You May Ask Yourself, An Introduction to Thinking like a Sociologist Core 6h Edition By Dalton Conle

You May Ask Yourself: An Introduction to Thinking like a Sociologist Core 6th Edition by Dalton Conley TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 The Sociological Imagination: An Introduction CHAPTER 2 Methods CHAPTER 3 Culture and Media CHAPTER 4 Socialization and the Construction of Reality CHAPTER 5 Groups and Networks CHAPTER 6 Social Control and Deviance CHAPTER 7 Stratification CHAPTER 8 Gender CHAPTER 9 Race CHAPTER 10 Family

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CHAPTER 1 The Sociological Imagination: An Introduction CONCEPT MAP I.

II. III.

IV.

V.

The Social Imagination A. What Are the True Costs and Returns of College?

B. Getting That “Piece of Paper” What Is a Social Institution?

The Sociology of Sociology A. August Comte and the Creation of Sociology i. Harriet Martineau B. Classical Sociology Theory i. Karl Marx ii. Max Weber iii. Émile Durkheim iv. Georg Simmel C. American Sociology i. W. E. B. DuBois ii. Jane Addams iii. Talcott Parsons D. Modern Sociological Theories i. Conflict Theory ii. Feminist Theory iii. Symbolic Interactionism iv. Postmodernism v. Midrange Theory Sociology and Its Cousins TESTBANKSELLER.COM A. History B. Anthropology C. The Psychological and Biological Sciences D. Economics and Political Science Divisions within Sociology A. Microsociology and Macrosociology

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. As defined by C. Wright Mills, which of the following "enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society"? a. formal sociology c. microsociology b. sociological imagination d. macrosociology ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The Sociological Imagination (I)

2. A female manager is attempting to climb her way to the top of the corporate ladder. She works as hard as, if not harder than, her male colleagues, but nothing she does seems to help her advance. She begins to notice a pattern: Men are often promoted, but women are often overlooked for advancement. The realization that many women in her circumstance are experiencing the same discrimination is an example of a. anomie. c. sociological imagination. b. Verstehen. d. social cohesion.

ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Sociological Imagination (I)

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MSC: Applying 3. In Pulp Fiction, two characters discuss and reflect on how in Holland people put mayonnaise on their french fries instead of ketchup. Your textbook author uses this to illustrate the concept of a. the sociology of film. c. social institutions. b. the sociological imagination. d. formal sociology.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: The Sociological Imagination (I)

4. A panel of community leaders holds a discussion about poverty and environmental hazards, noting that poorer people are more likely to live near such hazards. One audience member argues that people can simply choose to move and that this is not a community-level problem. The panelists note that poverty creates a context in which choices about residence are made. The panelists’ point illustrates the concept of a. urban sociology. c. the sociological imagination. b. social institutions. d. macrosociology.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Sociological Imagination (I)

5. Generally speaking, what does it mean to think like a sociologist? a. to think of the world in such a way as to make the familiar strange b. to place our own values above data we collect about c. to think of individuals as members of an organized group d. to see culture as a more powerful force than armies or industry ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Sociological Imagination (I) | InQuizitive

TESTBANKSELLER.COM 6. According to social theorist Randall Collins, getting a "piece of paper" is more important to many than actually having the knowledge to do a job. He calls the undue priority placed on formal education a. microsociology. c. normlessness. b. credentialism. d. xenophobia.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Getting That “Piece of Paper” (I.B)

7. Asha Rangappa, dean of admissions at Yale Law School, explained that most students who apply to Yale Law School have already benefited from opportunities that make them appear to be stronger candidates than those from less advantaged backgrounds. In the sociological perspective, this implies that a. as a social institution, education tends to reinforce existing inequalities. b. education is the best opportunity for reducing inequality. c. microsociology is the better way to study America's universities. d. Yale Law School is an exceptional case of inequality.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Getting That “Piece of Paper” (I.B)

8. What does it mean to say that our society is “credentialist” about entry into certain profession, such as medicine? a. One must enter as a novice and is promoted based on experience and demonstrated skill. b. One gains entry into these professions based on family and social connections. c. One must go through a process for formal schooling and certification. d. One must purchase a license or other qualifying documentation or registration.

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ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Getting That “Piece of Paper” (I.B) | InQuizitive

9. Which of the following is defined as a complex group of interdependent positions that together perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time? a. a social identity c. a theory b. a social institution d. anomie ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Is a Social Institution? (II)

10. As your textbook author notes, the most age-segregated social institution in our society is a a. hospital. c. prison. b. mental institution. d. four-year college.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Is a Social Institution? (II)

11. The Philip Morris Company changed its name to Altria in an attempt to create a new a. brand of cigarettes. c. social identity. b. defense against lawsuits. d. multinational company.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Is a Social Institution? (II)

12. The "grand narrative" that constitutes a social identity a. is nothing more than the sum of individual stories told between pairs of individuals. b. remains the same throughout time within the same social group. c. can be defined only by the individual, so it is subjective. d. is subjective and therefore TEeasy STto BAchange.

NKSELLER.COM ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: What Is a Social Institution? (II)

13. In government, many social actors such as senators, legislative aides, and voters work together as a complex group of interdependent parts to influence society. Seen in this light, government is a a. social construction. b. figment of the sociological imagination. c. society. d. social institution.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: What Is a Social Institution? (II)

14. Social institutions often appear monolithic and unchanging. The sociological perspective is that a. social institutions are socially constructed and changeable. b. modern social institutions are socially constructed, but premodern institutions were unchanging. c. family is relatively monolithic, whereas government and education are changeable. d. each institution must be understood on its own terms; no generalizations regarding social construction are possible.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: What Is a Social Institution? (II)

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15. Although most U.S. universities have no official language, students and faculty typically expect the lectures, syllabi, and reading materials to be presented in English. Any faculty or students attempting to change this practice to any language other than English would encounter many practical obstacles, based on how the university is organized. This illustrates the importance of a. social roles. b. social institutions. c. social norms. d. the sociological imagination.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: What Is a Social Institution? (II)

16. What is the ultimate basis for a social institution’s continued existence over time? a. an ongoing narrative that links the past, the present, and the future b. a physical facility, typically consisting of land, building, and other infrastructure c. a community of people, which in the case of a college includes faculty, staff, and students d. a name, plus other symbols associated with the brand; for a college, that includes a logo, school colors, and a mascot ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: What Is a Social Institution? (II) | InQuizitive

17. Karl Marx argued that social institutions in a society were the result of the economic makeup of that society. Max Weber argued that a. there are no social institutions in a society. b. ideas influence society, not just economics. c. Marx was correct, except for his ideas about religion. d. the epistemological stage of that society influenced the social institutions.

