Issuu

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. A current successful application of cognitive psychology is its contributions to our understanding of brain disorders that reflect abnormal functioning, such as schizophrenia. a. True b. False 2. Information-processing analysis breaks a cognitive task down into a set of steps. a. True b. False 3. There is a great deal of growth of new neurons and new synapses in the adult brain. a. True b. False 4. From an information-processing point of view, the MOST important components of the nervous system are the neurons. a. True b. False 5. The terminal boutons of one neuron touch the dendrite of another. a. True b. False 6. Artificial intelligence researchers have created a program that matches human intelligence. a. True b. False 7. In the two decades between 1950 and 1970, cognitive psychology developed as a field by embracing behaviorism. a. True b. False 8. Gestalt psychologists believe that the activity of the mind is more than the sum of its parts. a. True b. False 9. Cognitive neuroscience is the study of how cognition is realized in the brain. a. True b. False

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 10. Coarse coding, an aspect of neural information processing, implies that single neurons seem to respond to only specific events. a. True b. False Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 11. An axon's a. intensity b. pattern

of firing determine(s) how it will affect nearby cells to which it synapses.

c. rate d. intensity, pattern, and rate 12. Cognitive science does NOT integrate research efforts from which field? a. physics b. linguistics c. neuroscience d. philosophy 13. The body sends more blood to more active areas of the brain. This is referred to as the: a. hemodynamic response. b. hemoglobin response. c. MRI effect. d. PET effect. 14. The claims of Gestalt psychologists, that the activity of the brain and the mind was more than the sum of its parts, conflicted with the program that tried to analyze conscious thoughts into its parts. a. behaviorist b. introspectionist c. functionalist d. psychoanalytic 15. Why wasn't cognitive psychology a field of focus before the 19th century? a. Before the 19th century, most sciences remained largely undeveloped. b. It was believed that the human mind could not be scientifically studied. c. Questions about the human mind were not asked before the 19th century. d. The equipment needed to conduct research had not yet been invented.

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 16. Brodmann (1909/1960) identified types in various regions. a. 18 b. 25 c. 37 d. 52 17. Damage to the a. amygdala

distinct regions of the human cortex based on differences in the cell

results in amnesia.

b. hippocampus c. hypothalamus d. thalamus 18.

records the electrical potentials that are present on the scalp. a. EEG b. fMRI c. MRI d. PET

19. Spatial processing occurs in the a. frontal b. occipital c. parietal d. temporal

lobe.

20. Who established the first psychology laboratory? a. James b. Thorndike c. Watson d. Wundt 21. The main body of the neuron is called the: a. axon. b. dendrite. c. soma. d. synapse.

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 22. A bulge in the cortex is called a(n): a. aphasia. b. gyrus. c. sulcus. d. synapse. 23.

form the fixed pathways by which neurons transmit action potentials. a. Axons b. Dendrites c. Somas d. Muscles

24. The main function of a. motor neurons b. sensory neurons c. inter-neurons d. glial cells

is thought to be supportive of the neurons.

25. Developments in which field did NOT influence the emergence of cognitive psychology? a. artificial intelligence (AI) b. Internet technology c. information theory d. linguistics 26. Cells of the nervous system communicate by releasing chemicals called: a. dendrites. b. hormones. c. neurotransmitters. d. syno-transmitters. 27. The primary visual areas are contained in the a. frontal b. occipital c. parietal d. temporal

lobe.

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 28. A crease passing between gyri is called a(n): a. aphasia. b. gyrus. c. sulcus. d. synapse. 29.

refers to reporting the contents of one's own consciousness under carefully controlled conditions. a. Behaviorism b. Gestalt psychology c. Introspection d. Relativism

30. Hemispheric specialization of the brain: a. occurs in all species. b. occurs in all primates. c. occurs only in humans. d. has been studied only in humans. 31. Higher-level processes, such as planning, are controlled by the a. frontal

lobe.

b. occipital c. parietal d. temporal 32. In , a radioactive tracer is injected into the bloodstream. a. EEG b. fMRI c. MEG d. PET 33. Components of the neuron include the: a. axon, dendrite, and ganglia. b. axon, dendrite, and soma. c. axon, ganglia, and soma. d. dendrite, ganglia, and soma.

Page 5

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 34. The portion of the brain is disproportionately larger in primates than in most mammals. a. frontal b. occipital c. parietal d. temporal 35. What term describes experimental results reported with p-values below 0.05 that are not replicated when the experiments are repeated? a. replicability rejection b. replicability mismatch c. replicability dilemma d. replicability crisis 36. Victor is a neuroscientist. The imaging technique that he is using has very good temporal resolution but isn't very useful at identifying the location in the brain that is producing neural activity. This technique is called: a. ERP. b. fMRI. c. MRI. d. PET. 37. The left hemisphere is associated with I. analytic II. linguistic III. perceptual IV. spatial a. II

processing.

b. IV c. I and II d. II and IV 38. The hemodynamic response to a neural activity reaches a peak about: a. 4 to 5 s before the event. b. 4 to 5 s after the event. c. simultaneously with the event. d. 10 s after the event.

Page 6

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 39. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is used to: a. generate the magnetic fields read by MRIs. b. permanently incapacitate an overactive brain region. c. temporarily incapacitate a normal-functioning brain region. d. reactivate a brain region that has suffered mild damage. 40. The field of cognitive neuroscience focuses on how cognition is realized in the: a. brain. b. neurons. c. glial cells. d. peripheral nervous system. 41. Nobel Prize winner, Herbert Simon, found that many of the basic cognitive processes studied in cognitive psychology are . a. to do with memory b. to do with linguistics c. to do with problem solving d. devoid of any biological components 42. Which of these lobes is NOT cortical? a. arterial b. frontal c. parietal d. temporal 43. The dominant approach to studying human cognition is the: a. information-processing approach. b. phonological-loop approach. c. information-stage approach. d. information-analysis approach. 44. According to , psychologists should NOT try to analyze the working of the mind. a. behaviorism b. empiricism c. Gestalt psychology d. nativism

Page 7

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 45. The cerebellar Purkinje cell is a variety of: a. motor neurons. b. sensory neurons. c. neurons. d. glial cells. 46. Much social science has developed without grounding in cognitive psychology because: a. there was no interest in the field of cognitive psychology. b. research in this area is very cumbersome. c. the field of cognitive psychology really only began in the 1950s. d. there was a lack of research funding in this field. 47.

is BEST at detecting activity in the sulci of the cortex and is less sensitive to activity in the gyri or activity deep in the brain. a. EEG b. fMRI c. MEG d. PET

48. The right hemisphere is associated with I. analytic II. linguistic III. perceptual IV. spatial a. I b. IV c. I and III

processing.

d. III and IV 49. Excitatory synapses: a. decrease the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron. b. increase the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron. c. do not change the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron. d. can either increase or decrease the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron. 50. According to a. empiricism b. horizontality c. nativism d. relativism

, children come into the world with a great deal of innate knowledge.

