Endnotes

Chapter 1.0 | The Mandate of Heaven

1. Murphey, R. “The Treaty Ports and China’s

Modernisation: What Went Wrong,” Michigan Papers in Chinese Studies No.7, 13, 1970 2. Fairbank, J. K. Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast:

The Opening of the Treaty Ports 1842–1854. Stanford

University Press, 1964. 3. Ferguson, N. Empire: How Britain made the Modern

World. Allen Lane, 2003. 4. Nylan, M., The Five Confucian Classics, New Haven, Yale

University Press, 2001. 5. Chesneaux, J., Bastid, M., and Bergere, M., China from

Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution, Pantheon Books, NY, 1976. 6. Deng K., “China’s Population Expansion and its Causes during the Qing Period 1644–1911,” London School of

Economics and Political Science Working Paper 215,

May 2005. 7. G. William Skinner, The City in Late Imperial China:

Regional Urbanisation in Nineteenth-Century China,

Standard University Press, 1977. 8. Campanella, T. J., The Concrete Dragon: China’s Urban

Revolution and what it means for the World, Princeton

Architectural Press, NY, 2008. 9. G. William Skinner, “Cities and the Hierarchy of Local

Systems,” in The City in Late Imperial China, Stanford

University Press, 1977. 10. Smith, A. The Wealth of Nations, London, W. Strahan and T. Cardell, 1778. 11. Murphey, R., “City as a Mirror of Society: China,

Tradition and Transformation,” in Agnew J. A., Mercer,

J., and Soshar, D. E., The City in Cultural Context,

Boston, Allen and Unwin, 1984. 12. Murphey, R., ibid. 13. Sun Shiwen, “The Institutional and Political

Background to Chinese Urbanism,” in AD: New Urban

China, Vol 78 No. 5, 2008. 14. Greenberg, M., British Trade and the Opening of

China, Cambridge University Press, 1951. 15. Murphey, R., “The Treaty Ports in China’s Modernisation:

What Went Wrong,” Michigan Papers in Chinese Studies

No. 7, 1970. 16. Davis, J. F., “The Chinese a General Description of China and its Inhabitants,” 4th edition Vol. II, 1851. 17. Chesneaux, J., Bastid, M., and Berger, M., China from Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution, Pantheon Books, NY, 1976. 18. Johnson, L. C., Shanghai: From Market Town to Treaty Port 1074–1858, Stanford University Press, 1995. 19. Chang, S. D., The Historical Trend of Chinese Urbanisation, A. M. Geog 53 109–43, 1963. 20. Strand, D. P., “Historical Perspectives,” in Urban Spaces in Contemporary China, eds. Deborah S. Davis, Richard Kraus, Barry Naughton, and Elizabeth J. Perry, Cambridge University Press, 1995, 396. 21. Wakeman, F., Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South China 1839–1861, University of California Press, 1966. 22. Garrett, V. M., Heaven is High, the Emperor Far Away: Merchants and Mandarins in Old Canton, Oxford University Press, 2002. 23. Chang, See Chen, “Two Decades of Planning Guangzhou, 1918–1938,” unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Feb. 2007. 24. Van Dyke, Paul, The Canton Trade: Life and Enterprise on the China Coast, 1700–1845, Hong Kong University Press, 2005. 25. Garret V M op cit P.81 26. Hunter W. C. ‘The Fan Kwae at Canton Before treaty Days’ 1825-1844. Kelly and Walsh, 1911 27. Fairbank, J. K., op cit. 28. Eames, J. B., The English in China, Curzon Press Ltd. 1909; and Harper and Row, NY, 1974, 51. 29. Fairbank, J. K., op cit. 30. Wu Jin, op cit. Chapter 2.0 | Avenues of Commerce 31. Freedman, M., Lineage Organisation in Southeastern China, University of London, 1958. 32. Skinner, G. W., The City in Late Imperial China, ORO Editions Stanford University Press, 1977. 33. Fairbank, J. K., Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast:

The Opening of the Treaty Ports 1842–1854, Stanford

University Press, 1964. 34. Garrett, V. M., op cit., 81. 35. Hunter, W. C., The Fan Kwae at Canton Before Treaty