ANS: B DIF: TDifficult The ESTBANKSREF: ELLE R.Sociology COM of Sociology (III) MSC: Remembering 18. Which of the following sociologists originated the theory of positivism? a. Auguste Comte c. Karl Marx b. Émile Durkheim d. Max Weber ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: August Comte and the Creation of Sociology (III.A)

MSC: Remembering

19. "Social physics" or "positivism" is best defined as the a. idea that we can scientifically and logically study social institutions and the individuals within them. b. study of human behavior as governed by natural instincts. c. study of the symbolic interactions between social institutions and the individuals within them. d. relationship between scientific and religious social institutions.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: August Comte and the Creation of Sociology (III.A)

MSC: Remembering

20. According to Auguste Comte, what were the three epistemological stages of human society? a. the theological stage, the scientific stage, and the postscientific stage b. the theological stage, the metaphysical stage, and the secular stage c. the theological stage, the scientific stage, and the positivist stage d. the theological stage, the metaphysical stage, and the scientific stage

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ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: August Comte and the Creation of Sociology (III.A)

MSC: Remembering

21. Consider two distinct versions of a research study that seeks to develop knowledge on young men’s involvement in property crime. The first focuses on the natural drives of young men as they follow their instincts toward accumulating more goods and resources. The second approach focuses on the typical experiences of young men and on current norms to predict criminal behavior. Regarding Comte’s three epistemological stages, the first approach is an example of the ________ stage, while the second approach is an example of the ________ stage. a. metaphysical; sociological b. biological; scientific c. metaphysical; scientific d. biological; sociological ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: August Comte and the Creation of Sociology (III.A)

MSC: Applying

22. In How to Observe Morals and Manners, Harriet Martineau critiqued the institution of marriage as a. based on an assumption that women are inferior. b. based on an assumption that men are inferior. c. reinforcing heterosexuality. d. perpetuating social class stratification.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Harriet Martineau (III.A.i)

23. Which founder of sociology is known, in part, for providing the theoretical foundation of Communism? a. Auguste Comte c. Karl Marx b. Émile Durkheim d. Max Weber

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ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Karl Marx (III.B.i)

24. To Karl Marx, conflict between a small number of capitalists and a large number of workers would divide society. He referred to these workers as a. employees. c. subordinates. b. the proletariat. d. the working poor.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Karl Marx (III.B.i)

25. One challenge of an industrialized society is that the society’s members can find themselves working much of the day to have access to the very technologies that are supposed to make life easier. This illustrates Marx’s argument that a. each economic system in history had its own fault lines of conflict. b. consensus between social members would make life easier for everyone. c. social behavior must be understood in terms of the meanings of those being studied. d. society must be analyzed in terms of the roles that different phenomena play.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Karl Marx (III.B.i)

26. Who wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism? a. Karl Marx c. Harriet Martineau b. Georg Simmel d. Max Weber

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ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Max Weber (III.B.ii)

27. A sociologist is initially shocked by the practice of child marriage in Kenya. Instead of viewing the participants as objects to be examined, the sociologist tries to imagine himself in the position of the people being studied and tries to see child marriage from their perspective. Seeking to understand the insider's perspective is what Max Weber called a. anomie. c. Verstehen. b. functionalism. d. positivism.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Max Weber (III.B.ii)

28. To truly understand why people act the way they do, we must understand the meanings they attach to their behaviors. Max Weber called this a. functionalism. c. xenophobia. b. historical materialism. d. Verstehen.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Max Weber (III.B.ii)

29. Which of the following is the study of social meanings, emphasizing subjectivity in understanding human behavior? a. interpretive sociology c. social ecology b. formal sociology d. positivism ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Max Weber (III.B.ii)

30. When a twenty-first century T researcher every ESTBAorganizes NKSELL ER.aspect COMof her study with close attention to the meanings that the respondents attach to their behavior, she attends to the subjective nature of her observations rather than studying the respondents as objects. This approach demonstrates a. the importance of Marx’s approach to the development of conflict theory. b. the importance of Durkheim’s ideas to the development of the positivist approach. c. the importance of Talcott Parsons’s ideas to the development of symbolic interactionism. d. the importance of Weber’s ideas to the development of interpretive sociology.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Max Weber (III.B.ii)

31. The Division of Labor in Society was the first of many intellectual contributions to sociology from a. Auguste Comte. c. Karl Marx. b. Émile Durkheim. d. Max Weber.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering 32. Which sociologist wrote Suicide in 1897? a. Auguste Comte b. Émile Durkheim ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Émile Durkheim (III.B.iii)

c. Karl Marx d. Max Weber REF: Émile Durkheim (III.B.iii)

33. According to Durkheim's Suicide, rapid social change causes people to experience normlessness, an uncomfortable state that sometimes leads to suicide. This state of normlessness is called

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a. anomie. b. loneliness.

c. postmodernism. d. Verstehen.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Émile Durkheim (III.B.iii)

34. Which of the following people is MOST likely to experience what Durkheim referred to as anomie? a. a factory worker living in considerable poverty who has several family members to care for b. a teacher who enjoys her time with students and colleagues, but who struggles to make ends meet c. a well-paid professional with several good friends, but whose job is very stressful d. an inventor who has been able to stop going to a workplace and who doesn’t need to go out much ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Émile Durkheim (III.B.iii)

35. According to Émile Durkheim, the division of labor in a society helps to determine a. the sociological contribution of individuals. b. the timing of the revolt of the proletariat. c. the way social cohesion among individuals is maintained. d. linguistic patterns.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Émile Durkheim (III.B.iii)

36. Consider a family with one son and one daughter. While the children in the house are playing, a vase is broken and the parents ask who is responsible. The daughter blames the son, but each of the two children knows for sure who broke the vase. Now consider another family with one daughter and two sons. Two of these children are playing T together ESTBwhen ANKsomeone SELLEbreaks R.COthe M vase. When the daughter blames one of the sons, only two of the three children know who broke the vase. This description most closely corresponds to which of the following ideas? a. Simmel’s idea that there is something unique about pairs compared to groups of other sizes b. Oakley’s idea that many gender differences in behavior are social rather than biological c. Marx’s idea that conflict is a basic force in society that expands as groups grow d. Émile Durkheim’s idea that social solidarity is vital for social stability ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Georg Simmel (III.B.iv)

37. The emergence of American sociology is most closely affiliated with which U.S. university? a. American University c. New York University b. University of Chicago d. Columbia University ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: American Sociology (III.C)

38. Charles H. Cooley argued that the self emerges from how an individual interacts with others and then interprets those interactions. He called this a. the looking-glass self. c. the generalized other. b. the social self. d. the significant other.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: American Sociology (III.C)

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39. George H. Mead described how the self develops and comes to internalize the views of society as a whole, transcending the individual and particular situations. He called this a. the significant other. c. the looking-glass self. b. the generalized other. d. the social self.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: American Sociology (III.C)

40. The basic premise of the Chicago School was that human behaviors and personalities are shaped by social and physical environments. This is known as a. formal sociology. c. social ecology. b. interpretive sociology. d. quantitative sociology ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: American Sociology (III.C)

41. The most important reason that the Chicago School's main laboratory for sociological research was the city of Chicago itself was that a. travel at that time was expensive, so fieldwork in Chicago was convenient. b. it was an American city, and trends in America were very similar to global trends. c. Chicago is in the American Midwest, and the center of the country was seen as a composite of all American cities. d. industrialism, immigration, and increasing ethnic diversity in Chicago were all interesting trends for sociologists to study.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: American Sociology (III.C)

42. Who was the first African American to receive a PhD from Harvard University? a. W. E. B. Du Bois c.LE C.RWright TESTBANKSEL .COMMills b. Jane Addams d. William Julius Wilson ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: W.E.B. DuBois (III.C.i)

43. Which sociologist applied Durkheim's theory of anomie to explain crime rates among African Americans after the abolition of slavery in the United States? a. W. E. B. Du Bois c. Robert Park b. Jane Addams d. Charles H. Cooley ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: W.E.B. DuBois (III.C.i)

44. A white woman goes into an upscale shop to look at clothes. She is excited to see that there is a sale and gathers a huge pile of clothes to take into the dressing room. An African American woman goes into the store and is also excited about the sale but, at the same time, hesitates to take too many clothes into the dressing room because she is afraid the staff will accuse her of shoplifting. W. E. B. Du Bois would say that the African American woman has a. racial bias. c. a double consciousness. b. double injustice. d. experienced a division of labor.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: W.E.B. DuBois (III.C.i)

