Dialogue with Nature Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, Marc Weissgerber
1
Quote from Conrads (2000), p. 84.
2
See RahmstorĀ and Schellnhuber
voluntarily, to escape from climate change or persecution, or by having to
‘The city is man’s conquest of nature.’ Le Corbusier
look for better economic prospects or living conditions. This is a special
(2019), Rockström et al. (2017),
Global challenges
Goldman Sachs (2019).
The human population is increasing rapidly. There are currently over
3
Putz (2018).
4
See also Girardet (2014).
challenge for a sustainable building culture.
7 billion people living on Earth, and by 2050 there will be over 9 billion.
The dystopia of ‘failed cities’
In other words, housing will have to be found or built for a further
In the worst case, under the pressure of these dynamics – population
2 billion people within a generation. This will be the largest construc-
growth, migration, ecological crisis, social conĀicts – entire urban infra-
tion project in history. Over the same period, the urban proportion of
structures may eventually collapse, especially if governance structures
the population will increase from its current 56 per cent to an expected
and planning systems fail. Jakarta arguably provides the most dramatic
66 per cent – in other words, humanity is on its way to becoming an
example of how ecological, social and political failure can interlock: 40 per
urban civilization.
cent of the city’s territory is already below sea level and is sinking by as
This urban civilization faces enormous ecological and social challenges, including:
much as 25 cm each year. As 40 per cent of the residents have no clean water supply, groundwater is illegally pumped out. With 97 per cent of the
Climate change that has already increased the average global sur-
city’s ground being sealed, rainwater runs of f nused instead of replenish-
face temperature by 1.1 degree Celcius. If nothing signifi ant is done to
ing groundwater reservoirs. The combination of these actions pushes the
abate climate change, temperatures are estimated to rise by between 3
soil mass down further and further. A partly corrupt administration is not
and 4 degrees Celcius by 2100. Extreme weather events associated with
developing feasible solutions to this deteriorating process. The govern-
climate change, such as droughts and Āoods from storm waters, will
ment has now moved the political administration to Borneo, a $32 billion
pose enormous challenges for urban infrastructures.
megaproject. Jakarta has been left to its own devices and represents the
2
Other ecological problems – such as a massive loss of biodiver-
fi st ‘lost city’ of modernity, as a government o.. ial there put it.3
sity, the sealing of large portions of ground surface, the pollution of the oceans, the pollution of soil and the air, and the plundering of fi ite re-
Cities and the built environment: still in conquest mode
sources – represent just a few of the many environmental impacts that
The challenges for sustainable and inclusive urban planning and architec-
have already exceeded critical limits.
ture are therefore enormous. The ultimate goal would be the design of
More than 1 billion people worldwide are living in informal agglomer-
regenerative city systems – that is, to design cities that, when viewed as
ations, ghettos and slums; a particularly dramatic form of social and spatial
a whole, would not only refrain from destroying their natural foundations
inequality. These informal settlements lack basic urban facilities. Access
but that would also be capable of partially regenerating them, and there-
to vital infrastructures such as potable water and sewage systems, energy
by going beyond the concept of sustainability.4
and medical care is inadequate or non-existent. Improvised accommodations are often built from corrugated iron, plastic sheeting and rubbish, and
quest mode asserted by Le Corbusier (see this chapter’s opening quota-
thus endanger the health of people living under such conditions.
tion). In order to obtain a complete analysis, the entire ecological footprint
Extensive migration, given that already every seventh person is on Caputh, Brandenburg
But cities are currently far from such a goal. They are still in the con-
the move – within a country or across national borders, voluntarily or in-
of cities has to be calculated – not just the CO2 emissions or other types of pollution emerging from within the city limits. Berlin, for example, 7
Dialogue with Nature Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, Marc Weissgerber
1
Quote from Conrads (2000), p. 84.
2
See RahmstorĀ and Schellnhuber
voluntarily, to escape from climate change or persecution, or by having to
‘The city is man’s conquest of nature.’ Le Corbusier
look for better economic prospects or living conditions. This is a special
(2019), Rockström et al. (2017),
Global challenges
Goldman Sachs (2019).
The human population is increasing rapidly. There are currently over
3
Putz (2018).
4
See also Girardet (2014).
challenge for a sustainable building culture.
7 billion people living on Earth, and by 2050 there will be over 9 billion.
The dystopia of ‘failed cities’
In other words, housing will have to be found or built for a further
In the worst case, under the pressure of these dynamics – population
2 billion people within a generation. This will be the largest construc-
growth, migration, ecological crisis, social conĀicts – entire urban infra-
tion project in history. Over the same period, the urban proportion of
structures may eventually collapse, especially if governance structures
the population will increase from its current 56 per cent to an expected
and planning systems fail. Jakarta arguably provides the most dramatic
66 per cent – in other words, humanity is on its way to becoming an
example of how ecological, social and political failure can interlock: 40 per
urban civilization.
cent of the city’s territory is already below sea level and is sinking by as
This urban civilization faces enormous ecological and social challenges, including:
much as 25 cm each year. As 40 per cent of the residents have no clean water supply, groundwater is illegally pumped out. With 97 per cent of the
Climate change that has already increased the average global sur-
city’s ground being sealed, rainwater runs of f nused instead of replenish-
face temperature by 1.1 degree Celcius. If nothing signifi ant is done to
ing groundwater reservoirs. The combination of these actions pushes the
abate climate change, temperatures are estimated to rise by between 3
soil mass down further and further. A partly corrupt administration is not
and 4 degrees Celcius by 2100. Extreme weather events associated with
developing feasible solutions to this deteriorating process. The govern-
climate change, such as droughts and Āoods from storm waters, will
ment has now moved the political administration to Borneo, a $32 billion
pose enormous challenges for urban infrastructures.
megaproject. Jakarta has been left to its own devices and represents the
2
Other ecological problems – such as a massive loss of biodiver-
fi st ‘lost city’ of modernity, as a government o.. ial there put it.3
sity, the sealing of large portions of ground surface, the pollution of the oceans, the pollution of soil and the air, and the plundering of fi ite re-
Cities and the built environment: still in conquest mode
sources – represent just a few of the many environmental impacts that
The challenges for sustainable and inclusive urban planning and architec-
have already exceeded critical limits.
ture are therefore enormous. The ultimate goal would be the design of
More than 1 billion people worldwide are living in informal agglomer-
regenerative city systems – that is, to design cities that, when viewed as
ations, ghettos and slums; a particularly dramatic form of social and spatial
a whole, would not only refrain from destroying their natural foundations
inequality. These informal settlements lack basic urban facilities. Access
but that would also be capable of partially regenerating them, and there-
to vital infrastructures such as potable water and sewage systems, energy
by going beyond the concept of sustainability.4
and medical care is inadequate or non-existent. Improvised accommodations are often built from corrugated iron, plastic sheeting and rubbish, and
quest mode asserted by Le Corbusier (see this chapter’s opening quota-
thus endanger the health of people living under such conditions.
tion). In order to obtain a complete analysis, the entire ecological footprint
Extensive migration, given that already every seventh person is on Caputh, Brandenburg
But cities are currently far from such a goal. They are still in the con-
the move – within a country or across national borders, voluntarily or in-
of cities has to be calculated – not just the CO2 emissions or other types of pollution emerging from within the city limits. Berlin, for example, 7
1 Creation, exploitation and replenishment of the underground carbon pool
Mineral-based construction materials Masonry
Concrete
Steel
Composite
Bio-based construction materials Glulam Bamboo
would need 186 times its own urban area to maintain its ‘metabolism’ –
1 Processes responsible for
that is, to supply its residents with energy, drinking water, food, prod-
formation, depletion and potential re-
ucts, etc. Other cities reach similar values. Such surprisingly high factors point to a seemingly invisible connection between city and nature in
CLT
modern times: in an age of international economic interdependencies, such interventions in nature to supply urban communities with required resources are occurring around the world. We are living in globalized natural conditions. The built environment itself contributes signiĀcantly to the ecological crisis, as 40 per cent of the total volume of greenhouse gases originates from both the process of construction and the usage phase of buildings.
mutual interactions, and be newly developed in an integrated way: elec-
the climate-damaging production of mineral materials such as concrete
concentrations over time. Left panel:
tricity, heating/cooling, information technology (IT), transport, water, food
over millions of years the carbon
and at the same time ensure long-term storage of CO2. A comprehensive
chains, the construction sector, the circular economy. An example of one
study has shown that this opens the possibility of building a global CO2
concentrations in the atmosphere
such successful model for integration is provided by the competition for
sink.5 In this sense, cities could function as built forests.
slowly declined because
the ‘Urban Tech Republic’, the future use for Berlin’s Tegel Airport, in
pool on land was formed and CO2
of various processes including or-
Despite the well-known facts that the use of concrete in construction
which a holistic concept was demanded by the providers from the start.
is harmful to the climate and that timber could be an alternative, the latter
and so on. Middle panel: urban and
Such integrated approaches must become the new standards – at least
still only serves a small niche market. There are several reasons for this
industrial growth prompted by the
for larger projects. No transformation without integration.
– in particular, timber’s Āammability and structural behaviour were long
ganic carbon burial, rock weathering
Industrial Revolution have gradually depleted land-based carbon pools
considered to be problematic. The building regulations in most countries Renewable cities: four crucial transformations
therefore limited the permissible height of timber construction to a few fl ors.
heavy-load-bearing urban buildings
However, there have been signiĀcant developments in timber tech-
constructed from concrete and steel,
four areas of transformation that will play a key role in the transition to-
circular economy. Given these circumstances, we are literally building
produced with raw materials and
wards regenerative cities:
nology, such as in glued laminations (Glulam) or cross-laminated timber
ourselves into a climate crisis.
fuels extracted from ever deeper
sustainability, and solutions fall short or are even counterproductive: in
1. Materials: from mineral materials like cement to bio-based materials
(CLT), that have signiĀcantly improved the properties of timber buildings
intensive in both energy consump-
like wood: cities as carbon sinks.
in terms of structural behaviour and Āre resistance. Tall buildings that are
tion and greenhouse gas emissions.
2. Buildings: from mechanical concrete containers to intelligent eco-
made entirely or almost entirely of wood have been realized all over the
systems: cyborganic building design.
world, from Canada to Europe. High-rise buildings with thirty and more
layers of the Earth’s crust, were
Right panel: cities built from biobased materials such as engineered
Germany, for example, government funding for energy-eĀ cient build-
timber and bamboo can serve as
3. Processes: from destructive linear material Āows to sustainable
fl ors are already in the planning phase. In addition to its eĀects on the
ings focuses on facade insulation, using materials that will be hazardous
constructed carbon sinks. Storing
circularity: natural cycles as a model.
climate, timber construction also improves air quality and the health of
4. Structures: from concentric and hierarchical city structures to poly-
a building’s occupants. An Australian case study on the potential use of
centric self-determination and diversity: an alternative modernity.
timber in the construction sector showed the beneĀts in political, eco-
waste in the future. Concepts of smart cities are still far from being guid-
Carbon pool depletion
construction would have a dual positive climatic eĀect: it could replace
Apart from the much-discussed energy and transport systems, there are
ment only plays a subordinate role in the current political debates about
Carbon pool formation
The most important subsystems need to be considered in terms of their
and increased atmospheric CO2
Terrestrial carbon
2050
Kremer and Symmons (2015).
In contrast, the predominant use of timber in residential and commercial
concentrations. High-reaching and
Despite these massive problems, the built environment at the mo-
2020
6
systemic approach if individual initiatives are not to remain ineĀective.
crete and steel, would consume a large part of the planet’s remaining
Atmospheric carbon
1750
and changes in atmospheric CO2
Churkina, Schellnhuber et al. (2020).
The continued use of mineral-based building materials, especially concarbon budget. Moreover, buildings are still not part of a functioning
350 Ma
plenishment of the land carbon pool
5
and maintaining carbon in these densely constructed carbon pools
ed by sustainability criteria. Massive private and public investments in the
will help replenish the terrestrial
development of systems for autonomous driving are disproportionate to
carbon storage, thereby reducing current atmospheric CO2 levels and
nomic, social, technological and legal terms.6
the eff rts required to reduce the volume of traĀ c or to promote multi-
oĀsetting future emissions. Ma,
1. Buildings and cities as carbon sinks
modal systems more eff ctively. There is neither a coordinated approach
million years ago.