Page 8

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 51. The appears to be critical for human memory. a. frontal lobe b. hippocampus c. hypothalamus d. prefrontal cortex 52. The text recommends the PQ4R study technique for better retention of material, where the acronym PQ4R means: a. Peruse, Question, Recognize, Retrieve, Reflect, Review b. Practice, Quiz, Recognize, Retrieve, Reflect, Review c. Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite, Review d. Persevere, Quiz, Read, Reflect, Recite, Review 53. The left hemisphere and the right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex are connected by the: a. amygdala. b. basal ganglia. c. corpus callosum. d. medulla oblongata. 54. The lobe is involved in object recognition. a. frontal b. occipital c. parietal d. temporal 55. Jesse is a researcher working with split-brain patients. He presents a complex command to one patient in the right ear (the right-ear patient) and presents the same complex command to another patient in the left ear (the left-ear patient). Jesse finds that: a. the left-ear patient displays full comprehension, while the right-ear patient does not. b. the right-ear patient displays full comprehension, while the left-ear patient does not. c. both patients display full comprehension. d. neither patient displays full comprehension. 56. Inhibitory synapses: a. decrease the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron. b. increase the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron. c. do not change the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron. d. can increase or decrease the potential difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron.

Page 9

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 57. According to a. empiricism

, all knowledge comes from experience.

b. nativism c. relativism d. verticality 58. A synapse is the: a. point at which an axon from one neuron touches the dendrite of another. b. point at which a dendrite from one neuron touches the dendrite of another. c. space shared by an axon from one neuron and a dendrite from another. d. space shared by a dendrite from one neuron and a dendrite from another. 59. Billy and Mac were in a car accident. Oddly, Billy suffered damage to Broca's area, while Mac suffered damage to Wernicke's area. As a result: a. Billy suffered from language deficits, while Mac suffered from visual deficits. b. Billy suffered from visual deficits, while Mac suffered from language deficits. c. both suffered from language deficits. d. both suffered from visual deficits. 60. Nick speaks in short, ungrammatical sentences. He might have a. Basal's b. Broca's c. Sternberg's d. Wernicke's

aphasia.

61. More research in psychology is now aimed at trying to understand: a. the function of a particular brain structure. b. the function of neurotransmitters. c. the function of hormones in determining behavior. d. the function of drugs on the brain. 62. Which structure or structures is/are involved in motor functioning? I. the basal ganglia II. the cerebellum III. the frontal lobe a. II b. I and II c. II and III d. I, II, and III

Page 10

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 63. Sharon speaks in fairly grammatical sentences that are almost devoid of meaning. She might have aphasia. a. Basal's b. Broca's c. Sternberg's d. Wernicke's 64.

relies on the fact that there is more oxygenated hemoglobin in regions of greater neural activity. a. EEG b. fMRI c. MEG d. PET

65. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle believed that the mind was contained in the: a. brain. b. heart. c. lungs. d. stomach. 66. What is a synapse?

67. Why did introspection fall out of favor among psychologists?

68. How does Sternberg's theory exemplify a classical abstract information-processing account?

Page 11

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 69. Why has social science developed without grounding in cognitive psychology?

70. Why is the hemodynamic response to a neural activity delayed?

71. How did American introspection differ from German introspection?

72. Describe the specializations of each hemisphere of the brain.

73. Describe the functions of the four lobes of the brain.

74. Why was cognitive psychology ignored as a subject of scientific inquiry for so many years?

75. Why is the human cortex convoluted?

Page 12

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 76. Differentiate between cognitive psychology and cognitive science.

77. Describe the methods used in cognitive neuroscience. In other words, how does one explore the neural basis of cognition?

78. What is a replicability crisis, and why does it happen?

79. Select and describe two brain-imaging techniques. What are the benefits of each? What are the limitations of each?

80. Where in the brain are the amygdala and hippocampus located, and what are their functions?

81. How do neurons represent information?

82. Differentiate between Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia.

Page 13

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 83. What are split-brain patients, and what have we learned from research on them?

84. Describe the conflict among introspectionists, behaviorists, and Gestalt psychologists.

85. Differentiate between empiricism and nativism.

86. What is the function of the spinal cord?

87. Why should scientists in other fields study cognitive psychology?

88. Describe Thorndike's view on introspection.

89. What are the practical applications of cognitive psychology? Give specific examples.

Page 14

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 90. What influences account for the modern development of cognitive psychology?

Page 15

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e Answer Key 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False 6. False 7. False 8. True 9. True 10. False 11. c 12. a 13. a 14. b 15. b 16. d 17. b 18. a 19. c 20. d 21. c 22. b 23. a 24. d 25. b 26. c

Page 16

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 27. b 28. c 29. c 30. c 31. a 32. d 33. b 34. a 35. d 36. a 37. c 38. b 39. c 40. a 41. c 42. a 43. a 44. a 45. c 46. c 47. c 48. d 49. a 50. c 51. b 52. c 53. c 54. d Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 17

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 55. b 56. b 57. a 58. c 59. c 60. b 61. a 62. d 63. d 64. b 65. b 66. A gap separates the terminal bouton of a neuron and the dendrite of the receiving/receptor neuron and is typically in the range of 10 to 50 nanometers (nm). This near contact between axon and dendrite is called a synapse. 67. -

The German version (of introspection) was an intense process that involved having highly trained observers report the contents of their own consciousness under tightly controlled conditions, which led to controversy regarding whether or not conscious thought could be studied, since observers sometimes had a difficult time articulating their conscious experiences. - The American version (of introspection) was implemented in a relatively more casual and reflective manner— not an intense analytic process—so different laboratories would report different results of introspection. Results were highly reflective of the laboratory members' own theory, suggesting that the introspective process was somehow subjective or tainted. - The American intellectual climate was also focused on the need for an "action oriented" psychology that would have practical applications, particularly for education. It did not lend itself well to American receptivity toward intense studies of consciousness.

