Justice for All

Contents This edition © Kulturalis Ltd, 2026 First published in 2026 by Kulturalis Ltd Kulturalis Ltd 14 Old Queen Street London sw1h 9hp United Kingdom www.kulturalis.com

Foreword

4

Introduction

6

Chapter 1: 800 Years of Justice: Magna Carta to UN SDG 16

8

Chapter 2: Justice for the Accused

28

Chapter 3: Justice for Victims and Survivors

42

Chapter 4: Justice for Prison Leavers

56

Chapter 5: Financing Justice

68

Acknowledgements

80

ISBN 978-1-83636-062-9 Design: Matt Wilson (mexington.co.uk) Printed and bound in the UK by Bell & Bain, Glasgow Reproduction by Opero in Italy 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 EU GPSR Authorised Representative: EASY ACCESS SYSTEM EUROPE OÜ, Mustamäe tee 50, 10621, TALLINN, Estonia email: info@easproject.org All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the author and publisher. Any errors or omissions are unintentional and should be notified to the Publisher, who will arrange for corrections to appear in any reprints. Image credits House of Lords / photography by Roger Harris: p. 5 Michael Leckie: p. 7; Dominic Slade / Simon Warren (buildersarms.com / sorted.tv): pp. 8, 9, 10 (both), 13 (above), 14, 15, 16, 17 (left), 18, 23, 35, 40, 42, 44 (both), 49, 53, 57, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 70 (right), 74, endpaper 2 (Old Bailey interior and Elizabeth Fry statue); Andy Green (spacemanpics.com): pp. 13 (right), 43, 46, 48, 52 Paul Upward: pp. 17 (above), 28, 29, 39, 56, 62 (both), 70 (left), 73, 79; Photography by Mike Williams Ltd: pp. 30, 80, endpaper 1 (Old Bailey exterior); Gerald Sharp Photography: back flap All photographs © the photographers

2

Contents This edition © Kulturalis Ltd, 2026 First published in 2026 by Kulturalis Ltd Kulturalis Ltd 14 Old Queen Street London sw1h 9hp United Kingdom www.kulturalis.com

Foreword

4

Introduction

6

Chapter 1: 800 Years of Justice: Magna Carta to UN SDG 16

8

Chapter 2: Justice for the Accused

28

Chapter 3: Justice for Victims and Survivors

42

Chapter 4: Justice for Prison Leavers

56

Chapter 5: Financing Justice

68

Acknowledgements

80

ISBN 978-1-83636-062-9 Design: Matt Wilson (mexington.co.uk) Printed and bound in the UK by Bell & Bain, Glasgow Reproduction by Opero in Italy 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 EU GPSR Authorised Representative: EASY ACCESS SYSTEM EUROPE OÜ, Mustamäe tee 50, 10621, TALLINN, Estonia email: info@easproject.org All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the author and publisher. Any errors or omissions are unintentional and should be notified to the Publisher, who will arrange for corrections to appear in any reprints. Image credits House of Lords / photography by Roger Harris: p. 5 Michael Leckie: p. 7; Dominic Slade / Simon Warren (buildersarms.com / sorted.tv): pp. 8, 9, 10 (both), 13 (above), 14, 15, 16, 17 (left), 18, 23, 35, 40, 42, 44 (both), 49, 53, 57, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 70 (right), 74, endpaper 2 (Old Bailey interior and Elizabeth Fry statue); Andy Green (spacemanpics.com): pp. 13 (right), 43, 46, 48, 52 Paul Upward: pp. 17 (above), 28, 29, 39, 56, 62 (both), 70 (left), 73, 79; Photography by Mike Williams Ltd: pp. 30, 80, endpaper 1 (Old Bailey exterior); Gerald Sharp Photography: back flap All photographs © the photographers

2

Introduction The City of London is proud of its standing as the global financial and professional services centre. We recognise how well-respected our rule of law is in this country and overseas. Yet when we say this in the City, we usually have in mind commercial and corporate law. But we have what is probably the world’s best-known criminal justice court, popularly known as the ‘Old Bailey’. It is a privilege to serve as Sheriff of the City of London, and it has been my desire to support all those involved in the criminal justice system, mindful of the mounting pressure that the UK justice system is under. We see reports of the growing court backlogs, the rapid rise of AI and digital complexity alongside the need to continue delivering fair, timely and effective justice. So, I have used my Shrieval year to convene a series of events to consider one of the defining issues of our time: the future of criminal justice and the resilience of the rule of law. The Justice for All Series has been at the nexus of the law, the economy and society in the belief that justice for all makes economic sense. There can be few venues more fitting for such a discussion than the Central Criminal Court itself. It is not merely one of the world’s best-known criminal courts; it is a living symbol of British justice. Inscriptions inside include ‘The law of the wise is a fountain of life’ and ‘The welfare of the people is the supreme law’. Those words are neither ornamental nor historical curiosities. They remain a reminder of the enduring obligation placed upon all who serve the public interest: that justice must be fair, accessible and trusted. For centuries, this site has stood at the centre of some of the most consequential trials in our national history. From the days of Newgate Prison through to the modern era, the proceedings of the Old Bailey have chronicled the changing nature of crime, punishment, society and class in London. The surviving records provide one of the richest archives anywhere in the world for understanding how justice has evolved – and, When the rule of law indeed, how society itself has changed alongside it. weakens, societies Yet this series was never intended as a purely historical and economies reflection, and it seemed to me essential that we examine alike suffer the justice not only through a legal or moral lens, but also through consequences an economic one. Strong justice systems underpin confidence,

6

JUSTICE FOR ALL

investment, social stability and prosperity. When the rule of law weakens, societies and economies alike suffer the consequences. I was therefore delighted to welcome distinguished legal, political, business and third sector leaders from the UK and overseas to these discussions. Together, we sought to create a platform where difficult questions could be addressed candidly and constructively. The intention throughout was not ceremony, but substance. It is my hope that the conversations captured in this volume will continue to inform debate, challenge assumptions and contribute meaningfully to the future of justice in the United Kingdom and beyond. ROBERT HUGHES-PENNEY Alderman and Sheriff

