City of Refugees

a REAL UTOPIA

267,300 REFUGEES IN ECUADOR / COLOMBIA1 220,000 FROM VENEZUELA 46,600 FROM COLOMBIA 215 FROM CUBA 100 FROM AFGHANISTAN

59,129 REFUGEES IN REPUBLIC OF SERBIA / ROMANIA 2 28,120 FROM SYRIA 19,038 FROM CROATIA 8,764 FROM BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 2,182 FROM AFGHANISTAN

933,409 REFUGEES IN BANGLADESH4 932,205 FROM MYANMAR 1,208 FROM SOMALIA

537,320 REFUGEES IN D.R. OF THE CONGO / UGANDA3 220,510 FROM RWANDA 182,038 FROM CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 89,056 FROM SOUTH SUDAN

CON

FRA

CITY OF REFUGEES A REAL UTOPIA

TAC

FOU

APP

PETER JAY ZWEIG, FAIA GAIL PETER BORDEN, FAIA UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON, GERALD D. HINES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE + DESIGN

CONTEXT IN SEARCH OF UTOPIA

8

DESIGNING A PATH FORWARD

18

WHO ACCEPTS REFUGEES?

60

70.8 MILLION REFUGEES

WALLS

70

60 WALLS BUILT AFTER 9/11

MAJOR CAMP ANALYSIS

76

KUTUPALONG | BIDI BIDI | HAGADERA | KAKUMA | NYARUGUSU

FRAMEWORKS ECONOMIC

92

UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME

POLITICAL

94

SPLIT GOVERNANCE

SOCIAL

96

UNIVERSAL BASIC NEEDS

RELIGIOUS

98

SURVEY OF LARGEST RELIGIONS

TACTICS POSSIBLE PATHS

100

NOUR ANTAR FAMILY

BUILDING BLOCKS

112

RULES FOR BUILDING A CITY

INFRASTRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

120

NET ZERO

FOUR CONTINENTS CAMP TO CITY

176

MATERIAL INNOVATION: INDIGENOUS CRAFT

188

SOUTH AMERICA

196

ECUADOR / COLOMBIA - 50,000 PEOPLE

AFRICA

242

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO / UGANDA - 100,000 PEOPLE

EUROPE

280

SERBIA / ROMANIA - 250,000 PEOPLE

ASIA

326

BANGLADESH - 500,000 PEOPLE

APPENDIX

INTERVIEW: A MODEL FOR SURVIVAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

390 396

CREDITS | ENDNOTES

398 | 400

EXHIBITIONS | AUGMENTED REALITY

402 | 406

“BEFORE 1914 THE EARTH BELONGED TO HUMAN RACE. EVERYONE COULD GO WHERE HE WANTED AND STAY THERE AS LONG AS HE LIKED. NO PERMIT, NO VISAS, WERE NECESSARY, AND I AM ALWAYS ENCHANTED BY THE AMAZEMENT OF YOUNG PEOPLE WHEN I TELL THEM THAT BEFORE 1914 I TRAVELLED TO INDIA AND AMERICA WITHOUT A PASSPORT. YOU BOARDED YOUR MEANS OF TRANSPORT AND GOT OFF AGAIN, WITHOUT ASKING OR BEING ASKED ANY QUESTIONS. THE BORDERS TODAY ARE A TANGLED FENCE OF RED TAPE BUT THEN THEY WERE NOTHING BUT SYMBOLIC LINES ON THE MAP. PEOPLE WERE DEFENDING THEMSELVES AGAINST FOREIGNERS EVERYWHERE: THEY WERE KEPT OUT OF EVERYWHERE. ALL THE HUMILIATION PREVIOUSLY DEVISED SOLELY FOR CRIMINALS WERE NOW INFLICTED ON EVERY TRAVELER BEFORE AND DURING A JOURNEY.”