68. According to the textbook, there are four main ways in which Sternberg's theory exemplifies the informationprocessing approach: 1. Information processing is discussed without reference to the brain and its structures. 2. The processing of the information has a highly symbolic character. 3. The processing of information can be compared with the way in which computers process information. 4. The information processing is conceived as occurring in discrete stages (represented by a flowchart), with certain stages taking a certain amount of time. 69. Two main reasons are given in the text. The first reason is that the field of cognitive psychology is not that advanced yet. The second reason is that researchers in other areas of social science have found other explanations for phenomena they study (apart from the potential explanatory contributions of cognitive psychology).

Page 18

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 70. The hemodynamic response to a neural activity is delayed because it takes time for the oxygenated blood to arrive at the corresponding location in the brain. The hemodynamic response reaches a peak about 4 to 5 s after the event. Thus, the point of maximum activity reflects events that were happening about 4 to 5 s previously. 71. German introspection involved an intense analysis of the contents of the human mind. This analysis was conducted by highly trained observers reporting the contents of their own consciousness under carefully controlled conditions. American introspection differed, however, in that it was not implemented as intensely. It involved a relatively more casual and reflective process of observing one's thoughts and consciousness. As a result, various laboratories in America were reporting different results from introspection with results tending to reflect the theory of that particular laboratory. 72. In general, the left hemisphere is associated with linguistic and analytic processing, while the right hemisphere is associated with perceptual and spatial processing. 73. The occipital lobe contains the primary visual areas, and its main function is vision. The parietal lobe's functions include some perceptual functions (including spatial processing and representations of the body) and control of attention. The temporal lobe receives input from the occipital lobe, and it is involved in object recognition as well as language processing. The frontal lobe has two major functions: motor functions and higher-level processes, such as planning (these higher-level processes are localized specifically in the prefrontal cortex). 74. -

People did not believe that the human mind could be subjected to scientific analysis. - In the time of the ancient Greeks, philosophical debates would sometimes touch upon aspects of human cognition, but during this time other sciences developed, while cognitive psychology did not. - It was not until the end of the 19th century that the scientific method was utilized to study human cognition. - There were no technological or conceptual barriers to studying the mind scientifically prior to the end of the 19th century, but people were confused regarding how the human mind could possibly study itself.

75. The human cortex can be thought of as a rather thin neural sheet with a surface area of about 2,500 cm2. Its convolutions, the large amount of folding and wrinkling, allow it to fit into the skull. 76. The fields of cognitive psychology and cognitive science overlap, though they also have their differences. Cognitive psychology relies heavily on experimental techniques for studying behavior that grew out of the behaviorist era. Cognitive science makes greater use of such methods as logical analysis and the computer simulation of cognitive processes. 77. Historically: - Animal studies involving surgical removal of part of an animal's brain to observe the resulting functional deficits or measurement of neural activity in particular regions (limited generalizability to humans) - Patient populations (e.g., patients with localized brain damage, split-brain patients, etc.) More recently, new methods have developed in the study of cognitive neuroscience, primarily involving noninvasive brain-imaging techniques: - Electroencephalography (EEG—recording electrical potentials on the scalp) - Magnetoencephalography (MEG—recording magnetic fields produced by the brain's electrical activity) - Positron emission tomography (PET—measuring metabolic rate or blood flow in brain regions) - Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI—also measuring metabolic rate or blood flow in brain regions) - Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS—briefly incapacitating a region of the brain to study its function) Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 19

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 78. - Psychology has developed statistical standards for determining if apparent effects in average data from an experiment are likely to be found reliable if the experiment were repeated. It is common to estimate what is called a p-value, the probability that the result would be obtained by chance: a typical threshold for believing an effect is that it has a p-value of less than .05, meaning that there is a 95% chance that the effect is real. - A replicability crisis means that experimental results reported with p-values below .05 are not replicated when the experiments are repeated. - Reasons given in the textbook: It is often impossible to reproduce the exact conditions of the original experiment and the same population of participants. There is also a bias in which papers get published; experiments that fail to find effects considered not so important are not published. 79. The brain-imaging techniques described in the text include: - Electroencephalography (EEG—recording electrical potentials on the scalp) - Magnetoencephalography (MEG—recording magnetic fields produced by the brain's electrical activity) - Positron emission tomography (PET—measuring metabolic rate or blood flow in brain regions) - Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI—also measuring metabolic rate or blood flow in brain regions) - Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS—briefly incapacitating a region of the brain to study its function). Each technique also has benefits and limitations: - EEG yields good temporal resolution with event-related potentials, but it is difficult to determine the location(s) of the brain structures involved in scalp activity. - MEG provides better spatial resolution than EEG and is good at detecting activity in the sulci (creases) of the cortex, but it is less sensitive to activity in the gyri (bumps) or deep-brain activity. - PET and fMRI both provide good information about the location of neural activity but poor information about the timing of that activity. - fMRI offers better spatial resolution than PET and is less intrusive. - TMS is relatively safe and has no lasting effect, and it can help determine causal relationships between brain structures and functions. 80. The amygdala and the hippocampus are located inside the temporal lobe in each hemisphere. The amygdala is involved in emotional responses, and the hippocampus appears to be critical to human memory. Damage to these structures results in deficits of their functions. 81. Evidence suggests that individual neurons respond to specific features of a stimulus. For instance, some neurons are most active when there is a line in the visual field at a particular angle, while other neurons respond to more complex sets of features. 82. People suffering from Broca's aphasia typically have damage to Broca's area (in the left cortex of the brain). They have a form of aphasia that results in their speaking in short, ungrammatical sentences. People with Wernicke's aphasia typically have damage to Wernicke's area (also in the left cortex of the brain). They have a form of aphasia that results in their speaking in fairly grammatical sentences that are almost devoid of meaning. They usually have difficulty with vocabulary and generate "empty" speech.