I ntrodu c tion

7

Introduction The City of London is proud of its standing as the global financial and professional services centre. We recognise how well-respected our rule of law is in this country and overseas. Yet when we say this in the City, we usually have in mind commercial and corporate law. But we have what is probably the world’s best-known criminal justice court, popularly known as the ‘Old Bailey’. It is a privilege to serve as Sheriff of the City of London, and it has been my desire to support all those involved in the criminal justice system, mindful of the mounting pressure that the UK justice system is under. We see reports of the growing court backlogs, the rapid rise of AI and digital complexity alongside the need to continue delivering fair, timely and effective justice. So, I have used my Shrieval year to convene a series of events to consider one of the defining issues of our time: the future of criminal justice and the resilience of the rule of law. The Justice for All Series has been at the nexus of the law, the economy and society in the belief that justice for all makes economic sense. There can be few venues more fitting for such a discussion than the Central Criminal Court itself. It is not merely one of the world’s best-known criminal courts; it is a living symbol of British justice. Inscriptions inside include ‘The law of the wise is a fountain of life’ and ‘The welfare of the people is the supreme law’. Those words are neither ornamental nor historical curiosities. They remain a reminder of the enduring obligation placed upon all who serve the public interest: that justice must be fair, accessible and trusted. For centuries, this site has stood at the centre of some of the most consequential trials in our national history. From the days of Newgate Prison through to the modern era, the proceedings of the Old Bailey have chronicled the changing nature of crime, punishment, society and class in London. The surviving records provide one of the richest archives anywhere in the world for understanding how justice has evolved – and, When the rule of law indeed, how society itself has changed alongside it. weakens, societies Yet this series was never intended as a purely historical and economies reflection, and it seemed to me essential that we examine alike suffer the justice not only through a legal or moral lens, but also through consequences an economic one. Strong justice systems underpin confidence,

6

JUSTICE FOR ALL

investment, social stability and prosperity. When the rule of law weakens, societies and economies alike suffer the consequences. I was therefore delighted to welcome distinguished legal, political, business and third sector leaders from the UK and overseas to these discussions. Together, we sought to create a platform where difficult questions could be addressed candidly and constructively. The intention throughout was not ceremony, but substance. It is my hope that the conversations captured in this volume will continue to inform debate, challenge assumptions and contribute meaningfully to the future of justice in the United Kingdom and beyond. ROBERT HUGHES-PENNEY Alderman and Sheriff

I ntrodu c tion

7

Chapter 1

800 Years of Justice: Magna Carta to UN SDG 16 30 October 2025

The Grand Hall, Central Criminal Court

Panel Speakers Caroline Haughey OBE KC (Moderator)

‘Countries which enjoy the rule of law and have effective democratic institutions are much more likely to be peaceful and economically successful.’

Dr Karen Brewer

Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury, former President of the UK Supreme Court and Keynote Speaker

Criminal Barrister, Furnival Chambers

Secretary General, Commonwealth Magistrates and Judges Association

The Rt Hon Alex Chalk KC Former Secretary of State for Justice

The Justice for All Series began with a theme both ambitious in scope and rich in symbolism: ‘800 Years of Justice: Magna Carta to UN SDG 16’. It was a thoughtful and purposeful choice. By connecting the enduring legacy of Magna Carta in 1225 with the modern global ambition of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 16 – peace, justice and strong institutions – the inaugural event invited us to reflect not only on where justice has come from, but on whether it is serving society as it should today. At its heart, the event explored a profound and timely question: how do we ensure that the ideals which shaped our legal and constitutional inheritance continue to deliver for people in the present day? In doing so, it placed the rule of law not simply in historical context, but in living dialogue with the social, economic and institutional realities of our own time. Research and the Economic Legacy of Magna Carta That same question sat at the centre of the accompanying research paper, The Economic Legacy of Magna Carta, authored by RAND Europe researcher Lucy Strang. The paper addressed a compelling and important challenge: how can the economic value of Magna Carta be meaningfully understood and measured? In support of that inquiry, the event featured an address from Nobel Prize-winning economist Professor Simon Johnson of MIT (see QR code for full video).

Panel speakers (from L–R): Maha Jweied, The Rt Rev. Philip Mounstephen, Caroline Haughey OBE KC (Moderator), The Rt Hon Alex Chalk KC and Dr Karen Brewer.

Maha Jweied

CEO, Responsible Business Initiative for Justice

The Rt Rev. Philip Mounstephen

Bishop of Winchester

City of London Police in ceremonial uniform at Central Criminal Court for the opening event.

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Chapter 1 / 8 0 0 Y ears of J usti c e : M agna Carta to U N S D G 1 6

9

Chapter 1

800 Years of Justice: Magna Carta to UN SDG 16 30 October 2025

The Grand Hall, Central Criminal Court

Panel Speakers Caroline Haughey OBE KC (Moderator)

‘Countries which enjoy the rule of law and have effective democratic institutions are much more likely to be peaceful and economically successful.’

Dr Karen Brewer

Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury, former President of the UK Supreme Court and Keynote Speaker

Criminal Barrister, Furnival Chambers

Secretary General, Commonwealth Magistrates and Judges Association

The Rt Hon Alex Chalk KC Former Secretary of State for Justice

The Justice for All Series began with a theme both ambitious in scope and rich in symbolism: ‘800 Years of Justice: Magna Carta to UN SDG 16’. It was a thoughtful and purposeful choice. By connecting the enduring legacy of Magna Carta in 1225 with the modern global ambition of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 16 – peace, justice and strong institutions – the inaugural event invited us to reflect not only on where justice has come from, but on whether it is serving society as it should today. At its heart, the event explored a profound and timely question: how do we ensure that the ideals which shaped our legal and constitutional inheritance continue to deliver for people in the present day? In doing so, it placed the rule of law not simply in historical context, but in living dialogue with the social, economic and institutional realities of our own time. Research and the Economic Legacy of Magna Carta That same question sat at the centre of the accompanying research paper, The Economic Legacy of Magna Carta, authored by RAND Europe researcher Lucy Strang. The paper addressed a compelling and important challenge: how can the economic value of Magna Carta be meaningfully understood and measured? In support of that inquiry, the event featured an address from Nobel Prize-winning economist Professor Simon Johnson of MIT (see QR code for full video).

