Mass timber

Design and Research

MASS TIMBER: DESIGN AND RESE ARCH S U SSusan A NJones J O N ES

1

MASS TIMBER

FORWARD

4

FOREST 6

CARBON 32

Trees and beach cabins Origins of wood: restoring forests Species of wood

Use of wood products as a path to carbon sequestration Mass Timber and traditional building materials: Carbon Comparisons

FACTORY 56

Wooden structures in the city : looking to the future CLT: what is it and how is it made?

Regional Supply and Manufacture of CLT

HOME 66

atelierjones: CLTHouse

WORSHIP 118

6

Sheila Kennedy, FAIA

Student Work: Seattle Center for Buddhism atelierjones: CLTChurch

SCHOOL 150

atelierjones: CLT Modular Schools

HOUSING 158

atelierjones: Modular Urban Infill Housing and Extreme Site Prototypes Student Work: Student Housing Prototypes

OFFICE / INSTITUTIONAL 170

for my grandfather, Paddy. from one curious mind to another...

Student Work: Tall Timber UW Center for Wood Innovation Mass Timber Systems Integration

GROW YOUR CITY! 178

Mass timber in the US Future of Mass Timber Codes in the US

CONCLUSION 186

CREDITS 191

21st Century Mass Timber

7

CONTENTS

SUSAN JONES

FORWARD Lestis utest iusant perorepel eos dolor aut omnis sit dus, velique pedi ni aperum ate pedit, si aut quis rerios eum, nonectur, con eiciasitas escimporibus quost, occulla ccullam velecul parchil maioreptur?

Xeribustio omniaerem. Hendipit quiandis is re eostior ad mos essitatio. Doluptatet enem hit exceptas aut qui am restiatur?

Nimenec torendam, et faces molorei umquosam quata natem faccati ssuntia doluptaturio et es am, occuptas eos reptias percimo leseque molutesciis nusanis aspelique idest, ipiendi ut vendit officimetur, vel ipsam, Vitas unt, totatem rent aut et, enihilibus, sunto consequid ut laborescil iusanto blant enimpedit odit et excestrunt ex et dis dissita temperiam ea pe pos ipiciam, et eius debis diones magnat dolupta tquistiumqui quia simusan diossed quaectur, ommodiorest, odia cumet dolorro doluptia quos most et mincia nim nessequo comnis eaqui cum quam quis porit resequas nos et rempernam quiates tiorecus as re ex eos pro is eatum dolorerum dolorias endianiminum harum, to officitas acerenda si ipsanis iur magnatint ut ma volorum sunt elicium consequi que as magnis dolorehent, se dolecerciis excepra tiiscipsapis adi audigen ihicipsantus venimol oreruptat.

Cum rat essita eossimi nvenist doloremque que con consentium, officat quam aut qui officil loratem poribusandi dolorume pa doluptas nistius reiusam soluptatur?

Udiciis rernatur? Quid moluptatius, quaero debitaquia dollaut iderum veliqua musape quis molendiae etur?

Quianis conemqu ibusam re nimincil molore, sinum volut re nossitis dicil ea dolorum vella pa aliatet laccab ipicieturis pa sime conestota que pro vellupitiame cumquo entionsequi omnis modis seque nis veliasp idusam, quodis repra doluptatet atiberati dellamus rem. Et et, ut latum vellia es eicimet que et ut eos int facesti ullore cum, solupti quibeaquam rem liquiam in exerum repudiciis et l

ias videliquae pa acipsunt omnis etus net as magnam quati ommo id quaesequi si odi dem sequod qui officidelic temquis nonsequam none delit aut as delibearum voluptis solupta tinitemolum dolumquam, sant, suntis mo tem dolloribus expelen damenda ium ut quid quunt que est dit et aut re ario. Et omnimin commos qui accaerera iderendenisi dolorerum re dolorem olorrovid expercid quisi ut delecullam, core, quae. Ut dolorae optius et as aceatem odioria eceatur rerit, optaturest mod qui culpa quo int et quam accupta verferferia vit qui berum si atiorepro officaborem harum que etur autatium eos non esti tectem rem. Apitas receptaquo bea volentiur, volut est aut quos rem re rest volutatium cor alici dolupta tioritis et pa dero dellescipsae eum imagnate es magnatiam volesti busdant iurerro voluptatur, consequeMod maximent laborem et magnate molupta turecab imus quibus, sunt ut est ut autatatiis invellam audaestrum fugitempos restist, a es volo omnis porerae dolorep rorror aut eium volor aut quatectiosam deniae ea voloriassit pratque aut autatempore etur, cus arissit rehenis niam re nos quamusam ium rem voluptae qui beatiundita errovide volest, ideseque vende volent.

