a REAL UTOPIA
267,300 REFUGEES IN ECUADOR / COLOMBIA1 220,000 FROM VENEZUELA 46,600 FROM COLOMBIA 215 FROM CUBA 100 FROM AFGHANISTAN
59,129 REFUGEES IN REPUBLIC OF SERBIA / ROMANIA 2 28,120 FROM SYRIA 19,038 FROM CROATIA 8,764 FROM BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 2,182 FROM AFGHANISTAN
933,409 REFUGEES IN BANGLADESH4 932,205 FROM MYANMAR 1,208 FROM SOMALIA
537,320 REFUGEES IN D.R. OF THE CONGO / UGANDA3 220,510 FROM RWANDA 182,038 FROM CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 89,056 FROM SOUTH SUDAN
CON
FRA
CITY OF REFUGEES A REAL UTOPIA
TAC
FOU
APP
PETER JAY ZWEIG, FAIA GAIL PETER BORDEN, FAIA UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON, GERALD D. HINES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE + DESIGN
CONTEXT IN SEARCH OF UTOPIA
8
DESIGNING A PATH FORWARD
18
WHO ACCEPTS REFUGEES?
60
70.8 MILLION REFUGEES
WALLS
70
60 WALLS BUILT AFTER 9/11
MAJOR CAMP ANALYSIS
76
KUTUPALONG | BIDI BIDI | HAGADERA | KAKUMA | NYARUGUSU
FRAMEWORKS ECONOMIC
92
UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME
POLITICAL
94
SPLIT GOVERNANCE
SOCIAL
96
UNIVERSAL BASIC NEEDS
RELIGIOUS
98
SURVEY OF LARGEST RELIGIONS
TACTICS POSSIBLE PATHS
100
NOUR ANTAR FAMILY
BUILDING BLOCKS
112
RULES FOR BUILDING A CITY
INFRASTRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
120
NET ZERO
FOUR CONTINENTS CAMP TO CITY
176
MATERIAL INNOVATION: INDIGENOUS CRAFT
188
SOUTH AMERICA
196
ECUADOR / COLOMBIA - 50,000 PEOPLE
AFRICA
242
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO / UGANDA - 100,000 PEOPLE
EUROPE
280
SERBIA / ROMANIA - 250,000 PEOPLE
ASIA
326
BANGLADESH - 500,000 PEOPLE
APPENDIX
INTERVIEW: A MODEL FOR SURVIVAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
390 396
CREDITS | ENDNOTES
398 | 400
EXHIBITIONS | AUGMENTED REALITY
402 | 406
“BEFORE 1914 THE EARTH BELONGED TO HUMAN RACE. EVERYONE COULD GO WHERE HE WANTED AND STAY THERE AS LONG AS HE LIKED. NO PERMIT, NO VISAS, WERE NECESSARY, AND I AM ALWAYS ENCHANTED BY THE AMAZEMENT OF YOUNG PEOPLE WHEN I TELL THEM THAT BEFORE 1914 I TRAVELLED TO INDIA AND AMERICA WITHOUT A PASSPORT. YOU BOARDED YOUR MEANS OF TRANSPORT AND GOT OFF AGAIN, WITHOUT ASKING OR BEING ASKED ANY QUESTIONS. THE BORDERS TODAY ARE A TANGLED FENCE OF RED TAPE BUT THEN THEY WERE NOTHING BUT SYMBOLIC LINES ON THE MAP. PEOPLE WERE DEFENDING THEMSELVES AGAINST FOREIGNERS EVERYWHERE: THEY WERE KEPT OUT OF EVERYWHERE. ALL THE HUMILIATION PREVIOUSLY DEVISED SOLELY FOR CRIMINALS WERE NOW INFLICTED ON EVERY TRAVELER BEFORE AND DURING A JOURNEY.”