THE WORLD OF YESTERDAY STEFAN ZWEIG, 1942

41

1914: NO PASSPORTS NEEDED

2020: 42

176 COUNTRIES REQUIRING A PASSPORT

203

ECUADOR

CRUDE PETROLEUM

GAS

BEANS

TROPICAL FRUITS

0.8%

LEAD

0.32% 0.67% MINERAL GOLD TARS

TRUCKS & VANS 4.2% 0.74% FISH N.E.S.

COFFEE RAW

0.62% 0.32% 0.55% COTTON

OIL

CUT FLOWERS

24%

48%

4.5%

2.6%

4%

FRESH OR DRIED BANANA & PLANTAINS

PALM OIL CRUSTACEANS

14%

10%

FLORA 3.7% BEANS

16%

3.8%

COLOMBIA OILS, PETROLEUM, BITUMINOUS, DISTILLATES

6.2%

4.1%

NATURAL GAS, LIQUEFIED

PETROLEUM

2.1%

17%

208

ZINC ORES

IRON ORE 1.4%

ECONOMY

1.4% MOLYBDENUM 1.5%

CULTURE

COPPER ORES AND CONCENTRATES

CARS

4% T-SHIRT 1.1%

DATES 0.57%

FLOUR, MEAL, PELLET OF MEAT OR OFFAL

VEGETABLE

0.98%

PALM OIL

4.8%

2.5%

PROCESSED FISH

COFFEE

2.2%

3.3%

FISH LIVER FISH 0.77%

3%

In South America, the refugee crisis has relocated people coming from Columbia, Cuba, and Afghanistan to Ecuador.

Each of these four nationalities brings distinct cultures, crafts, knowledge, skills, and capability. These become the foundation of the economy and culture of the City of Refugees.

MBIA

ECUADOR

WEAVING HANDWOVEN IN ECUADOR SINCE THE 16TH CENTURY THEY ARE MADE OF NATURAL FIBERS, IS LIGHTWEIGHT, AND PROTECTS AGAINST THE SUN.

FLOWERS THE WORLD’S THIRD LARGEST EXPORTER OF CUT FLOWERS, THE PERFECT CLIMATE ALLOWS FOR 400 VARIETIES OF ROSES AND OVER 4,000 SPECIES OF ORCHIDS.

COCOA THE QUALITY OF ORGANIC COCOA COMES FROM ECUADOR’S LOCATION ON THE EQUATOR AND THE DIVERSITY IN ITS TERRAIN.

COLOMBIA

COFFEE COLOMBIA’S HIGHEST QUALITY COFFEE IS GROWN FROM ARABICA BEANS AND THE UNIQUE GEOGRAPHY IS PERFECTLY SUITED FOR A HIGH QUALITY BREW.

FIESTA THE JOYFULNESS AND DIVERSITY OF THE COLOMBIAN POPULATION IS EXPRESSED AND CELEBRATED THROUGH FAITS, CARNIVALS, MUSIC, AND CULTURAL FESTIVALS.

HANDCRAFTS SHOULDER BAGS, HATS, HAMMOCKS, FIGURINES, AND POTTERY ARE A FEW CRAFTS KNOWN FOR THEIR DISTINCT STYLE AND BEAUTY.

[CUBA]

MUSIC CUBA IS INFLUENCED BY SPANISH AND AFRICAN MUSIC. SALSA IS THE MOST FAMOUS FORM OF MUSICAL EXPRESSION AS WELL AS RUMBA AND BOLERO.

CIGARS THE MOST FAMOUS CUBAN PRODUCT AND THE MAIN EXPORT OF CUBA ARE HANDMADE CIGARS WITH DOMESTIC TOBACCO LEAVES ROLLED BY TORCEDORES.

FOOD POTATOES AND RICE ARE PRODUCED ON THE WESTERN COAST WHILE TROPICAL FRUITS ARE ONLY PRODUCED FOR DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION.

[AFGHANISTAN]

TEXTILES FLAT-WOVEN, HAND-KNOTTED FELT CREATIONS ARE RICH IN FORM AND MULTIPLE VIBRANT COLORS CRAFTED BY HIGHLY SKILLED CRAFTSMEN.