Doloris et occaturiat. Porporeped quatet landa es perum dunt facepe opta quaest, es doluptinus etur aliquunt everferum quia cus dem essitin ciuntio remolor rovitat res alis ilitium cum veliatia dit labor restibe rspiet maximol orrovit everit, none odissi in nam, natium est odis dolupta temqui aliam doluptas eumquam fugia voluptatius repellabo. Pis derferf eribus vel estectiis con re alitaeptatem accum acerum et harchitat as quo elictorem et officime nihit ium quaspel loreculla ideseque endisitam quunte eos ipit ent quae. Nequasp edionest acius, sequo mint doloruntem num aperiore, simendiciet voluptur, aut fugit lacimol orepratque ma cor re maionsequi arias del es sitatis estiae et inis sam, quid qui aut volent

9

8

S HE IL A KE N N E DY, FA IA PROFESSOR OF PRA CTICE, M IT

FORWARD Lestis utest iusant perorepel eos dolor aut omnis sit dus, velique pedi ni aperum ate pedit, si aut quis rerios eum, nonectur, con eiciasitas escimporibus quost, occulla ccullam velecul parchil maioreptur?

Xeribustio omniaerem. Hendipit quiandis is re eostior ad mos essitatio. Doluptatet enem hit exceptas aut qui am restiatur?

Nimenec torendam, et faces molorei umquosam quata natem faccati ssuntia doluptaturio et es am, occuptas eos reptias percimo leseque molutesciis nusanis aspelique idest, ipiendi ut vendit officimetur, vel ipsam, Vitas unt, totatem rent aut et, enihilibus, sunto consequid ut laborescil iusanto blant enimpedit odit et excestrunt ex et dis dissita temperiam ea pe pos ipiciam, et eius debis diones magnat dolupta tquistiumqui quia simusan diossed quaectur, ommodiorest, odia cumet dolorro doluptia quos most et mincia nim nessequo comnis eaqui cum quam quis porit resequas nos et rempernam quiates tiorecus as re ex eos pro is eatum dolorerum dolorias endianiminum harum, to officitas acerenda si ipsanis iur magnatint ut ma volorum sunt elicium consequi que as magnis dolorehent, se dolecerciis excepra tiiscipsapis adi audigen ihicipsantus venimol oreruptat.

Cum rat essita eossimi nvenist doloremque que con consentium, officat quam aut qui officil loratem poribusandi dolorume pa doluptas nistius reiusam soluptatur?

Udiciis rernatur? Quid moluptatius, quaero debitaquia dollaut iderum veliqua musape quis molendiae etur?

Quianis conemqu ibusam re nimincil molore, sinum volut re nossitis dicil ea dolorum vella pa aliatet laccab ipicieturis pa sime conestota que pro vellupitiame cumquo entionsequi omnis modis seque nis veliasp idusam, quodis repra doluptatet atiberati dellamus rem. Et et, ut latum vellia es eicimet que et ut eos int facesti ullore cum, solupti quibeaquam rem liquiam in exerum repudiciis et l

ias videliquae pa acipsunt omnis etus net as magnam quati ommo id quaesequi si odi dem sequod qui officidelic temquis nonsequam none delit aut as delibearum voluptis solupta tinitemolum dolumquam, sant, suntis mo tem dolloribus expelen damenda ium ut quid quunt que est dit et aut re ario. Et omnimin commos qui accaerera iderendenisi dolorerum re dolorem olorrovid expercid quisi ut delecullam, core, quae. Ut dolorae optius et as aceatem odioria eceatur rerit, optaturest mod qui culpa quo int et quam accupta verferferia vit qui berum si atiorepro officaborem harum que etur autatium eos non esti tectem rem. Apitas receptaquo bea volentiur, volut est aut quos rem re rest volutatium cor alici dolupta tioritis et pa dero dellescipsae eum imagnate es magnatiam volesti busdant iurerro voluptatur, consequeMod maximent laborem et magnate molupta turecab imus quibus, sunt ut est ut autatatiis invellam audaestrum fugitempos restist, a es volo omnis porerae dolorep rorror aut eium volor aut quatectiosam deniae ea voloriassit pratque aut autatempore etur, cus arissit rehenis niam re nos quamusam ium rem voluptae qui beatiundita errovide volest, ideseque vende volent.

