100 of the World’s Tallest Buildings is a continuation of the highly acclaimed “100 Tallest” series produced by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) – the worldwide body responsible for defining and measuring skyscrapers. In this edition, the projected 100 tallest buildings in the world are examined in a collection of highly informative and visually engaging profiles. As seen in this book – which contains an unprecedented collection of high-resolution imagery, building drawings, and professional renderings – an entirely new breed of skyscrapers are taking shape around the world; one with twists and turns, horizontal connections, vegetated spaces, and myriad functions. Detailed descriptions of these projects are provided, along with precise height data and building metrics. The CTBUH is the world’s leading resource for information on the inception, design, construction, and operation of tall buildings and future cities. The CTBUH also developed the international standards for measuring tall building height and is recognized as the arbiter for bestowing such designations as “The World’s Tallest Building.” Information and images in this book were acquired by the CTBUH from world-class architecture and engineering firms, owners and developers, construction companies, and consultants.
100 of the World’s Tallest Buildings
As a product of man’s innate desire to reach new heights, physically and metaphorically, the skyscraper has come to represent the enormous strides that human development has taken over the past century. The tallest of these structures are dramatic, definitive components of the cities they inhabit and, as such, they have become the subject of a sometimes obsessive worldwide following. These monolithic structures represent mankind’s greatest architectural achievements to date, with each rising to help alleviate the most critical challenges of our time: population growth, urbanization, climate change, and sprawling cities.
100 of the
World’s Tallest Buildings
Edited by Antony Wood
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Contents Introduction Key Trends in the Skyscraper Typology – A Preview of the Future
6
A History of the World’s Tallest Buildings by Decade
18
Criteria & Definitions Used in This Book
32
World’s Projected 100 Tallest Buildings
Guangzhou International Finance Center, Guangzhou
122
Wuhan Center Tower, Wuhan
124
Riverview Plaza A1, Wuhan
126
111 W 57th Street, New York City
128
Dongguan International Trade Center 1, Dongguan
132
Marina 101, Dubai
134
432 Park Avenue, New York City
136
Kingdom Tower, Jeddah
40
Trump International Hotel & Tower, Chicago
138
Burj Khalifa, Dubai
44
Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai
140
Suzhou Zhongnan Center, Suzhou
48
Princess Tower, Dubai
144
Ping An Finance Center, Shenzhen
50
Al Hamra Tower, Kuwait City
146
Wuhan Greenland Center, Wuhan
52
Two International Finance Centre, Hong Kong
150
Shanghai Tower, Shanghai
54
Twin Towers, Guiyang
260
Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel, Mecca
58
China Resources Headquarters, Shenzhen
152
Goldin Finance 117, Tianjin
60
23 Marina, Dubai
156
Global Financial Center, Shenyang
62
CITIC Plaza, Guangzhou
158
Lotte World Tower, Seoul
64
30 Hudson Yards, New York City
160
One World Trade Center, New York City
66
Capital Market Authority Tower, Riyadh
162
Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre, Guangzhou
70
Shun Hing Square, Shenzhen
164
Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center, Tianjin
72
Eton Place Dalian Tower 1, Dalian
166
China Zun Tower, Beijing
74
Nanning Logan Century 1, Nanning
168
Dalian Greenland Center, Dalian
76
Burj Mohammad Bin Rashid Tower, Abu Dhabi
170
TAIPEI 101, Taipei
78
Empire State Building, New York City
172
Shanghai World Financial Center, Shanghai
82
Elite Residence, Dubai
260
International Commerce Centre, Hong Kong
86
Shenzhen Center, Shenzhen
176
Chengdu Greenland Tower, Chengdu
90
Central Plaza, Hong Kong
178
Chongqing Super Tower, Chongqing
92