45. Which description best sums up DuBois’s concept of “double consciousness” in the daily life of a black American?

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a. A black American has to think not only about what he or she is doing, but also about how that behavior affects bystanders. b. Black American are especially reliant on partners and friends to maintain proper life perspective. c. Black Americans are especially reliant on social cues from observers to tell them what behavior is social expected. d. A black American has to think about not only what he or she is doing, but also about how that behavior appears to onlookers.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: W.E.B. DuBois (III.C.i) | InQuizitive

46. What was Jane Addams best known for? a. being the only female member of the Chicago School b. founding the field of American sociology c. founding the first American settlement house to help the poor d. studying diverse communities in Chicago ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Jane Addams (III.C.ii)

47. Which American sociologist’s work most closely followed the functionalist tradition of analyzing social phenomena based on the role they played in society? a. Talcott Parsons b. C. Wright Mills c. George Herbert Mead d. Herbert Blumer ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Talcott Parsons (III.C.iii) | InQuizitive MSC: Remembering TESTBANKSELLER.COM 48. If a social theorist is asked to explain why people in different occupations have different income levels, he might argue that the people who serve the most important occupational roles should be the best or most qualified for those roles, and that higher incomes will attract those most qualified who will then compete for the high income occupations. A theorist who takes this position focuses on a. the inherent labor market conflict that Marx wrote about. b. the functional role of social and economic inequality. c. the construction of meaning through social interactions. d. Weber’s concept of Verstehen.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Talcott Parsons (III.C.iii)

49. Which modern sociological theory states that the best way to analyze society is to identify the purpose that different aspects or phenomena serve in society? a. postmodernism c. conflict theory b. feminism d. functionalism ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Talcott Parsons (III.C.iii)

50. ________ is the sociological theory that sees social groups as being like living organisms, and therefore focuses on the cohesion and stability of the group. a. Functionalism c. Midrange theory b. Conflict theory d. Postmodernism

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ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Talcott Parsons (III.C.iii)

51. If a social theorist is asked to explain why people in different occupations have different income levels, he might argue that this is an unfair arrangement that has been created by people with more power. A theorist who takes this position is most likely aligned with a. functionalism. b. postmodernism. c. conflict theory. d. midrange theory.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Conflict Theory (III.D.i)

52. Which feminist sociologist wrote Sex, Gender, and Society (1972), which argued that much of what we attribute to biological sex differences can actually be traced to learned behaviors and socialization? a. Jane Addams c. Ann Oakley b. Harriet Martineau d. Margaret Mead ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Feminist Theory (III.D.ii)

53. Some feminist theorists argue that there is remarkable similarity of natural capacities between men and women, while others argue that even though men and women are very different, they should be valued equally. Despite the difference in these two viewpoints, both would be feminist theorists because a. they both focus on gender as their main topic of study. b. they both describe and critique women’s social disadvantages. c. they focus equally on the importance of gender socialization. d. they both focus on gender in society broadly rather than in specific institutions.

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ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Feminist Theory (III.D.ii)

54. Erving Goffman used the language of theater to describe how people present themselves in everyday social life. This is known as a. sui generis. c. functionalism. b. dramaturgical theory. d. stage theory.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Symbolic Interactionism (III.D.iii)

55. Selma has decided to study how a specific community communicates its expectations about the parenting practices of men and women, focusing on the day-to-day interactions among community members. To carry out her study, Selma should rely most heavily on which theoretical approach? a. symbolic interactionism b. conflict theory c. postmodernism d. feminist theory ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Symbolic Interactionism (III.D.iii)

56. Consider a research study of conversations. The study’s goal is to see whether or not conversations show signs that men are more valued than women. This study might be combining two different theoretical approaches. The two theories most likely to be combined are

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a. b. c. d.

feminist theory and symbolic interactionism. feminist theory and conflict theory. feminist theory and functionalism. feminist theory and postmodernism.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Symbolic Interactionism (III.D.iii)

57. Which of the following is a primary focus for symbolic interactionists? a. institutional functioning c. group stability b. competition d. shared meaning ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Symbolic Interactionism (III.D.iii)

58. A certain high school student is wearing “cool” clothing and is considered “cool.” Identify the statement about this situation that aligns with symbolic interactionism. a. The student is considered cool because of the cool clothes. b. The student would be considered cool even without the cool clothes. c. Neither the student nor the clothing is actually cool. d. The coolness of the student and the clothing are connected in a causal cycle.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Symbolic Interactionism (III.D.iii) | InQuizitive

59. Postmodern sociologists argue that all so-called objective phenomena are open to debate because all meaning is subjective. Thus, to postmodernists, all "facts" are really a. social constructions. c. lies. b. myths. d. propaganda.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

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DIF: Difficult

REF: Postmodernism (III.D.iv)

60. Native Americans may see the history of the United States differently from white Americans. Which theory would argue that there is not a unifying "grand narrative" of history because history itself is not objective, but rather socially constructed? a. midrange theory c. symbolic interactionism b. postmodernism d. functionalism ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Postmodernism (III.D.iv)

61. Which of the following argues that the organizing narratives of history are over and that progress has led to a condition where there are no shared, objective meanings? a. feminism c. postmodernism b. conflict theory d. functionalism ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Postmodernism (III.D.iv)

62. Some postmodern sociologists work to show us how all "facts" are created arbitrarily by people with varying degrees of power. This is known as a. positivism. c. qualitative research. b. anomie. d. deconstructing social phenomena.

ANS: D

DIF: Difficult

REF: Postmodernism (III.D.iv)

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MSC: Understanding 63. Robert Merton's modern sociological theory focused on predicting how certain social institutions function. This subject matter lies between microsociology and macrosociology. This is known as a. midrange theory. c. applied theory. b. middling sociology. d. postmodernism.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Midrange Theory (III.D.v)

64. In the discipline of history, focusing on historical figures such as Adolf Hitler is known as a. "great man" research. c. historiography. b. popular history. d. historical materialism.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: History (IV.A)

65. Though both may study the past, historians more often focus on ________ cases while sociologists more often focus on ________ cases. a. multiple; single c. unique; comparative b. military; social d. qualitative; quantitative ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: History (IV.A)

66. While historians are more likely to focus on the uniqueness of cases, sociologists are more likely to focus on a. competition. c. commonalities across cases. b. the experiences of soldiers. d. small-scale interactions.

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ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: History (IV.A)

67. Which area within the discipline of anthropology is most similar to sociology? a. physical anthropology c. linguistic anthropology b. cultural anthropology d. biological anthropology ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Anthropology (IV.B)

68. In psychology, the focus is on the individual. In sociology, the focus is on group-level dynamics and social structures above and beyond the individual. Sociology's focus is a. intra-individual. c. supra-individual. b. interindividual. d. superindividual.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: The Psychological and Biological Sciences (IV.C)

69. If a person engages in self-harm, a psychologist might focus on the individual factors that help explain the behavior. By contrast, a sociologist would be more likely to focus on the supra-individual.

Accordingly, the sociologist would be more likely than the psychologist to a. study whether self-harm is more prevalent in some communities than in others. b. conduct a large-scale experiment to see how depressive symptoms predict self-harm. c. determine whether or not anyone in the person’s family has also engaged in self-harm. d. examine the importance of genetics in explaining the person’s self-harm.