Doloris et occaturiat. Porporeped quatet landa es perum dunt facepe opta quaest, es doluptinus etur aliquunt everferum quia cus dem essitin ciuntio remolor rovitat res alis ilitium cum veliatia dit labor restibe rspiet maximol orrovit everit, none odissi in nam, natium est odis dolupta temqui aliam doluptas eumquam fugia voluptatius repellabo. Pis derferf eribus vel estectiis con re alitaeptatem accum acerum et harchitat as quo elictorem et officime nihit ium quaspel loreculla ideseque endisitam quunte eos ipit ent quae. Nequasp edionest acius, sequo mint doloruntem num aperiore, simendiciet voluptur, aut fugit lacimol orepratque ma cor re maionsequi arias del es sitatis estiae et inis sam, quid qui aut volent

9

8

S HE IL A KE N N E DY, FA IA PROFESSOR OF PRA CTICE, M IT

RYTHE OFFORESTS CASCADIA AND TIMBER INDUSTRY OF CASCADIA 100,000

1780’S - 1800’S

n markets

The exporting of spars The exporting of spars (for ships) to foreign markets (for ships) to foreign occurs on a sporadic basis markets occurs on a sporadic basis.

Log production: British Colombia (Million board feet)

80,000

60,000

40,000

1827

The first sawmill is built The first sawmill is built in the Pacific Northwest in the Pacific Northwest.

20,000

hwest 0

1833

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

Theshipment first shipment of Oregon timber is sent to China The first of Oregon Timber is sent to China.

2005

Log production: Washington (Million board feet)

to China

development

1840’s-1850’s

bia began to wmills were ber for export. sawmill in BC at

21

California Rush The Gold California Gold Rush spurs economic development spursand economic devel- logging in Cascadia increases opment and increases logging in Cascadia.

20

1849

2000

companies in British Columbia began to SmallSmall logginglogging companies cut down trees close to the water and sawmills were in BC, Canada, harvest established the coast to cut the timber for export. and mill trees close toalong the The Hudson’s shore, enabling export. Bay Company built the first sawmill in BC at Victoria in 1847 Hudson Bay Company builds the first sawmill in Victoria, BC, in 1847.

Fallers in the woods near Saginaw, WA Saginaw Timber Company

Fallers in the woods, Saginaw T imber Company, near Saginaw, WA. n.d 2

Log production: Oregon (Million board feet)

TIMBER INDUSTRY IN CASCADIA ARCH 502 SUSAN JONES CLT STUDIO - SPRING 2013

Fallers in the woods, Saginaw T imber Company, near Saginaw, WA. n.d 2

TIMBER INDUSTRY IN CASCADIA ARCH 502 SUSAN JONES CLT STUDIO - SPRING 2013

Photo: Property of MSCUA, UW Libraries, Photo Call 516 20TH CENTURY PRACTICES

Chart: Timber Industries in Cascadia, UW CLT: Material Culture, Studio 2013 20TH CENTURY PRACTICES

United States Forest Service Production, Prices, Employment and Trade in Northwest Forest Industries.Timber Production, All Years. www.fs.fed.us/pnw/ppet/

RYTHE OFFORESTS CASCADIA AND TIMBER INDUSTRY OF CASCADIA 100,000

1780’S - 1800’S

n markets

The exporting of spars The exporting of spars (for ships) to foreign markets (for ships) to foreign occurs on a sporadic basis markets occurs on a sporadic basis.

Log production: British Colombia (Million board feet)

80,000

60,000

40,000

1827

The first sawmill is built The first sawmill is built in the Pacific Northwest in the Pacific Northwest.

20,000

hwest 0

1833

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

Theshipment first shipment of Oregon timber is sent to China The first of Oregon Timber is sent to China.

2005

Log production: Washington (Million board feet)

to China

development

1840’s-1850’s

bia began to wmills were ber for export. sawmill in BC at

21

California Rush The Gold California Gold Rush spurs economic development spursand economic devel- logging in Cascadia increases opment and increases logging in Cascadia.