Days 1825–1844, Kelly and Walsh, 1911. 36. Farris, J. A., “Dwelling on the Edge of Empires:

Foreigners and Architecture in Guangzhou,” UMI

Dissertation Services, 2006. 37. Eames, J. B., The English in China, Curzon Press Ltd., 1909; and Harper and Row, NY, 1974. 38. Eames, J. B., ibid. 39. Fairbank, J. K., Trade and Diplomacy on th e China Coast:

The Opening of the Treaty Ports 1842–1854, Stanford

University Press, 1964. 40. Hunter, W. C., “Bits of Old China,” Biblio Life 2009 (originally published in 1923). 41. Fairbank, op cit. 42. Eames, J. B., op cit., 86. 43. Fitzgerald, J., Awakening China: Politics, Culture and

Class in the Nationalist Revolution, Stanford University

Press, 1996. 44. Hunter, W. C., op cit. 45. Van Dyke, P. A., The Canton Trade: Life and Enterprise on the China Coast, 17001845, Hong Kong University Press, 2005. 46. Van Dyke, Paul A., and Schopp, S. E. (eds.), The

Private Side of the Canton Trade 1700–1840, Hong Kong

University Press, 2018. 47. Hellman, L., This House is not a Home: European

Everyday Life in Canton and Macau, 1730–1830, Leiden,

Brill, 2019. 48. Hunter, W. C., op cit. 49. Eames, J. B., op cit., 122. 50. Grasso, J., Corrin, J., and Kort, M., Modernisation and

Revolution in China, East Gate, 1991. 51. Phatt, L. and Chiang Su-hui, Six Records of a Floating

Life London, Penguin Books, 1983. 52. Eames, J. B., op cit., 169.

Chapter 3.0 | Adventurism and Hostilities

58. Eames, J. B., op cit., 201. 59. Eames, J. B., The English in China, London, Curzon

Press, 1909. 60. Stursberg, P., Memoirs of Imperialism and its Ending,

The University of Alberta Press, 2002. 61. Eames, J. B., op cit., 232. 62. Fairbank, J. K., op cit. 63. Connor, P., The Hongs of Canton, English Art Books, 2009. 64. Fitzgeld, C. D., China: A World so Changed, Nelson, 1972. 65. Eames. J. B., op cit. 66. Wakeman, F., Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in

South China, 1839–1861, University of California Press, 1966, 33. 67. Eames, J. B., op cit., 289. 68. Eames, J. B., op cit., 369. 69. Owen, D. E., British Opium Policy in China and India,

Archon Books, 1968. 70. Fairbank, J. K., op cit. 71. Owen, D.E. op cit 72. Brendon, P., The Decline and Fall of the British Empire: 1781–1997, Jonathan Cape, London, 2007. 73. Fairbank, J. K., op cit. 74. Van Dyke, Paul, The Canton Trade: Life and Enterprise on the China Coast, 1700–1845, Hong Kong University

Press, 2005. 75. P. D. Coates, The China Consuls: British Consular Offices 1843–1943, Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1988.

Chapter 4.0 | Beachheads of Foreign Influence

53. Report from the Select Committee of the House of

Common on the Affairs of the East India Company (China Trade), 1830. 54. Van Dyke, P. A., “Floating Brothels and the Canton

Flower Boats 1750–1930,” researchgate.net/publication 328380053. 55. Virgil Kit-yiu Ho, op cit. 56. Moise, E. E., Modern China: A History, Pearson

Longman, 2008. 57. Fairbank, J. K., op cit.