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ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Psychological and Biological Sciences (IV.C)

70. The examination of human behavior within a rational actor model is the focus of which of the following "cousins" of sociology? a. anthropology c. psychology b. economics d. the biological sciences ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Economics and Political Science (IV.D)

71. Sociology is the study of a. how urges, drives, and the mind account for human behavior. b. group-level dynamics and social structures. c. causal mechanisms within the biological nature of individuals. d. humans as rational utility maximizers.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Economics and Political Science (IV.D)

72. Economists generally see humans as ________ but sociologists tend to include ________ in their view of humans. a. irrational actors; deceit b. rational actors; irrational motivations c. irrational actors; rationality d. emotional actors; emotionlessness ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Economics and Political Science (IV.D)

TESTBANKSELLER.COM 73. Compared to sociology, economics a. is fundamentally more quantitative. b. emphasizes altruism as a core motivation. c. usually treats human beings as irrational. d. takes culture and religion as objects of study.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Economics and Political Science (IV.D) | InQuizitive

MSC: Understanding

74. The most significant division within the discipline of sociology exists between a. interpretive and positivist sociology. b. qualitative and quantitative sociology. c. functionalist and feminist sociology. d. conflict and symbolic interactionist sociology.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Divisions within Sociology (V)

75. Lek decides to study social relationships in a midwestern gang, and she begins deciding which specific research questions to pursue. One line of inquiry she considers is whether the group’s age and gender characteristics affect the longevity of friendships in the gang. The second line of inquiry would involve an exploration of the most important components of the gang’s social relationships, as reported in detail by the respondents’ own stories. The first of these lines of inquiry comes from the a. positivist approach. b. anthropological approach.

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c. macrosociological approach. d. interpretive approach.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Divisions within Sociology (V)

76. ________ sociology makes a prediction about homelessness rates. ________ sociology seeks to understand the experience of homelessness. a. Positivist; Interpretive c. Classical; Contemporary b. Qualitative; Quantitative d. Theoretical; Empirical ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Divisions within Sociology (V)

77. Quantitative sociologists view data as numbers. Qualitative sociologists view data as a. human beings. c. qualities. b. feelings. d. words.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Divisions within Sociology (V)

78. Which of the following focuses its analyses on larger social dynamics at the societal and structural levels? a. microsociology c. social ecology b. macrosociology d. symbolic interactionism ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Microsociology and Macrosociology (V.A)

79. What is the difference between and TEmicrosociology STBANKSEL LEmacrosociology?

R.COM a. the time scale of most research b. the size of the population being studied c. the size of the investigative team d. the level of analysis ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Microsociology and Macrosociology (V.A) | InQuizitive

MSC: Remembering

80. Which of the following focuses its analyses on face-to-face encounters and interactions? a. microsociology c. social ecology b. macrosociology d. cultural sociology ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Microsociology and Macrosociology (V.A)

ESSAY 1. Explain how a successful sociologist makes the familiar strange, and make sure to explain what this concept means. Next, connect the concept of making the familiar strange with a brief discussion of how the sociological approach could contribute to our understanding of ONE of the following topics: family or college.

ANS: A successful sociologist makes the familiar strange by exposing what had seemed natural as, in fact, socially constructed. Sociologists use both theory and method to accomplish this purpose.

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Students who choose the college topic may discuss credentialism or social inequality, discussing one of the conundrums of contemporary education—that it is said to be a social equalizer but in fact more often preserves existing inequalities.

Students who choose the family topic may critique the use of the term "traditional family," a phrase that makes the social institution of family seem monolithic and unchanging. In fact, in society, law, and religion, people are constantly constructing, deconstructing, and reconstructing family.

Advantages of the sociological perspective may include sharper insight, a stronger commitment to justice and equality, and a more acute view of why people are positioned in society as they are.

Disadvantages may include frustration with the difficulty of making social change and disappointment with one's long-held beliefs in equal opportunity or the American dream. Disadvantages could also include what is missed by not using a psychological, historical, or other disciplinary approach.

DIF: Difficult

REF: The Sociological Imagination (I)

MSC: Evaluating

2. Consider a scenario in which a parent meets with a teacher to discuss his child. Please discuss how this interaction would likely be influenced by the fact that the parent and teacher represent two distinct social institutions (family and education). Please be sure to define what a social institution is and then give a few examples of how this meeting would have some level of predictability due to its connection to the rules of these two institutions. Be sure to include the relevant concepts about social institutions included in your textbook.

ANS: The student should first define a social institution as a complex group of interdependent positions, which together perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time. Answers and examples will vary, but some could include the parent wanting to make sure his child is getting the best care and education and is being treated fairly. The teacher may be motivated to show how s/he is doing a good job as an educator, and might also want to communicate the expectations of the school (e.g., work completion, nondisruptive behavior, punctual attendance). One relevant concept could be the interdependence of the TESbetween TBANKthe SEtwo LLinstitutions ER.COM(e.g., the school expects the child to be positions that, in this case, extend dressed and maybe fed before s/he comes to school in the morning, and that the parent has taught the child appropriate behavior; the parent/family expects the child to receive reasonable attention and care and instruction and to be kept safe).

Another relevant concept would be roles that are played (e.g., parent, child, teacher, student), which could be discussed in terms of how the family and school might expect some of the same things of the child yet might also expect some different things—such as what the child should do if someone picks on him/her. The student’s discussion of the interaction between these two institutional actors (parent and teacher) could also be used to touch on the concept of the grand narrative that makes up the relevant social identities, shaped by the sum of individual stories between pairs, including the one described here by the student.

DIF: Moderate

REF: What Is a Social Institution? (II)

MSC: Applying

3. One of Weber's most important contributions to sociology was the concept of Verstehen, or "understanding" in German. First, describe what Weber meant by this concept. Then, describe how a sociologist might go about gaining this understanding.

ANS: Weber was suggesting that if we truly want to understand people's behaviors (e.g., why they take particular actions or make particular decisions), we need to stand in "their shoes," or see it from their perspective. This was a call for understanding the meanings people attach to their actions. A real-life example of this would be if a sociologist wanted to understand why people become stressed. He or she would need to interview people in order to gain a better understanding of what stresses

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them—because what's stressful for one person (e.g., "Ugh, I hate having to go to this party and make small talk with a bunch of people I don't even know") may not be stressful to another (e.g., "I can't wait to meet/network with some new people tonight"). Weber would argue that if we truly want a better understanding of "what stresses people," we need to understand the events/situations they define as stressful.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Max Weber (III.B.ii)

MSC: Analyzing

4. List and discuss three contributions that Émile Durkheim made to sociology.

ANS: Durkheim's main contributions include the theory of functionalism, which examines society as a sum of many parts working together (or not) like a well-oiled machine. He also defined the division of labor, or how jobs are specialized in a society. Division of labor is predicted to be partly responsible for determining the level of social solidarity (consensus within a society) of a given society.

Durkheim was also the first practitioner of positivist sociology with his 1897 book Suicide, even though Comte coined the term positivism. In this research, Durkheim found that normlessness resulting from drastic changes in one's lifestyle may lead to anomie, and that this normlessness may lead some people to commit suicide. Anomie is also used in many other ways to study people's behaviors.

DIF: Easy

REF: Durkheim (III.B.iii)

MSC: Analyzing

5. Define the Chicago School's concept of social ecology. State a research question you could pose to better understand a particular phenomenon from a social ecology perspective. Explain how your question fits with social ecology.

ANS: Social ecology is the study of human behaviors and personalities as shaped by our social and physical TE TBANKinSthe EL1920s, LER.asCthe OMcity was rapidly urbanizing and environments. It grew popular inSChicago industrializing. It is practiced primarily through a community-based approach (e.g., interviewing research subjects and spending time with them).

An example of a research question would be: How has the steady growth of Latino populations in Siler City, North Carolina, affected the ethnic composition of the public schools in the area? Has this growth had any effect on the growth in private/charter schools within the city? Has this growth had any effect on the kinds of food carried in grocery stores? How has this population adapted to life? Have any particular changes emerged as a result of this steady growth in the Latino population (e.g., stretch on resources, decreasing/increasing racial and ethnic tolerance)?