THE WORLD OF YESTERDAY STEFAN ZWEIG, 1942
41
1914: NO PASSPORTS NEEDED
2020: 42
176 COUNTRIES REQUIRING A PASSPORT
203
ECUADOR
CRUDE PETROLEUM
GAS
BEANS
TROPICAL FRUITS
0.8%
LEAD
0.32% 0.67% MINERAL GOLD TARS
TRUCKS & VANS 4.2% 0.74% FISH N.E.S.
COFFEE RAW
0.62% 0.32% 0.55% COTTON
OIL
CUT FLOWERS
24%
48%
4.5%
2.6%
4%
FRESH OR DRIED BANANA & PLANTAINS
PALM OIL CRUSTACEANS
14%
10%
FLORA 3.7% BEANS
16%
3.8%
COLOMBIA OILS, PETROLEUM, BITUMINOUS, DISTILLATES
6.2%
4.1%
NATURAL GAS, LIQUEFIED
PETROLEUM
2.1%
17%
208
ZINC ORES
IRON ORE 1.4%
ECONOMY
1.4% MOLYBDENUM 1.5%
CULTURE
COPPER ORES AND CONCENTRATES
CARS
4% T-SHIRT 1.1%
DATES 0.57%
FLOUR, MEAL, PELLET OF MEAT OR OFFAL
VEGETABLE
0.98%
PALM OIL
4.8%
2.5%
PROCESSED FISH
COFFEE
2.2%
3.3%
FISH LIVER FISH 0.77%
3%
In South America, the refugee crisis has relocated people coming from Columbia, Cuba, and Afghanistan to Ecuador. Each of these four nationalities brings distinct cultures, crafts, knowledge, skills, and capability. These become the foundation of the economy and culture of the City of Refugees.
MBIA
ECUADOR
WEAVING HANDWOVEN IN ECUADOR SINCE THE 16TH CENTURY THEY ARE MADE OF NATURAL FIBERS, IS LIGHTWEIGHT, AND PROTECTS AGAINST THE SUN.
FLOWERS THE WORLD’S THIRD LARGEST EXPORTER OF CUT FLOWERS, THE PERFECT CLIMATE ALLOWS FOR 400 VARIETIES OF ROSES AND OVER 4,000 SPECIES OF ORCHIDS.
COCOA THE QUALITY OF ORGANIC COCOA COMES FROM ECUADOR’S LOCATION ON THE EQUATOR AND THE DIVERSITY IN ITS TERRAIN.
COLOMBIA
COFFEE COLOMBIA’S HIGHEST QUALITY COFFEE IS GROWN FROM ARABICA BEANS AND THE UNIQUE GEOGRAPHY IS PERFECTLY SUITED FOR A HIGH QUALITY BREW.
FIESTA THE JOYFULNESS AND DIVERSITY OF THE COLOMBIAN POPULATION IS EXPRESSED AND CELEBRATED THROUGH FAITS, CARNIVALS, MUSIC, AND CULTURAL FESTIVALS.
HANDCRAFTS SHOULDER BAGS, HATS, HAMMOCKS, FIGURINES, AND POTTERY ARE A FEW CRAFTS KNOWN FOR THEIR DISTINCT STYLE AND BEAUTY.
[CUBA]
MUSIC CUBA IS INFLUENCED BY SPANISH AND AFRICAN MUSIC. SALSA IS THE MOST FAMOUS FORM OF MUSICAL EXPRESSION AS WELL AS RUMBA AND BOLERO.
CIGARS THE MOST FAMOUS CUBAN PRODUCT AND THE MAIN EXPORT OF CUBA ARE HANDMADE CIGARS WITH DOMESTIC TOBACCO LEAVES ROLLED BY TORCEDORES.
FOOD POTATOES AND RICE ARE PRODUCED ON THE WESTERN COAST WHILE TROPICAL FRUITS ARE ONLY PRODUCED FOR DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION.
[AFGHANISTAN]
TEXTILES FLAT-WOVEN, HAND-KNOTTED FELT CREATIONS ARE RICH IN FORM AND MULTIPLE VIBRANT COLORS CRAFTED BY HIGHLY SKILLED CRAFTSMEN.