For centuries, wood has been used in the construction of buildings, and,
with sustainable management principles there are enough forests to sat-
nor even a master plan to establish a truly sustainable built environment.
as a result of industrialization, the use of cement, steel and other miner-
isfy the global need for wood. Studies on demand and supply per region
al-based materials has increased. The enormous use of energy as well as
will shed further light on the respective local contexts.
A holistic view of the built environment is necessary
the high level of CO2 emissions implicit in the use of concrete and steel
Architecture and the construction industry must therefore be rethought
present major hurdles in the transition to a low-carbon economy today.
from a holistic perspective and, once renewed, they could become an
The use of concrete alone is responsible for more greenhouse gas emis-
important element in the great transformation towards a sustainable
sions than the total emissions from global aviation.
Carbon pool replenishment
Lastly, it has been shown that, from an international perspective,
modernity. This requires a ‘building turn’ in a very broad sense, with a 8
9
1 Creation, exploitation and replenishment of the underground carbon pool
Mineral-based construction materials Masonry
Concrete
Steel
Composite
Bio-based construction materials Glulam Bamboo
would need 186 times its own urban area to maintain its ‘metabolism’ –
1 Processes responsible for
that is, to supply its residents with energy, drinking water, food, prod-
formation, depletion and potential re-
ucts, etc. Other cities reach similar values. Such surprisingly high factors point to a seemingly invisible connection between city and nature in
CLT
modern times: in an age of international economic interdependencies, such interventions in nature to supply urban communities with required resources are occurring around the world. We are living in globalized natural conditions. The built environment itself contributes signiĀcantly to the ecological crisis, as 40 per cent of the total volume of greenhouse gases originates from both the process of construction and the usage phase of buildings.
mutual interactions, and be newly developed in an integrated way: elec-
the climate-damaging production of mineral materials such as concrete
concentrations over time. Left panel:
tricity, heating/cooling, information technology (IT), transport, water, food
over millions of years the carbon
and at the same time ensure long-term storage of CO2. A comprehensive
chains, the construction sector, the circular economy. An example of one
study has shown that this opens the possibility of building a global CO2
concentrations in the atmosphere
such successful model for integration is provided by the competition for
sink.5 In this sense, cities could function as built forests.
slowly declined because
the ‘Urban Tech Republic’, the future use for Berlin’s Tegel Airport, in
pool on land was formed and CO2
of various processes including or-
Despite the well-known facts that the use of concrete in construction
which a holistic concept was demanded by the providers from the start.
is harmful to the climate and that timber could be an alternative, the latter
and so on. Middle panel: urban and
Such integrated approaches must become the new standards – at least
still only serves a small niche market. There are several reasons for this
industrial growth prompted by the
for larger projects. No transformation without integration.
– in particular, timber’s Āammability and structural behaviour were long
ganic carbon burial, rock weathering
Industrial Revolution have gradually depleted land-based carbon pools
considered to be problematic. The building regulations in most countries Renewable cities: four crucial transformations
therefore limited the permissible height of timber construction to a few fl ors.
heavy-load-bearing urban buildings
However, there have been signiĀcant developments in timber tech-
constructed from concrete and steel,
four areas of transformation that will play a key role in the transition to-
circular economy. Given these circumstances, we are literally building
produced with raw materials and
wards regenerative cities:
nology, such as in glued laminations (Glulam) or cross-laminated timber
ourselves into a climate crisis.
fuels extracted from ever deeper
sustainability, and solutions fall short or are even counterproductive: in
1. Materials: from mineral materials like cement to bio-based materials
(CLT), that have signiĀcantly improved the properties of timber buildings
intensive in both energy consump-
like wood: cities as carbon sinks.
in terms of structural behaviour and Āre resistance. Tall buildings that are
tion and greenhouse gas emissions.
2. Buildings: from mechanical concrete containers to intelligent eco-
made entirely or almost entirely of wood have been realized all over the
systems: cyborganic building design.
world, from Canada to Europe. High-rise buildings with thirty and more
layers of the Earth’s crust, were
Right panel: cities built from biobased materials such as engineered
Germany, for example, government funding for energy-eĀ cient build-
timber and bamboo can serve as
3. Processes: from destructive linear material Āows to sustainable
fl ors are already in the planning phase. In addition to its eĀects on the
ings focuses on facade insulation, using materials that will be hazardous
constructed carbon sinks. Storing
circularity: natural cycles as a model.
climate, timber construction also improves air quality and the health of
4. Structures: from concentric and hierarchical city structures to poly-
a building’s occupants. An Australian case study on the potential use of
centric self-determination and diversity: an alternative modernity.
timber in the construction sector showed the beneĀts in political, eco-
waste in the future. Concepts of smart cities are still far from being guid-
Carbon pool depletion
construction would have a dual positive climatic eĀect: it could replace
Apart from the much-discussed energy and transport systems, there are
ment only plays a subordinate role in the current political debates about
Carbon pool formation
The most important subsystems need to be considered in terms of their
and increased atmospheric CO2
Terrestrial carbon
2050
Kremer and Symmons (2015).
In contrast, the predominant use of timber in residential and commercial
concentrations. High-reaching and
Despite these massive problems, the built environment at the mo-
2020
6
systemic approach if individual initiatives are not to remain ineĀective.
crete and steel, would consume a large part of the planet’s remaining
Atmospheric carbon
1750
and changes in atmospheric CO2
Churkina, Schellnhuber et al. (2020).
The continued use of mineral-based building materials, especially concarbon budget. Moreover, buildings are still not part of a functioning
350 Ma
plenishment of the land carbon pool
5
and maintaining carbon in these densely constructed carbon pools
ed by sustainability criteria. Massive private and public investments in the
will help replenish the terrestrial
development of systems for autonomous driving are disproportionate to
carbon storage, thereby reducing current atmospheric CO2 levels and
nomic, social, technological and legal terms.6
the eff rts required to reduce the volume of traĀ c or to promote multi-
oĀsetting future emissions. Ma,
1. Buildings and cities as carbon sinks
modal systems more eff ctively. There is neither a coordinated approach
million years ago.
For centuries, wood has been used in the construction of buildings, and,
with sustainable management principles there are enough forests to sat-
nor even a master plan to establish a truly sustainable built environment.
as a result of industrialization, the use of cement, steel and other miner-
isfy the global need for wood. Studies on demand and supply per region
al-based materials has increased. The enormous use of energy as well as
will shed further light on the respective local contexts.
A holistic view of the built environment is necessary
the high level of CO2 emissions implicit in the use of concrete and steel
Architecture and the construction industry must therefore be rethought
present major hurdles in the transition to a low-carbon economy today.
from a holistic perspective and, once renewed, they could become an
The use of concrete alone is responsible for more greenhouse gas emis-
important element in the great transformation towards a sustainable
sions than the total emissions from global aviation.
Carbon pool replenishment
Lastly, it has been shown that, from an international perspective,
modernity. This requires a ‘building turn’ in a very broad sense, with a 8
9
Cyborganic building design
The Vitruvian requirement that good architecture must have fi mitas is
The use of bio-based materials is crucial for a sustainable construction
thus modifi d: ‘Ārmness’ here becomes organic adaptability, Āexibility,
sector, but it is not the only relevant aspect.
not mechanical rigidity.
Elsewhere, the authors have developed ideas for ‘cybernetic-organic’ –
The potential of such, or similar, buildings would be particularly high
cyborganic – buildings. Broadly speaking, the cybernetic principle stands
where environmental conditions are diĀ cult, such as in arid areas where
for digital control of the building with the help of artiĀcial intelligence,
intelligent water management is of the utmost importance.
while the organic principle stands for the use of natural materials and the
The transition to bio-based building materials and to cyborganic build-
Schellnhuber and Weissgerber
(2020, forthcoming).
9
Habermas (1986). See also Haber-
mas (1990) and the classical text on the ‘inhospitality of our cities’ of
8
See Braungart and McDonough
Alexander Mitscherlich (1969).
(2009) for a full description of a cradle-to-cradle model. For the built
10
Le Corbusier also created such
environment see Hillebrandt et al.
‘organic’ architecture as the chapel in
(2018).
Ronchamp, he was ‘the man with a hundred faces’, as Jean-Louis Cohen called it (Cohen and Benton 2014).
If all this were to succeed, then the construction sector could become an
es stress, results in wasted time and leads to ecological problems, it also
important – even symbolically relevant – pioneer in the transformation to
overloads the inner cities. The modern promise of mobility is rendered
a modern, sustainable production paradigm, leaving behind the principle
absurd; it belongs to the series of paralogisms of the fi st modernity.
of the ‘industrial production of ever newer goods’ and moving towards the ‘creative redesign of the existing fabric’. Moreover, there are many other ways of developing ‘circular cities’,
In addition, many rural areas have gradually degraded due to a lack of development perspectives, basic infrastructure and cultural activities. Despite some eĀorts in improving the attractiveness of such areas, little
in which cycles other than just the one in the construction sector are
has changed in their fundamental spatial dynamic. Even the enormous op-
formed as far as possible on a local or regional level. Approaches to ‘ur-
portunities off red by the digitization of private and professional life have
ban mining’ are pursuits in this direction.
resulted in hardly any beneĀts. The urban-design approach of the densi-
creative use of ecosystem services. These are intelligent ecosystems that
ing design would also unlock considerable economic potential, creating
are half artefact and half nature.7 The ten basic elements of such a cybor-
new regional value chains that would involve local skilled trades, engi-
ganic architecture would be:
neering companies and forestry, thereby allowing independence to be es-
The more a bio-based economy develops, the more promising and
1. bio-based building materials such as timber, so that buildings
tablished from global economic processes. This oĀers new perspectives,
important it is to close circular processes locally (local closed loops). To
the conclusion is that cities, suburbs and rural areas must be planned and
store CO2 like trees (see above);
particularly in the countries of the global south.
achieve this, however, the surrounding region would have to be more
developed in a much more integrated manner than is currently the case.
2. modular building blocks and their integration within a
intensively integrated into overall metropolitan planning considerations
fi ation of cities (‘compact city’) cannot resolve the problem on its own;
In contrast to all of this, a well-designed polycentric regional structure
cradle-to-cradle cycle;
3. Circular economy in the built environment
3. passive-design principles to reduce energy and heat requirements;
Despite its key contribution to climate change, the construction industry
4. decentralized and networked renewable energy: ideally,
is barely involved in current forms of circular economy – and certainly not
4. An alternative modernity: polycentric worlds
it enables participation in decentralized decision-making processes; it
buildings becoming sources of net energy and connecting with other
in a comprehensive form of a cradle-to-cradle system.8
and functional interrelations
facilitates encounters in public space; and it means shorter commuting
Industrial modernism, its achievements and its deformations are probably
distances, thereby reducing tra.. . Functional integration avoids econom-
buildings to form an Internet-of-things web;
The mining and production of cement is organized globally, consumes
than before.
that also makes use of the potential of digital technology oĀers advantages in several ways: it strengthens the sense of belonging to a place;
5. generous internal and external embedding of natural components such
enormous quantities of energy and emits vast amounts of CO2 (see
most visibly reĀected in cities – and still determine urban development
ic, social and cultural mono-structures and thus also contributes to the
as micro-farms or extensive forms of vegetation;
above). As mentioned, certain materials are used for thermal insulation
in large parts of the world. The rational, instrumental logic of this ‘Ārst
resilience of a polycentric settlement.