Page 20

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 83. Split-brain patients have undergone surgery to sever their corpus callosum (the part of the brain connecting the right and left hemispheres). This surgery is sometimes done to prevent severe epileptic seizures, for example. Research on split-brain patients has taught us a lot about the functional differences between the right and left hemispheres: - If a word was flashed on the left side of a screen that a split-brain patient was viewing, it would be received by the right, nonlanguage hemisphere. The patient would be able to pick up an object that the word described but would not be able to say the word. - The right hemisphere can only process simple linguistic commands, while the left hemisphere demonstrates full linguistic comprehension. - The right hemisphere can much more adeptly perform basic manual tasks (with the left hand) compared with the left hemisphere (with the right hand). 84. Introspectionists, behaviorists, and Gestalt psychologists had conflicts regarding how human behavior and/or cognition should be studied. Introspectionists used a method of inquiry called "introspection" that involved highly trained observers reporting the contents of their own consciousness under carefully controlled conditions. An underlying assumption of this method was that the workings of the human mind should be open to self-observation. Behaviorists strongly disagreed with this view, as they rejected introspection as a worthwhile method. To the contrary, they believed that psychology should only study external, observable behavior rather than the inner workings of the mind. Gestalt psychologists claimed that the activity of the brain and the mind was more than the sum of its parts. Thus, they were criticized by behaviorists for studying thought and consciousness at all. They also differed from introspectionists in that they sought to study the brain and mind holistically rather than analyzing the parts of conscious thought. 85. Empiricism and nativism are both philosophical positions that have potential implications for the study of human cognition. Empiricism is the view that all knowledge comes from experience. Nativism is the view that children are born into the world with a great deal of innate knowledge. 86. The main function of the spinal cord is to carry motor messages from the brain to the muscles and sensory messages from the body to the brain. 87. Reasons given in the textbook: - The basic mechanisms of human thought are important in understanding the types of behavior studied by other social sciences. - Cognitive psychology is analogous to physics, in the sense that it is foundational to the other social sciences (in the same way that physics is foundational to the physical sciences). Examples given in the textbook—Cognitive psychology is important in understanding: - Psychopathology and its treatment (clinical psychology) - How people behave with other individuals or in groups (social psychology) - How persuasion works (political science) - How people make economic decisions (economics) - How groups can be organized (sociology) - The features of language (linguistics) 88. Thorndike ignored introspection, as he believed that conscious experience "was just excess baggage that could be largely ignored." Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 21

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 01_9e 89. One general point from the textbook: - We could greatly improve humans' intellectual training and performance by better understanding intelligence and the acquisition of intellectual skills. Other specific examples given in the textbook: - Research regarding eyewitness testimony reliability, which led to the formation of guidelines for law enforcement personnel - The design of computer-based devices, such as modern flight management systems on modern aircraft - Advances in reading instruction and computerized mathematics instruction (education) Given these examples, many more practical examples are possible in the future. 90. Cognitive psychology developed primarily between 1950 and 1970, and the main influences identified in the textbook as contributing to its development are: - Research on human performance, which was a result of World War II - Governments' practical wartime issues—such as helping soldiers use complicated equipment and training them to attend and perform under stress - Broadbent and other psychologists of his time integrating research on human performance with new ideas from an area of study called information theory, which led to new developments in understanding perception and attention but also led to other analyses pervading all aspects of cognitive psychology

Page 22

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. The template-matching theory of pattern recognition proposes that objects are broken down into units for analysis. a. True b. False 2. The upper part of the visual field is represented in the lower part of the visual cortex. a. True b. False 3. Ganglion cells generally fire at some spontaneous rate, even when the eyes are not receiving any light. a. True b. False 4. Livingstone and Hubel (1988) have proposed that the visual system processes different visual features (form, color, movement, and so forth) together. a. True b. False 5. Top-down processing includes such things as general world knowledge. a. True b. False 6. The right half of the right eye is connected to the right hemisphere. a. True b. False 7. Phonemes are the basic units for speech recognition. a. True b. False 8. Voicing and the place of articulation are features of morphemes. a. True b. False 9. The receptive fields of visual cortical cells are circular, much like the receptive fields of the on-off cells. a. True b. False 10. Our recognition of speech relies only on contextual information. a. True b. False Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 1

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 11. Nearer objects move across the retinal field faster than more distant objects due to: a. convergence. b. motion parallax. c. texture gradient. d. rotational nystagmus. 12. Some sounds are produced by closing the lips, while other sounds are produced by pressing the tongue against the teeth. These are differences in the: a. voicing effect. b. phonemic segmentation effect. c. place of articulation. d. consonantal effect. 13. The strong view of categorical perception is that people: a. can discriminate stimuli within a category only when those stimuli have salient distinguishing features. b. cannot discriminate among stimuli within a category. c. experience stimuli as coming from distinct categories. d. are very good at discriminating among stimuli both within and between categories. 14. Patients with damage to the left temporal lobe lose their ability to: a. recognize speech and speak. b. recognize speech, but they can still speak. c. speak, but they can still recognize speech. d. recognize any sounds, spoken or otherwise. 15. Which statement is NOT an example of top-down processing? a. We fail to detect a missing phoneme in a word. b. Faces are more readily recognized in a coherent context. c. An angular letter is more difficult to detect among other angular letters. d. Letters are easier to recognize in the context of words. 16. Light coming through the eye falls onto the light-sensitive layer of the eye called the: a. retina. b. ganglial layer. c. bipolar layer. d. receptive field.

