power generation, with a wide array of passive technologies. Advanced building technologies and climate appropriate systems are integrated to create onsite power generation that reduces or eliminates the need to draw energy from the grid. Proposed sustainable systems include a climate wall, radiant heating and cooling

CONTEXT

PROGRAM

FORM

RESEARCH + DEVELOPMENT

FACADE

PERFORMANCE

STRUCTURE

systems, geothermal systems, solar collection, rain water and gray water collection, and controlled daylighting. The design proceeded through schematic design into design development with a Dubai-based client, however, the 2008 economic downturn caused the project to go on hold. Although it remains unrealized, the graceful design has informed much of our work and remains an inspiring, thoughtful architectural vision.

ORO Editions

SU PE RTA LL | M E G ATAL L : HOW HIGH CAN WE GO?

ORO Editions

INNOVATIVE SYSTE MS : STRUCTURA LLY IN TEG RATED CON F I G URATI O N S

PERFORMANCE HALVORSON & PARTNERS, STRUCTURAL ENGINEER A building with such a unique and complex architectural appearance would imply that the structural system must also be unique and complex. However, the envisioned lateral system for this tower is, in its simplest form, a combination of a core and outrigger system with an exterior braced mega-column frame. The core and outrigger structural system has been used extensively for tall building designs and a variation is used here to integrate the structural design into the desired architectural form. The proposed structural concept consists of a central hexagonal concrete core that is tied to the exterior braced mega-column frame at three outrigger zones, with each zone consisting of four levels. The outriggers in each zone can be concrete walls or steel trusses. Approximately 50 percent of the gravity loads are carried by the central core and 50 percent are carried by the exterior mega-columns. The central core and the mega-columns work together to resist the wind and seismic lateral loads.

ORO Editions

SU PE RTA LL | M E G ATAL L : HOW HIGH CAN WE GO?

ORO Editions

INNOVATIVE SYSTE MS : STRUCTURA LLY IN TEG RATED CON F I G URATI O N S

STRUCTURE HALVORSON & PARTNERS, STRUCTURAL ENGINEER

In this zone, where the diagonals are close together, ductile links are provided between the diagonals in the form of reinforced-concrete special moment resisting spandrel beams. To ensure that the tower is rigidly tied together so that it acts as one unit—and to achieve ultimate efficiency—outriggers are provided at every three levels. These diagonalized steel members are designed to add to the overall stiffness, strengthening the tower, and providing added damping and ductility for seismic events. Floor framing is envisioned as steel beams and girders that support a composite metal deck and concrete floor. A concrete floor system is also a viable option; however, the steel floor system has more advantages. Because all the exterior columns lean inward toward the core, and the mega-columns curve along the perimeter, structural steel allows for a variable geometry to be easily achieved by linking structural design software to the fabricator’s detailing and fabrication software. Detailing tension ties between the exterior frame and the core walls are simpler with strong positive ties made through steel to steel connections. Steel framing and composite metal deck slabs provide a lighter floor system with longer spans that offer larger lease spans in office space.

ORO Editions

SU PE RTA LL | M E G ATAL L : HOW HIGH CAN WE GO?

ORO Editions

INNOVATIVE SYSTE MS : STRUCTURA LLY IN TEG RATED CON F I G URATI O N S

FACADE

EXTERIOR WALL SHADING SYSTEM

ORO Editions

SU PE RTA LL | M E G ATAL L : HOW HIGH CAN WE GO?

ORO Editions

INNOVATIVE SYSTE MS : STRUCTURA LLY IN TEG RATED CON F I G URATI O N S

1 47

PERFORMANCE

The shading scheme is designed so that solar gain is reduced on the south, east, and west faces of the tower. Horizontal sunshades are also integrated into the facade, optimally tilted to shade occupants and reduce glare. The upper part of these shades have integrated photovoltaics that capture sunlight for energy production. Sunshades are not required on the north side of the tower, which is smooth with breaks at the mechanical Multi-Funtional Louver floors where the air intakes are Design expressed. These louvers are integrated with photovoltaic cells and they are mechanized to tilt at a perpendicular angle to the Sun’s rays. This optimizes the capacity of the photovoltaics by maximizing the surface area at any given time. This single axis tracking system design could increase sunlight capture by up to 25% over traditional fixed-tilt systems. Additionally, because the louvers are always perpendicular to the sun, the maximum amount of shading occurs. The overall effect of this feature gives the building an ever-moving, prismatic skin.v

SOLAR ANALYSIS DIAGRAMS

August 21st

June 21st

9:00 am 40° solar angle

December 21st

October 21st

9:00 am 37° solar angle

9:00 am 23° solar angle

9:00 am 20° solar angle

ORO Editions 12:00 am 80° solar angle

SU PE RTA LL | M E G ATAL L : HOW HIGH CAN WE GO?

12:00 pm 62° solar angle

12:00 pm 53° solar angle

12:00 pm 42° solar angle

ORO Editions

INNOVATIVE SYSTE MS : STRUCTURA LLY IN TEG RATED CON F I G URATI O N S

1 79

RESEARCH + DEVELOPMENT THORNTON TOMASETTI + RWDI, ENGINEERS The key issue in the design of supertall buildings is wind resistance. Wind vortices build up vertically around a building, causing lateral movement in the tower that can be sensed by occupants. To combat this problem, designers look for ways to “confuse the wind” and reduce the buildup of the vortices. Jeddah Tower is sloped, which is slightly more expensive to build because each floor plate is slightly smaller than the one directly below it. But according to wind-tunnel testing consultant Rowan, Williams, Davies & Irwin, Inc. (RWDI), the tower’s sloped form is ideal for resisting wind forces, so the cost may be offset by the energy performance of the tower.