6. sustainable water management that recycles rainwater and processes
only to become hazardous waste at a later stage in their ‘lives’.
phase of modernism’ led to centralistic, hierarchical and deductive urban
In addition to these tangible advantages, a ‘new polycentrism’ is also
systems that colonized structures and ‘living environments ’ (Lebenswel-
an essential component of an alternative narrative of sustainable moderni-
ten). Fortunately, Le Corbusier’s brutal ‘Plan Voisin’ was never imple-
ty: the fi st industrial modernity failed to resolve the opposition between
water;
Waste from the construction sector constitutes almost half of all total
7. land compensation: at a minimum, the amount of sealed ground is
waste. While statistics, as far as they are available, show a high rate of
compensated for;
recycling, closer inspection reveals that a large proportion of demolished
mented; Paris was spared. But elsewhere, similar monstrous functional
centre and periphery. It developed optimization models for economic and
8. promotion of biodiversity;
concrete is used as substrate material in road construction and for oth-
and sterile structures were, and are still being, built.
social systems without regard to cultural dynamics, resulting in concentric
9. fl xible and adaptable layouts that allow for changing needs
er inferior purposes after energy-intensive treatments. Such a form of
and avoid vacancies;
‘down-cycling’ is a far cry from the original idea of the meaningful recy-
10. digital quasi-autonomy: with the help of advanced sensors
cling of valuable materials.
and artiĀcial intelligence, buildings and settlements are systematically
However, the top priority must be to use the existing building stock
9
As the main author of the Athens Charter, Le Corbusier was also the
settlements and ‘living machines’. Sustainable modernity must be a mo-
most famous advocate of another seriously detrimental development of
dernity that is both decentralized and digitally networked. Such a ‘decen-
modernity: functional zoning – the strict separation of work, living and
tral networked modernity’ works with the dynamic of local communities
leisure activities that subsequently have to be connected by major traĀ c
(community-based architecture) and the power of diĀerence.
creatively, to repurpose it or to adapt it (‘adaptive re-use’). Only when
arteries. A century later, millions are commuting from distant dormitory
The economic, social and cultural opportunities for participation are
none of this is possible should the construction of new buildings be con-
towns or suburbs to places of work in the inner cities and back. In met-
no longer solely determined by physical proximity to central locations but,
of natural systems and extensive independence from global economic
sidered at all. The latter would then have to be included in an expanded
ropolitan regions like London and Paris, many people take two hours or
above all, by access to the Internet. Therefore, the digital strategies of
processes.
circular economy with regard to all materials used.
more each day to commute between home and work. This not only caus-
cities and of tra
controlled and networked. The goals are resource and energy eĀ ciency, the optimal integration
10
7
10
planning are two sides of one coin: both establish con11
Cyborganic building design
The Vitruvian requirement that good architecture must have fi mitas is
The use of bio-based materials is crucial for a sustainable construction
thus modifi d: ‘Ārmness’ here becomes organic adaptability, Āexibility,
sector, but it is not the only relevant aspect.
not mechanical rigidity.
Elsewhere, the authors have developed ideas for ‘cybernetic-organic’ –
The potential of such, or similar, buildings would be particularly high
cyborganic – buildings. Broadly speaking, the cybernetic principle stands
where environmental conditions are diĀ cult, such as in arid areas where
for digital control of the building with the help of artiĀcial intelligence,
intelligent water management is of the utmost importance.
while the organic principle stands for the use of natural materials and the
The transition to bio-based building materials and to cyborganic build-
Schellnhuber and Weissgerber
(2020, forthcoming).
9
Habermas (1986). See also Haber-
mas (1990) and the classical text on the ‘inhospitality of our cities’ of
8
See Braungart and McDonough
Alexander Mitscherlich (1969).
(2009) for a full description of a cradle-to-cradle model. For the built
10
Le Corbusier also created such
environment see Hillebrandt et al.
‘organic’ architecture as the chapel in
(2018).
Ronchamp, he was ‘the man with a hundred faces’, as Jean-Louis Cohen called it (Cohen and Benton 2014).
If all this were to succeed, then the construction sector could become an
es stress, results in wasted time and leads to ecological problems, it also
important – even symbolically relevant – pioneer in the transformation to
overloads the inner cities. The modern promise of mobility is rendered
a modern, sustainable production paradigm, leaving behind the principle
absurd; it belongs to the series of paralogisms of the fi st modernity.
of the ‘industrial production of ever newer goods’ and moving towards the ‘creative redesign of the existing fabric’. Moreover, there are many other ways of developing ‘circular cities’,
In addition, many rural areas have gradually degraded due to a lack of development perspectives, basic infrastructure and cultural activities. Despite some eĀorts in improving the attractiveness of such areas, little
in which cycles other than just the one in the construction sector are
has changed in their fundamental spatial dynamic. Even the enormous op-
formed as far as possible on a local or regional level. Approaches to ‘ur-
portunities off red by the digitization of private and professional life have
ban mining’ are pursuits in this direction.
resulted in hardly any beneĀts. The urban-design approach of the densi-
creative use of ecosystem services. These are intelligent ecosystems that
ing design would also unlock considerable economic potential, creating
are half artefact and half nature.7 The ten basic elements of such a cybor-
new regional value chains that would involve local skilled trades, engi-
ganic architecture would be:
neering companies and forestry, thereby allowing independence to be es-
The more a bio-based economy develops, the more promising and
1. bio-based building materials such as timber, so that buildings
tablished from global economic processes. This oĀers new perspectives,
important it is to close circular processes locally (local closed loops). To
the conclusion is that cities, suburbs and rural areas must be planned and
store CO2 like trees (see above);
particularly in the countries of the global south.
achieve this, however, the surrounding region would have to be more
developed in a much more integrated manner than is currently the case.
2. modular building blocks and their integration within a
intensively integrated into overall metropolitan planning considerations
fi ation of cities (‘compact city’) cannot resolve the problem on its own;
In contrast to all of this, a well-designed polycentric regional structure
cradle-to-cradle cycle;
3. Circular economy in the built environment
3. passive-design principles to reduce energy and heat requirements;
Despite its key contribution to climate change, the construction industry
4. decentralized and networked renewable energy: ideally,
is barely involved in current forms of circular economy – and certainly not
4. An alternative modernity: polycentric worlds
it enables participation in decentralized decision-making processes; it
buildings becoming sources of net energy and connecting with other
in a comprehensive form of a cradle-to-cradle system.8
and functional interrelations
facilitates encounters in public space; and it means shorter commuting
Industrial modernism, its achievements and its deformations are probably
distances, thereby reducing tra.. . Functional integration avoids econom-
buildings to form an Internet-of-things web;
The mining and production of cement is organized globally, consumes
than before.
that also makes use of the potential of digital technology oĀers advantages in several ways: it strengthens the sense of belonging to a place;
5. generous internal and external embedding of natural components such
enormous quantities of energy and emits vast amounts of CO2 (see
most visibly reĀected in cities – and still determine urban development
ic, social and cultural mono-structures and thus also contributes to the
as micro-farms or extensive forms of vegetation;
above). As mentioned, certain materials are used for thermal insulation
in large parts of the world. The rational, instrumental logic of this ‘Ārst
resilience of a polycentric settlement.
6. sustainable water management that recycles rainwater and processes
only to become hazardous waste at a later stage in their ‘lives’.
phase of modernism’ led to centralistic, hierarchical and deductive urban
In addition to these tangible advantages, a ‘new polycentrism’ is also
systems that colonized structures and ‘living environments ’ (Lebenswel-
an essential component of an alternative narrative of sustainable moderni-
ten). Fortunately, Le Corbusier’s brutal ‘Plan Voisin’ was never imple-
ty: the fi st industrial modernity failed to resolve the opposition between
water;
Waste from the construction sector constitutes almost half of all total
7. land compensation: at a minimum, the amount of sealed ground is
waste. While statistics, as far as they are available, show a high rate of
compensated for;
recycling, closer inspection reveals that a large proportion of demolished
mented; Paris was spared. But elsewhere, similar monstrous functional
centre and periphery. It developed optimization models for economic and
8. promotion of biodiversity;
concrete is used as substrate material in road construction and for oth-
and sterile structures were, and are still being, built.
social systems without regard to cultural dynamics, resulting in concentric
9. fl xible and adaptable layouts that allow for changing needs
er inferior purposes after energy-intensive treatments. Such a form of
and avoid vacancies;
‘down-cycling’ is a far cry from the original idea of the meaningful recy-
10. digital quasi-autonomy: with the help of advanced sensors
cling of valuable materials.
and artiĀcial intelligence, buildings and settlements are systematically
However, the top priority must be to use the existing building stock
9
As the main author of the Athens Charter, Le Corbusier was also the
settlements and ‘living machines’. Sustainable modernity must be a mo-
most famous advocate of another seriously detrimental development of
dernity that is both decentralized and digitally networked. Such a ‘decen-
modernity: functional zoning – the strict separation of work, living and
tral networked modernity’ works with the dynamic of local communities
leisure activities that subsequently have to be connected by major traĀ c
(community-based architecture) and the power of diĀerence.
creatively, to repurpose it or to adapt it (‘adaptive re-use’). Only when
arteries. A century later, millions are commuting from distant dormitory
The economic, social and cultural opportunities for participation are
none of this is possible should the construction of new buildings be con-
towns or suburbs to places of work in the inner cities and back. In met-
no longer solely determined by physical proximity to central locations but,
of natural systems and extensive independence from global economic
sidered at all. The latter would then have to be included in an expanded
ropolitan regions like London and Paris, many people take two hours or
above all, by access to the Internet. Therefore, the digital strategies of
processes.
circular economy with regard to all materials used.
more each day to commute between home and work. This not only caus-
cities and of tra
controlled and networked. The goals are resource and energy eĀ ciency, the optimal integration
10
7
10
planning are two sides of one coin: both establish con11
References
nections, either digitally or physically. This connection became very clear
words.14 In this way, parks in large cities have served and continue to
in the 2020 coronavirus crisis. Urban design must develop digital and
serve the individual as a means of escape from civilization, from alienated
physical spaces holistically.
employment and from sterile housing.
New, vital networks are emerging at all scales: at the urban, regional and global level. The resulting structure is somewhat similar to fractal
there have been selective corrections to the existing model. In philo-
geometry. In this respect, one could also speak of a fractal geometry of
sophical discourse, there has been a certain renaissance of Hegel and
human settlement in the twenty-Ārst century.11
especially Schelling, who has granted nature the status of a subject.
The German Advisory Council on
17
The EU set up a research program-
Global Environmental Change has
me on nature-based solutions (NBS)
carried out a comprehensive study
and define them as ‘as solutions that
of polycentric structures and their
are inspired and supported by nature,
contribution to sustainability. See
which are cost-eĀective, simulta-
German Advisory Council on Global
neously provide environmental, social
Change (2016).
and economic benefit and help build resilience. Such solutions bring more,
12
Girardet (2014).
and more diverse, nature and natural features and processes into cities,
Gernot Böhme’s alternative of an ‘ecological aesthetics of nature’ lays the
13
foundations of a radical new relationship between humanity, settlements
Descartes’ and in particular Bacon’s
locally adapted, resource-efficie
As indicated above, the model of the fossil-fuel-based industrial city has
and nature – in this respect, it is one of the few truly transformative ap-
thinking and the ecological crisis
systemic interventions.’ European
proven unable to develop within global limits. In Herbert Girardet’s words,
proaches available.
in modern times see the classical
Union (2020).
Outlook: the new alliance of city and nature
15
However, the most promising counter-concept to the city as con-
mainly by switching to regenerative energies, establishing eff ctive circu-
quest is probably Ernst Bloch’s idea of an ‘alliance with nature’ instead of
lar economies and reconnecting the city to its surroundings, among other
dominance over nature – an idea that is once again being discussed in the
steps. Four transformative concepts that are essential for this transition
context of a sustainable bio-economy.
were presented above.
16
Here, nature is not thought of as the Other, as the counter-world, but
However, these strategic ‘chess moves’ must be embedded in a
Regarding the relationship of
as a shared world. Nature’s ‘co-productivity’ is assigned a central role in
landscapes and seascapes, through
A co-creative alliance that uses the intelligence of nature, natural processes or technical solutions that are inspired by nature. These will be
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sota Press.
University Press.
Adorno, T. W. (1973). Negative Dialectics. New York: Seabury Press.
Heidegger M. (2000). ‘Bauen Wohnen Denken’. In: Martin Heidegger,
Apel, K.-O. (1988). ‘Verantwortung heute – nur noch Prinzip der Be-
Gesamtausgab, 4 Abteilungen, 1.Abt.: VeröĀentlichte Schriften / Vorträge
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Bodley Head.
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pursuit of new architectural options. These include for example so-called
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for the Technological Age, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Bloch E. (1995). The Principle of Hope, 3 vols., Boston: MIT Press.
Kather R. (2012). Die Wiederentdeckung der Natur: Naturphilosophie im
‘nature-based solutions’,17 cyborganic building design and biomimicry. An aesthetic alliance: cities as co-evolutionary natural–urban syntheses that unite natural with artistic beauty, thus giving rise to a new architectural language of sustainability.
Blumenberg H. (2020). Nachahmung der Natur: Zur Vorgeschichte der
Zeichen der ökologischen Krise. Darmstadt: WBG.