Page 2

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 17. The text conveyed the experience of a soldier who was not blind, but he: a. was unable to recognize visual objects. b. could not recognize or draw simple shapes. c. could not recognize or draw complex shapes. d. could draw, but not recognize, complex shapes. 18. How do template-matching models compare with human pattern recognition? a. Template-matching models are more rigid than human pattern recognition. b. Template-matching models are more flexible than human pattern recognition. c. Template-matching models are accurate compared with human pattern recognition. d. Template-matching models account for most human pattern recognition, except for complex figures. 19. The fact that each eye receives a slightly different view of the world is referred to as , a process that aids in . a. convergence; retinal focus b. stereopsis; object recognition c. convergence; detail discrimination d. stereopsis; depth perception 20. The notion of template matching in pattern recognition can be likened to: a. having stored mental blueprints against which to compare objects. b. using an internal "best example" against which to compare objects. c. checking specific features of the object against a checklist of important features. d. accessing neural cell assemblies that physically resemble the external object. 21. A person looks at an object and thinks, "The object is red, shiny, round, and has a stem. The object must be an apple." This is an example of: a. bottom-up processing. b. top-down processing. c. the FLMP model. d. context recognition. 22. Raj, a manager at a car dealership, is likely to show high activity in his when he makes judgments about cars. a. entire temporal lobe b. inferior temporal lobe c. visual cortex d. fusiform gyrus

Page 3

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 23. Within a phonemic category, listeners: a. can only differentiate between phonemes in the same category. b. can only differentiate between phonemes in different categories. c. can differentiate between phonemes, regardless of category. d. cannot differentiate between phonemes, unless they are embedded in words. 24. According to , patterns are recognized by the combination of their elemental features. a. the feature-matching theory b. feature analysis c. recognition-by-feature theory d. the prototype model 25. In addition to the retinal layer, the eye has other cells to help in processing visual information. These cells are called the: a. receptor cells and optic neurons. b. bipolar and ganglion cells. c. ganglion cells and feature detectors. d. edge detectors and bar detectors. 26. The fovea is a spot in the retina where: a. cones and rods are equally distributed for best all-around vision. b. rods are most densely packed, and night vision is best. c. rods are very densely packed to allow for color vision. d. cones are most densely packed, and fine detail vision occurs. 27. Object recognition is similar to feature analysis in that: a. the same edge and bar detectors that serve feature analysis also serve object recognition. b. the object is segmented and re-synthesized into a gestalt whole before recognition occurs. c. objects can be viewed as configurations of simpler elements. d. mental blueprints probably exist for objects at a more complex level. 28. In the cat's visual cortex, bar detectors: a. are general receptors that respond without regard to the width of the bar. b. are specific to the position of the bar but respond without regard to orientation. c. respond positively to light in the center and negatively to light at the periphery, or vice versa. d. respond only to very specific bar orientations, but without regard to width.

Page 4

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 29. Categorical perception refers to the: a. use of inflexible category boundaries in visual perception. b. perception of many variations between stimuli in a category. c. perception that stimuli belong in distinct categories. d. use of flexible category boundaries in speech perception. 30. The gestalt principles of organization refer to: a. our tendency to organize objects into units according to certain rules. b. hierarchical principles of organization in neural structures. c. the way in which optic nerves are arranged to send information to the brain. d. the way in which a 3-D representation is organized from a 2-D image. 31. When Warren (1970) asked subjects to listen to a sentence in which a letter was replaced by a tone, very few subjects even knew that the letter was missing. This phenomenon is called the effect. a. phoneme-restoration b. word superiority c. sentence-context d. stimulus-driven 32. Subjects are most likely to confuse consonants that vary in only one feature. This evidence supports the idea that: a. phonemes are compared with exemplars before recognition occurs. b. phoneme recognition is essentially a template-matching process. c. phonemes are recognized by their features. d. phonemes must be segmented and analyzed before recognition occurs. 33. Which gestalt principle accounts for our tendency to see groups of stars as constellations? a. closure b. proximity c. whole-part segregation d. similarity 34. The words superiority effect is an example of: a. Biederman's recognition-by-components theory. b. the template-matching theory. c. bottom-up processing. d. top-down processing.

Page 5

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 35. The analysis by synthesis theory of categorical perception of speech asserts that: a. we recognize speech sounds by consciously determining how consonants are spoken. b. we recognize speech sounds in terms of the generation process. c. we recognize speech sounds automatically. d. we recognize speech sounds in terms of lip movements. 36. Recently, Mr. Kim cannot recognize his grandchildren, or even his own children, when they visit him; however, when his children begin to speak, he can recognize them. Mr. Kim might suffer from: a. prosopagnosia. b. visual neglect. c. dementia. d. apperceptive agnosia. 37. A phenomenon, known as , describes the vocal cords producing one sound of a word and moving forward to produce the subsequent sound(s) of that word. a. articulation b. forward articulation c. coarticulation d. connected articulation 38. Behavioral data supporting the feature-analysis model show that people: a. confuse letters that have several features in common. b. use highly salient exemplars of a class with which to compare new objects. c. use detailed mental blueprints with which to compare new instances. d. compare features present in the object with a mental checklist of important features. 39. The correct order of visual information processing is: a. photoreceptor cells -> ganglion cells -> bipolar cells -> optic nerve b. photoreceptor cells -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cells -> optic nerve c. ganglion cells -> photoreceptor cells -> bipolar cells -> optic nerve d. bipolar cells -> ganglion cells -> photoreceptor cells -> optic nerve 40. Patients with agnosia are generally believed to have problems with the visual system. a. apperceptive; late b. associative; late c. apperceptive; early d. associative; early

processing of information in

Page 6

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 41. Hubel and Wiesel discovered cells in the cat's visual cortex that respond positively to light on one side of a line and negatively to light on the other side. These cells are called: a. bar receptors. b. edge detectors. c. ganglion cells. d. feature detectors. 42. Cones are to as rods are to a. light-sensitive vision; color acuity

b. black-and-white vision; light-sensitive vision c. detail and resolution; color vision d. color vision; night vision 43. The visual system analyzes a stimulus into many independent features in specific locations called a: a. feature analyzer. b. consonantal feature. c. feature detector. d. feature map. 44. When presented in an upside-down orientation, people have an increased reaction time when recognizing: a. houses. b. geometrical shapes. c. cars. d. faces. 45. When we listen to a foreign language, the flow of speech sounds like a continuous stream. This illustrates: a. that oral speech cannot be segmented into constituent parts like a visual stimulus. b. the absence of clear boundaries or markers for spoken words. c. that the adult brain is not amenable to learning new languages. d. how the extended phrase structure determines recognition, not word segments. 46. In the primary visual cortex, the part of the visual field is represented in the lower part of the visual cortex, and the part is represented in the upper region. a. lower; lower b. upper; upper c. upper; lower d. lower; upper