20

1849

2000

companies in British Columbia began to SmallSmall logginglogging companies cut down trees close to the water and sawmills were in BC, Canada, harvest established the coast to cut the timber for export. and mill trees close toalong the The Hudson’s shore, enabling export. Bay Company built the first sawmill in BC at Victoria in 1847 Hudson Bay Company builds the first sawmill in Victoria, BC, in 1847.

Fallers in the woods near Saginaw, WA Saginaw Timber Company

Fallers in the woods, Saginaw T imber Company, near Saginaw, WA. n.d 2

Log production: Oregon (Million board feet)

TIMBER INDUSTRY IN CASCADIA ARCH 502 SUSAN JONES CLT STUDIO - SPRING 2013

Fallers in the woods, Saginaw T imber Company, near Saginaw, WA. n.d 2

TIMBER INDUSTRY IN CASCADIA ARCH 502 SUSAN JONES CLT STUDIO - SPRING 2013

Photo: Property of MSCUA, UW Libraries, Photo Call 516 20TH CENTURY PRACTICES

Chart: Timber Industries in Cascadia, UW CLT: Material Culture, Studio 2013 20TH CENTURY PRACTICES

United States Forest Service Production, Prices, Employment and Trade in Northwest Forest Industries.Timber Production, All Years. www.fs.fed.us/pnw/ppet/

TWO Assuming that the trees for the original Structurlam CLT panels were replanted (based on the Canadian Sustainable Forestry Initiative requirements) initially one tree for every tree cut was counted. First, this basic assumption needs to always to be verified when using CLT panels. Working locally, knowing the CLT regional fabricators insures a greater success of understanding

Photo: atelierjones

CARBON SEQUESTRATION, CASE STUDY: CLT HOUSE

the supply chain of softwood logs, their forest management practices, including at least a 1:1 replacement.

Regulation in Washington State has long insured that for every tree cut, a new one is planted. It is a critical assumption for future viability of Mass Timber as a renewable building material. Harvested trees coming from other jurisdictions need to also be verified that upon harvest, another was planted.

Additional care was taken in the analysis of how much of each tree was used to make merchantable lumber.

Initial assumptions about the number of trees used changed greatly, once more accurate calculations were generated about the harvestable amount of each actual tree. Research generated by the 2016 University of Washington Architecture Department Mass Timber studio, analyzed the amount of waste generated from the cutting of the tree, and determined that given that the roots remain in the ground and that typically much of the slag from the branches do as well, eventually decomposing, and allowing release of the carbon previously sequestered in the living tree. Sequestered carbon in the trunk of course, stays in the CLTPanels.

41

40

The academic research that begun in 2013 in the University of Washington Architecture Department was continued and refined over the following years, both inside and outside atelierjones. Building on the family’s sustainable forest management plan developed by Carsen Sprenger in 2011 and 2012, we developed a case study methodology to test the hypothesis that it was necessary to replant an equivalent number of trees to replace those harvested in the forest to use for the basis of the CLT panels. Calculating the amount of board feet of wood used for the CLT panels in the CLTHouse, extrapolating backwards from the amount of board feet generated from a typical small-diameter softwood log, atelierjones developed a credible number of trees required to build the CLTHouse and the equivalent number of acres required to grow the trees.

CARBON SEQUESTRATION: CASE STUDY: CLTHOUSE TREE REQUIREMENTS AND EQUIVALENTS

TWO Assuming that the trees for the original Structurlam CLT panels were replanted (based on the Canadian Sustainable Forestry Initiative requirements) initially one tree for every tree cut was counted. First, this basic assumption needs to always to be verified when using CLT panels. Working locally, knowing the CLT regional fabricators insures a greater success of understanding

Photo: atelierjones

CARBON SEQUESTRATION, CASE STUDY: CLT HOUSE

the supply chain of softwood logs, their forest management practices, including at least a 1:1 replacement.

Regulation in Washington State has long insured that for every tree cut, a new one is planted. It is a critical assumption for future viability of Mass Timber as a renewable building material. Harvested trees coming from other jurisdictions need to also be verified that upon harvest, another was planted.

Additional care was taken in the analysis of how much of each tree was used to make merchantable lumber.