Idee des schöpferischen Menschen. Stuttgart: Reclam.
Kremer P. D., Symmons M. A. (2015). ‘Mass Timber Construction as
Böhme G. (1989). Für eine ökologische Naturästhetik, Frankfurt am Main:
an Alternative to Concrete and Steel in the Australia Building Industry: A
Edition Suhrkamp.
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(2016) and Jonas (1985). Hössle
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(1987) analyses the philosophy of the
Carbon Sink’, Nature Sustainability, 3, pp. 269–276.
zum Unfrieden. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Cohen J.-L. (2014). ‘Introduction’. In: idem, Benton T. Le Corbusier: Le
Putz U. (2018). ‘Indonesiens Hauptstadt Jakarta: Eine Metropole ver-
The Bauhaus was founded in Weimar over a century ago. Visionary ar-
Grand. London: Phaidon Press.
sinkt im Meer’, Spiegel Online: https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/
chitects, artisans and artists set out to reinvent construction, design and
Conrads U. (2000). Programme und Manifeste zur Architektur des 20.
natur/jakarta-in-indonesien-eine-millionen-metropole-versinkt-im-
ecological crisis in detail. 14
Adorno uses the term the ‘non-
identical’ as a fundamental concept for an alternative modernity; see Negative Dialectics (1966) and Aesthetic Theory (1970).
and
In this way, urban development would combine with natural evolution and Āuid structures would emerge: Heraclitic worlds. A Bauhaus for the Earth
aesthetics for the twentieth century. Experimental workshops were at the heart of the project.
new narrative of sustainable modernity, a modernity that is organic in the
social progress, in a dialectical process; the dialogue between humanity
broadest sense and that can overcome the current limitations of mecha-
and nature becomes the source for new creative and technical potential.
15
Böhme (1989), see also the chapter
to be rethought and redesigned. The age of the Anthropocene requires
nistic modernism. It is not just a new concept of nature that stands at the
However, this technology is not the blind, destructive version of industrial
on the relationship of man and nature
completely new answers. Therefore, in November 2019, architects, sci-
centre of this narrative transformation but a fundamentally new relation-
modernism but instead establishes a co-evolutionary relationship. It is
in the context of cities.
entists, entrepreneurs, politicians and civil servants launched an initiative
ship between humanity, settlements and nature.
the most visionary philosophical answer to the ecological crisis as it tran-
16
Ernst Bloch’s concept of ‘The
in Caputh, Brandenburg, to reimagine and transform the contemporary
scends the – albeit important – concept of nature conservancy. It comple-
Principle of Hope’ (1959) ch. 39. See
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The relationship between industrial modernism and nature was pure-
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Konzepte für nachhaltige Quartiere. Munich: Edition Detail.
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the ‘Petropolis’ must be converted into an ‘Ecopolis’. This will happen 12
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has been achieved.
identifi d with the Self and one’s surroundings but with the Other, something that one had to learn to master. This fatal separation also perme13
12
Comprehensive counter-proposals have been the exception; at best,
11
Adorno T. W., Horkheimer M. (2016). Dialectic of Enlightenment. Lon-
This would mean the following: The establishment of a material alliance in the context of globalized
ates aesthetic theories, from Baumgarten to Adorno: natural beauty as
relationships with nature – in particular, a sustainable regional circular
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13
References
nections, either digitally or physically. This connection became very clear
words.14 In this way, parks in large cities have served and continue to
in the 2020 coronavirus crisis. Urban design must develop digital and
serve the individual as a means of escape from civilization, from alienated
physical spaces holistically.
employment and from sterile housing.
New, vital networks are emerging at all scales: at the urban, regional and global level. The resulting structure is somewhat similar to fractal
there have been selective corrections to the existing model. In philo-
geometry. In this respect, one could also speak of a fractal geometry of
sophical discourse, there has been a certain renaissance of Hegel and
human settlement in the twenty-Ārst century.11
especially Schelling, who has granted nature the status of a subject.
The German Advisory Council on
17
The EU set up a research program-
Global Environmental Change has
me on nature-based solutions (NBS)
carried out a comprehensive study
and define them as ‘as solutions that
of polycentric structures and their
are inspired and supported by nature,
contribution to sustainability. See
which are cost-eĀective, simulta-
German Advisory Council on Global
neously provide environmental, social
Change (2016).
and economic benefit and help build resilience. Such solutions bring more,
12
Girardet (2014).
and more diverse, nature and natural features and processes into cities,
Gernot Böhme’s alternative of an ‘ecological aesthetics of nature’ lays the
13
foundations of a radical new relationship between humanity, settlements
Descartes’ and in particular Bacon’s
locally adapted, resource-efficie
As indicated above, the model of the fossil-fuel-based industrial city has
and nature – in this respect, it is one of the few truly transformative ap-
thinking and the ecological crisis
systemic interventions.’ European
proven unable to develop within global limits. In Herbert Girardet’s words,
proaches available.
in modern times see the classical
Union (2020).
Outlook: the new alliance of city and nature
15
However, the most promising counter-concept to the city as con-
mainly by switching to regenerative energies, establishing eff ctive circu-
quest is probably Ernst Bloch’s idea of an ‘alliance with nature’ instead of
lar economies and reconnecting the city to its surroundings, among other
dominance over nature – an idea that is once again being discussed in the
steps. Four transformative concepts that are essential for this transition
context of a sustainable bio-economy.
were presented above.
16
Here, nature is not thought of as the Other, as the counter-world, but
However, these strategic ‘chess moves’ must be embedded in a
Regarding the relationship of
as a shared world. Nature’s ‘co-productivity’ is assigned a central role in
landscapes and seascapes, through
A co-creative alliance that uses the intelligence of nature, natural processes or technical solutions that are inspired by nature. These will be
Atlas Recycling: Gebäude als Materialressource. Munich: Edition Detail.
Adorno, T. W. (1997). Aesthetic Theory. Minneapolis: University of Minne-
Hegel G. W. F. (1977). Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit. Oxford: Oxford
sota Press.
University Press.
Adorno, T. W. (1973). Negative Dialectics. New York: Seabury Press.
Heidegger M. (2000). ‘Bauen Wohnen Denken’. In: Martin Heidegger,
Apel, K.-O. (1988). ‘Verantwortung heute – nur noch Prinzip der Be-
Gesamtausgab, 4 Abteilungen, 1.Abt.: VeröĀentlichte Schriften / Vorträge
wahrung und Selbstbeschränkung oder immer noch der der Befreiung
und Aufsätze (1936–1953). Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann.
und Verwirklichung von Humanität?’. In idem. Diskurs und Verantwortung.
Hösle V. (1994). Philosophie der ökologischen Krise: Moskauer Vorträge.
Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Munich: C. H. Beck.
Aristotle (2008). Physics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ingold T. (2014). Evolution and Social Life, London: Taylor & Francis.
Bacon F. (2008). The New Organon, eds. Jardine L., Silverthorne M. Cam-
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Special
bridge: Cambridge University Press.
Report: Global Warming of 1.5 Degrees: https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ (last
Batty M. (2017). The New Science of Cities. Boston: MIT Press.
accessed 10 July 2020).
Batty M. (2018). Inventing Future Cities. Boston: MIT Press.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 5th
Beck U. (2008). World at Risk. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Assessment Report: AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014:
Beck U., Grande E. (2010). ‘Varieties of Second Modernity: Extra-Europe-
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/ (last accessed 10 July 2020).
an and European Experiences and Perspectives’, special edition of British
Jacobs J. (2020). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. London:
Journal of Sociology, 61 (3), pp. 406–638.
Bodley Head.
intensively integrated with the city and its built fabric, thus enabling the
Benjamin W. (2002). The Arcades Project. Boston: Harvard University
Jonas H. (1985). The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of an Ethics
pursuit of new architectural options. These include for example so-called
Press.
for the Technological Age, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Bloch E. (1995). The Principle of Hope, 3 vols., Boston: MIT Press.
Kather R. (2012). Die Wiederentdeckung der Natur: Naturphilosophie im
‘nature-based solutions’,17 cyborganic building design and biomimicry. An aesthetic alliance: cities as co-evolutionary natural–urban syntheses that unite natural with artistic beauty, thus giving rise to a new architectural language of sustainability.
Blumenberg H. (2020). Nachahmung der Natur: Zur Vorgeschichte der
Zeichen der ökologischen Krise. Darmstadt: WBG.
Idee des schöpferischen Menschen. Stuttgart: Reclam.
Kremer P. D., Symmons M. A. (2015). ‘Mass Timber Construction as
Böhme G. (1989). Für eine ökologische Naturästhetik, Frankfurt am Main:
an Alternative to Concrete and Steel in the Australia Building Industry: A
Edition Suhrkamp.
PESTEL Evaluation of the Potential’. International Wood Products Journal,
Bott H., Grassl G. C., Anders S. (2018). Nachhaltige Stadtplanung:
6 (3), pp. 138–147. Latour B. (2017). Facing Gaia: Eight Lectures on the New Climatic
Braungart M., McDonough W. (2002). Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the
Regime. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Way We Make Things. New York: North Point Press.
Luhmann N. (1997). Theory of Society, vol. 1. Stanford: Stanford Univer-
Churkina G., Organschi A., Reyer C. P. O., RuĀ A., Vinke K., Liu Z.,
sity Press.
(2016) and Jonas (1985). Hössle
Reck B. K., Graedel T. E., Schellnhuber H. J. (2020). ‘Buildings as a Global
Mitscherlich A. (1969). Die Unwirtlichkeit unserer Städte: Anstiftung
(1987) analyses the philosophy of the
Carbon Sink’, Nature Sustainability, 3, pp. 269–276.
zum Unfrieden. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Cohen J.-L. (2014). ‘Introduction’. In: idem, Benton T. Le Corbusier: Le
Putz U. (2018). ‘Indonesiens Hauptstadt Jakarta: Eine Metropole ver-
The Bauhaus was founded in Weimar over a century ago. Visionary ar-
Grand. London: Phaidon Press.
sinkt im Meer’, Spiegel Online: https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/
chitects, artisans and artists set out to reinvent construction, design and
Conrads U. (2000). Programme und Manifeste zur Architektur des 20.
natur/jakarta-in-indonesien-eine-millionen-metropole-versinkt-im-
ecological crisis in detail. 14
Adorno uses the term the ‘non-
identical’ as a fundamental concept for an alternative modernity; see Negative Dialectics (1966) and Aesthetic Theory (1970).
and
In this way, urban development would combine with natural evolution and Āuid structures would emerge: Heraclitic worlds. A Bauhaus for the Earth
aesthetics for the twentieth century. Experimental workshops were at the heart of the project.
new narrative of sustainable modernity, a modernity that is organic in the
social progress, in a dialectical process; the dialogue between humanity
broadest sense and that can overcome the current limitations of mecha-
and nature becomes the source for new creative and technical potential.
15
Böhme (1989), see also the chapter
to be rethought and redesigned. The age of the Anthropocene requires
nistic modernism. It is not just a new concept of nature that stands at the
However, this technology is not the blind, destructive version of industrial
on the relationship of man and nature
completely new answers. Therefore, in November 2019, architects, sci-
centre of this narrative transformation but a fundamentally new relation-
modernism but instead establishes a co-evolutionary relationship. It is
in the context of cities.
entists, entrepreneurs, politicians and civil servants launched an initiative
ship between humanity, settlements and nature.
the most visionary philosophical answer to the ecological crisis as it tran-
16
Ernst Bloch’s concept of ‘The
in Caputh, Brandenburg, to reimagine and transform the contemporary
scends the – albeit important – concept of nature conservancy. It comple-
Principle of Hope’ (1959) ch. 39. See
built environment. To this purpose, an “Earth Bauhaus” shall be created.
The relationship between industrial modernism and nature was pure-
Hillebrandt A., Riegler-Floors P., Rosen A., Seggewies J. (2018).
don: Verso.
Konzepte für nachhaltige Quartiere. Munich: Edition Detail.
analysis by Adorno and Horkheimer
the ‘Petropolis’ must be converted into an ‘Ecopolis’. This will happen 12
also Hans Jonas, ‘The Imperative of
One hundred years later architecture, design and urban planning have
Jahrhunderts. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag.
meer-a-1232208.html (last accessed 2 July 2020).
European Union. ‘Nature Based Solutions’: https://ec.europa.eu/re-
Rahmstorf S., Schellnhuber H. J. (2019). Der Klimawandel. Munich:
search/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs (last accessed 10 July 2020).