DIF: Difficult

REF: American Sociology (III.C)

MSC: Analyzing

6. Choose one of the following American social theorists: Park, Wirth, Cooley, Mead, Du Bois, or Addams. Describe the main idea of their theory, including relevant details, and describe their lasting contribution to sociology.

ANS: Robert Park's main ideas include encouraging others to "go out and get the seats of [their] pants dirty with real research" by applying social-ecological (community-based) research to the real world.

Louis Wirth is known for his essay "Urbanism as a Way of Life," in which he borrowed from Durkheim and described how the city broke down traditional forms of social solidarity while still promoting tolerance, rationality, and individual freedom.

Charles Horton Cooley's main idea was that our social self is shaped during an interactive process in which we envision how others perceive us, and that leads to our self-concept. He called this the looking-glass self theory.

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George Herbert Mead wrote Mind, Self, and Society, in which he described how the self develops over the course of childhood as individuals learn to take the point of view of others in specific contexts and eventually the larger society, which he called the generalized other.

W. E. B. Du Bois is probably the most important black sociologist, as well as the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard University. Du Bois cofounded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. His early work included contributions to criminology in which he used Durkheim's concept of anomie to explain crime rates among African Americans after slavery. Mainly, the sudden and newfound freedom of former slaves was found to be related to high crime rates among Southern blacks. Du Bois also argued that social stratification among Philadelphia's black population may have been necessary for progress in the black community. Thus, he created what he called "the talented tenth," an elite group of African American professionals that would lead blacks to success.

Jane Addams, like most women and nonwhite male sociologists, didn't always receive the respect she deserved. She founded Hull House in Chicago, a settlement house that served the poor. She was also marginalized by some as more of a social worker than a sociologist, but she wore that title proudly and encouraged sociologists to become social activists.

DIF: Difficult

REF: American Sociology (III.C)

MSC: Evaluating

7. How would a conflict theorist look at the educational system in the United States? How would a functionalist look at the educational system? What is one commonality between these two perspectives?

What is one important difference?

ANS: A conflict theorist would see the educational system in the United States as unequal. People from lower classes don't receive the same education as those from higher social classes. This is due to the fact that even public schools are not equal. Schools in upper-status neighborhoods have more resources for learning, and therefore their students are more likely to be accepted into college. Families from TEalso STmore BANlikely KSEL R.CtoOafford M tutors and computers, and they may upper-class neighborhoods are toLbeEable be alumni of good colleges and thus assist their children in applying.

A functionalist, however, might argue that the public school system in the United States is functional in allowing all students access to the same education. The organization of this system is beneficial for all who want to take advantage of it. The people who get into colleges are those who have studied harder in school and are smarter than those youths who aren't accepted into these institutions.

Commonalities could include: They are both sociology; they both consider how education is socially constructed; they both look at people's experience in light of social location.

Differences include the priority given to conflict and the priority given to social stability.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Conflict Theory (III.D.i)

MSC: Analyzing

8. List two or three examples of a topic that midrange theory would address. Describe the value of midrange theory to contemporary sociology, using your examples to illustrate your point.

ANS: Midrange theory would consider topics larger than the individual but smaller than society as a whole, such as gender, race, ethnicity, urbanism, religion, or education.

Where the other modern sociological theories are grand in their predictions and explanations and thus open to deconstruction, midrange theory borrows from functionalist Robert Merton. Merton said we should focus on how specific social institutions tend to function rather than trying to focus on the entire social structure. The key to understanding midrange theory is that it generates falsifiable hypotheses that sociologists can test by analyzing the real world in manageable chunks rather than trying to take on the whole world at one time.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Midrange Theory (III.D.v)

MSC: Analyzing

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9. Choose one "cousin" of sociology: history, anthropology, psychology, economics, or political science.

List and describe two similarities between sociology and the cousin you chose. List and describe two differences.

ANS: History: Historians are generally more concerned with explaining "unique" cases (e.g., why Hitler came to power), while sociologists focus more on the commonalities that can be extracted from a wide variety of cases (e.g., what common element allowed fascism to arise in Germany, Italy, Spain, and Japan, but not in other countries). You could say that sociology is more concerned with overarching patterns (nomothetic approach), while history is more focused on explaining particular instances (idiographic approach).

Anthropology: It used to be easier to paint these two disciplines as different creatures because sociologists generally studied "us" (Western society and culture) and anthropologists more often focused on "them" (other societies/cultures). Today, the subject matter of sociology is often indistinguishable from the subject matter of anthropology—especially cultural anthropology. You could argue that sociologists typically use a wider array of methods-including experiments and surveys—and that they make heavier use of comparative case studies than anthropologists. Because globalization has made divisions of the past (between "us" and "them") less salient, scholars today often question the legitimacy of drawing strict boundaries between these two disciplines.

Psychology: Although sociology and psychology address the same questions, psychology focuses more on how things "within" a person (individual) affect behavior, and sociology focuses more on how things "outside" a person (supra-individual) affect behavior. As such, psychologists direct more of their attention toward drives, urges, instincts, and mental processes, while sociologists focus more on group dynamics, social structures (both small and large), and how a people's social location affects their actions and feelings.

Economics and Political Science: Economists start with a view of humans as rational actors who seek to maximize benefits and minimize costs. Sociologists have a more expansive view of what motivates TEmaximizing STBANKSofEprofit LLEand R.Cincluding OM unconscious (nonrational, selfless, people to act, going beyond the greed, cultural expectations) motivating factors. While sociologists focus broadly on social relations, political science focuses on one particular aspect of social relations—power. As such, sociology's subject matter is much broader in scope.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Sociology and Its Cousins (IV)

MSC: Analyzing

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CHAPTER 2 Methods CONCEPT MAP I.

II.

Research 101 A. Causality Versus Correlations i. The Problem of Reverse Causality B. Variables C. Hypothesis Testing D. Validity, Reliability, and Generalizability E. Role of the Researcher i. Experimenter Effects ii. Power: In the Eyes of the Researcher, We’re Not All Equal F. Choosing Your Method G. Data Collection i. Participant Observation ii. Interviews iii. Survey Research iv. Historical Methods, Comparative Research, and Content Analysis v. Experimentation Ethics of Social Research

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The two broad methodological approaches social scientists use to gather data about the social world are a. deductive and inductive. c. implicit and explicit. b. qualitative and quantitative. d. correlational and causal.