Panel speakers (from L–R): Maha Jweied, The Rt Rev. Philip Mounstephen, Caroline Haughey OBE KC (Moderator), The Rt Hon Alex Chalk KC and Dr Karen Brewer.

Maha Jweied

CEO, Responsible Business Initiative for Justice

The Rt Rev. Philip Mounstephen

Bishop of Winchester

City of London Police in ceremonial uniform at Central Criminal Court for the opening event.

8

JUSTICE FOR ALL

Chapter 1 / 8 0 0 Y ears of J usti c e : M agna Carta to U N S D G 1 6

9

depends fundamentally on access to justice and effective institutions. Her contribution also highlighted the importance of collaboration across sectors, with governments, businesses and civil society each having a role to play in strengthening justice systems. At the same time, she offered a timely warning: rights and institutions do not maintain themselves. If they are not actively protected, measured and renewed, they can regress. What emerged from the panel was a clear and compelling sense that justice is not a narrow or isolated concern. It is foundational to economic resilience, democratic legitimacy and international cooperation. Across the event there was widespread recognition that complacency presents one of the greatest risks to the rule of law. Long-standing institutions can appear permanent, even while the pressures beneath them grow more acute. There was also a strong and shared concern about access to justice – not simply in principle, but in lived experience. And yet, despite the seriousness of the themes explored, there was also a notable sense of optimism in the room. There was a shared belief that the challenges are real, but not insurmountable – and that practical solutions are within reach, particularly where there is honesty about the scale of the issues and a willingness to work collaboratively across sectors and institutions. What made this inaugural session especially distinctive was its ability to connect past and present, the local and the global, principle and practice. From the foundations first articulated in Magna Carta to their modern expression in SDG 16, the rule of law was presented not simply as a historical inheritance, but as a continuing public responsibility.

There was a shared belief that the challenges are real, but not insurmountable

Sheriff and Deputy Keith Bottomley in discussion with attendees at the opening event.

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JUSTICE FOR ALL

Above: Lady Russell, Chair, and advisory committee members of the Sheriffs’ & Recorder’s Fund. Left: David Saunderson and Hans Pung, President of RAND Europe.

Read the accompanying research paper: ‘The Economic Legacy of Magna Carta’

Chapter 1 / 8 0 0 Y ears of J usti c e : M agna Carta to U N S D G 1 6

17

depends fundamentally on access to justice and effective institutions. Her contribution also highlighted the importance of collaboration across sectors, with governments, businesses and civil society each having a role to play in strengthening justice systems. At the same time, she offered a timely warning: rights and institutions do not maintain themselves. If they are not actively protected, measured and renewed, they can regress. What emerged from the panel was a clear and compelling sense that justice is not a narrow or isolated concern. It is foundational to economic resilience, democratic legitimacy and international cooperation. Across the event there was widespread recognition that complacency presents one of the greatest risks to the rule of law. Long-standing institutions can appear permanent, even while the pressures beneath them grow more acute. There was also a strong and shared concern about access to justice – not simply in principle, but in lived experience. And yet, despite the seriousness of the themes explored, there was also a notable sense of optimism in the room. There was a shared belief that the challenges are real, but not insurmountable – and that practical solutions are within reach, particularly where there is honesty about the scale of the issues and a willingness to work collaboratively across sectors and institutions. What made this inaugural session especially distinctive was its ability to connect past and present, the local and the global, principle and practice. From the foundations first articulated in Magna Carta to their modern expression in SDG 16, the rule of law was presented not simply as a historical inheritance, but as a continuing public responsibility.

There was a shared belief that the challenges are real, but not insurmountable

Sheriff and Deputy Keith Bottomley in discussion with attendees at the opening event.

16

JUSTICE FOR ALL

Above: Lady Russell, Chair, and advisory committee members of the Sheriffs’ & Recorder’s Fund. Left: David Saunderson and Hans Pung, President of RAND Europe.

Read the accompanying research paper: ‘The Economic Legacy of Magna Carta’

Chapter 1 / 8 0 0 Y ears of J usti c e : M agna Carta to U N S D G 1 6

17

Chapter 2

Justice for the Accused 4 February 2026 Panel Speakers Andrea Coomber KC (Hon) (Moderator) Chief Executive, Howard League for Penal Reform

The Rt Hon Sir David Gauke Chair, Independent Sentencing Review

Richard Susskind CBE KC (Hon) University of Oxford; Special Envoy to the Secretary General of the Commonwealth on Justice and AI

‘It seems to me that the legal community needs quickly to address the questions I have posed to work out how AI can and should be used to expedite the delivery of civil and criminal justice … There is not a minute to lose.’ The Rt Hon Sir Geoffrey Vos

Master of the Rolls and Keynote Speaker

The Justice for All Series sought to illuminate three perspectives of people experiencing the justice system – the accused, victims and prison leavers. While the opening event explored the historical foundations and systemic pressures shaping justice today, the subsequent events brought these challenges into focus through a more human lens. ‘Justice for the Accused’ examined what justice means for those facing accusations and asked whether the system is still delivering outcomes that are fair, timely and effective. It considered not only how the system functions in theory, but how it is experienced in practice by those moving through it. Delays, outdated processes and underinvestment are not simply policy issues; they are lived realities for defendants navigating a system that is increasingly slow, complex and uncertain. A System at a Crossroads The timing of the event added further weight to the discussion. It coincided with the publication of Sir Brian Leveson’s Independent Review of the Criminal Courts (Part 2), commissioned by the UK Government to examine the operation of criminal courts in England and Wales, including the future role of juries. His review raised important questions about efficiency, fairness and whether longstanding practices remain fit for purpose in a changing legal landscape. Against this backdrop, the evening framed the justice system as one at a critical juncture – caught between tradition and transformation, between the enduring value of human Panel speakers (from L–R): The Rt Hon Sir David Gauke, Charlie Taylor, Andrea Coomber KC (Hon) (Moderator), Richard Susskind CBE KC (Hon) and Katie Wheatley.