C. H. Beck.
Feyerabend P. (2018). Philosophy of Nature. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Rockström J., Gaffn y O., Rogelj J., Meinshausen M., Nakicenovic
Fitz A., Krasny E. (eds.) (2019). Critical Care: Architecture and Urbanism for
N., Schellnhuber H. J. (2017). ‘A Roadmap for Rapid Decarbonization’.
a Broken Planet, Boston: MIT Press.
Science, 355 (6331), pp. 1269–1271.
German Advisory Council on Global Change (2016). Humanity
Sassen S. (2002). The Global City. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
on the Move: Unlocking the Transformative Power of Cities: https://www.
Schelling F. W. J. (1989). Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature. Cambridge:
wbgu.de/en/publications/publication/humanity-on-the-move-unlock-
Cambridge University Press.
ing-the-transformative-power-of-cities (last accessed 2 July 2020).
Schellnhuber H. J. (2015). Selbstverbrennung. Die fatale Dreiecks-
German Advisory Council on Global Change (2019). Towards our
beziehung zwischen Klima, Mensch und Kohlensto . Gütersloh: C.
Common Digital Future: https://www.wbgu.de/en/publications/publication/
Bertelsmann.
towards-our-common-digital-future (last accessed 2 July 2020).
Schellnhuber H. J., Weissgerber M. (2020). ‘Building in the Anthro-
ly instrumental, based on a reductionist concept of nature – and with
ments the strategy of minimal interference in nature with the strategy of
humanity as part of it. The origins of the modern understanding of nature
a maximally creative, constantly renewing humanity–nature relationship,
counter-concept. Karl-Otto Apel (1988)
Girardet H. (2014). Creating Regenerative Cities. London: Taylor & Francis.
pocene’. In Sauerbruch M. (ed.). Urbainable. Berlin: Akademie der Künste
to achieve a form of real progress that is compatible with nature.
attempts to overcome the limitation
Goldman Sachs Global Market Institute (2019). Taking the Heat:
Seel M. (1991). Eine Ästhetik der Natur. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
of both concepts.
Making Cities Resilient to Climate Change: https://www.goldmansachs.
Sennett R. (2018). Buildings and Dwellings: Ethics for the City. London:
com/insights/pages/taking-the-heat.html (last accessed 10 July 2020).
Allen Lane.
Habermas J. (1990). The Philosophical Discourse on Modernity: Twelve
Taylor C. (1992). Sources of the Self. Boston: Harvard University Press.
can be found on the one hand in Descartes, who strictly separated the world into a spiritual and a material sphere (the ‘res extensa’), thereby
In this sense, the progress that cities make in the twenty-fi st cen-
promoting a mechanistic view, and on the other hand in Bacon, who mea-
tury could be measured by the degree to which this alliance with nature
sured human progress by its increased mastery of nature. Nature was not
has been achieved.
identifi d with the Self and one’s surroundings but with the Other, something that one had to learn to master. This fatal separation also perme13
12
Comprehensive counter-proposals have been the exception; at best,
11
Adorno T. W., Horkheimer M. (2016). Dialectic of Enlightenment. Lon-
This would mean the following: The establishment of a material alliance in the context of globalized
ates aesthetic theories, from Baumgarten to Adorno: natural beauty as
relationships with nature – in particular, a sustainable regional circular
the counter-world, nature as the utopia that ‘deĀes defi ition’ in Adorno’s
economy that includes the all-important construction-industry sector.
Responsibility’ (1985) as the explicit
It will be a study and a lab for construction in the twenty-Ārst century. The task is enormous, but so are the opportunities.
Lectures. Boston: MIT Press.
Taylor C. (1975). Hegel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Habermas J. (1987). The Theory of Communicative Action, 2 vols. Cam-
Taylor C. (2007). A Secular Age. Boston: Harvard University Press.
bridge: Polity Press.
Whitehead A. N. (1979). Process and Reality. New York: Macmillan.
Hawken P. (2017). Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming. London: Penguin. Heraclitus (1987). Fragments, ed. T.M. Robinson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
13
Balanced Regional Development Aron Bohmann, Abdelrahman Helal, Paul Rogers
For our society to be sustainable in the future, we need to change the
knowledge, professional skills and analytical tools to shape its future.
way we live. This change should happen both on an individual as well
Thus, the principle of sustainable resource cycles is to be applied to
as on a political level. While it can happen in small steps, it needs a
topics of major relevance, such as:
vision which society can work towards, so that the eĀort of change is channelled in a common direction. One possible starting point lies in the
clean energy;
transformation of regions into balanced, self-su
infrastructure and the built environment;
ient systems that at
the same time are open to global exchange. For this to happen, a model
material resources;
of growth is needed to defi e the needs and opportunities for a balanced
immaterial resources.
sustainable region. As engineers, consultants and planners, we have the responsibility – as well as the tools – to discuss and contribute to the transformation
source cycles themselves, their economy, sustainability and resilience.
towards a more resilient and balanced world. While we are exemplify-
The goal is to present an overarching proposal for the region’s sustaina-
ing this thinking on the basis of a potential future for the region Berlin
ble future. This encompasses the use of land and the provision of clean
Brandenburg, the overall approach towards sustainable regional networks
and green energy. It is an approach that respects both the use and re-use
of values has universal relevance and can be applied to any other parts of
of the available natural resources as well as the overall balanced develop-
the world (Storper 1997).
ment of regions with very diff rent outlooks and prerequisites.
A region in balance with itself
Sustainable resource cycles
Berlin and Brandenburg are two contrasting regions. Brandenburg oĀers
Current resource Āows are characterized by an intense global trade network
land for the harvesting of food, water and clean renewable energy. It is
and highly specialized global supply chains. Goods are produced elsewhere
also home to a wide range of growing urban centres with diverse living
and shipped to the markets accordingly (Khanna 2016). This product Āow
conditions and potentials, including commerce, light industry and tourism.
emits signifi ant amounts of CO2 that are largely invisible to the end user
Berlin, on the other hand, oĀers a cornucopia of politics, culture, edu-
or purchaser. Negative externalities like pollution and poor working con-
cation, research, industry, commerce and entertainment. Brandenburg
ditions are outsourced to other countries. An end user in a country like
beneĀts from its proximity to this lively and innovative metropolis oĀering
Germany often does not think about human rights, while the mobile phone
accessible employment, while Berlin needs Brandenburg’s clean energy,
is produced under the worst conditions somewhere else. In addition, strong
food and other imported products. Complementary needs and the inherent
interdependencies create fragility – especially visible in times of crises.
potential of spaces can thus be explored for mutual support (Soja 2014),
Brandenburg
It is fundamentally sustainable to give priority to an optimization in
and this relationship is reciprocal: Berlin needs what Brandenburg has and
the use of regional resources, as this also helps to underpin a regional
vice versa. Seen together, the two can form a sociospatial symbiosis.
economy. At the same time, being globally connected so as to learn from
The invitation to draft principles for a regional plan for Berlin BrandenWind turbines outside Ludwigsfelde,
Studying the application of this principle helps us understand re-
other cultures and to enrich one’s own experience is essential in a modern
burg 2070 oĀered an opportunity to develop a vision for ‘our region’ – one
world. Therefore, fostering cultural, academic and research institutions
in which we live and work. We have a vested interest in applying our
to become world class will encourage learning from other countries and 15
Balanced Regional Development Aron Bohmann, Abdelrahman Helal, Paul Rogers
For our society to be sustainable in the future, we need to change the
knowledge, professional skills and analytical tools to shape its future.
way we live. This change should happen both on an individual as well
Thus, the principle of sustainable resource cycles is to be applied to
as on a political level. While it can happen in small steps, it needs a
topics of major relevance, such as:
vision which society can work towards, so that the eĀort of change is channelled in a common direction. One possible starting point lies in the
clean energy;
transformation of regions into balanced, self-su
infrastructure and the built environment;
ient systems that at
the same time are open to global exchange. For this to happen, a model
material resources;
of growth is needed to defi e the needs and opportunities for a balanced
immaterial resources.
sustainable region. As engineers, consultants and planners, we have the responsibility – as well as the tools – to discuss and contribute to the transformation
source cycles themselves, their economy, sustainability and resilience.
towards a more resilient and balanced world. While we are exemplify-
The goal is to present an overarching proposal for the region’s sustaina-
ing this thinking on the basis of a potential future for the region Berlin
ble future. This encompasses the use of land and the provision of clean
Brandenburg, the overall approach towards sustainable regional networks
and green energy. It is an approach that respects both the use and re-use
of values has universal relevance and can be applied to any other parts of
of the available natural resources as well as the overall balanced develop-
the world (Storper 1997).
ment of regions with very diff rent outlooks and prerequisites.
A region in balance with itself
Sustainable resource cycles
Berlin and Brandenburg are two contrasting regions. Brandenburg oĀers
Current resource Āows are characterized by an intense global trade network
land for the harvesting of food, water and clean renewable energy. It is
and highly specialized global supply chains. Goods are produced elsewhere
also home to a wide range of growing urban centres with diverse living
and shipped to the markets accordingly (Khanna 2016). This product Āow
conditions and potentials, including commerce, light industry and tourism.
emits signifi ant amounts of CO2 that are largely invisible to the end user
Berlin, on the other hand, oĀers a cornucopia of politics, culture, edu-
or purchaser. Negative externalities like pollution and poor working con-
cation, research, industry, commerce and entertainment. Brandenburg
ditions are outsourced to other countries. An end user in a country like
beneĀts from its proximity to this lively and innovative metropolis oĀering
Germany often does not think about human rights, while the mobile phone
accessible employment, while Berlin needs Brandenburg’s clean energy,
is produced under the worst conditions somewhere else. In addition, strong
food and other imported products. Complementary needs and the inherent
interdependencies create fragility – especially visible in times of crises.
potential of spaces can thus be explored for mutual support (Soja 2014),
Brandenburg
It is fundamentally sustainable to give priority to an optimization in
and this relationship is reciprocal: Berlin needs what Brandenburg has and
the use of regional resources, as this also helps to underpin a regional
vice versa. Seen together, the two can form a sociospatial symbiosis.
economy. At the same time, being globally connected so as to learn from
The invitation to draft principles for a regional plan for Berlin BrandenWind turbines outside Ludwigsfelde,
Studying the application of this principle helps us understand re-
other cultures and to enrich one’s own experience is essential in a modern
burg 2070 oĀered an opportunity to develop a vision for ‘our region’ – one
world. Therefore, fostering cultural, academic and research institutions
in which we live and work. We have a vested interest in applying our
to become world class will encourage learning from other countries and 15
Infrastructure and the built environment
processes are essential components in developing a sustainable region.
The region of Berlin Brandenburg beneĀts from a stable and well-educat-
An extractive economic system is damaging not only in terms of
ed population distributed across a relatively large area (6,156 million peo-
human rights and the environment; it also uses endless resources while
ple across an area of 30,371 square kilometres; Amt Für Statistik Berlin
creating extensive side eff cts. Therefore, refocusing the region of Berlin
Brandenburg – Statistiken 2020). Population densities across the region
Brandenburg towards regional production and consumption needs shifts
vary signifi antly (Berlin 4,090 people per square kilometre; Brandenburg
Energy
the linear economy to a circular one, based on natural replenishment and
85 people per square kilometre; ibid.); this, however, gives the region the
Water
knowledge. In eĀect, a largely self-sustaining region is based on holistic
advantage of providing valuable land for the integration of new infrastruc-
Agriculture
values and less on economic consumerism.
ture and building development. All of the prospective infrastructures like
The future of Berlin Brandenburg should be based in regionalized production and resource use where conditions can be deĀned. Resourc-
facilities that would generate income for the Brandenburg economy can
Education & research Culture & lifestyle
es like water, energy and building materials should come from the region
be comfortably integrated into existing settlements by employing local skilled labour to manage such facilities. Brandenburg and Berlin stand to
this principle. At the same time, immaterial resources should be consid-
make signiĀcant gains from these new infrastructures. However, there is a further example of the need to consider stra-
without limitations, often using network technology as a communication
tegic investment and spatial infrastructure from a regional perspective,
and research tool (GreenĀeld 2018). The digital network provides a level
albeit from a federal point of view. This is where governance plays an
playing Āeld between large centres and remote peripheries.
important role. Approximately 20 per cent of CO2 emissions stem from
In the following, some examples of sustainable resource cycles are listed.
the transport sector. This is due to ine
ient modes of transport and the
current reliance on fossil fuels (Poetschke 2018). Investments in more sustainable energy sources and modes of transport are therefore neces-
Clean energy
sary. While trains already run on electricity and are highly e
In less than twenty years, Brandenburg has demonstrated that it is possi-
means can increase the seamless shift between modes. This helps bring
ble to decarbonize energy supply networks by investing in technologically
more people and goods from A to B, reduces CO2 emissions, prevents
advanced renewable and clean energy. Wind and photovoltaic parks are a
isolation, guarantees participation in public life and builds accessibility to
recognizable part of the Brandenburg landscape. In the future, these sourc-
an aĀordable and shared mobility (Thomas 2014).