ESTBANKSREF: ELLE R.COM101 (I) ANS: B DIF: TEasy Research MSC: Remembering 2. Selena wants to study the bond between siblings. She chooses between the two major methodological approaches to research and decides to view and collect data in a numerical form. Which of the two major methodological approaches did she choose? a. qualitative c. traditional b. quantitative d. experimental ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Research 101 (I)

3. Norm is interested in whether pet owners are more likely than those who do not own pets to have healthier lifestyles (e.g., exercise regularly, drink moderately, and refrain from nicotine use). By comparing the numbers he gathers on both groups, Norm will most likely be using what type of research method? a. quantitative c. speculative b. inductive d. qualitative ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Research 101 (I)

4. Which of the following is an example of a quantitative research project? a. conducting a survey about how often people attend church b. asking people to talk about the role of religion in their lives c. observing how people behave and interact with each other in a church setting

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d. participating in a weekly Bible study meeting for 12 months to understand its importance in people's lives ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Research 101 (I)

5. Elizabeth would like to conduct a study to determine how women define spousal abuse and the meanings they attach to their experiences. What research method will Elizabeth most likely use? a. quantitative c. qualitative b. inductive d. deductive ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Research 101 (I)

6. If Kate begins her research with a theory, then forms hypotheses and makes some observations, what approach is she using? a. independent c. inductive b. dependent d. deductive ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Research 101 (I)

7. Paula begins to notice that there are patterns to where people sit on the bus, and these patterns differ depending on whether the rider is male or female. Based on these observations, she generates a theory about the behaviors of men and women. This is an example of which kind of research approach? a. deductive c. quantitative b. inductive d. a case study ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Research 101 (I)

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8. What type of research describes people's behavior in rich detail and focuses on the meanings people give to their actions? a. intuitive c. quantitative b. qualitative d. deductive ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Research 101 (I)

9. Which of the following explains the deductive approach to research? The researcher a. makes some observations and develops a theory based on these observations. b. develops some hypotheses to explain a correlation observed between two variables. c. starts with a theory, forms hypotheses, makes observations, and then analyzes the data. d. develops some hypotheses that lead to a theory about human behavior.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Research 101 (I)

10. Which of the following describes a problem that sociologists have to deal with when conducting research? a. Most important topics in sociology have already been researched sufficiently. b. It is too difficult to test most hypotheses in sociology. c. A sociologist is part of the very subject he or she is studying. d. The causes of social behavior are usually obvious and don't require research.

ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: Research 101 (I)

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MSC: Understanding 11. When one factor is said to influence another factor, it is called a. correlation. c. causality. b. association. d. mediation.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Causality Versus Correlations (I.A)

12. If the relationship between the independent and dependent variables is discovered to be false once another (third) variable is considered, that relationship between the independent and dependent variables is called a. spurious. b. moderating. c. mediating. d. dependent.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Causality Versus Correlations (I.A)

13. Which of the following factors is needed to establish causality? a. validity c. spuriousness b. time order d. the deductive approach ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Causality Versus Correlations (I.A)

14. Which of the following is most difficult to do in social science research? a. say that two things change at the same time b. establish that something T is E the STcause BANofKsomething SELLERelse .COM c. argue that two things are related d. propose a relationship between two variables ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Causality Versus Correlations (I.A)

15. Shamar has decided to study whether early childhood poverty causes lower well-being in adulthood.

When he finds evidence supporting the hypothesized relationship, a colleague suggests that before he makes a causal claim, he needs to consider factors that came after early childhood and before adulthood.

The colleague is making sure the researcher is meeting which condition of causal inferences? a. A correlation must exist between the independent and dependent variables. b. The time order between the independent and dependent variables must be correct. c. Other explanations for the association between the independent and dependent variables must be ruled out. d. There must be a test for moderating variables between the independent and dependent variables.

ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Causality Versus Correlations (I.A)

16. A sociologist finds a strong relationship between income and health. If he only assumes that the amount of income people earn directly causes them to have a certain level of health, and not that a person’s health can determine that person’s income, he is forgetting to consider a. luck. c. correlation. b. reverse causality. d. deduction.

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ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: The Problem of Reverse Causality (I.A.i)

17. Andy hypothesized that the stress created during economic downturns would increase the probability of spousal abuse. Stress would be considered the ________ variable, and spousal abuse would be considered the ________ variable. a. dependent; independent c. moderating; dependent b. key; affected d. independent; dependent ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Variables (I.B)

18. Professor Clayton hypothesizes that travel to other countries increases students' abilities to do well in advanced sociology classes, so she conducts a survey study to test this. Which variable is her independent variable? a. the survey c. the research methods b. travel to other countries d. students' abilities ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Variables (I.B)

19. Which of the following is an example of a negative relationship? a. A diet high in fat greatly increases an individual's risk for obesity and other chronic diseases. b. The less fat an individual consumes, the lower his or her risk of heart disease. c. As nicotine consumption increases, the risk for cancer increases. d. As the number of people vaccinated against measles increases, the occurrence of measles decreases.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: TModerate Variables ESTBANKSREF: ELLE R.COM(I.B)

20. Some factors are called moderating variables because they a. affect the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable. b. affect the dependent variable but not the independent variable. c. diminish the validity of the study unless it is representative. d. can act as either independent or dependent variables.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Variables (I.B)

21. A variable that is thought to be influenced by another variable is known as the a. dependent variable. c. key independent variable. b. independent variable. d. spurious variable.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Variables (I.B)

22. A variable that is thought to cause a change in another variable is called the a. dependent variable. c. moderating variable. b. independent variable. d. inductive variable.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Variables (I.B)

23. A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables is called a(n)

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a. operationalization. b. reliability.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

c. hypothesis. d. natural experiment.

REF: Hypothesis Testing (I.C)

24. In social research, a hypothesis is best described as a(n) a. educated guess. b. proposed relationship between two or more variables. c. description of why a particular social phenomenon occurs. d. explanation for why two variables are correlated.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Hypothesis Testing (I.C)

25. A variable that is positioned between the independent variable and the dependent variable but does not interact with either to affect the relationship between them is called a ________ variable. a. moderating b. spurious c. mediating d. causal ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Hypothesis Testing (I.C)

26. How could you operationalize the variable "academic achievement"? a. use overall GPA as a precise measure b. observe student study habits before a big exam c. send a survey to professors asking their thoughts on what good students do to learn d. study three hours outsideTofEclass class STBfor ANevery KSEhour LLEspent R.CinOM ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Hypothesis Testing (I.C)

27. The extent to which a researcher can claim that his or her findings are applicable to a larger population than was studied is known as a. validity. c. causality. b. reliability. d. generalizability.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Validity, Reliability, and Generalizability (I.D)

28. The likelihood that a researcher will obtain the same result using the same measures the next time he or she tests a hypothesis is a. validity. c. response rate. b. reliability. d. generalizability.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Validity, Reliability, and Generalizability (I.D)

29. If a researcher fails to accurately measure a concept in her study, she has created a measure that lacks a. reliability. b. reflexivity. c. validity. d. generalizability.

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ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Validity, Reliability, and Generalizability (I.D)

30. After consistently burning dinner for a month, John found out that his oven's temperature gauge was giving readings that were 50 degrees cooler than the oven's actual temperature. John's oven thermometer can be said to be a. valid but not reliable. c. neither reliable nor valid. b. reliable but not valid. d. both reliable and valid.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Validity, Reliability, and Generalizability (I.D)

31. A strong study establishes validity because it is important that the researcher a. measure what he or she intends to measure. b. generalize to a broader population. c. conduct research in an ethical manner. d. apply the research findings in a way that benefits the research population.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Validity, Reliability, and Generalizability (I.D)

32. The more consistent the results given by repeated measurements, the higher the ________ of the measurement procedure. a. reliability c. efficiency b. validity d. correlation ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Validity, Reliability, and Generalizability (I.D)

33. Sandra wants to study how students ofChigh TESTin BAtheir NKsenior SELLyear ER. OM school prepare for college. She starts by visiting an elite boarding school nearby. Sandra knows that to make general claims about seniors preparing for college, she will need to a. randomly select from the population she wants to generalize to. b. return to the high school next year to study the new seniors. c. be aware of her intentions, so the study will be valid and reliable. d. visit more schools so that her sample is representative of the group she wants to generalize to.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Validity, Reliability, and Generalizability (I.D)

34. Because they are an accessible population, undergraduate students are sometimes used in sociological research. In relation to the concept of generalizability, this tendency could represent a potential defect in research because a. college undergraduates do not have the right to refuse without suffering negative consequences. b. the experiences of college undergraduates do not provide a legitimate empirical resource. c. college undergraduates are not a subset of the general population. d. college undergraduates are not typical of the public at large.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Validity, Reliability, and Generalizability (I.D)

35. If a study’s findings are generalizable, this means the findings a. are consistent across respondents in the sample.

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b. are similar across samples of the same size. c. will be the same across different types of populations. d. indicate what is true of the whole population.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Validity, Reliability, and Generalizability (I.D)

36. Juanita is a graduate student studying male prisoners. She carefully considers how her gender, age, and education may affect the prisoners and their responses to her. Juanita is practicing a. reflexivity. c. content analysis. b. comparative research. d. positivism.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Experimenter Effects (I.E.i)

37. You may do a study of college wrestling and use your experience as a student-athlete to access wrestling spaces, athletes, and coaches. Considering how your past opportunities and privileges influence your study and its findings is a. operationalization. c. reflexivity. b. experimenter effects. d. common sense.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Experimenter Effects (I.E.i)

38. Shamus Khan used his status and privilege to study how a. racial exclusion works at golf clubs. b. national wealth influences individual success at the Olympics. c. gender shapes prison experiences. d. students are trained at an elite private school.