Initial assumptions about the number of trees used changed greatly, once more accurate calculations were generated about the harvestable amount of each actual tree. Research generated by the 2016 University of Washington Architecture Department Mass Timber studio, analyzed the amount of waste generated from the cutting of the tree, and determined that given that the roots remain in the ground and that typically much of the slag from the branches do as well, eventually decomposing, and allowing release of the carbon previously sequestered in the living tree. Sequestered carbon in the trunk of course, stays in the CLTPanels.

41

40

The academic research that begun in 2013 in the University of Washington Architecture Department was continued and refined over the following years, both inside and outside atelierjones. Building on the family’s sustainable forest management plan developed by Carsen Sprenger in 2011 and 2012, we developed a case study methodology to test the hypothesis that it was necessary to replant an equivalent number of trees to replace those harvested in the forest to use for the basis of the CLT panels. Calculating the amount of board feet of wood used for the CLT panels in the CLTHouse, extrapolating backwards from the amount of board feet generated from a typical small-diameter softwood log, atelierjones developed a credible number of trees required to build the CLTHouse and the equivalent number of acres required to grow the trees.

CARBON SEQUESTRATION: CASE STUDY: CLTHOUSE TREE REQUIREMENTS AND EQUIVALENTS

TWO 62

Designing and building with wood is so ubiquitous in the US that to challenge existing notions of wood design and construction is to challenge the very bedrock of the American residential construction industry. Coupled with the promise of being able to replace concrete with the structurally robust but light CLT panel, (with a 3:1 ratio of better carbon sequestration performance) for low- to mid-rise multifamily structures, CLT poses significant challenges to the perennially risk-adverse construction industry. This is resistance can be felt in the US national heated code debates regarding the height allowance restrictions for the new wooden buildings. Resistance to adopting code regulations allowing 8-10 story wooden multi-family buildings in the US is being led by a sophisticated lobbying effort of concrete and fire regulators, who claim safety issues; whereas other developed countries, including Switzerland, Austria, Germany, and Great Britain, have long-since overcome these regulatory hurdles.

Even in the design-rich Pacific Northwest, closely held traditions of designing with wood - Northwest Modernist interpretations of the Native American longhouse - have long held sway over the school of thought in the Pacific Northwest. The ubiquitous patterns of column and beam assemblies, with long, low overhanging roofs are both beautiful and seductively formal. They have been

photos: atelierjones, courtesy Structurlam CLT PRODUCTION

CLT PRODUCTION

exemplified by such works as Paul Kirk’s Japanese House at Bloedel or James Cutler’s guest house, and have been recognized and reinterpreted for decades in this design rich environment. Historically relying on the robust structural power of the native Douglas Fir tree, the long spans carved from old-growth timber were eventually replaced by either the constructed Glu-Lam, reclaimed old-growth timbers, or later steel and/or concrete beams.

After decades of evolution, it can be argued that the PNW longhouse-as-model is finally reaching a critical formulaic redundancy. The CLTHouse advances the local Pacific Northwest relationship with wood, but demands simultaneous performative drivers, expanding our notion of the materiality to insure the longevity of the supply chain.

These issues became paramount to the architect early in the process.

63

REGION A L SUPPLY A N D M A N UFA CTURE OF CLT

TWO 62

Designing and building with wood is so ubiquitous in the US that to challenge existing notions of wood design and construction is to challenge the very bedrock of the American residential construction industry. Coupled with the promise of being able to replace concrete with the structurally robust but light CLT panel, (with a 3:1 ratio of better carbon sequestration performance) for low- to mid-rise multifamily structures, CLT poses significant challenges to the perennially risk-adverse construction industry. This is resistance can be felt in the US national heated code debates regarding the height allowance restrictions for the new wooden buildings. Resistance to adopting code regulations allowing 8-10 story wooden multi-family buildings in the US is being led by a sophisticated lobbying effort of concrete and fire regulators, who claim safety issues; whereas other developed countries, including Switzerland, Austria, Germany, and Great Britain, have long-since overcome these regulatory hurdles.

Even in the design-rich Pacific Northwest, closely held traditions of designing with wood - Northwest Modernist interpretations of the Native American longhouse - have long held sway over the school of thought in the Pacific Northwest. The ubiquitous patterns of column and beam assemblies, with long, low overhanging roofs are both beautiful and seductively formal. They have been

photos: atelierjones, courtesy Structurlam CLT PRODUCTION

CLT PRODUCTION

exemplified by such works as Paul Kirk’s Japanese House at Bloedel or James Cutler’s guest house, and have been recognized and reinterpreted for decades in this design rich environment. Historically relying on the robust structural power of the native Douglas Fir tree, the long spans carved from old-growth timber were eventually replaced by either the constructed Glu-Lam, reclaimed old-growth timbers, or later steel and/or concrete beams.