Charlie Taylor

HM Chief Inspector of Prisons

Katie Wheatley

Head of Crime, Fraud & Regulatory, Bindmans LLP

Her Honour Wendy Joseph KC, Old Bailey judge 2012–22, with her bestselling book Unlawful Killings, an account of six murder and manslaughter trials that lays bare the workings of the Crown Court.

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Chapter 2 / J usti c e for the A c c used

29

Chapter 2

Justice for the Accused 4 February 2026 Panel Speakers Andrea Coomber KC (Hon) (Moderator) Chief Executive, Howard League for Penal Reform

The Rt Hon Sir David Gauke Chair, Independent Sentencing Review

Richard Susskind CBE KC (Hon) University of Oxford; Special Envoy to the Secretary General of the Commonwealth on Justice and AI

‘It seems to me that the legal community needs quickly to address the questions I have posed to work out how AI can and should be used to expedite the delivery of civil and criminal justice … There is not a minute to lose.’ The Rt Hon Sir Geoffrey Vos

Master of the Rolls and Keynote Speaker

The Justice for All Series sought to illuminate three perspectives of people experiencing the justice system – the accused, victims and prison leavers. While the opening event explored the historical foundations and systemic pressures shaping justice today, the subsequent events brought these challenges into focus through a more human lens. ‘Justice for the Accused’ examined what justice means for those facing accusations and asked whether the system is still delivering outcomes that are fair, timely and effective. It considered not only how the system functions in theory, but how it is experienced in practice by those moving through it. Delays, outdated processes and underinvestment are not simply policy issues; they are lived realities for defendants navigating a system that is increasingly slow, complex and uncertain. A System at a Crossroads The timing of the event added further weight to the discussion. It coincided with the publication of Sir Brian Leveson’s Independent Review of the Criminal Courts (Part 2), commissioned by the UK Government to examine the operation of criminal courts in England and Wales, including the future role of juries. His review raised important questions about efficiency, fairness and whether longstanding practices remain fit for purpose in a changing legal landscape. Against this backdrop, the evening framed the justice system as one at a critical juncture – caught between tradition and transformation, between the enduring value of human Panel speakers (from L–R): The Rt Hon Sir David Gauke, Charlie Taylor, Andrea Coomber KC (Hon) (Moderator), Richard Susskind CBE KC (Hon) and Katie Wheatley.

Charlie Taylor

HM Chief Inspector of Prisons

Katie Wheatley

Head of Crime, Fraud & Regulatory, Bindmans LLP

Her Honour Wendy Joseph KC, Old Bailey judge 2012–22, with her bestselling book Unlawful Killings, an account of six murder and manslaughter trials that lays bare the workings of the Crown Court.

28

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Chapter 2 / J usti c e for the A c c used

29

Chapter 3

Justice for Victims and Survivors 23 March 2026 Panel Speakers Caroline Haughey OBE KC (Moderator) Criminal Barrister, Furnival Chambers

James Clarry

Chief Executive, Justice and Care

Jane Lasonder

Survivor and Chair, Survivor Leadership Council, Hope for Justice

‘Ending modern slavery today demands the same courage, sustained funding and collective will as ending slavery did two centuries ago.’ Sir Edward Braham

Commissioner, Global Commission on Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking, and Chair, M&G and Keynote Speaker

The third event in the Justice for All Series tackled one of the most urgent and deeply human challenges facing modern justice systems today: modern slavery and human trafficking. While slavery and exploitation are as old as human history itself, today’s forms are often hidden in plain sight – evolving across borders, industries and digital networks. The discussion explored the complexity of identifying, preventing and prosecuting these crimes, while keeping survivors and human dignity at the centre of justice. Held against the backdrop of growing concern that modern slavery has slipped down the political agenda, the discussion explored not only the scale of exploitation in the UK, but the structural failures that allow it to persist. It also examined the evolving responsibilities of government, business, law enforcement and society itself in responding to a crime that is increasingly sophisticated, global and economically entrenched. Opening remarks were delivered by Matt Crossman, Stewardship Director at Rathbones, the sponsor of the evening, and one of the UK’s longest-established wealth management and investment firms. Crossman reflected on the importance of empowerment and collective responsibility in addressing exploitation. Exploitation as a Systemic and Economic Challenge The keynote address was delivered by Sir Edward Braham, who framed modern slavery not as a marginal issue, but as a systemic challenge demanding urgent and coordinated action.

Panel speakers (from L–R): Dame Sara Thornton DBE QPM, James Clarry, Caroline Haughey OBE KC (Moderator), Antoinette Mutabazi and Jane Lasonder.

Antoinette Mutabazi

Survivor of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda and activist

Dame Sara Thornton DBE QPM

Former Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner for the UK Samantha Crawford performing ‘I want to love her as my own’ from the opera Dalia, by Roxanna Panufnik.