Page 7

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 47. Subjects can better discriminate between two letters when the letters are embedded in words than when the letters stand alone. This phenomenon is called the effect. a. phoneme-restoration wording b. stimulus-driven c. word superiority d. phoneme-segmentation 48. According to Massaro's FLMP model: a. context is relatively more powerful than features in pattern recognition. b. features are relatively more powerful than context in pattern recognition. c. only features are necessary for pattern recognition; context is irrelevant. d. context and features combine to determine pattern recognition. 49. Compared with template matching, the feature-analysis model: a. is not as compatible with the existence of bar and edge detectors. b. reduces the number of patterns required for recognition. c. cannot distinguish relationships among features involved in pattern recognition. d. has less behavioral evidence to support the key aspects of its model. 50. Someone who suffers from associative agnosia: a. cannot recognize simple objects. b. cannot recognize, but can copy drawings of, simple objects. c. cannot recognize, but can copy drawings of, complex objects. d. cannot recognize, and cannot copy drawings of, complex objects. 51. Bottom-up processing is to as top-down processing is to a. context constrained; stimulus constrained

b. segment determined; stimulus constrained c. context determined; component determined d. stimulus constrained; context constrained 52. To convert a 2-D retinal image to a 3-D neural representation, the visual system uses cues such as: a. ganglion, bipolar, and hypercolumn cues. b. closure, proximity, and similarity cues. c. retinal, foveal, and ganglion cues. d. stereopsis, texture gradient, and motion parallax.

Page 8

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 53. Speech recognition presents a major problem because: a. there are no specialized neural feature detectors for speech as there are for vision. b. it is difficult to identify what the mental templates may be for verbal recognition. c. speech is a much more rigidly structured stimulus than is a visual stimulus. d. speech does not have the discrete boundaries that exist in printed material. 54. With regards to speech perception, the McGurk effect illustrates: a. that listeners can clearly separate an acoustic stimulus from its context. b. when listeners perceive an acoustic stimulus, they ignore the context. c. when listeners are focused on the context, they ignore the acoustic stimulus. d. listeners merge perception of an acoustic stimulus with the context cues provided by the lips. 55. The words "sip" and "zip" differ in which feature of speech? a. the consonantal feature b. coarticulation c. the place of articulation d. voicing 56. Segments of the primary visual cortex, hypercolumns, represent: a. the orientation of lines. b. color vision. c. vision for movement. d. the regions of the visual field. 57. Damage to the lobe in humans can result in a deficit in which people have selective difficulties in recognizing faces. a. frontal b. occipital c. parietal d. temporal 58. The gestalt principle of a. similarity b. contrast c. proximity d. closure

accounts for objects that look alike being grouped together.

Page 9

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 59. The " " visual pathway goes to regions of the temporal cortex that are specialized for identifying objects. The " " visual pathway goes to parietal regions of the brain that are specialized for representing spatial information and for coordinating vision with action. a. what; which b. which; where c. where; what d. what; where 60. The basic units of speech are called: a. morphemes. b. phonologies. c. consonantal features. d. phonemes. 61. The optic chiasma is a point where the: a. bipolar cell axons from the insides of the retinas cross over and go to the opposite side of the brain. b. axons from the outsides of the retinas continue to the opposite side of the brain as the eye from which they emanate. c. optic nerves from both the eyes join to become one. d. optic nerves from both eyes meet. 62. Our tendency to perceive elements close together as a group supports the Gestalt principle of: a. closure. b. contiguity. c. proximity. d. continuation. 63. Based on the work of Kuffler, we know that when light strikes ganglion cells: a. some cells increase their rate of firing, while others decrease their rate of firing. b. they immediately turn on and fire at a steady rate. c. they immediately turn off and do not come back on for a brief period. d. most of them will decrease their rate of firing below the level of spontaneous firing. 64. Cassie cannot recognize simple shapes nor can she copy drawings. She might have: a. anosognosia. b. apperceptive agnosia. c. associative agnosia. d. autotopagnosia.

Page 10

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 65. Voice-onset time refers to: a. the delay between opening of closed lips and vibration of vocal cords. b. how long one waits before responding to a question. c. the time delay before changing from a vowel to a voiced consonant. d. the difference in length between a "b" and a "p." 66. How do edge detectors differ from bar detectors?

67. What is change blindness, and when will it occur?

68. Explain how texture gradient, stereopsis, and motion parallax contribute to our visual system's ability to form a 3-D representation of the world.

69. In speech segmentation, what is meant by the segmentation problem?

70. What is the difference between the early phase of visual perception and the later phase?

71. Describe some of the gestalt principles of organization that are discussed in the text.

Page 11

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 72. According to Marr, how does one arrive at a 3-D representation of the world?

73. Evaluate the role of the fusiform gyrus in object recognition.

74. Analyze the word superiority effect and its importance to the study of pattern recognition.

75. Explain the template-matching model and the feature-analysis approach to visual pattern recognition. Which does the BEST job of accounting for human behavior?

76. What distinguishes a template-matching model from a feature-analysis model?

77. Compare and contrast the strong and weak views of categorical perception.

78. Describe Massaro's FLMP model of pattern recognition.

Page 12

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 79. Describe the neural pathways from the eyes to the brain.

80. Describe the evidence supporting the use of features in pattern recognition.

81. How does Massaro's FLMP model of perception account for pattern recognition? To what extent has his model been seen as successful or unsuccessful in understanding pattern recognition?

82. What is the phoneme-restoration effect, and why is it important to our understanding of the perception of speech?

83. Why might speech recognition be more difficult than recognizing printed text?

84. What are the shortcomings of template-matching models?

85. Why do computers have difficulty with CAPTCHAs, whereas humans do not?

Page 13

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 86. Assess the evidence supporting the claim that the processing of faces is special.