After decades of evolution, it can be argued that the PNW longhouse-as-model is finally reaching a critical formulaic redundancy. The CLTHouse advances the local Pacific Northwest relationship with wood, but demands simultaneous performative drivers, expanding our notion of the materiality to insure the longevity of the supply chain.

These issues became paramount to the architect early in the process.

63

REGION A L SUPPLY A N D M A N UFA CTURE OF CLT

NEW ESSENTIALISM As defined by Gail Peter Borden, new essentialism pairs emotive materiality with high performance expectations, from performative to embedded smart materiality. An essential experience of the material’s natural qualities must remain intact, even if the material is layered or embedded with data derivatives or reconstructed around external parameters. In this regard, the CLTHouse excels, on multiple sensory levels. With its triple-glazed windows and doors, and 13-inch thick, almost passive house standard walls the CLTHouse is strangely quiet inside, once all windows are closed. The solid wood walls create quiet, but acoustically very live aural experiences, strangely unfamiliar in a residential environment.

Because of the high mass of the walls, from the 4 inches of wood, to the additional 6.5 inches of spun rock - mineral wool – outside of the wood, the walls hold the sound,

especially the bass tones, making it a classically live space, with longer reverberation times. While subtle, these additional resonate verbal and musical sound patterns engender an almost spiritual and emotive release. Coupled with the surround of the sweet smell of the pine, the hypernatural surfaces of the CLT and their smooth, ultra soft touch, four out of five senses are instinctually engaged in unusually natural ways within a highly constructed built environment. This is the essential beauty and intrigue of the house, created without resorting to sentimental or romantic treatments of wood. On the contrary, the house’s deeply enhanced natural and experiential qualities are enhanced and deepened by its constructed industrial and highly performative systems.

CLTHouse interior

CLTHOUSE 2011 - 1015

Photo: Lara Swimmer Photography

CLTHOUSE 2011 - 1015

Photo: Lara Swimmer Photography

103

102

CLTHouse interior

NEW ESSENTIALISM As defined by Gail Peter Borden, new essentialism pairs emotive materiality with high performance expectations, from performative to embedded smart materiality. An essential experience of the material’s natural qualities must remain intact, even if the material is layered or embedded with data derivatives or reconstructed around external parameters. In this regard, the CLTHouse excels, on multiple sensory levels. With its triple-glazed windows and doors, and 13-inch thick, almost passive house standard walls the CLTHouse is strangely quiet inside, once all windows are closed. The solid wood walls create quiet, but acoustically very live aural experiences, strangely unfamiliar in a residential environment.

Because of the high mass of the walls, from the 4 inches of wood, to the additional 6.5 inches of spun rock - mineral wool – outside of the wood, the walls hold the sound,

especially the bass tones, making it a classically live space, with longer reverberation times. While subtle, these additional resonate verbal and musical sound patterns engender an almost spiritual and emotive release. Coupled with the surround of the sweet smell of the pine, the hypernatural surfaces of the CLT and their smooth, ultra soft touch, four out of five senses are instinctually engaged in unusually natural ways within a highly constructed built environment. This is the essential beauty and intrigue of the house, created without resorting to sentimental or romantic treatments of wood. On the contrary, the house’s deeply enhanced natural and experiential qualities are enhanced and deepened by its constructed industrial and highly performative systems.

CLTHouse interior

CLTHOUSE 2011 - 1015

Photo: Lara Swimmer Photography

CLTHOUSE 2011 - 1015

Photo: Lara Swimmer Photography

103

102

CLTHouse interior

139

138

Sanctuary view east

CLTCHURCH ADAPTIVE REUSE 2013 - 2016

CLT wall detail

Photo: Lara Swimmer Photography

CLTCHURCH ADAPTIVE REUSE 2013 - 2016

Photo: Lara Swimmer Photography

139

138

Sanctuary view east

CLTCHURCH ADAPTIVE REUSE 2013 - 2016

CLT wall detail

Photo: Lara Swimmer Photography

CLTCHURCH ADAPTIVE REUSE 2013 - 2016

Photo: Lara Swimmer Photography