Designing for wind loading can have far reaching effects on the economics and structural system performance for any supertall tower. Located along the Red Sea, Jeddah Tower lies in a moderate wind environment. Based on climatological studies performed by RWDI, the basic wind speed was established as 34.8 m/sec (77.9 mph) 3-second gust at 10 m (33 ft) reference height for a return period of 50 years. The Saudi Building Code (SBC), however, prescribes a basic wind speed of 42.2 m/sec (94.5 mph) and all structural engineering designs for the strength of the tower were conservatively carried out for wind loads derived from this higher wind speed.

SUMMER

WINTER

SPRING

AUTUMN

ORO Editions

SU PE RTA LL | M E G ATAL L : HOW HIGH CAN WE GO?

As wind loads generally are proportional to a square of the wind speed, a significant increase in wind loads was required to meet the intent of the local building code. All structural designs for strength of the tower were conservatively carried out for wind loads derived from a higher wind speed.

AERODYNAMIC STRATEGIES

ORO Editions PRISMATIC RECTANGULAR BUILDING

JEDDAH TOWER EXTERIOR TAPERING

DE S IGNING AN ICON: SUPERTA LL ICON S A S CATA LYSTS FOR DE V E LO P M E N T

313

RESEARCH + DEVELOPMENT RWDI, CONSULTING ENGINEER During the design process there was a concern that the east facade of the building would cast unwanted reflections and daylighting onto the adjacent building. Studies determined the extent of the extra reflections depending on the material chosen.

A zinc facade was chosen because of its lesser reflectivity and it is also a durable facade material, which has a natural finish that slightly weathers over time.

NORTH ELEVATION

EAST ELEVATION

ZINC AND STAINLESS LOCATIONS

LIGHT BLUE = LOCATION OF GLASS

LOCATION OF REFLECTION

SKYLIGHT

ORO Editions

SU PE RTA LL | M E G ATAL L : HOW HIGH CAN WE GO?

1100 TON OPPOSED PENDULUM TUNED MASS DAMPER

6X UPPER CABLE SUPPORTS UPPER SUPPORT STRUCTURE (BY OTHERS) 2X BI-TUNNING FRAMES

TOWER ELECTRONICS MEZZANINE WITH PENETRATIONS FOR CABLES (BY OTHERS)

12X CABLES

1X PENDULUM MASS 915 TONS 1X TOP MASS 185 TONS 8X VISCOUS DAMPING DEVICES

4X SNUBBER

3X LINKAGE ARMS 3X LINKAGE ARMS

The building requires a tuned mass damper. Studies were done to find the ideal configuration and the damper was ultimately placed in the center of the building. A Tuned Mass Damper [TMD] with a mass of approximately 1,100 tons was recommended to improve the acceleration performance of the building and was incorporated into the tower design at the 94th floor.

PLAN VIEW

To accommodate equipment, two mezzanines with approximately 37 feet and 51 feet were needed above the TMD chamber floor. Slots within the mezzanine floors enable the TMD support cables that penetrate the floor to benefit from the full 65-foot height. The TMD is an “opposed-pendulum” type, which enables a TMD to be tuned to a long period building without requiring impractical cable lengths and room heights. To minimize material costs, it is estimated that there is adequate volume available to employ 600 tons of concrete, while the remainder will be steel.

ELEVATION VIEW LOOKING NORTH

DE S IGNING AN ICON: SUPERTA LL ICON S A S CATA LYSTS FOR DE V E LO P M E N T

359

1 DUBAI ATRIUM CITY DUBAI, UAE, 2008 1000+M

One Dubai combines simple geometric principles and new and emerging technologies with the highest environmental and performance standards to create three of the world’s tallest buildings. The conjoined towers rise above a canal, forming an oasis at the center of its tripodal base. Between the towers an atrium-like space transforms into one of the world’s most unique event and performance spaces. On special occasions, the space becomes a spectacular venue with a floating stage surrounded by barges that double as seating banks.

CONTEXT

SITE

PROGRAM

PODIUM

SKY BRIDGE

EXPERIENCE

PERFORMANCE

RESEARCH + DEVELOPMENT

STRUCTURE

A state-of-the-art sound and light show will feature projected holograms in the air and on the building’s mosaic-like glass and aluminum skin.

At night, a virtual fourth tower, in the form of a colossal beam of light, pierces the atrium, creating a shining beacon. Above, a series of three-story sky bridges connect the towers as they taper upward. The sky bridges have stunning views of the Gulf and Dubai and stabilize the towers structurally and facilitate interfloor circulation.

ORO Editions

SUPERTALL | MEGATALL: HOW HIGH CAN WE GO?

ORO Editions

ACHIEVING MEGATALL: MULTIPLE TOWERS LINKED TOGETHER

473

RESEARCH + DEVELOPMENT

OPTION 2

ORO Editions

SUPERTALL | MEGATALL: HOW HIGH CAN WE GO?

ORO Editions

ACHIEVING MEGATALL: MULTIPLE TOWERS LINKED TOGETHER

51 5

PROGRAM

SCHEME 1

RESIDENTIAL TIER 7

RESIDENTIAL TIER 6

RESIDENTIAL TIER 4

HOTEL TIER 3

RESIDENTIAL TIER 7 UMBILICAL RESIDENTIAL TIER 6 HOTEL RESIDENTIAL TIER 4 RESIDENTIAL TIER 3

ORO Editions TYPICAL OFFICE

RESIDENTIAL TIER 2 RESIDENTIAL TIER 1 OFFICE

SUPERTALL | MEGATALL: HOW HIGH CAN WE GO?

ORO Editions

ACHIEVING MEGATALL: MULTIPLE TOWERS LINKED TOGETHER

5 43

ORO Editions