100%
Investments in mobility infrastructure require large initial sums, but
be used to generate hydrogen for export to a European and global market,
they unlock land value and off r subsequent development opportunities.
since Brandenburg has both the land and weather conditions to transform
The requirement for targeted investments is a mix of public, private and
wind energy into hydrogen. Current fossil-fuel energy supplies are an inter-
commercial services that work well together.
Brandenburg is rich in physical and land-bound resources that are evenly distributed across the region, thereby providing the essential ingredients for a post-fossil-fuel and post-carbon economy. With the appropriate management of natural resources in combination with sustainable harvesting and replanting, it is possible to establish a circular and perpetually replenishing regionalized supply chain of resources such as fresh food and raw materials
Brandenburg
(e.g., timber for construction or manufacturing), while not neglecting to pro-
32.4%
tect the region’s natural heritage. Brandenburg’s current strength lies in the extent of its available land. It produces a massive surplus in wheat (in rela-
Berlin
5%
tion to its population) and, with sensible management, there is enough water
Primary energy consumption
in the region.
Berlin
800
Stonecoal
4%
Mineraloils Gases
Renewable
The aim should be to grow a larger range of agricultural products in Brandenburg. The agricultural and food industries can work towards minimizing the impact of climate change on their sectors by investing in technology
Browncoal
ient, digital
es of energy in combination with an equally plentiful supply of water will
and working together with the pharmaceutical sector to ensure a balanced supply of regional produce. Agricultural land is a highly valuable resource, since it can provide several replenishable goods (energy, food, building materials) for local use (Koolhaas 2020). At the same time, it is important to protect its natural value. 100
12%
PJ
Brandenburg
Immaterial resources – governance, culture, commerce, education and knowledge, research and technology
Carbon emissions
22.9 Brandenburg
Reduction of annual carbon emissions per capita to
<1t
The Berlin Brandenburg region benefi s from a federalist structure, with centres of local, regional and national government providing a strong democratic framework on which eĀective public administration depends. Good governance enables both Berlin and Brandenburg to be embedded within global networks. Research, data and knowledge sourced in Berlin and Brandenburg are, in turn, made available internationally. The maintenance and transmission of data has its spatial manifestation in hard infrastructure. Transmis-
im solution as they create a dependency on other countries and on Ānite
Berlin
sion lines, server farms and data centres – just as places of learning and
resources. A decentralized, regional approach will enable the region to con-
5.7
government – need space and built resources. Here again, the space and
tribute to the national share of CO2 reduction goals (Feddes et al. 2014). 16
Targeted level of renewable energies
bottom left: Resource fl ws 2070
wind farms, solar farms, hydrolysers, data centres and manufacturing
Material resources – agriculture, food, forestry and water
Renewable energies
top left: Resource fl ws 2020
Administration
and be renewable. Negative externalities can be prevented in following ered as well: ideas and culture. Since they are immaterial, they can travel
Flow of material and immaterial resources
Berlin Brandenburg: 100%
sharing experiences with other cultures (Scott & Storper 2005). These
energy required to uphold this infrastructure can be found in Brandenburg.
Energy infrastructure Energy centre Wind power plant Biomass High-voltage line
17
Infrastructure and the built environment
processes are essential components in developing a sustainable region.
The region of Berlin Brandenburg beneĀts from a stable and well-educat-
An extractive economic system is damaging not only in terms of
ed population distributed across a relatively large area (6,156 million peo-
human rights and the environment; it also uses endless resources while
ple across an area of 30,371 square kilometres; Amt Für Statistik Berlin
creating extensive side eff cts. Therefore, refocusing the region of Berlin
Brandenburg – Statistiken 2020). Population densities across the region
Brandenburg towards regional production and consumption needs shifts
vary signifi antly (Berlin 4,090 people per square kilometre; Brandenburg
Energy
the linear economy to a circular one, based on natural replenishment and
85 people per square kilometre; ibid.); this, however, gives the region the
Water
knowledge. In eĀect, a largely self-sustaining region is based on holistic
advantage of providing valuable land for the integration of new infrastruc-
Agriculture
values and less on economic consumerism.
ture and building development. All of the prospective infrastructures like
The future of Berlin Brandenburg should be based in regionalized production and resource use where conditions can be deĀned. Resourc-
facilities that would generate income for the Brandenburg economy can
Education & research Culture & lifestyle
es like water, energy and building materials should come from the region
be comfortably integrated into existing settlements by employing local skilled labour to manage such facilities. Brandenburg and Berlin stand to
this principle. At the same time, immaterial resources should be consid-
make signiĀcant gains from these new infrastructures. However, there is a further example of the need to consider stra-
without limitations, often using network technology as a communication
tegic investment and spatial infrastructure from a regional perspective,
and research tool (GreenĀeld 2018). The digital network provides a level
albeit from a federal point of view. This is where governance plays an
playing Āeld between large centres and remote peripheries.
important role. Approximately 20 per cent of CO2 emissions stem from
In the following, some examples of sustainable resource cycles are listed.
the transport sector. This is due to ine
ient modes of transport and the
current reliance on fossil fuels (Poetschke 2018). Investments in more sustainable energy sources and modes of transport are therefore neces-
Clean energy
sary. While trains already run on electricity and are highly e
In less than twenty years, Brandenburg has demonstrated that it is possi-
means can increase the seamless shift between modes. This helps bring
ble to decarbonize energy supply networks by investing in technologically
more people and goods from A to B, reduces CO2 emissions, prevents
advanced renewable and clean energy. Wind and photovoltaic parks are a
isolation, guarantees participation in public life and builds accessibility to
recognizable part of the Brandenburg landscape. In the future, these sourc-
an aĀordable and shared mobility (Thomas 2014).
100%
Investments in mobility infrastructure require large initial sums, but
be used to generate hydrogen for export to a European and global market,
they unlock land value and off r subsequent development opportunities.
since Brandenburg has both the land and weather conditions to transform
The requirement for targeted investments is a mix of public, private and
wind energy into hydrogen. Current fossil-fuel energy supplies are an inter-
commercial services that work well together.
Brandenburg is rich in physical and land-bound resources that are evenly distributed across the region, thereby providing the essential ingredients for a post-fossil-fuel and post-carbon economy. With the appropriate management of natural resources in combination with sustainable harvesting and replanting, it is possible to establish a circular and perpetually replenishing regionalized supply chain of resources such as fresh food and raw materials
Brandenburg
(e.g., timber for construction or manufacturing), while not neglecting to pro-
32.4%
tect the region’s natural heritage. Brandenburg’s current strength lies in the extent of its available land. It produces a massive surplus in wheat (in rela-
Berlin
5%
tion to its population) and, with sensible management, there is enough water
Primary energy consumption
in the region.
Berlin
800
Stonecoal
4%
Mineraloils Gases
Renewable
The aim should be to grow a larger range of agricultural products in Brandenburg. The agricultural and food industries can work towards minimizing the impact of climate change on their sectors by investing in technology
Browncoal
ient, digital
es of energy in combination with an equally plentiful supply of water will
and working together with the pharmaceutical sector to ensure a balanced supply of regional produce. Agricultural land is a highly valuable resource, since it can provide several replenishable goods (energy, food, building materials) for local use (Koolhaas 2020). At the same time, it is important to protect its natural value. 100
12%
PJ
Brandenburg
Immaterial resources – governance, culture, commerce, education and knowledge, research and technology
Carbon emissions
22.9 Brandenburg
Reduction of annual carbon emissions per capita to
<1t
The Berlin Brandenburg region benefi s from a federalist structure, with centres of local, regional and national government providing a strong democratic framework on which eĀective public administration depends. Good governance enables both Berlin and Brandenburg to be embedded within global networks. Research, data and knowledge sourced in Berlin and Brandenburg are, in turn, made available internationally. The maintenance and transmission of data has its spatial manifestation in hard infrastructure. Transmis-
im solution as they create a dependency on other countries and on Ānite
Berlin
sion lines, server farms and data centres – just as places of learning and
resources. A decentralized, regional approach will enable the region to con-
5.7
government – need space and built resources. Here again, the space and
tribute to the national share of CO2 reduction goals (Feddes et al. 2014). 16
Targeted level of renewable energies
bottom left: Resource fl ws 2070
wind farms, solar farms, hydrolysers, data centres and manufacturing
Material resources – agriculture, food, forestry and water
Renewable energies
top left: Resource fl ws 2020
Administration
and be renewable. Negative externalities can be prevented in following ered as well: ideas and culture. Since they are immaterial, they can travel
Flow of material and immaterial resources
Berlin Brandenburg: 100%
sharing experiences with other cultures (Scott & Storper 2005). These
energy required to uphold this infrastructure can be found in Brandenburg.
Energy infrastructure Energy centre Wind power plant Biomass High-voltage line
17
KMA 3.0
System
Interrelational Communities
Resultants Scale 3 m/9 m Grid
Connie Chang and Alex Yen-Jung Wu
Berlin is a dynamic city, whose urban fabric is the manifestation of its
Support 15–35 m2
Living 54–72 m2
Components Solid/Void Level 2
discordant past. Each time period of architecture and history developed
Living 72–90 m2
on top of one another, giving the city its unique, multicultural and revolutionary identity. The neighbourhoods adjacent to Karl-Marx-Allee are a
Programm Type A
(large-scale) embodiment of the modernist urban design concept ‘Towers in a Park’. Within this context, however, the ‘park’ is left undevel-
Type B
oped. The combination of typological ‘towers’ and lack of ownership of the ‘park’ generates dissonance through its ambiguous distinction between public and private space. Our urban intervention introduces an
Functions
alternative system of densifi ation specifi to this area of East Berlin. The system is antithetical to the ideology of the existing modernist blocks and shies away from singular architectural and urban forms. Through the utilization of diverse, smaller scale components, this methodology creates cohesive communities that layer within the existing context and reclaim underutilized open space. By rejecting the singular apartment building, the aggregation of units and shared spaces instigates a more cohesive urban community, promoting new methods of urban living. Visual porosity across levels and interstitial conditions generate opportunities for spontaneous community interaction. The design is organized by a tessellation with each unit consisting of enclosed mass, inhabitable surfaces and voids. Through a process of mirroring and rotation, the resulting aggregation generates a variety of units and spatial conditions with an inherent solid–void relationship.
Existing Site Context Figure ground plan of existing Karl-Marx-Allee neighbourhoods.
98
Comparative Analysis Nolli Plan comparing the density of Karl-Marx-Allee neighbourhoods with Austin, Paris, Brooklyn and Cleveland.
Proposed Urban Intervention Site plan of the urban proposal within the existing Karl-Marx-Allee neighbourhoods.
Diagram of Inhabitation and Density Programmatic and formal logic of the housing system are included on each side.
Master Plan Master plan of the proposed housing in the neighbourhoods, revitalized commercial spaces and transit corridors.
Neighbourhood Vignette Existing housing blocks shield and protect the soft and layered housing intervention.
Neighbourhood Vignette Fragmented, modular housing units contrast the monolithic, singular blocks of existing housing.
Neighbourhood Vignette Proposed housing system breaks down around community centres to provide sunlight and public space.