FRUIT THE COUNTRY’S MAIN FOOD EXPORT INCLUDES HIGH QUALITY GRAPES, APRICOTS, POMEGRANATES, PLUMS, AND BERRIES DUE TO ITS FAVORABLE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.

OIL PAINTING EARLIEST USAGE STARTES IN CAVE MURALS AND HAS DEVELOPED INTO A FUSION OF GRECO-ROMAN AND BUDDHIST ART TO CREATE THE GANDHARA ART STYLE. 209

222

223

9

12

N

PANEL

10

ELS

ICE

5

COLUMN

12

6

COLUMN

13

ION

2

2 14 5 3

15

17

NEIGHBORHOODS 264

SOLUTION

1

H O W D O E S A N E I G H B O R H O O D W O R K

9

9 12

12

16

16

8

8

1 2 3 4 5

7

6 7

7

8 9

6

10 11

6

12 13 14 15

5

4

5

1

GRAVEL

2

TIMBER

3 4 5 6 7 8

BAMBOO WALL BAMBOO SCREEN

OPERABLE FACADE PANEL CONCRETE CANOPY

11

WATER BARRIER PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

12

SUPERSTRUCTURAL COLUMN BAMBOO ROOF LATTICE

13

WATER BARRIER

BUNDLED BAMBOO COLUMN

14

VERTICAL CIRCULATION SUPERSTRUCTURAL COLUMN

15

SERVICE RAIL BUNDLED BAMBOO COLUMN

16

WATER COLLECTION VERTICAL CIRCULATION

17

SERVICE RAIL

CONCRETE TRAY

16

WATER COLLECTION

17

CONCRETE TRAY

2 1

SOLUTION

266

BAMBOO SCREEN VEGETATIVE SCREEN

BAMBOO ROOF LATTICE CONCRETE CANOPY

2

BUILDING SYSTEMS

BAMBOO WALL

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS OPERABLE FACADE PANEL

3

1

BAMBOO FLOOR

VEGETATIVE SCREEN

10

4

16

TIMBER

BAMBOO FLOOR

9

3

16

GRAVEL

H O W T O B U I L D

COMMUNITY WATER FEATURE

Source of income. Fishes obtained from Lake Edward.

RAINWATER HAR

Collection of water from rainwater. Provides the people their daily needs.

WATER STORAGE

THREE WATER STORAGE

5.5 acres/day is harvested fr

SIX COMMUNITY WATER FEATURES ALLOWS FOR PEOPLE TO GET THEIR DAILT WATER. 6 ACRES TOTAL OF SPACE.

COMMUNITY WAT

4,931 gallons/day are conserved into the water storages.

1

2 1

TRADITIONAL FISHING

2 2

TRADITIONAL FISHING

3 2

COMMUNITY WATER FEATURE

Source of income. Fishes obtained from Lake Edward.

COASTAL WATER

COMMUNITY WATER

AQUAPONICS

Collection of water from rainw needs.

WATER STORAGE

THREE WATER STORAGE

SIX COMMUNITY WATER FEATURES ALLOWS FOR PEOPLE TO GET THEIR DAILT WATER. 6 ACRES TOTAL OF SPACE.

4,931 gallons/day are conser

1

2 1 2

TRADITIONAL FIS

2

TRADITIONAL FISHING

3 2

COMMUNITY WATER FEATURE

Source of income. Fishes ob

THREE WATER STORAGE

1

SIX COMMUNITY WATER FEATURES ALLOWS FOR PEOPLE TO GET THEIR DAILT WATER. 6 ACRES TOTAL OF SPACE.

1

TRADITIONAL FISHING

4

3

WATER 268

SOLUTION

2

H O W S T O R R E U S W AT E

T O E A N D E R

1 RAIN WATER CATCHMENT 2 COMMUNITY WATER POOL 3 WATER STORAGE

4 TRADITIONAL FISHING

274

275