76. Wood, F., Treaty Port Life in China, 1843–1943, 34. 77. Wood, F., ibid. 78. Richard, Joseph, “Howqua’s Garden in Hunan, China,” in The Gardens Trust Gardens of Influence Vol 43 No., 168–81. 79. Fairbank, J. K., op cit. 80. Fairbank, J. K., op cit. 81. Wood, F., op cit. 82. Chesneaux, J., Bastid, M., and Bergere, M., op cit. 83. Wood, F., Treaty Port Life in China, 1843–1943. 84. Yen-P’ing Hao, The Comprador in Nineteenth Century China: Bridge between East and West, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1970. 85. Yen-P’ing Hao, op cit., 111. 86. Fairbank, J. K., op cit. 87. Asiasocity.org/chinawealthpower/chapters/weiyuanORO Editions 88. Farris, J. A., Enclave to Urbanity, Hong Kong University Press, 2016. 89. Wakeman, F., Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in

South China 1839–1861, University of California Press, 1966, 127. 90. Grasso, J., Corrin, J., and Korr, M., Modernisation and

Revolution in China: Breakdown and Invasion, East Gate, 1991, 65. 91. Grasso, J., Corrin, J., and Korr, M., op cit. 92. Garret, V., op cit., 113. 93. Farris, J. A., op cit. 94. Chesneaux, J., Bastid, M., and Bergere, M., op cit.,179–80. 95. Rawski, E. S., Agricultural Change and the Peasant

Economy of South China, Harvard University Press, 1972. 96. Cartier, Carolyn Lee, op cit. 97. Spence, J. D., The Search for Modern China, Norton, NY, 1999. 98. Chesneaux, J., Bastid, M., and Bergere, M., op cit. 99. Wood, F., op cit. 100. Cartier, Carolyn Lee, Mercantile Cities on the South

China Coast: Ningbo, Fuzhou, and Xiamen, 1840–1930,

Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University California at

Berkeley, 1991. 101. Cartier, Carolyn Lee, op cit. 102. Ansome, J., Coolie Ships of the Chinese Diaspora (1846–1874), Proverse, Hong Kong, 2020. 103. Chesneaux, J., Bastid, M., and Bergere, M., op cit., 281. 104. G. William Skinner, The City in Late Imperial China,

Stanford University Press, 1977, 220. 105. Chesneaux, J., Bastid, M., and Bergere, M., op cit., 298. 106. Fairbank, J. K. and Goldway, M., China: A New History,

Belknap Press, Harvard University, 1994, 227. 107. Preston, D., The Boxer Rebellion, Berkeley Books, NY, 1999. 108. Preston. D., ibid. 109. Brendon, P., The Decline and Fall of the British Empire: 1781–1997, Jonathan Cape, London, 2007. 110. Preston, D., op cit., 337.

Chapter 5.0 | An Emerging Modernism

118. Chang, See Chen, op cit. 119. Denisen, E. and Guang Yu Ren, Modernism in China,

Prestel, 2008. 120. Denisen, E. and Guang Yu Ren, op cit. 121. Cody, J. W., “American Planning in Republican China, 1911–1937,” Planning Perspectives 11 (1996), 339–77. 122. Ho, Virgil K. Y., Understanding Canton: Rethinking

Popular Culture in the Republican Period, Oxford

University Press, 2005. 123.

“The New Humanitarian: A Selected History of

Opium,” in Encyclopaedia Britannica Opium Trade,

British, and Chinese History, www.thenewhumanitarian. org7.node.

Chapter 6.0 | Forces of Transformation

111. Seagrave, S., Dragon Lady, Vintage Press, 1993. 112. Mackerras, C., China in Transformation 1900–1949,

Longman, 1998. 113. Preston, D. P., op cit., 351. 114. Chang, See Chen, op cit. 115. Cody, J. W., Exporting American Architecture 1870–2000,

London: Routledge, 2003. 116. Cody, J. W., “American Planning in Republican China, 1911–1937,” Planning Perspectives 11 (1996), 339–77. 117. Cody, op cit.