99
KMA 3.0
System
Interrelational Communities
Resultants Scale 3 m/9 m Grid
Connie Chang and Alex Yen-Jung Wu
Berlin is a dynamic city, whose urban fabric is the manifestation of its
Support 15–35 m2
Living 54–72 m2
Components Solid/Void Level 2
discordant past. Each time period of architecture and history developed
Living 72–90 m2
on top of one another, giving the city its unique, multicultural and revolutionary identity. The neighbourhoods adjacent to Karl-Marx-Allee are a
Programm Type A
(large-scale) embodiment of the modernist urban design concept ‘Towers in a Park’. Within this context, however, the ‘park’ is left undevel-
Type B
oped. The combination of typological ‘towers’ and lack of ownership of the ‘park’ generates dissonance through its ambiguous distinction between public and private space. Our urban intervention introduces an
Functions
alternative system of densifi ation specifi to this area of East Berlin. The system is antithetical to the ideology of the existing modernist blocks and shies away from singular architectural and urban forms. Through the utilization of diverse, smaller scale components, this methodology creates cohesive communities that layer within the existing context and reclaim underutilized open space. By rejecting the singular apartment building, the aggregation of units and shared spaces instigates a more cohesive urban community, promoting new methods of urban living. Visual porosity across levels and interstitial conditions generate opportunities for spontaneous community interaction. The design is organized by a tessellation with each unit consisting of enclosed mass, inhabitable surfaces and voids. Through a process of mirroring and rotation, the resulting aggregation generates a variety of units and spatial conditions with an inherent solid–void relationship.
Existing Site Context Figure ground plan of existing Karl-Marx-Allee neighbourhoods.
98
Comparative Analysis Nolli Plan comparing the density of Karl-Marx-Allee neighbourhoods with Austin, Paris, Brooklyn and Cleveland.
Proposed Urban Intervention Site plan of the urban proposal within the existing Karl-Marx-Allee neighbourhoods.
Diagram of Inhabitation and Density Programmatic and formal logic of the housing system are included on each side.
Master Plan Master plan of the proposed housing in the neighbourhoods, revitalized commercial spaces and transit corridors.
Neighbourhood Vignette Existing housing blocks shield and protect the soft and layered housing intervention.
Neighbourhood Vignette Fragmented, modular housing units contrast the monolithic, singular blocks of existing housing.
Neighbourhood Vignette Proposed housing system breaks down around community centres to provide sunlight and public space.
99
Densifying the Köpenicker Landstraße
Bus Stop
Park Leisure Path Streetside Bicycle Lane S-Bahn Line Tram Line
Carshare Parking (in building pedestal)
Transit Oriented Development as a Strategy to Densify Köpenicker Landstraße
Surface Variation 1: Slow-Down Zone Surface Variation 2: Shared Space Zone Tram Stop
Molly Spetalnick and Winn G. Chen
Main Station Plaza (Adlershofplatz)
Faced with the projection that the city of Berlin will grow by over 1.5 million people by 2050, this proposal envisions the S-Bahn as a spine for transit-oriented development within the Treptow-Köpenick Transportation Catchment. Treptow-Köpenick, one of fourteen radial transit catchDörpfeldstraße
ment zones that the project identifi s within Outer Berlin, will need to accommodate an estimated population increase of 117,500. Transit oriented development leverages eĀ cient, multimodal transit (both linear and dispersed) at pedestrian-friendly nodes to create lively, Āexible public spaces that can provide amenities and connectivity to broader Berlin for a growing population in six distinct neighbourhood zones. Successful transit oriented development requires an e
ient system as
a precursor to development, which can drive network-wide connectivity improvements prior to focused improvements at each transportation node. Network solutions realign S-Bahn stations, expand the existing tram system as it attaches to S-Bahn nodes, connect green space to provide a leisurely, all- ages bike path through the catchment zone, accommodate Rudower Chaussee
bike access along secondary and tertiary streets, and provide pedestrian access in formerly inhospitable pedestrian environments. In new zones, new street networks are sized to combine the typical Berlin perimeter
Commercial Frontage below S-Bahn Viaduct
block typology with a grid that prioritizes bikeable and walkable connec-
Bus Stop
Elevated S-Bahn Viaduct Bikeshare Station and Cycle Centre (below S-Bahn Station)
tivity, which was tested via Space Syntax models. A hierarchy of primary,
New S-Bahn Station
secondary, and tertiary streets establishes a 75 m × 75 m perimeter block
Park Strip Continuation in Shared Space Area Park Strip
and concentrates activity and growth around a new typology of public space at transportation nodes. The development strategy accommodates its share of the city’s popOuter Berlin, 2050 Projected population growth of 1.66 million
Treptow-Köpenick Transporation Catchment Will need to support at least 285,000 residents by 2050
Site: Existing Existing conditions
ulation growth without compromising the character of the neighbourhoods. The six transportation nodes along the S-Bahn support six neigh-
Site: Nod des Step 1: Node-level enhancements
Site: Nettwork k Step 2: Network-level improvements
Zones: Strategic Preservation and Infil Step 3: Develop zones and populate
bourhood zones, three of which retain the existing fabric and employ a strategic inĀll approach and three of which establish new street networks
Future tram connection to Rummelsburg Begin new elevated S-Bahn viaduct
ing, beloved neighbourhoods while increasing density at transit nodes.
Plänterwald Forest Plänterwald
Baumschulenweg
New tram lines added d along all new Secondaryy Corridors
Schöneweide
Adlershof S-Bahn
S-Bahn
Tram
Tram
U-Bahn
B96a
102
Inner Berlin population 1.00 million 115.0 p/ha
Outer Berlin population 2.47 million 29.1 p/ha
Inner & Outer Berlin population 4.00 million 49.7 p/ha
3,991 estimated new households 7,065 estimated new residents
19,957 estimated new households 35,324 estimated new residents
338,151 m floor area needed 388,879 m2 floor area provided
1,692,753 m2 floor area needed 1,760,168 m2 floor area provided
30% of new population
2
Schöneweide-Johannisthal
Karlshorster Straße
Begin proposed Spree Riverwalk
6,652 estimated new households 11,775 estimated new residents
10,644 estimated new households 18,839 estimated new residents
563,584 m2 floor area needed 952,559 m2 floor area provided
901,735 m2 floor area needed 1,016,648 m2 floor area provided
10% of new population
Adlershof
Königsheide Forest
8% of new population
Proposed Schöneweide Railyard Park + Museum
Betriebsbahnhof Schöneweide
Plänterwald
Reclaimed former S-Bahn embankment
Baumschulenweg Cemetery
Karlshorster Straße
Baumschulenweg
6% of new population
Treptower Park
that embrace the scale and typologies of housing that exist within exist-
Zones: New Development Step 3: Develop zones and populate
Köllnische Heide Forest Johannisthal Airfield Park
6,652 estimated new households 11,775 estimated new residents 450,867 m2 floor area needed 895,826 m2 floor area provided
16% of new population
Schöneweide Railyard
30% of new population
19,957 estimated new households 35,324 estimated new residents 1,690,753 m2 floor area needed 1,691,627 m2 floor area provided
Connected Pub blic Park Space Park Leisure Paath Existing Tram Lines New Tram Liness Zone Boundaries
103
Densifying the Köpenicker Landstraße
Bus Stop
Park Leisure Path Streetside Bicycle Lane S-Bahn Line Tram Line
Carshare Parking (in building pedestal)
Transit Oriented Development as a Strategy to Densify Köpenicker Landstraße
Surface Variation 1: Slow-Down Zone Surface Variation 2: Shared Space Zone Tram Stop
Molly Spetalnick and Winn G. Chen
Main Station Plaza (Adlershofplatz)
Faced with the projection that the city of Berlin will grow by over 1.5 million people by 2050, this proposal envisions the S-Bahn as a spine for transit-oriented development within the Treptow-Köpenick Transportation Catchment. Treptow-Köpenick, one of fourteen radial transit catchDörpfeldstraße
ment zones that the project identifi s within Outer Berlin, will need to accommodate an estimated population increase of 117,500. Transit oriented development leverages eĀ cient, multimodal transit (both linear and dispersed) at pedestrian-friendly nodes to create lively, Āexible public spaces that can provide amenities and connectivity to broader Berlin for a growing population in six distinct neighbourhood zones. Successful transit oriented development requires an e
ient system as
a precursor to development, which can drive network-wide connectivity improvements prior to focused improvements at each transportation node. Network solutions realign S-Bahn stations, expand the existing tram system as it attaches to S-Bahn nodes, connect green space to provide a leisurely, all- ages bike path through the catchment zone, accommodate Rudower Chaussee
bike access along secondary and tertiary streets, and provide pedestrian access in formerly inhospitable pedestrian environments. In new zones, new street networks are sized to combine the typical Berlin perimeter
Commercial Frontage below S-Bahn Viaduct
block typology with a grid that prioritizes bikeable and walkable connec-
Bus Stop
Elevated S-Bahn Viaduct Bikeshare Station and Cycle Centre (below S-Bahn Station)
tivity, which was tested via Space Syntax models. A hierarchy of primary,
New S-Bahn Station
secondary, and tertiary streets establishes a 75 m × 75 m perimeter block
Park Strip Continuation in Shared Space Area Park Strip
and concentrates activity and growth around a new typology of public space at transportation nodes. The development strategy accommodates its share of the city’s popOuter Berlin, 2050 Projected population growth of 1.66 million
Treptow-Köpenick Transporation Catchment Will need to support at least 285,000 residents by 2050
Site: Existing Existing conditions
ulation growth without compromising the character of the neighbourhoods. The six transportation nodes along the S-Bahn support six neigh-
Site: Nod des Step 1: Node-level enhancements
Site: Nettwork k Step 2: Network-level improvements
Zones: Strategic Preservation and Infil Step 3: Develop zones and populate
bourhood zones, three of which retain the existing fabric and employ a strategic inĀll approach and three of which establish new street networks
Future tram connection to Rummelsburg Begin new elevated S-Bahn viaduct
ing, beloved neighbourhoods while increasing density at transit nodes.