42

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Chapter 3 / J usti c e for V i c tims and S urvivors

43

Chapter 3

Justice for Victims and Survivors 23 March 2026 Panel Speakers Caroline Haughey OBE KC (Moderator) Criminal Barrister, Furnival Chambers

James Clarry

Chief Executive, Justice and Care

Jane Lasonder

Survivor and Chair, Survivor Leadership Council, Hope for Justice

‘Ending modern slavery today demands the same courage, sustained funding and collective will as ending slavery did two centuries ago.’ Sir Edward Braham

Commissioner, Global Commission on Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking, and Chair, M&G and Keynote Speaker

The third event in the Justice for All Series tackled one of the most urgent and deeply human challenges facing modern justice systems today: modern slavery and human trafficking. While slavery and exploitation are as old as human history itself, today’s forms are often hidden in plain sight – evolving across borders, industries and digital networks. The discussion explored the complexity of identifying, preventing and prosecuting these crimes, while keeping survivors and human dignity at the centre of justice. Held against the backdrop of growing concern that modern slavery has slipped down the political agenda, the discussion explored not only the scale of exploitation in the UK, but the structural failures that allow it to persist. It also examined the evolving responsibilities of government, business, law enforcement and society itself in responding to a crime that is increasingly sophisticated, global and economically entrenched. Opening remarks were delivered by Matt Crossman, Stewardship Director at Rathbones, the sponsor of the evening, and one of the UK’s longest-established wealth management and investment firms. Crossman reflected on the importance of empowerment and collective responsibility in addressing exploitation. Exploitation as a Systemic and Economic Challenge The keynote address was delivered by Sir Edward Braham, who framed modern slavery not as a marginal issue, but as a systemic challenge demanding urgent and coordinated action.

Panel speakers (from L–R): Dame Sara Thornton DBE QPM, James Clarry, Caroline Haughey OBE KC (Moderator), Antoinette Mutabazi and Jane Lasonder.

Antoinette Mutabazi

Survivor of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda and activist

Dame Sara Thornton DBE QPM

Former Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner for the UK Samantha Crawford performing ‘I want to love her as my own’ from the opera Dalia, by Roxanna Panufnik.

42

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Chapter 3 / J usti c e for V i c tims and S urvivors

43

Keynote Speaker: Sir Edward Braham

The exploitation of vulnerable individuals for profit represents a profound failure of justice, dignity and social responsibility

JUSTICE FOR VICTIMS AND SURVIVORS It is a privilege to be here tonight, among such a well-informed audience. Many of us came to modern slavery the same way, by being sickened about what is happening and the realisation that it is all around us. I also come at this with my experiences as a businessman and former corporate lawyer, and I am someone who looks for root causes and lasting solutions. I am going to outline what we mean by modern slavery; touch on the challenges in dealing with it; and explain why the Global Commission was established, what it has done and what it is seeking to do. I will then explore how we might clean up supply chains, touch on some interventions that give me hope and finish with some concluding thoughts.

for ITV News at Ten, contributed to the discussion, reflecting on the challenge of keeping modern slavery consistently in the public consciousness rather than allowing attention to fade between high-profile cases or reports. Justice, Dignity and Collective Responsibility Amid discussions of policy, economics, enforcement and reform, a central principle remained constant throughout the evening: modern slavery is fundamentally about people. The exploitation of vulnerable individuals for profit represents not only a criminal offence, but a profound failure of justice, dignity and social responsibility. Addressing it therefore requires more than stronger laws or tougher enforcement alone. It demands earlier intervention, better coordination, survivor-centred systems, corporate accountability and a broader public willingness to confront exploitation wherever it exists – including within everyday supply chains and communities. As the evening concluded, there was recognition that progress will depend not on any single institution, but on sustained collective action across government, business, civil society and the justice system itself. If the second event in the series examined whether justice is truly being delivered for the accused, the third event posed an equally urgent question: whether the system is capable of recognising, protecting, and restoring those who have been exploited in plain sight.

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JUSTICE FOR ALL

Antoinette Mutabazi, survivor of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, speaks to a reporter at the Grand Hall reception.

What is Modern Slavery? When we talk about modern slavery, we mean the exploitation of labour, of freedom and autonomy, and of vulnerability. Among other things, it covers forced labour and debt bondage, sexual exploitation, forced marriage, domestic servitude and the abuse of children, including child soldiers. Modern slavery is global but not distant – it exists all around us, often hiding in plain sight. It can be people working on construction sites,

Read the accompanying research paper: ‘Justice for Victims and Survivors’

Chapter 3 / J usti c e for V i c tims and S urvivors

49

Keynote Speaker: Sir Edward Braham

The exploitation of vulnerable individuals for profit represents a profound failure of justice, dignity and social responsibility

JUSTICE FOR VICTIMS AND SURVIVORS It is a privilege to be here tonight, among such a well-informed audience. Many of us came to modern slavery the same way, by being sickened about what is happening and the realisation that it is all around us. I also come at this with my experiences as a businessman and former corporate lawyer, and I am someone who looks for root causes and lasting solutions. I am going to outline what we mean by modern slavery; touch on the challenges in dealing with it; and explain why the Global Commission was established, what it has done and what it is seeking to do. I will then explore how we might clean up supply chains, touch on some interventions that give me hope and finish with some concluding thoughts.

for ITV News at Ten, contributed to the discussion, reflecting on the challenge of keeping modern slavery consistently in the public consciousness rather than allowing attention to fade between high-profile cases or reports. Justice, Dignity and Collective Responsibility Amid discussions of policy, economics, enforcement and reform, a central principle remained constant throughout the evening: modern slavery is fundamentally about people. The exploitation of vulnerable individuals for profit represents not only a criminal offence, but a profound failure of justice, dignity and social responsibility. Addressing it therefore requires more than stronger laws or tougher enforcement alone. It demands earlier intervention, better coordination, survivor-centred systems, corporate accountability and a broader public willingness to confront exploitation wherever it exists – including within everyday supply chains and communities. As the evening concluded, there was recognition that progress will depend not on any single institution, but on sustained collective action across government, business, civil society and the justice system itself. If the second event in the series examined whether justice is truly being delivered for the accused, the third event posed an equally urgent question: whether the system is capable of recognising, protecting, and restoring those who have been exploited in plain sight.