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ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Experimenter Effects (I.E.i)

39. Ethnographer Mitchell Duneier spent five years hanging out with booksellers on the streets of Manhattan. His role as both researcher and participant provides a great example of the importance of a. maintaining firm boundaries between the role of researcher and the role of participant. b. staying true to the ethical principles of the scientific method in our research. c. critically assessing how our role as researchers may affect the people we study. d. maintaining distance from those we study so that our results are not contaminated.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Experimenter Effects (I.E.i)

40. A qualitative researcher who assumes everything he observes would have happened exactly the same way if he wasn't there observing lacks a. generalizability. c. validity. b. reflexivity. d. reliability.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Experimenter Effects (I.E.i)

41. A U.S. researcher whose first language is English is interviewing undocumented immigrants about their community ties. The key reason the researcher must practice reflexivity in such circumstances is because a. there could be language barriers that will affect the accuracy of the results. b. the researcher is likely to be advantaged relative to the respondents. c. the researcher could be violating laws and putting themselves and others in jeopardy.

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d. the consistency of the results from one respondent to the next may be weak.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Power: In the Eyes of the Researcher, We’re Not All Equal (I.E.ii) MSC: Applying 42. ________ are more often concerned with the factors that influence social life, while ________ are more often concerned with the meanings respondents attach to their behavior. a. Survey researchers; experimenters b. Sociologists; psychologists c. Positivists; interpretive sociologists d. Comparative sociologists; interpretive sociologists ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Choosing Your Method (I.F)

43. The research process includes many steps. Which of the following steps occurs first in the research process? a. analysis b. operationalization c. observation d. conceptualization ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Choosing Your Method (I.F) | InQuizitive

44. Positivist sociologists tend to use which of the following types of methodological approaches? a. quantitative c. inductive b. qualitative d. scientific

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ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Choosing Your Method (I.F)

45. Interpretive sociologists examine meanings attached to behaviors. This most commonly leads them to use which of the following approaches to research? a. quantitative c. deductive b. qualitative d. scientific ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Choosing Your Method (I.F)

46. If a study on social class attainment could be approached in several different methodological ways, this most likely indicates that a. the researcher has chosen a fruitful and promising line of inquiry. b. the researcher needs to pay closer attention to the validity of his measures. c. the researcher will have an easier time securing funding for the study. d. the researcher needs to more clearly operationalize the research question.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Choosing Your Method (I.F)

47. Two key types of qualitative methods are a. structured interviews and content analysis. b. participant observation and unstructured interviews. c. unstructured interviews and experiments. d. participant observation and structured interviews.

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ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Data Collection (I.G)

48. If a sociologist collects data on only one high school in a study of the effectiveness of its parent-teacher association, he or she is using which of the following research methods? a. experiment c. panel survey b. case study d. content analysis ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Data Collection (I.G)

49. Of the methodological approaches listed below, the method that typically requires the largest time commitment is a. an experiment. b. participant observation. c. a national survey. d. an unstructured interview.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Participant Observation (I.G.i)

50. Which of the following might be an advantage of participant observation research? a. The researcher has considerable control over the conditions of the research. b. The researcher can uncover what people do rather than simply what they say they do. c. The researcher maintains objectivity by staying in the "white coat" role. d. It is a useful method for studying large and diverse populations.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Participant Observation (I.G.i)

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51. A potential shortcoming of survey research is that surveys a. tend to focus more on what people do than what they say. b. rely on people's honesty and willingness to cooperate. c. cannot reflect the total population. d. cannot be used on large populations.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Survey Research (I.G.iii)

52. The type of method that is most likely to use a structured interview with standardized questions is a. comparative analysis. b. historical analysis. c. a survey. d. participant observation.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Survey Research (I.G.iii)

53. What is the difference between a census and a study that is not a census? a. A census by definition extends over a long period of time. b. A census involves interviews. c. A census collects data on the entire study population. d. A census involves a written survey.

ANS: C

DIF: Easy

REF: Survey Research (I.G.iii) | InQuizitive

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MSC: Remembering 54. Which phrase describes a study in which all sample members are surveyed only once? a. cross-sectional study b. panel study c. interview d. census ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Survey Research (I.G.iii) | InQuizitive

55. The General Social Survey (GSS) is replicated yearly with a new sample of 2,000 respondents. This is an example of a a. panel study. c. repeated cross-sectional survey. b. content analysis. d. census.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Survey Research (I.G.iii)

56. Sandra is doing research to determine how common cheating is among students at Duke University. The student body at Duke will serve as her a. dependent variable. c. random sample. b. population. d. hypothesis.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Survey Research (I.G.iii)

57. Charles is a sociologist studying a population of gay fathers in the United States. He interviews 200 men in his data collection. These 200 men constitute what researchers call a a. census. c.LE sample.

TESTBANKSEL R.COM b. case study. d. participant observation.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Survey Research (I.G.iii)

58. The main reason that achieving high response rates and limiting selection bias are so important is that they a. increase generalizability. c. increase validity. b. decrease generalizability. d. decrease validity.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Survey Research (I.G.iii)

59. ________ is generally the best method available to the social scientist interested in collecting original data to describe a population too large to observe directly. a. Survey research c. Comparative research b. Content analysis d. An experiment ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Survey Research (I.G.iii)

60. A type of longitudinal study in which the same sample of respondents is tracked over a long period of time is known as a. a census. c. the historical method. b. participant observation. d. a panel survey.

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ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Survey Research (I.G.iii)

61. Which of the following methods involves collecting data from written reports or other artifacts in order to discover patterns in behaviors or attitudes dating to an earlier time period? a. experiments c. panel surveys b. audit studies d. historical methods ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Historical Methods, Comparative Research, and Content Analysis (I.G.iv) MSC: Remembering 62. Roger Brubaker's study analyzed notions of citizenship in both France and Germany. His method of research is known as a. comparative research. c. an experiment. b. a case study. d. content analysis.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Historical Methods, Comparative Research, and Content Analysis (I.G.iv) MSC: Remembering 63. A key strategy for conducting comparative research is a. to compare different historical time periods of the same society. b. to use a combination of survey questions and content analysis. c. to find cases that match up in most ways but vary in one key way. d. to test for moderating variables that show different effects across groups.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Historical Methods, Comparative Research, and Content Analysis (I.G.iv) MSC: Remembering TESTBANKSELLER.COM 64. Harry's study compared how the posts on Craigslist of "men seeking women" differed from the posts of "women seeking men." What method was Harry using when he catalogued the traits mentioned in posts? a. historical methods c. content analysis b. comparative research d. interviews ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Historical Methods, Comparative Research, and Content Analysis (I.G.iv) MSC: Applying 65. Jackson is using newspaper articles dating from the early 1950s to study unofficial attitudes toward working women post–World War II. Jackson is using what research method? a. experimental c. comparative research b. repeated cross-sectional survey d. historical methods ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Historical Methods, Comparative Research, and Content Analysis (I.G.iv) MSC: Applying 66. Social movements are often studied for their importance to a population from the movement’s beginning to its completion. For this reason, social movements are often studied with a. generalizable survey data. b. experiments. c. historical methods. d. structured interviews.