124. Ho, V., Understanding Canton: Rethinking Popular Culture in the Republican Period, Oxford University Press, 2005. 125. Ho, V., ibid. 126. Ho, V., ibid. 127. Fairbank, J. K., China a New History, Belknap Press, Harvard University, 1994. 128. Fairbank, J. K., ibid. 129. Chesneaux, J., Bastid, M., and Bergere, M., op cit., 354. 130. Lu Junhua, Rowe, Peter G., and Zang Jie, Modern Urban Housing in China 1840–2000. 131. Grasso, J., Corrin, J., and Kort, M., Modernisation and Revolution in China, East Gate, 1991, 65. 132. Ferguson, N., Empire: How Britain made the Modern World, Allen Lane, 2003, 368. 133. Wright, Mary C. (ed.), China in Revolution, The First Phase, 1900–1913, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1918. 134. Grasso, J., Corrin, J., and Kart, M., op cit. 135. Morton, W. S. and Lewis, C. M. N., China: Its History and Culture, Mcgraw-Hill, 2004. 136. Chan Lau Kit-Ching, Anglo-Chinese Diplomacy 1906–1920, Hong Kong University Press, 1978. 137. Meyer, Kathryn Brennan, Splitting Apart: The Shanghai Treaty Port in Transition: 1914–1921, Temple University, University Microfilms International, 1985. 138. Wen-Hsin Yeh, Provincial Passages: Culture, Space and the Origins of China Communism, University of California Press, 1996. 139. Grasso, J., Corrin, J., and Kort, M., op cit. 140. Gamer, R. (ed.), Understanding Contemporary China, Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc., 1999.ORO Editions 141. Mao Zedong, The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party Selected Works (English Edition) Vol. 2, Beijing.

142. Fairbank, J. K., China: A New History, Belknap Press,

Harvard University, 1994, 260. 143. Strand, D., “Historical Perspectives,” in Urban Spaces in Contemporary China, Cambridge University Press, 1995. 144. Wen-Hsin Yeh, Provincial Passages: Culture, Space and the Origins of Chinese Communism, University of

California Press, 1996, 207. 145. “China in Chaos: A Survey of Recent Events,” published by the North-China Daily News and Herald, Ltd.,

Shanghai, April 1927. 146. Grasso, J., Corrin, J., and Kort, M., op cit., 87. 147. Grasso, J., Corrin, J., and Kort, M., op cit., 99. 148. Fairbank, J. K., op cit., 321.

Chapter 7.0 | The Socialist Planned Economy 1949–1976

Architectural Press, NY, 2008. 170. Lu, Junhua, Rowe, Peter G., and Zhang Jie, op cit. 171. Zhang Jie, and Wang Tau, “Housing Development in the Socialist Planned Economy from 1949 to 1978,” in

Modern Urban Housing in China 1840–2000, Lu Junhua,

Rowe, Peter G., and Zhang Jie (eds.). 172. Zhang Jie and Wang Tao, op cit. 173. Wu Jin, “The Historical Development of Chinese

Urban Morphology,” in Planning Perspectives 8:1, 20–52. 174. Zhang Jie and Wang Tao, op cit., 147. 175. Woetzel, J. R., China’s Economic Opening to the Outside

World: The Politics of Empowerment, Praeger, NY, 1976. 176. Arrighi, G., Adam Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the 21st century, Verso, 2007.

Chapter 8.0 | Reforms, Challenges, and Resurgence

149. Chang, J. and Halliday, J., op cit. 150. Terrill, R., The New Chinese Empire, Basic Books, 2003. 151. Spence, Jonathan D., The Search for Modern China, W.

W. Norton & Co, NY, 1990. 152. Lu Xiao-hong, Chinese Ambassardors, University of

Washington Press, 2001. 153. Morton, W. S. and Lewis, C. M. N., op cit., 205. 154. Chang, J. and Halliday, J., Mao: The Unknown Story, 2005, 398. 155. Chang, J. and Halliday, J., op cit., 379. 156. Chang, J. and Halliday, J., op cit., 432. 157. R. J. R. Kirkby, Urbanisation in China: Town and Country in a Developing Economy, 1949–2000, Groom & Helm, 1985. 158. Chang, J. and Halliday, J., op cit., 423. 159. Kam Wing Chan, Cities with Invisible Walls:

Reinterpreting Urbanisation in Post-1949 China, Hong

Kong, Oxford University Press, 1994, 145. 160. Spence, Jonathan D., The Search for Modern China, W.