48

JUSTICE FOR ALL

Antoinette Mutabazi, survivor of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, speaks to a reporter at the Grand Hall reception.

What is Modern Slavery? When we talk about modern slavery, we mean the exploitation of labour, of freedom and autonomy, and of vulnerability. Among other things, it covers forced labour and debt bondage, sexual exploitation, forced marriage, domestic servitude and the abuse of children, including child soldiers. Modern slavery is global but not distant – it exists all around us, often hiding in plain sight. It can be people working on construction sites,

Read the accompanying research paper: ‘Justice for Victims and Survivors’

Chapter 3 / J usti c e for V i c tims and S urvivors

49

Chapter 4

Justice for Prison Leavers 18 May 2026 Panel Speakers Penny Parker (Moderator) Founder and CEO, StandOut

Egerton Junior Bayode Trustee, Resurgo and Oasis Restore

Paul Cowley MBE

Managing Director, Second Chance Partnership

Paula Harriott

CEO, Unlock and prison leaver

‘Every time someone does turn their life around, every time somebody breaks the cycle of offending, every time a future victim is prevented – all of us benefit.’ Lord Timpson OBE DL Minister of State for Prisons, Probation and Reducing Reoffending and Keynote Speaker

The fourth event in the Justice for All Series focused on one of the most pressing and politically significant questions facing the justice system today: how can rehabilitation, employment and community support reduce reoffending and create safer societies? Bringing together ministers, probation leaders, employers, charities and individuals with lived experience, the evening explored the realities facing prison leavers and the wider social and economic consequences of a system that too often struggles to support people once they leave custody. Guests were welcomed by HHJ Mark Lucraft KC, Recorder of London, alongside Sheriff of London Alderman Robert Hughes-Penney, who reflected on the important role private business – particularly businesses within the City – can play in supporting prison leavers and creating opportunities for rehabilitation and reintegration. Hughes-Penney said, ‘I wish to hold the mirror up to ourselves – the city – and ask the question, what more can we do?’ Tony Simpson, the Chief Operating Officer for Sodexo Government, which sponsored the event, addressed the audience reflecting on the barriers facing prison leavers and the importance of employment, housing and community support in reducing reoffending. Drawing on Sodexo’s experience both as a prison operator and employer, Simpson spoke about the untapped potential within the prison population, while recognising the concerns many businesses still hold around risk and regulation. Through Sodexo’s ‘Starting Fresh’ campaign, he argued that organisations have an important role to play

Panel speakers (from L–R): Egerton Junior Bayode, Paul Cowley MBE, Penny Parker (Moderator), Martin Jones CBE and Paula Harriott.

Martin Jones CBE HM Chief Inspector of Probation

Onwards and Upwards (XO Bikes), one of many charities supporting the event in the Lower Hall.

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Chapter 4

Justice for Prison Leavers 18 May 2026 Panel Speakers Penny Parker (Moderator) Founder and CEO, StandOut

Egerton Junior Bayode Trustee, Resurgo and Oasis Restore

Paul Cowley MBE

Managing Director, Second Chance Partnership

Paula Harriott

CEO, Unlock and prison leaver

‘Every time someone does turn their life around, every time somebody breaks the cycle of offending, every time a future victim is prevented – all of us benefit.’ Lord Timpson OBE DL Minister of State for Prisons, Probation and Reducing Reoffending and Keynote Speaker

The fourth event in the Justice for All Series focused on one of the most pressing and politically significant questions facing the justice system today: how can rehabilitation, employment and community support reduce reoffending and create safer societies? Bringing together ministers, probation leaders, employers, charities and individuals with lived experience, the evening explored the realities facing prison leavers and the wider social and economic consequences of a system that too often struggles to support people once they leave custody. Guests were welcomed by HHJ Mark Lucraft KC, Recorder of London, alongside Sheriff of London Alderman Robert Hughes-Penney, who reflected on the important role private business – particularly businesses within the City – can play in supporting prison leavers and creating opportunities for rehabilitation and reintegration. Hughes-Penney said, ‘I wish to hold the mirror up to ourselves – the city – and ask the question, what more can we do?’ Tony Simpson, the Chief Operating Officer for Sodexo Government, which sponsored the event, addressed the audience reflecting on the barriers facing prison leavers and the importance of employment, housing and community support in reducing reoffending. Drawing on Sodexo’s experience both as a prison operator and employer, Simpson spoke about the untapped potential within the prison population, while recognising the concerns many businesses still hold around risk and regulation. Through Sodexo’s ‘Starting Fresh’ campaign, he argued that organisations have an important role to play

Panel speakers (from L–R): Egerton Junior Bayode, Paul Cowley MBE, Penny Parker (Moderator), Martin Jones CBE and Paula Harriott.

Martin Jones CBE HM Chief Inspector of Probation

Onwards and Upwards (XO Bikes), one of many charities supporting the event in the Lower Hall.

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Chapter 5

Financing Justice 29 June 2026 Panel Speakers Julie Etchingham (Moderator)

Journalist and Broadcaster

Simon Bond

‘So I say to the City: what is your responsibility to improve our community and our society?’ The Rt Hon Sir Brian Leveson, Chair,

Independent Review of the Criminal Courts and former President of the Queen’s Bench Division and Keynote Speaker

Board Member and Lead Expert, Impact Investing Institute

The fifth and final event in the Justice for All Series turned the conversation towards one of the most fundamental, yet often overlooked, questions facing the justice system: how should justice be financed, and what role can private capital play, either directly or in partnership with the public sector, in securing its long-term future? Sponsored by Rathbones, the evening brought together senior figures from government, finance, law, business and the impact investment community to explore whether new models of investment could help address the mounting pressures facing the justice system. Rather than viewing justice solely as a public expense, the discussion considered it as a form of national infrastructure, one that underpins economic confidence, social cohesion and public trust. Justice as an Investment in Society Welcoming guests, HHJ Mark Lucraft KC, Recorder of London, reflected on both the history of the Central Criminal Court and its enduring place at the centre of the justice system. The evening, he suggested, was an opportunity not only to celebrate that history, but to consider how the system could be sustained for future generations. Speaking beneath the statue of Elizabeth Fry, the pioneering Quaker prison reformer, Bryn Jones of Rathbones reflected on the firm’s own Quaker heritage and its long-standing commitment to responsible investment. Founded by the Rathbone family in 18th-century Liverpool, the firm’s values of integrity, stewardship, philanthropy and social responsibility

The Rt Hon Sir David Gauke Chair, Independent Sentencing Review

Panel speakers (from L–R): Julie Etchingham (Moderator), The Rt Hon Sir David Gauke, Bella Landymore, Simon Bond, James Palmer CBE.