Federation Towers – Vostok Tower, Moscow
180
R&F Guangdong Building, Tianjin
94
Dalian International Trade Center, Dalian
261
Lakhta Center, St. Petersburg
96
Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A, Nanjing
182
Changsha IFS Tower T1, Changsha
98
The Address The BLVD, Dubai
184
Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur
100
Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong
186
Suzhou IFS, Suzhou
104
Bank of America Tower, New York City
190
Zifeng Tower, Nanjing
106
VietinBank Business Center Office Tower, Hanoi
192
Marina 106, Dubai
108
Three Sixty West Tower B, Mumbai
194
Nanning China Resources, Nanning
110
Almas Tower, Dubai
196
Willis Tower, Chicago
112
Greenland Group Suzhou Center, Wujiang
198
World One, Mumbai
116
3 World Trade Center, New York City
200
KK100, Shenzhen
118
Emirates Park Towers, Dubai
202
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Emirates Tower One, Dubai
204
OKO – South Tower, Moscow
206
The Torch, Dubai
261
Forum 66 Tower 1, Shenyang
210
The Pinnacle, Guangzhou
212
Hanking Center Tower, Shenzhen
214
Spring City 66, Kunming
218
T&C Tower, Kaohsiung
220
Aon Center, Chicago
222
The Center, Hong Kong
224
Xiamen International Centre Office Tower, Xiamen
226
John Hancock Center, Chicago
228
Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower, Dubai
262
ADNOC Headquarters, Abu Dhabi
262
Comcast Innovation and Technology Center, Philadelphia
232
One Shenzhen Bay Tower 7, Shenzhen
236
Wuxi International Finance Square, Wuxi
238
Chongqing World Financial Center, Chongqing
240
Mercury City Tower, Moscow
242
Tianjin World Financial Center, Tianjin
244
Hengqin International Finance Center, Zhuhai
246
DAMAC Heights, Dubai
248
Wilshire Grand Center, Los Angeles
252
Thamrin Nine Tower 1, Jakarta
254
Shimao International Plaza, Shanghai
256
Mandarin Oriental Hotel, Chengdu
263
Rose Rayhaan by Rotana, Dubai
258
Minsheng Bank Building, Wuhan
263
Appendix Project Team Details
266
Current 100 Tallest Buildings in the World List
276
Index by Building
282
Index by City
283
Index by Company
284
Image Credits
290
CTBUH Members and Organizational Structure
292
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Key Trends in the Skyscraper Typology – A Preview of the Future Burj Khalifa 828 m / 2,717 ft Dubai, 2010
Shanghai Tower 632 m / 2,073 ft Shanghai, 2015
Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel 601 m / 1,972 ft Mecca, 2012 One World Trade Center 541 m / 1,776 ft New York City, 2014
TAIPEI 101 508 m / 1,667 ft Taipei, 2004 Shanghai World Financial Center 492 m / 1,614 ft International Commerce Centre Shanghai, 2008 484 m / 1,588 ft Hong Kong, 2010
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Petronas Tower 1 452 m / 1,483 ft Kuala Lumpur, 1998
Petronas Tower 2 452 m / 1,483 ft Kuala Lumpur, 1998
8
8
Zifeng Tower 450 m / 1,476 ft Nanjing, 2010
10
Data as of February 2015
In a world that is increasingly embracing tall buildings, we find ourselves at a point in history characterized by brand new cities, energy-efficient technologies, hyper-connected transportation systems, and ground-up economic reinvention. It is a world also challenged by dwindling natural resources, social upheaval, and climate-change-induced disasters. Against this backdrop, the dual effects of massive population growth and rapid urbanization are seeing the addition of more than 1 million new urban inhabitants every week, which is changing our cities immeasurably. At the heart of urban change, both historically and in the future, is the skyscraper – both a testament to mankind’s desire to reach new heights (literally), and also quite possibly the key to our continued survival on the planet in light of the trends noted above. Today, nearly 55 percent of the world’s seven billion people live in cities. In 2050, the world population is expected to exceed 9 billion, with approximately 66 percent living in cities, meaning that there will be 2.4 billion new urban inhabitants over the next several decades. We are perhaps fortunate to have observed the moment in history where cities became the preferred form of habitation,