87. Explain the role of context in speech recognition.

88. What happens when an image is kept on the exact same position of the retina?

89. What are the gestalt principles of organization? Assess how grouping elements helps determine object boundaries.

90. Differentiate between apperceptive agnosia and associative agnosia.

91. Explain what Pritchard's (1961) experiment helped us understand about how objects stabilized on the retina disappear. Why was this result considered important?

Page 14

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 92. According to the text, what are three key features of phonemes that help us to distinguish them from each other? Identify and describe each feature.

93. Describe the flow of neural information in the brain after it reaches the primary visual cortex.

Page 15

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e Answer Key 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. True 8. False 9. False 10. False 11. b 12. c 13. b 14. b 15. c 16. a 17. a 18. a 19. d 20. a 21. a 22. d 23. b 24. b 25. b 26. d

Page 16

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 27. c 28. c 29. c 30. a 31. a 32. c 33. b 34. d 35. b 36. a 37. c 38. a 39. b 40. c 41. b 42. d 43. d 44. d 45. b 46. c 47. c 48. d 49. b 50. c 51. d 52. d 53. d 54. d Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 17

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 55. d 56. d 57. d 58. a 59. d 60. d 61. d 62. c 63. a 64. b 65. a 66. Edge detectors respond positively to light on one side of a line and negatively to light on the other side. Bar detectors respond positively to light in the center and negatively to light at the periphery. 67. Change blindness refers to one's inability to detect changes in a complex visual scene; it occurs when some retinal disturbance (eye movement, scene cut, etc.) happens at the same time as the elements of a visual scene change. 68. -

Texture gradient: the tendency of evenly spaced elements to appear more closely packed together as the distance from the viewer increases; change in the texture gives the appearance of distance, even though the texture itself is technically rendered as flat (2-D). - Stereopsis: the ability to perceive 3-D depth since everyone's left eye and right eye perceive slightly different information; similar to 3-D glasses for watching a 3-D movie or exhibit. - Motion parallax: provides information about 3-D structure when a person and/or objects in a scene are in motion; more distant objects move across the retina more slowly than nearer objects. - (Optional): Marr (1982) proposed that texture gradient, stereopsis, and motion parallax work together to create a "2½-D sketch" that is then converted into an actual 3-D perception of the 3-D world.

69. Speech is not broken into discrete units the way that written text is; when we listen to the sound of speech, there are not actually well-defined gaps in between words, or even within a single word. The gaps that we may perceive between words, or even within a word, tend to be an illusion. Within a given word, we can identify the phonemes that comprise its speech sounds, but English as a spoken language does not have perfect letter-to-phoneme correspondence. Also, different people will pronounce words differently, which leads to further difficulty segmenting speech and identifying phonemes. 70. Early phase: Shapes and objects are extracted from the visual scene (light is processed by the lens of the eye, the retina, the optic nerve, then the brain). Later phase: Shapes and objects are recognized (e.g., through object recognition, feature analysis, face recognition).

Page 18

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 71. Possible answers: - Proximity: Elements close together tend to organize into units. - Similarity: Objects that look alike tend to be grouped together. - Continuation: When there is an intersection between two or more objects, each object tends to be perceived as a single, uninterrupted object (e.g., two curving lines that intersect). - Closure: Incomplete or partially hidden figures will be perceived as complete (e.g., seeing two circles, even though one occludes another). - Good form: Elements tend to be grouped together into a pattern that is as simple, orderly, balanced, unified, coherent, regular, and so on, as possible (e.g., seeing the occluded part of a circle as a circle, even though it is hidden). 72. This process involves the following steps: - Light energy from the external environment is transformed by receptors into neural information. - Early sensory processing results in features that are extracted to yield the "primal sketch." - Depth information is combined with these features to form a representation of the location of surfaces in space (2.5-D sketch). - Then the gestalt principles of organization are applied in order to segment the elements into objects (3-D model). - The features and context are combined to create recognition of the objects. 73. The fusiform gyrus is a particular region of the temporal lobe that responds when faces are present in the visual field. Although the fusiform gyrus seems to be specially attuned for face recognition, some researchers also present evidence that it is involved in making fine-grained distinctions generally. The research implies that we are good at making fine-grained distinctions about faces because of our great familiarity with them, but similar effects can be found with other stimuli with which we have had a lot of experience. For example, people who are bird experts or car experts show high activation in the fusiform gyrus when they make judgments about birds or cars (Gauthier, Skudlarski, Gore, and Anderson, 2000). 74. -

Word superiority refers to the fact that stimulus discrimination is better in context than out of context. Study participants (Reicher, 1969; Wheeler, 1970) were 10% more accurate when recognizing a four-letter word that had been presented in context rather than recognizing a single letter that had been presented without context, even though they had to process four letters instead of one. - Word superiority is important in the study of pattern recognition because it highlights how context can be used by humans to unconsciously infer missing information; word context can be used to infer feature information.

Page 19

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 75. -

Template-matching: This model proposes that a retinal image of an object is transmitted to the brain, and then the brain attempts to compare the image directly with stored templates (stored patterns); when perceiving a letter, for example, the perceptual system compares the perceived image of the letter with templates it has for each letter and then reports the template that produces the best match; this model results in varying degrees of successful and unsuccessful template matching. - Feature analysis: Stimuli are thought of as combinations of elemental features; features include straight lines, curves, intersections, redundancy, and discontinuity; for example, the letter "A" is considered in terms of a horizontal line, two diagonal lines in opposite directions, a line intersection, symmetry, and vertical discontinuity. - Feature analysis seems to most accurately account for human behavior and has a number of advantages over the template-matching model—the features are simpler, it is easier to specify important relationships among the features, and the use of features reduces the number of "templates" that need to be stored. There is also a fair amount of behavioral evidence suggesting that humans may perceive features.