Bella Landymore

Co-Chief Executive, Impact Investing Institute

James Palmer CBE Chair, The CityUK Legal Services Group

Sir Brian Leveson delivering his keynote speech.

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Chapter 5

Financing Justice 29 June 2026 Panel Speakers Julie Etchingham (Moderator)

Journalist and Broadcaster

Simon Bond

‘So I say to the City: what is your responsibility to improve our community and our society?’ The Rt Hon Sir Brian Leveson, Chair,

Independent Review of the Criminal Courts and former President of the Queen’s Bench Division and Keynote Speaker

Board Member and Lead Expert, Impact Investing Institute

The fifth and final event in the Justice for All Series turned the conversation towards one of the most fundamental, yet often overlooked, questions facing the justice system: how should justice be financed, and what role can private capital play, either directly or in partnership with the public sector, in securing its long-term future? Sponsored by Rathbones, the evening brought together senior figures from government, finance, law, business and the impact investment community to explore whether new models of investment could help address the mounting pressures facing the justice system. Rather than viewing justice solely as a public expense, the discussion considered it as a form of national infrastructure, one that underpins economic confidence, social cohesion and public trust. Justice as an Investment in Society Welcoming guests, HHJ Mark Lucraft KC, Recorder of London, reflected on both the history of the Central Criminal Court and its enduring place at the centre of the justice system. The evening, he suggested, was an opportunity not only to celebrate that history, but to consider how the system could be sustained for future generations. Speaking beneath the statue of Elizabeth Fry, the pioneering Quaker prison reformer, Bryn Jones of Rathbones reflected on the firm’s own Quaker heritage and its long-standing commitment to responsible investment. Founded by the Rathbone family in 18th-century Liverpool, the firm’s values of integrity, stewardship, philanthropy and social responsibility

The Rt Hon Sir David Gauke Chair, Independent Sentencing Review

Panel speakers (from L–R): Julie Etchingham (Moderator), The Rt Hon Sir David Gauke, Bella Landymore, Simon Bond, James Palmer CBE.

Bella Landymore

Co-Chief Executive, Impact Investing Institute

James Palmer CBE Chair, The CityUK Legal Services Group

Sir Brian Leveson delivering his keynote speech.

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Keynote Speaker: The Rt Hon Sir Brian Leveson

FINANCING JUSTICE I am delighted to contribute to this excellent series, Justice For All, which, as a principle, fits perfectly with the beliefs that I have tried to follow throughout the 55 years that I have practised law and, in particular, in the nearly 35 years that I sat on the bench from the start as an Assistant Recorder to my final appointments as President of the Queen’s Bench Division and Head of Criminal Justice. This, the last in the series, is entitled ‘Financing Justice’, but if you believe that you are about to hear advice to the Chancellor of the Exchequer as to novel ways of raising money for justice you will be disappointed. The rubric is the role of finance in enabling justice through social impact investment, technology adoption in law enforcement and the creation of sustainable models for system reform. I hope you will not mind if I change the order and first discuss models for system reform which will be sustainable, then technology adoption in law enforcement and finally social impact investment. First a model for system reform. But is that necessary? Forgive me if I try to explain. It is important because many (including the Bar) think it is not; I have no doubt that

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they are wrong. In 2015, I published a Review of Efficiency in Criminal Proceedings, the Terms of Reference of which did not permit legislative change, but Chapter 10, headed ‘Out of Scope’, raised concerns previously argued by Lord Roskill in relation to Fraud Trials in 1986, some 40 years ago, and Lord Justice Auld in 2001 – 25 years ago. In 2019, in a valedictory when I retired as President of the Queen’s Bench Division, I reflected on the state of the criminal justice system. I spoke of areas of real progress. However, I also anticipated that many of the challenges facing the criminal justice system at the time would persist and become increasingly difficult to address. Seven years on, I have no doubt that criminal justice in England and Wales is now facing a real crisis. The figures are stark. Recently published Ministry of Justice (MoJ) figures show that the outstanding criminal caseload in the Crown Courts stands at 80,061 cases. This is more than double the figure in 2019. Over 22,000 of those cases have been open for over a year. To the extent that there has been any reduction, it is a consequence of dealing with low-hanging fruit: when they are actually listed for trial, many assaults on emergency workers, now triable in the Crown Court, end up as guilty pleas, and in this building those cases are being dealt with. Further, these are now being charged as common assault. But the longer cases are still horrendously delayed. Some courts are listing into 2029 and 2030. The aphorism ‘justice delayed is justice denied’ is entirely apt. How has this problem arisen? One major factor has been prolonged resource constraint, coupled with growing inefficiency. Analysis published by the Institute for Fiscal Studies in 2025 showed that, in 2025/26, real-term day-to-day spending by the MoJ is set to be 14 per cent lower than in 2007/08. No area of justice is more overlooked than criminal justice. The consequences are clear: fewer available courts, a considerable maintenance backlog in the court estate, and a smaller and less experienced workforce. Inefficiencies experienced in the criminal courts have been exacerbated by the disconnect between different agencies within the criminal justice system. In England and Wales, criminal justice is delivered through a number of system partners, including the police, the Crown Prosecution Service, the defence community, the courts, the judiciary, prisons and probation. Despite dedicated workforces, each of these systems is facing their own individual complex challenges and, too often, are not working as cohesively as they should. A second factor is the increasing complexity of criminal Despite dedicated law and procedure, all of which were aimed at improving the workforces, each of quality of justice. I often recall my experience in 1971, when I these systems is facing could conduct two trials in a single day. This was a time when their own individual there were few, if any, solicitors present in police stations, no PACE framework, no disclosure requirements, no special complex challenges