Plänterwald Forest Plänterwald
Baumschulenweg
New tram lines added d along all new Secondaryy Corridors
Schöneweide
Adlershof S-Bahn
S-Bahn
Tram
Tram
U-Bahn
B96a
102
Inner Berlin population 1.00 million 115.0 p/ha
Outer Berlin population 2.47 million 29.1 p/ha
Inner & Outer Berlin population 4.00 million 49.7 p/ha
3,991 estimated new households 7,065 estimated new residents
19,957 estimated new households 35,324 estimated new residents
338,151 m floor area needed 388,879 m2 floor area provided
1,692,753 m2 floor area needed 1,760,168 m2 floor area provided
30% of new population
2
Schöneweide-Johannisthal
Karlshorster Straße
Begin proposed Spree Riverwalk
6,652 estimated new households 11,775 estimated new residents
10,644 estimated new households 18,839 estimated new residents
563,584 m2 floor area needed 952,559 m2 floor area provided
901,735 m2 floor area needed 1,016,648 m2 floor area provided
10% of new population
Adlershof
Königsheide Forest
8% of new population
Proposed Schöneweide Railyard Park + Museum
Betriebsbahnhof Schöneweide
Plänterwald
Reclaimed former S-Bahn embankment
Baumschulenweg Cemetery
Karlshorster Straße
Baumschulenweg
6% of new population
Treptower Park
that embrace the scale and typologies of housing that exist within exist-
Zones: New Development Step 3: Develop zones and populate
Köllnische Heide Forest Johannisthal Airfield Park
6,652 estimated new households 11,775 estimated new residents 450,867 m2 floor area needed 895,826 m2 floor area provided
16% of new population
Schöneweide Railyard
30% of new population
19,957 estimated new households 35,324 estimated new residents 1,690,753 m2 floor area needed 1,691,627 m2 floor area provided
Connected Pub blic Park Space Park Leisure Paath Existing Tram Lines New Tram Liness Zone Boundaries
103
Green Threshold
Existing Site Plan
Proposed Master plan with studio projects
The New Urban Edge Seonhye Sin and Uttara Ramakrishnan
The city of Berlin has gone through a series of expansion, typically to the west. The areas adjacent to these developments often exhibit a characteristic that is neither urban nor rural but peripheral. This project aims to reclaim the periphery by focusing on the area on the eastern part of the historical core. Jansen’s Plan proposes a system of rings to connect the
Tierpark
Tierpark
Race Course
Race Course
core to the periphery through a green network. The site under consideration is a fragment that is a part of the outer ring of the green network but mostly disconnected from the city core. This disconnection is exhibited by the lack of roadways linking to the core and the presence of railway lines and yards that act as barriers between various parts of the site and the river. The city has proposed a four-lane highway further exacerbating these barriers. This project takes the task of turning these barriers into ‘Thresholds of Opportunity’ by prioritizing people’s experience. Connection between the city core to the site is brought about by strengthening mobility, establishing connections to social landmarks and connecting to landscape networks by converting vacant lands into active and passive green spaces. At the site scale, the existing tapestry of neighbourhoods will be maintained, and the newer developments proposed will enhance this ‘threshold’ experience. At this scale, the simple act of submerging part of the railway line and city-proposed highway while prioritizing pedestrianization will turn this area into an important North–South Corridor with through links. This new ‘green corridor’ will result in the development of nodes of varied characters along its length, converting barriers into thresholds. Density
Green Network
Mobility
Outer Ring Soccer Stadium
Soccer Stadium
Inner Ring
Köpenick Existing Landscape Proposed Landscape Public Plaza Water Markers Proposed Built Form
106
Major Commercial Corridor Train Track Proposed Road Green Connector Station
Köpenick Existing Landscape Proposed Landscape Public Plaza Water
0
500
1000
2000 m
Markers
Major Commercial Corridor Train Track Proposed Road Green Connector Station
0
500
1000
2000 m
Proposed Built Form
107
Green Threshold
Existing Site Plan
Proposed Master plan with studio projects
The New Urban Edge Seonhye Sin and Uttara Ramakrishnan
The city of Berlin has gone through a series of expansion, typically to the west. The areas adjacent to these developments often exhibit a characteristic that is neither urban nor rural but peripheral. This project aims to reclaim the periphery by focusing on the area on the eastern part of the historical core. Jansen’s Plan proposes a system of rings to connect the
Tierpark
Tierpark
Race Course
Race Course
core to the periphery through a green network. The site under consideration is a fragment that is a part of the outer ring of the green network but mostly disconnected from the city core. This disconnection is exhibited by the lack of roadways linking to the core and the presence of railway lines and yards that act as barriers between various parts of the site and the river. The city has proposed a four-lane highway further exacerbating these barriers. This project takes the task of turning these barriers into ‘Thresholds of Opportunity’ by prioritizing people’s experience. Connection between the city core to the site is brought about by strengthening mobility, establishing connections to social landmarks and connecting to landscape networks by converting vacant lands into active and passive green spaces. At the site scale, the existing tapestry of neighbourhoods will be maintained, and the newer developments proposed will enhance this ‘threshold’ experience. At this scale, the simple act of submerging part of the railway line and city-proposed highway while prioritizing pedestrianization will turn this area into an important North–South Corridor with through links. This new ‘green corridor’ will result in the development of nodes of varied characters along its length, converting barriers into thresholds. Density
Green Network
Mobility
Outer Ring Soccer Stadium
Soccer Stadium
Inner Ring
Köpenick Existing Landscape Proposed Landscape Public Plaza Water Markers Proposed Built Form
106
Major Commercial Corridor Train Track Proposed Road Green Connector Station
Köpenick Existing Landscape Proposed Landscape Public Plaza Water
0
500
1000
2000 m
Markers
Major Commercial Corridor Train Track Proposed Road Green Connector Station
0
500
1000
2000 m
Proposed Built Form
107
Imprint
13-17, 24 Denver Community Planning and Development, Figs.
Seonhye Sin, pp.110–113 Kevin Choi, p. 112 bottom Andrew
The editors would like to thank The University of Texas at Austin:
This book is published in conjunction with the exhibition
19, 20 © Kronberg Urbanists + Architects, Fig. 21, 22 Dean Almy,
Alberts, p. 113 bottom Barbara Hoidn, pp. 114–117 Emilie Twilling,
Graduate Program in Urban Design, Sinclair Black Endowed Excel-
urbainable – stadthaltig at the Academy of Arts, Berlin
Beatriz Vergara Aller , Fig. 23 Oregon Metro, Fig. 25 City of Austin,
Laura Atlas, Yifan Xing, p. 114 bottom Sabine Hahn, p. 118 top
lence Fund for Urban Design and the O’Neil Ford Chair in Architec-
(5 September–22 November 2020) and with the exhibition of the
Planning and Zoning Department, Fig. 26 CONNECT Our Future
Andrew Alberts, p. 118 bottom p. 121, Olivia Posner, Yu Hu,
ture for their generous funding of this publication.
results of the international competition for the future of Berlin
Preferred Growth Concept, Centralina Council of Governments,
Yuqing Yan
The editors would like to thank the following individuals for
Brandenburg 2070 at the Kronprinzenpalais, Berlin (1 October
2015
2020–1 January 2021).
Montiel, Pardo essay image credits: p. 46 Pablo Lopez Luz,
21 BB Maps
Sinclair Black, Fritz Steiner, Michelle Addington, Juliana Felkner,
Fig. 2, p. 48 top: Collection of the Museo Nacional de Arte, Mexico
p. 122, p.125 Hauptstadt Berlin, Planungsgrundlagen für den städ-
Junfeng Jiao, Ming Zhang, Eric Hepburn; Sabine Hahn; Thomas
Editors
City, Fig. 3, Rozana Montiel Estudio de Arquitectura (REA), Claudia
tebaulichen Ideenwettbewerb “Hauptstadt Berlin”, 1957 edited
Kramer, Lisa Schons, Ian McDonald, Domenica Schulz; Kevin Ho
Barbara Hoidn and Wilfried Wang
Rodríguez, Daniel Jaramillo, SMAQ for Urban Xchanger; Fig. 4,
by the Federal minister for Housing, Berlin and by the Senator for
Jun Choi, José Rodríguez López, and Kristina Baierl.
p. 48 bottom: Collection of the Museo Nacional de Antropología e
Construction and Housing, Berlin, pp.126–145 all maps by Hoidn
Copy editing
Historia, Mexico City, Fig 5, p. 49 Milenio Digital (2018, June 14).
Wang Partner, p. 146 Sabine Hahn, pp. 148–151 Hoidn Wang
The editors would like to thank the students at The University
Lisa Schons, Ian McDonald, Wilfried Wang
https://www.milenio.com/elecciones-mexico-2018/delegacion-
Partner, pp. 152–153 Hoidn Wang Partner/Kevin Choi, p. 154 Buro
of Texas at Austin, who participated in Wilfried Wang and
iztapalapa-niega-pedir-ine-cambio-agua, Fig. 6, p.49 : Rozana
Happold/ Hoidn Wang Partner, p. 155 John Peponis/Hoidn Wang
Barbara Hoidn’s advanced design studios during the following six
Proofreading
Montiel Estudio de Arquitectura (REA), Claudia Rodríguez,
Partner, p. 156 John Peponis, Meta Berghauser Pont, Jan Sahl-
semesters:
Colette Forder
Daniel Jaramillo, SMAQ for Urban Xchanger; Fig. 7, p. 50 Rozana
berg, Chen Feng / Hoidn Wang Partner, pp. 157–159 Hoidn Wang
collaborating in the production of the book: Dean J. Almy III,
Montiel Estudio de Arquitectura (REA), Claudia Rodríguez,
Partner/Kevin Choi, p. 160 Buro Happold/Hoidn Wang Partner,
Fall 2016
Graphic design and typesetting
Daniel Jaramillo, SMAQ for Urban Xchanger, Fig. 8, p. 50 top
p. 161 John Peponis/Hoidn Wang Partner, p. 162 John Peponis,
Aparajita Bhatt, Ke Chen, Miao Feng, Panchajanya Gudigar, Chia-
Sabine Hahn, shgd.de
right: Sandra Pereznieto, Fig. 9, p. 50 Rozana Montiel Estudio de
Meta Berghauser Pont, Jan Sahlberg, Chen Feng / Hoidn Wang
Fen Ho, Natalie Hugentobler, Samantha Moskol, Clara Restrepo,
Arquitectura (REA) Marie Combette, Fig. 10, p. 51 Sara Martínez,
Partner, pp. 163–165 Hoidn Wang Partner/Kevin Choi, p. 166
Kaleigh Sawyer, Valentina Scalia, Sijin Sun, Xue Yang, Jingrong
Pre-press, printing and binding
Fig. 11, p. 51 Sandra Pereznieto, Fig. 12, p. 51 Alta densidad
Buro Happold/Hoidn Wang Partner, p.167 John Peponis/Hoidn
Zhao, Ruifeng Zhou
DZA Druckerei zu Altenburg GmbH, Thuringia
by Jorge Taboada, Fig. 13, p. 52 Rozana Montiel Estudio de
Wang Partner, p.168 John Peponis, Meta Berghauser Pont, Jan
Arquitectura, Fig. 14, p. 52 Sandra Pereznieto
Sahlberg, Chen Feng/Hoidn Wang Partner, pp. 169–171 Hoidn
Spring 2017
© 2020 Park Books, Zurich
Burdett essay image credits: p. 54 Eric Parry architects, Fig. 1,
Wang Partner, pp. 170 left, 172 Google Earth Image p.173 Hoidn
Vivian Andrada Baumann, Andrea Manrique Becker, Jolene
© 2020 for the maps and the competition project, the editors
p. 56 Urban Age/LSE Cities (2018), Fig 2, p.56 Urban Age/ LSE
Wang Partner
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© 2020 for the texts, the authors
Cities (2007), Fig. 3–6, p. 57 Urban Age/LSE Cities, Fig.7–9,
Chen, Miao Feng, Joanne Paul Koola, Alex (Yen-Jung) Wu, Xue
© 2020 for the students’ projects, The University of Texas at
p. 58 LSE Take of Two Regions (2011), Fig. 10, p. 59 source:
Yang
Austin
http://strangemaps. les.wordpress.com/2007/11/386051891_
© 2020 for the images, the respective photographers/rights holders
e1fd80dc5b_o.jpg, Fig.11, p. 59 Jason Hawkes, LSE Cities
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced,
Fall 2017
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stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any
Winn Gexiong Chen, Kuan-Ying Chiu, Sophia Fleshman, Emma
Sabine Hahn, Fig. 1 Springer Nature, Ārst published in Nature
Sabine Hahn, Fig. 1–4 all rights with the authors
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other-
Johnston, Miao Qianhui, Elijah Montez, Anjulie Palta, Molly
Sustainability 3, pp. 269–276, Buildings as a Global Carbon Sink,
Berghauser Pont, Sahlberg, Feng, Peponis essay image
wise, without the prior written consent of the publisher.
Spetalnick
Hans-Joachim Schellnhuber ed al. (27.01.2020)
credits: p. 72 Sabine Hahn, Fig. 1, p. 75 the authors, Fig. 2–3,
Bohmann, Helal, Rogers essay image credits: p.14 Sabine
pp. 76–77 the authors with Hoidn Wang Partner, Fig.4–6,
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Wang Partner, p. 82 Sabine Hahn
Niederdorfstrasse 54
Jane Sevila, Seonhye Sin, Ui Song, Lauren Townsend, Lan Zhou
top, p. 31 top Latz & Partner architects, p. 25 center Michael Latz,
21 BB Research and Design Students’ projects: p. 84 Hoidn
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für Stadtentwicklung und Wohnen Berlin, pp. 90–93 Aparajita
Nikolai Benner
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Almy essay image credits: p. 32 Dean Almy, Fig. 1, 4–8 Dean
pp. 94–96 Sijin Sun, Ke Chen, pp. 98–101 Connie Chang, Alex Wu,
Almy, Jorge Zapata, Fig. 2 Dean Almy, Beatriz Vergara Aller, Fig. 3
pp. 102–105 Molly Spetalnick, Winn G.Chen, p. 106 top, Andrew
City of Austin, Fig. 9, 10, 18Dean Almy, Fig. 11 Dean Almy, Beatriz
Alberts, p. 106 Uttara Ramakrishnan, Seonhye Sin, p. 107 left
Vergara Aller after Bora Architects, Portland, OR, Fig. 12 © 2015
Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Wohnen, p. 107 right,
Yu Hu, Olivia Posner, Emilie Twilling, Yifan Xing, Yang Yang,
The Oregonian. All Rights Reserved. Used with Permission, Figs.
studio masterplan spring 2018, pp. 108–109 Uttara Ramakrishnan,
Yuqing Yang, Jiaqian Yu
Spring 2018
Fall 2018 Kevin Ho Jun Choi, Chetan Kulkarni, Zhaoran Li, Briana Thomas,
www.park-books.com
Patrick Till, Trenton Tunks Spring 2019
ISBN 978-3-03860-200-2
Laura Atlas, Nian Chen, Richard A. Gagle, John A. Halverston,