W. Norton & Co, NY, 1990. 161. Fairbank, op cit., 359. 162. Zhou Rong, “Leaving Utopian China,” in AD New Urban

China, Whiley, 2008. 163. Gaubatz, P. R., “Urban Transformation in Post-

Mao China: Impacts of the Reform Era on China’s

Urban Form,” in Urban Spaces in Contemporary China,

Cambridge University Press, 1995. 164. Chan, K. W., op cit. 165. Fairbank, J. K., China: A New History, 349. 166. Morton, W. S. and Lewis, C. M. N., op cit. 167. Grasso, J., Corrin, J., and Kort, M., op cit, 151. 168. Chang, J. and Halliday, J. P., op cit., 464. 169. Campanella, T. J., The Concrete Dragon: China’s Urban

Revolution and what it means for the World, Princeton

177. Clark, P., The Chinese Cultural Revolution, Cambridge University Press, 2008. 178. Wakeman, F., Strangers at the Gate: Social disorder in South China 1839–1861, University of California Press, 1966. 179. Clark, P., op cit. 180. Lu Junhua, Rowe, Peter G., and Zhang Jie, Modern Urban Housing in China 1840–2000, Prestel, 2001; Zhang Jie and Wang Tau, Housing Development in the Socialist Planned Economy from 1949 to 1978, 189. 181. Gaubatz, P. R., “Urban Transformation in PostMao China: Impacts of the Reform Era on China’s Urban Form,” in Urban Spaces in Contemporary China, Cambridge University Press, 1995, 30. 182. Zhi Wenjun, “Post-Event Cities,” in AD: New Urban China, Wiley, 2008. 183. Naughton, B., Cities in the Chinese Economic System: Changing Roles and Conditions for Autonomy in Urban Spaces in Contemporary China, Cambridge University Press, 1995. 184. Zhang Jie, “Urbanisation in China in the Age of Reform,” in AD: New Urban China, Wiley, 2008. 185. Campanella, T., op cit.

Chapter 9.0 | Remaking the Canton Metropolis

186. Paulson, H., Dealing with China, Headline Publishing Group, 2015. 187. Zhou Rong, “Leaving Utopian China,” in AD: New Urban China, Wiley, 2008. 188. Strand, D. P., “Historical Perspectives” in Urban Spaces ORO Editions in Contemporary China, Cambridge University Press, 1995. 189. Strand, D. P., ibid.

190. Solinger, D. J., “The Floating Population in the

Cities: Chances for Assimilation,” in Urban Spaces in Contemporary China, Cambridge University Press, 1995. 191. Yeh A. and Wu F. L., “The New Land Development

Process and Urban Development in Chinese Cities,” in International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1996, 330–53. 192. Cartier, C., Scale Relations and China’s Spatial

Administrative Hierarchy. 193. Ma, L. J. C. and Wu, F., “Diverse Processes and

Reconstructed Spaces,” in Restructuring the Chinese

City. 194. Yeh, A. G., “Dual Land Market and Internal Spatial

Structure of Chinese Cities,” in Restructuring the

Chinese City. 195. Ran Tao, Fubing Su, Mingxing Liu, and Guangzhong

Cao, “Land Leasing Local Pubic Finance in China’s

Regional Development: Evidence from Prefecture-

Level Cities,” in Urban Studies Vol. 47, No. 10, Sage

Publication, September 2020. 196. Si-ming Li and Youqin Huang, “Urban Housing in

China: Market Transition, Housing Mobility and

Neighbourhood Change,” in Housing Studies Vol. 21 No. 5, September 2006, 613–23. 197. Wu, F. and Ma, L. J. C., “Towards Theorizing China’s

Urban Restructuring,” in Restructuring the Chinese City.

Chapter 10.0 | The Political Paradox

198. Zhi Wenjun, “Post-Event Cities,” in AD: New Urban

China, Wiley, 2008. 199. Niu, M. and Wu, Y., “Financing Urban Growth in

China: A Case Study of Guangzhou,” in Aust J Soc Issues 2019; 55: 141–61, 10.1002/ajs4.87. 200. Crawford, M. and Wu, J., “The Beginning of the End:

Planning the Destruction of Guangzhou’s Urban

Villages,” in Villages in the City, Al S. (ed.), Hong Kong

University Press, 2014. 201. Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity and

Chinese Cultures. Council for Research in Values and

Philosophy, 1991, Tang Yijie. 202. Economy, E. C., The Third Revolution, Oxford University 203. Press, 2018. Economy, E. C., op cit.ORO Editions

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