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Keynote Speaker: The Rt Hon Sir Brian Leveson

FINANCING JUSTICE I am delighted to contribute to this excellent series, Justice For All, which, as a principle, fits perfectly with the beliefs that I have tried to follow throughout the 55 years that I have practised law and, in particular, in the nearly 35 years that I sat on the bench from the start as an Assistant Recorder to my final appointments as President of the Queen’s Bench Division and Head of Criminal Justice. This, the last in the series, is entitled ‘Financing Justice’, but if you believe that you are about to hear advice to the Chancellor of the Exchequer as to novel ways of raising money for justice you will be disappointed. The rubric is the role of finance in enabling justice through social impact investment, technology adoption in law enforcement and the creation of sustainable models for system reform. I hope you will not mind if I change the order and first discuss models for system reform which will be sustainable, then technology adoption in law enforcement and finally social impact investment. First a model for system reform. But is that necessary? Forgive me if I try to explain. It is important because many (including the Bar) think it is not; I have no doubt that

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they are wrong. In 2015, I published a Review of Efficiency in Criminal Proceedings, the Terms of Reference of which did not permit legislative change, but Chapter 10, headed ‘Out of Scope’, raised concerns previously argued by Lord Roskill in relation to Fraud Trials in 1986, some 40 years ago, and Lord Justice Auld in 2001 – 25 years ago. In 2019, in a valedictory when I retired as President of the Queen’s Bench Division, I reflected on the state of the criminal justice system. I spoke of areas of real progress. However, I also anticipated that many of the challenges facing the criminal justice system at the time would persist and become increasingly difficult to address. Seven years on, I have no doubt that criminal justice in England and Wales is now facing a real crisis. The figures are stark. Recently published Ministry of Justice (MoJ) figures show that the outstanding criminal caseload in the Crown Courts stands at 80,061 cases. This is more than double the figure in 2019. Over 22,000 of those cases have been open for over a year. To the extent that there has been any reduction, it is a consequence of dealing with low-hanging fruit: when they are actually listed for trial, many assaults on emergency workers, now triable in the Crown Court, end up as guilty pleas, and in this building those cases are being dealt with. Further, these are now being charged as common assault. But the longer cases are still horrendously delayed. Some courts are listing into 2029 and 2030. The aphorism ‘justice delayed is justice denied’ is entirely apt. How has this problem arisen? One major factor has been prolonged resource constraint, coupled with growing inefficiency. Analysis published by the Institute for Fiscal Studies in 2025 showed that, in 2025/26, real-term day-to-day spending by the MoJ is set to be 14 per cent lower than in 2007/08. No area of justice is more overlooked than criminal justice. The consequences are clear: fewer available courts, a considerable maintenance backlog in the court estate, and a smaller and less experienced workforce. Inefficiencies experienced in the criminal courts have been exacerbated by the disconnect between different agencies within the criminal justice system. In England and Wales, criminal justice is delivered through a number of system partners, including the police, the Crown Prosecution Service, the defence community, the courts, the judiciary, prisons and probation. Despite dedicated workforces, each of these systems is facing their own individual complex challenges and, too often, are not working as cohesively as they should. A second factor is the increasing complexity of criminal Despite dedicated law and procedure, all of which were aimed at improving the workforces, each of quality of justice. I often recall my experience in 1971, when I these systems is facing could conduct two trials in a single day. This was a time when their own individual there were few, if any, solicitors present in police stations, no PACE framework, no disclosure requirements, no special complex challenges

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Acknowledgements The office of Sheriff traces its history to the 8th century and is reputed to be the second oldest secular office in the country after the monarch. As such anyone serving in this capacity is hugely indebted to those who have gone before, as well as those who continue to support the office today. In delivering the Justice for All Series at the Old Bailey and this book that chronicles the series, I have been reminded that no worthwhile endeavour is ever achieved alone. This book, and indeed the wider mission of the series, has been shaped by the generosity, wisdom and steadfast encouragement of many remarkable people. The endeavour would not have been possible without the generous support of Serco Group, the events sponsors; the City of London Corporation, Rathbones Group, Sodexo, our supporting partners, DWF Group, PA Consulting, the Magna Carta Trust, Techstart and our research partner RAND Europe, whose rigorous evidence-based research helped frame each discussion with clarity and intellectual depth. My thanks go to the Recorder of London HHJ Mark Lucraft KC and my fellow Sheriff Deputy Keith Bottomley, who have stood alongside me this year as hosts at the Old Bailey. I am especially grateful to those individuals who gave their time, expertise and experience to prepare and deliver the thought-provoking keynote addresses, moderate and participate in the stimulating panel discussions. I am pleased to acknowledge each in the respective chapters of this book. Their commitment to fairness, access to justice and public understanding has been both inspiring and humbling. There has also been an amazing team of individuals responsible for delivering the series. These include Becca Smith, Blanche Andreani-Slee, Esther Anato-Dumelo, Fiona Patrick, Lars Andersen, Paul Double, Sam Liu, Suzanne Avery and last but by no means least Tracey Groves. Also, the team at the Old Bailey including Jay Patel, Kelley Ryan, Sheila Kimpton and Tilly Wright. And colleagues at work Helen Wilson, Nikki Elmer and Victor Riega Garcia. But most importantly my amazing and supportive wife, Elspeth. ROBERT HUGHES-PENNEY Alderman and Sheriff

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