but this comes with a great degree of responsibility. The threat to the planet through climate change and the need for more sustainable patterns of life is now generally accepted. Denser, more concentrated cities are seen as an essential part of the solution since they reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions by limiting the suburban expansion of cities, transport, and infrastructure networks. Tall buildings are a key factor in creating denser cities by accommodating more people on smaller footprints of land. In addition, the investment in every tall building project – both financially and professionally – gives it the opportunity to embrace sustainable design and technologies that could lead the way for other, smaller, building types. The tall building assists with sustainability issues, and also maximizes the return on land prices for parcels located in dense urban markets. These factors, in addition to the raw iconicity of these structures (see Figure 1), have led to an unprecedented era of tall building construction in recent decades. Figure 2 shows the progression of the “World’s Tallest Building” over time since the creation of what is considered to be the first tall building, the Home Insurance Building in Chicago in 1885. We can see that the “World’s
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tronas Tower 1 2 m / 1,483 ft ala Lumpur, 1998
8
Willis Tower 442 m / 1,451 ft Chicago, 1974 Petronas Tower 2 452 m / 1,483 ft Kuala Lumpur, 1998
KK100 442 m / 1,449 ft Shenzhen, 2011
Zifeng Tower 450 m / 1,476 ft Nanjing, 2010
8
10
11
12
Guangzhou International Finance Center 439 m / 1,439 ft Guangzhou, 2010 Trump International Hotel & Tower 423 m / 1,389 ft Chicago, 2009 Jin Mao Tower 421 m / 1,380 ft Shanghai, 1999
13
14
15
Two International Finance Centre 412 m / 1,352 ft Hong Kong, 2003 23 Marina 392 m / 1,287 ft Dubai, 2012
Al Hamra Tower 413 m / 1,354 ft Kuwait City, 2011
Princess Tower 413 m / 1,356 ft Dubai, 2012
CITIC Plaza 390 m / 1,280 ft Guangzhou, 1996
16
17
18
19
20
Council on Tall Buildings and Habitat Figure 1: Diagram of the tallest 20 completed buildings in the world according to the CTBUH criteria of “height to architectural top” at time of book©compilation (data as ofUrban mid-2015).
History of the “World’s Tallest Building” Home Insurance Building1 Chicago 1885 55m 180ft
World Building New York 1890 94m 309ft
Manhattan Life Insurance Building New York 1894 106m 348ft
Park Row Building New York 1899 119m 391ft
Singer Building New York 1908 187m 612ft
Metropolitan Life Tower New York 1909 213m 700ft
Woolworth Building New York 1913 241m 792ft
Bank of Manhattan2 New York 1930 283m 927ft
Chrysler Building New York 1930 319m 1,046ft
Empire State Building New York 1931 381m 1,250ft
One World Trade Center New York 1972 417m 1,368ft
Sears Tower3 Chicago 1974 442m 1,451ft
Petronas Towers 1&2 Kuala Lumpur 1998 452m 1,483ft
TAIPEI 101 Taipei 2004 508m 1,667ft
Burj Khalifa Dubai 2010 828m 2,717 ft
Kingdom Tower Jeddah 2018 (expected) 1,000+m 3,281+ ft
+39m +129ft
+12m +39ft
+13m +43ft
+68m +221ft
+26m +88ft
+28m +92ft
+42m +135ft
+36m +119ft
+62m +204ft
+36m +118ft
+25m +83ft
+10m +32ft
+56m +184ft
+320m +1050ft
>172m >564ft
+71%
+13%
+12%
+57%
+14%
+13%
+17%
+13%
+20%
+9%
+6%
+2%
+12%
+63%
+21%
1 While the Home Insurance Building was never the tallest building in the world, it is considered the first skyscraper constructed (framed/non-loadbearing façade construction) and thus the first “tall building” as defined by the CTBUH.
2 Now known as The Trump Building, “Bank of Manhattan” was the building’s title when it was the “World’s Tallest Building.”
3 Now known as Willis Tower, “Sears Tower” was the building’s title when it was the “World’s Tallest Building.”
© Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
Figure 2: History of the “World’s Tallest Building,” which illustrates the rapid increase in height that the world’s tallest building has experienced over time (data as of mid-2015).