FRUIT THE COUNTRY’S MAIN FOOD EXPORT INCLUDES HIGH QUALITY GRAPES, APRICOTS, POMEGRANATES, PLUMS, AND BERRIES DUE TO ITS FAVORABLE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.
OIL PAINTING EARLIEST USAGE STARTES IN CAVE MURALS AND HAS DEVELOPED INTO A FUSION OF GRECO-ROMAN AND BUDDHIST ART TO CREATE THE GANDHARA ART STYLE. 209
222
223
9
12
N
PANEL
10
ELS
ICE
5
COLUMN
12
6
COLUMN
13
ION
2
2 14 5 3
15
17
NEIGHBORHOODS 264
SOLUTION
1
H O W D O E S A N E I G H B O R H O O D W O R K
9
9 12
12
16
16
8
8
1 2 3 4 5
7
6 7
7
8 9
6
10 11
6
12 13 14 15
5
4
5
1
GRAVEL
2
TIMBER
3 4 5 6 7 8
BAMBOO WALL BAMBOO SCREEN
OPERABLE FACADE PANEL CONCRETE CANOPY
11
WATER BARRIER PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS
12
SUPERSTRUCTURAL COLUMN BAMBOO ROOF LATTICE
13
WATER BARRIER
BUNDLED BAMBOO COLUMN
14
VERTICAL CIRCULATION SUPERSTRUCTURAL COLUMN
15
SERVICE RAIL BUNDLED BAMBOO COLUMN
16
WATER COLLECTION VERTICAL CIRCULATION
17
SERVICE RAIL
CONCRETE TRAY
16
WATER COLLECTION
17
CONCRETE TRAY
2 1
SOLUTION
266
BAMBOO SCREEN VEGETATIVE SCREEN
BAMBOO ROOF LATTICE CONCRETE CANOPY
2
BUILDING SYSTEMS
BAMBOO WALL
PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS OPERABLE FACADE PANEL
3
1
BAMBOO FLOOR
VEGETATIVE SCREEN
10
4
16
TIMBER
BAMBOO FLOOR
9
3
16
GRAVEL
H O W T O B U I L D
COMMUNITY WATER FEATURE
Source of income. Fishes obtained from Lake Edward.
RAINWATER HAR
Collection of water from rainwater. Provides the people their daily needs.
WATER STORAGE
THREE WATER STORAGE
5.5 acres/day is harvested fr
SIX COMMUNITY WATER FEATURES ALLOWS FOR PEOPLE TO GET THEIR DAILT WATER. 6 ACRES TOTAL OF SPACE.
COMMUNITY WAT
4,931 gallons/day are conserved into the water storages. 1
2 1
TRADITIONAL FISHING
2 2
TRADITIONAL FISHING
3 2
COMMUNITY WATER FEATURE
Source of income. Fishes obtained from Lake Edward.
COASTAL WATER
COMMUNITY WATER
AQUAPONICS
Collection of water from rainw needs.
WATER STORAGE
THREE WATER STORAGE
SIX COMMUNITY WATER FEATURES ALLOWS FOR PEOPLE TO GET THEIR DAILT WATER. 6 ACRES TOTAL OF SPACE.
4,931 gallons/day are conser
1
2 1 2
TRADITIONAL FIS
2
TRADITIONAL FISHING
3 2
COMMUNITY WATER FEATURE
Source of income. Fishes ob
THREE WATER STORAGE
1
SIX COMMUNITY WATER FEATURES ALLOWS FOR PEOPLE TO GET THEIR DAILT WATER. 6 ACRES TOTAL OF SPACE.
1
TRADITIONAL FISHING
4
3
WATER 268
SOLUTION
2
H O W S T O R R E U S W AT E
T O E A N D E R
1 RAIN WATER CATCHMENT 2 COMMUNITY WATER POOL 3 WATER STORAGE
4 TRADITIONAL FISHING
274
275