76. Template-matching model: - This model proposes that a retinal image of an object is transmitted to the brain, which then compares the whole image directly with various stored patterns (templates). - The image is compared with stored templates, and then the template that gives the best match is reported. Feature-analysis model: - This model proposes that stimuli are combinations of elemental features, such as line strokes. - Since the features are simpler than templates, this model could correct for matching failures faced by the template-matching model. - Since it recognizes relationships between features, it can emphasize those relationships that are most important. - The use of features rather than templates reduces the number of stored "templates" needed. 77. Weaker view: - We experience stimuli as coming from distinct categories. Stronger view: - We cannot discriminate among stimuli within a category. - There is increased discriminability between categories (acquired distinctiveness) and decreased discriminability within categories (acquired equivalence). 78. FLMP stands for "fuzzy logical model of perception." It proposes that contextual information combines independently with stimulus information in order to inform perception.

Page 20

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 79. -

Upon leaving the eyes, the optic nerves from the left and right eyes meet at the optic chiasma. - At the optic chiasma, the ganglion cell axons from the insides of the retinas (the sides nearest the nose) cross over and go to the opposite side of the brain (axons from the inside of the left eye go to the right side of the brain, and axons from the inside of the right eye go to the left side of the brain); information about the left side of the visual field goes to the right brain, and information about the right side of the visual field goes to the left brain. - The axons from the outsides of the retinas continue to the same side of the brain as the eye from which they emanate. Hence, the right halves of both eyes are connected to the right hemisphere and the left halves to the left hemisphere. - Optic nerve fibers synapse onto cells in subcortical structures, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus. - Both structures are connected to the visual cortex.

80. Evidence mentioned in the textbook: - If letters have many features in common (e.g., C and G), people will tend to confuse them (Kinney, Marsetta, and Showman, 1966). - When images are stabilized on the exact same position of the retina, the stabilized image begins to disappear by having different portions drop out over time (Pritchard, 1961). It seems that whole features drop out, and the remaining stimuli tend to form complete letter or number patterns; these phenomena imply feature-extraction and feature-combination processes. 81. FLMP stands for "fuzzy logical model of perception" and proposes that contextual information combines independently with stimulus information in order to inform perception. Massaro was able to generate probabilistic predictions based on stimulus value and orthographic context, and he's considered to have done a very good job of accounting for contextual and stimulus information in pattern recognition (successful). 82. The phoneme-restoration effect refers to participants' reported audio perception of a phoneme that was actually replaced by a tone: - It was exemplified in Warren (1970), wherein 19 of 20 participants did not detect that the middle "s" in "legislatures" had been replaced by a tone when they heard the word in the context of a sentence about government. One participant could detect the tone but not identify its location. - It is important to our understanding of the perception of speech because it highlights the importance of context in speech perception. 83. Speech is not broken into discrete units the way printed text is. Apparent gaps between spoken words are often just an illusion. The actual physical speech signal often consists of undiminished sound energy at word boundaries—it's a constant stream of sound. This is more obvious when we listen to someone speaking an unfamiliar foreign language. It is our own familiarity with our language that leads us to perceive illusory word boundaries. These segmentation issues between words can also exist within a single word, making it more difficult to recognize whole words or parts of words (e.g., phonemes). 84. Template-matching models can be limited or ineffective when an image falls on the wrong part of the retina, is the wrong size, is in a wrong orientation, or is somehow unique (e.g., a nonstandard form of a letter). These can all lead to difficulty or failure in successfully "matching" an image to a stored template. Although template-matching models are used by computers to recognize patterns, there are limitations in how successfully computers can utilize these models as well. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 21

Name:

Class:

Date:

Chap 02_9e 85. Template-based computerized approaches may fail to distinguish the figures depicted in CAPTCHAs, but humans can usually read them. When CAPTCHAs are made more difficult so that sophisticated feature-based character recognition algorithms are necessary for computers to read them, humans also have a harder time reading them. 86. There are multiple pieces of evidence suggesting that the processing of faces is special: - Damage to the temporal lobe in humans can result in prosopagnosia (difficulty recognizing faces). - fMRI studies have found that the fusiform gyrus (in the temporal lobe) responds when faces are present in the visual field; also, fMRI response in the fusiform gyrus is somewhat reduced when the faces are inverted. - People are much better at recognizing faces when they are presented in their upright orientation rather than upside down, which is not necessarily the case for other objects (Yin, 1969). - Humans are much better at recognizing parts of a face (e.g., a nose) when they are presented in context, which is not necessarily the case for other objects (Tanaka and Farah, 1993). 87. Context seems to be very important in speech recognition. Examples mentioned in the text include: - Warren (1970): Participants were unable to identify and locate a tone that replaced the middle "s" in "legislatures" when listening to a sentence pertaining to government. - Warren and Warren (1970): The * in the statement "It was found that the *eel was on the…" was perceived differently by participants depending on the last word of the sentence. For example, they reported that the * word was "wheel" when the last word of the sentence was "axle," even though the * was a phoneme replaced by nonspeech. 88. Parts of the object start to disappear from perception, with different portions of the object dropping out over time; if the same position is used constantly, the retina and its neural pathways become fatigued and stop responding. 89. The gestalt principles of organization are a set of principles that describe how we organize or group visually perceived objects into units. These principles are significant because they can be accurately applied to completely novel stimuli, and they explain how the brain segments visual scenes into objects by creating boundaries. The principles explained in the textbook are: - Proximity: Elements that are close together tend to organize into units. - Similarity: Objects that look alike tend to be grouped together. - Continuation: When there is an intersection between two or more objects, each object tends to be perceived as a single, uninterrupted object (e.g., two curving lines that intersect). - Closure: Incomplete or partially hidden figures will be perceived as complete (e.g., seeing two circles, even though one occludes another). - Good form: Elements tend to be grouped together into a pattern that is as simple, orderly, balanced, unified, coherent, regular, etc., as possible (e.g., seeing the occluded part of a circle as a circle, even though it is hidden). 90. Apperceptive agnosia: - Patients are unable to recognize simple shapes or draw shapes they are shown. - It is caused by problems with early processing in the brain's visual system. Associative agnosia: - Patients are able to recognize simple shapes and copy drawings, but they are unable to recognize complex objects, even after copying drawings of them. - It is caused by problems with difficulties with pattern recognition (but probably intact early visual processing). Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 22