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A History of the World’s Tallest Buildings by Decade By Georges Binder
Note: Georges was the author of the previous edition of this recurrent CTBUH publication, entitled 101 of the World’s Tallest Buildings, produced in 2006. In the nine years since that edition, 73 of the 100 Tallest buildings in the book have changed, illustrating further the rapid development of the tall building over the past decade. In the piece that follows, Georges takes a slightly different slant on the history of the world’s tallest buildings, by examining the ten tallest buildings at the end of each decade over a 130-year period. In doing this, some of the larger-scale historic trends become clear… Over the past century or so of tall buildings, as depicted decade-bydecade in the tables that follow, readers will witness a shift in the form, use, materials, location, and many other facets of tall buildings. Examining the tallest ten buildings over time reveals a series of milestone projects that represent the tallest achievements of their respective eras, and uncovers various shifts in tall building design from period to period. This approach allows us to not only examine the most impressive buildings of each era, but also to identify tall building trends, their evolving technologies, and the economic shifts they represent. Within small snapshots, we will see how the tall building evolved from an office building made of steel, located in the United States and New York City in particular, to a mixed-use building with a composite structure, located in Asia, and specifically in China. We will also see that the tallest buildings in the world are getting significantly taller and that numerous early tall buildings have now either been demolished or transformed to accommodate other uses.
1890: The Predominance of Publishers The critical pieces of information we can glean from this time period include the emergence of all-steel building frames, the prevalence of early media companies in tall office buildings, and, of
course, the complete predominance of tall buildings in the United States, especially in New York City. Although it is still disputed which building actually assembled the first true metal-framed, multi-story building (rather than loadbearing masonry construction), to become the “first” skyscraper, history has traditionally recognized the 55-meter Home Insurance Building in Chicago (see Figure 1) with this honor. It is telling of how fast the skyscraper industry boomed in these early years that, as we can see from the list of the “Tallest Ten Buildings in 1890,” just five years after the completion of the Home Insurance Building, it did not even make the tallest ten list. Most tall buildings in this period still featured masonry structures, but there is a clear emergence of steel-framed buildings; such is the case with the World Building, the New York Times Building (now 41 Park Row), and the Pioneer Building. It is interesting to note that the outer bearing walls of the Auditorium Building (1889) were composed of brick, while all other structural elements, including the interior columns and girders, were made of iron. The Auditorium Building in Chicago is also an interesting early example of a tall building accommodating a variety of uses, including a hotel, an office, and a large theater. Throughout the 20th century, people typically associated tall buildings with finance and big business. What may be less widely known is that many of the early tall buildings were actually headquarters for major media outlets, a fact made evident by several prominent tall buildings in New York City: the World Building, the New York Tribune Building, and the New York Times Building. This trend has persisted over time, with many large media companies still choosing to occupy tall buildings today. For example, Condé Nast has recently moved from the 48-story 4 Times Square to the 94-story One World Trade Center in New York; Rupert Murdoch is planning to move the offices of 21st Century Fox and
The Ten Tallest Buildings in 1890 No.
Building Name
City
Stories
Height (m)
Year
Material
Original Use
Current Use (if changed)
1
World Building
New York
20
94
1890
Steel
Office
Demolished in 1955
2
Auditorium Building
Chicago
17
82
1889
Masonry
Office / Hotel / Theater
Educational / Theater
3
Midland Grand Hotel (now St. Pancras Renaissance London Hotel)
London
6
82
1873
Masonry
Hotel
Hotel
4
New York Tribune Building
New York
10
79
1875
Masonry
Office
Demolished in 1966
5
Washington Building
New York
13
79
1885
Masonry
Office
6
Northwestern Guaranty Loan Building (later Metropolitan Building)
Minneapolis
12
79
1890
Masonry
Office
Demolished in 1962
7
New York Times Building (now 41 Park Row)
New York
16
73
1889
Steel
Office
Educational / Office
8
New York Produce Exchange
New York
14
73
1884
Masonry
Office
Demolished in 1957 Demolished in 1914
9
Western Union Telegraph Building
New York
10
70
1875
Masonry
Office
10
Pioneer Building
St. Paul
16
69
1889
Steel
Office
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01
Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
1,000+ meters
At the forefront of worldwide skyscraper activity, Kingdom Tower represents an unprecedented exercise that dares to go beyond the 1 kilometer threshold, a height that seemed only to exist in fantasy just years ago. With no other 1,000-plus-meter height contenders in sight, Kingdom Tower is poised to be the tallest building in the world upon completion and will stand as a pinnacle of skyscraper design and engineering. Inspired by a bundle of leaves shooting up from the ground, it is intended to emanate the growth, prosperity, and regional emergence of its homeland on the global stage, a role that many of the world’s tallest buildings have played in their respective locales.
D N U P
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The multivariate form of the tower is rationalized by a “Y”-shaped plan and a continuously smooth taper, which will significantly reduce structural loads by eliminating the need for the complicated outrigger transfers and belt trusses required in a setback approach. Furthermore, each wing of the tower will terminate at a different height, allowing them to taper at different rates and establish a distinct three-part spire. The supporting structure for the building is comprised entirely of castin-place reinforced concrete walls, coupling beams, and conventionally reinforced plate concrete floor framing. Due to the continuous and uninterrupted vertical nature of the walls, a highly efficient jump form system is utilized that will permit a continuous and uninterrupted construction process.
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A series of balconies interrupt the smooth exterior, serving to provide both a cool outdoor element for occupants and shading for the tower’s surface, reducing direct solar radiation. At the very top, a massive penthouse will allow a tenant to reside at the crown of the building. Originally designed as a helipad, a circular sky terrace protrudes from the 157th floor, a feature that will be the highest of its kind in the world.
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CO N SU LTA N T / CO N STRU CTI O N MA
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Completion Date: 2018 (expected) Architectural Height: 1,000+ m / 3,281+ ft Height to Tip: 1,000+ m / 3,281+ ft Floors above Ground: 167 Floors below Ground: 2 Structural Material: Concrete Primary Function: Residential / Serviced Apartments / Hotel / Office
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See page 266 for project team
O B 1
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This Page Right: Floor plans – typical residential, level 99 (top) and level 44 (middle); typical office, level 7 (bottom)
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Lakhta Center St. Petersburg, Russia
462 meters
22
The Lakhta Center constitutes the epicenter of St. Petersburg’s Primorsky District, employing a wide range of public functions alongside transportation infrastructure in an effort to anchor a sustainable economic zone. Originally planned for the historic center of the city, the project – then named Okhta Center – garnered widespread media attention as stakeholders contended with the various impacts it would have on the image of the city. Ultimately, the tower was moved to its present location, adopting a new name and a fresh context to inform the master planned development. The tower will provide space for offices, as well as several public resources within the podium, including a planetarium, medical center, performance hall, and a bank. The theme of the tower’s design is that of a lonely spire in a horizontal landscape, with a unique shape informed by concepts of extrusion, torsion, and tension. The building’s designers sought to create an optimal balance between office and public areas, ultimately conceiving a complete community within the building’s walls. Outside of the building, the plan for the surrounding area incorporates greened and landscaped spaces. An open 2,000-seat amphitheater and green promenade with fountains, paths, and benches are all integrated into the design.
Observatory Office
Lakhta Center incorporates a number of innovative energy-saving technologies into its design. A double-glazed façade increases the level of thermal insulation, leading to a reduction in heating and airconditioning costs. Similarly, the premises will be heated using excess heat generated from working technical equipment. To combat the dual effects of extreme height and a harsh winter, an ice formation control system will be implemented to protect the building’s façade and passers-by below from the dangers of falling ice.
Completion Date: 2018 (expected) Architectural Height: 462 m / 1,516 ft Height to Tip: 462 m / 1,516 ft Highest Occupied Floor: 353 m / 1,159 ft Floors above Ground: 86 Floors below Ground: 3 Structural Material: Composite Primary Function: Office See page 268 for project team
This Page Left: Typical office floor plan Right: Building section Opposite Page Top left: Building entry Middle left: Interior atrium Bottom left: Public space at the podium level Right: Overall view 96
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500 m
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Marina 101
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
427 meters
38
With architectural elements reminiscent of art-deco design, Marina 101 attempts to stand out in a city full of supertall structures. Located in the tightly packed Dubai Marina district, the building is just steps away from an array of services and is surrounded by several major high-rise complexes, as well as the famed Palm Jumeirah Island development. The tower will accommodate serviced apartments and the Middle East’s first Hard Rock Hotel, which will occupy the first 33 floors and a lounge on the 101st floor. The design of the structure fully embraces a wide range of aesthetic influences. Rather than just building straight towards the sky, Marina 101 includes numerous visual elements to perforate and diffuse the building’s exterior. Flared projections acting as light dishes break the vertical monotony of the supertall tower as it rises, culminating in a 45-meter crown that caps the building and sets it apart in the surrounding skyline. The façade consists of a granite base, two-tone aluminum cladding along the height of the tower, and double glazing to reduce heat gain. At night the subtly lit crown will be clearly visible from the Dubai airport. It will consist of sky blue aluminum panels converging to a dramatic four-point pinnacle. Within the tower, the vertical transportation system will consist of a total of 28 elevators, ranging from low-speed service elevators to high-speed high-rise elevators. The six basement levels will sit on a 4-meter-thick raft foundation supported by 280 friction grip piles, ranging from 80 centimeters to 150 centimeters in diameter. This forest of piles, gripped by the surrounding strata, will ensure the safety and stability of the structure.
Observation Residential Hotel
Completion Date: 2015 (expected) Architectural Height: 427 m / 1,399 ft Height to Tip: 427 m / 1,399 ft Highest Occupied Floor: 375 m / 1,231 ft Floors above Ground: 101 Floors below Ground: 6 Structural Material: Concrete Primary Function: Residential / Hotel See page 270 for project team
This Page Top right: Typical hotel floor plan – levels 16–28 Bottom right: Building section Opposite Page Top left: Façade detail showing flared projections Bottom left: Construction progress as of January 2015 with artist impression of yet-to-be-built-crown Right: Overall view 134
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432 Park Avenue New York City, United States
426 meters
39
The pencil-thin 432 Park Avenue represents a new generation of supertall, superslim skyscrapers. Located in the Midtown district, the tower sits in the bustling heart of Manhattan overlooking Central Park. The narrow design of the building is intentional; as Manhattan increases in density, it is becoming more important to maximize building heights relative to site area. Simplicity is the defining trait of 432 Park Avenue. With a series of large glass windows set in a regular grid of exposed concrete members, the building offers few aesthetic frills, but rather rises out of the ground as a singular, white monolith. A flat roof neatly caps the rectangular structure. The straight, clean lines of the building’s façade simultaneously manage to evoke a modern aesthetic, while also reflecting Manhattan’s orderly street grid. Each floor incorporates 24 windows (each 9.2 square-meters) that add weight to the structure, creating a sense of visual stability despite its slender frame. The oversized windows will also benefit residents with ample amounts of light and uncontested views. The building’s outward simplicity belies a complex structural scheme. A regular grid of exposed concrete creates an open basket within which seven “independent buildings” stack up, separated by spaces where building cores are exposed to the outdoor elements. These breaks allow for the deflection of wind pressures and help the building, with its 1:15 slenderness ratio, achieve structural stability.
Residential
The orderly, almost methodical design of 432 Park manages to fully harness its small footprint without appearing to dominate its surroundings. It is clear that this type of economical design will have a lasting impact on the future of tall buildings, as it becomes more important to consider the long-term impact of buildings at such extreme height.
Completion Date: 2015 (expected) Architectural Height: 426 m / 1,396 ft Height to Tip: 426 m / 1,396 ft Highest Occupied Floor: 392 m / 1,287 ft Floors above Ground: 88 Floors below Ground: 3 Structural Material: Concrete Primary Function: Residential See page 270 for project team
This Page Top right: Typical residential floor plan Bottom right: Building section Opposite Page Top left: Apartment interior Middle left: The tower rising from its Midtown context Bottom left: Building entry Right: Overall view from the south 136
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