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ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Historical Methods, Comparative Research, and Content Analysis (I.G.iv) MSC: Understanding 67. A content analysis of television advertisements studying messages about youthfulness would need to analyze ________ content if the focus of the study was on indirect and unspoken ideas about youthfulness. a. generalized b. manifest c. comparative d. latent ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Historical Methods, Comparative Research, and Content Analysis (I.G.iv) MSC: Understanding 68. If a researcher wants to study whether or not watching movies with content that negatively depicts women has an effect on respondents’ gender attitudes, the best and most appropriate methodological approach she can use is a. a comparative approach. b. a survey. c. an experiment. d. content analysis.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Experimentation (I.G.v)

69. Because social science involves studying people, many variables and their possible categories cannot be manipulated across respondents by the researcher. This makes it impossible to rely on ________ data for TESTBANKSELLER.COM many social science questions. a. experimental b. survey c. interview d. comparative ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Experimentation (I.G.v)

70. Which of the following is one of the golden rules of ethical conduct in social research? a. Always remain completely objective and neutral. b. Never interact directly with research subjects. c. Do no harm. d. Never debrief.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Ethics of Social Research (II)

71. Research subjects have a right to know that they are participating in a study and what the study consists of. This is known as a. involuntary participation. c. manifest content. b. informed consent. d. validity.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Ethics of Social Research (II)

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72. When cities such as Detroit have requested an adjustment of census data, why has this research issue become a political battle? Because a. an institutional review board took the case to federal court. b. the apportionment of congressional seats is tied to census study results. c. it is women, children, and minorities who are most often undercounted. d. requests for census adjustment must occur at the state level.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Ethics of Social Research (II)

73. Identify a reason why some city officials and statisticians advocate using sampling to adjust official census counts. a. Evidence suggests that rural areas are undercounted in the census. b. Evidence suggests that the census overcounts the U.S. population by 2 percent. c. Evidence suggests that some groups are overcounted by the census. d. Evidence suggests that the census undercounts some populations, such as African Americans, more than others.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Ethics of Social Research (II) | InQuizitive

74. A sociologist studies children at a day care center. She must get approval from an ethics board because children are a ________ population. a. qualitative c. protected b. census d. total ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Ethics of Social Research (II)

75. You conduct a study of romantic among students.

TESlove TBA NKScollege ELLER .COMYou ask one student to participate, and she says she is annoyed and offended that you asked her. You have caused her harm, but does this level of harm constitute an ethics violation? a. No, because this harm is not physical. b. No, because this harm is not greater than that which people encounter in everyday life. c. Yes, because researchers should not annoy or offend people. d. Yes, because in her subjective opinion, this constitutes harm.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Ethics of Social Research (II)

ESSAY 1. Compare and contrast qualitative and quantitative research methods. List and explain two points of comparison (similarity). List and explain two points of contrast (difference).

ANS: Qualitative methods seek to obtain information about human beings and the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form. The information gathered is often used to document the meanings that actions engender in social participants or to describe the mechanisms by which social processes occur. Examples of qualitative methods are participant observations and case studies (the latter method is directly linked to this methodology in the figure labeled "The Research Process").

Quantitative methods seek to obtain information about human beings and the social world that is already in or can be converted into numeric form and statistical analysis. Examples of quantitative methods are surveys and weighing people on a scale.

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Similarities between the two methods include a connection between theory and empirical observations; and careful definition, operationalization, and measurement of constructs/ideas.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Research 101 (I)

MSC: Analyzing

2. Create a hypothesis about the relationship between student engagement in college and academic performance. Identify the independent and dependent variables. Operationalize these variables. Justify the validity of your operationalization.

ANS: The hypothesis should be stated in causal terms: More student engagement leads to or causes better academic performance. The dependent variable is the outcome the hypothesis seeks to explain, and the independent variable is the factor that has an impact on the dependent variable. In this case, it could be hypothesized that more student engagement leads to better academic performance.

Operationalization is the precise ways in which the variables are measured. Student engagement could be operationalized with measures of class attendance, class participation, participation in extracurricular activities, or visiting faculty during office hours. Academic performance could be measured with GPA, scores on exams, or some test of understanding.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Research 101 (I)

MSC: Evaluating

3. A sociologist is interested in understanding the ways in which inmates experience prison and the effect prison has on their post-sentence employment prospects. Describe a study design (i.e., a methodological approach) that would address this question. List two advantages of this design. List two disadvantages of this design.

ANS: Students could design a qualitative study, which would involve observations or interviews, or a ESTBorAN KSELofLE R.Crecords.

OM The pros of a survey would be the quantitative study involving aTsurvey analysis prison generalizability of the results, the relative ease of administering it, and its safety and feasibility in this context. The cons of such a method would be the difficulty in gaining an in-depth understanding about well-being. The pros of a qualitative approach would be the ability to get an in-depth sense of the kinds of problems prisoners experience both in prison and when trying to get a job. The cons would include ethical issues and its lack of generalizability.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Research 101 (I)

MSC: Evaluating

4. What is an important difference between correlation and causation? Which is harder to establish, and why? Use an example to explain your answer.

ANS: To say that two things are correlated is simply to say that two things vary at the same time (simultaneously). Causation, however, asserts that one thing causes the other. It is much easier to say that two things are correlated but very difficult to assert that a change in one factor causes a change in another. One reason it is difficult to establish causality is because we need to be careful to rule out other factors (alternative explanations) that might be causing the variation and thus explaining the relationship. To establish causality, you also need to know which variable precedes the other in time (time order). You don't need to go to all of this trouble to say that two things are simply related (correlated).

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An example of a correlation would be ice cream sales and the number of reported drownings. As ice cream sales increase, the number of reported drownings increases. There is a relationship between the two (correlation), but it would be far-fetched to argue that ice cream sales cause drownings to increase (or vice versa). In reality, there is a third variable (heat of the summer) that causes both: Ice cream sales increase in warmer weather and drownings (swimming) are more likely to occur in warmer weather.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: Causality Versus Correlations (I.A)

5. Define hypothesis. State a hypothesis of your own using, for example, the variables weight and eating habits or access to healthful foods and eating habits. Please be sure to define what a hypothesis is.

Identify the independent variable (X). Identify the dependent variable (Y). Please briefly explain what makes each variable either the independent or dependent variable.

ANS: A hypothesis is a proposed relationship between two variables, usually with a stated direction clearly predicting whether the variables move together in a positive direction or in opposite, negative directions.

One example of a hypothesis is, "Poor eating habits are likely to lead to people being over their ideal weight" (X is poor eating habits; Y is weight). Another is, "The less access a person has to healthful foods, the greater the likelihood that he or she has poor eating habits" (X is weight; Y is eating habits).

A null hypothesis could read, "A person's eating habits have nothing to do with his or her weight or his or her access to healthful foods" (X is eating habits; Y is weight).

DIF: Moderate

REF: Hypothesis Testing (I.C)

MSC: Analyzing

6. Describe one significant difference between white coat effects and reflexivity in social research. Offer one reason why awareness of white coat effects is important. Offer one reason why reflexivity is TESTBANKSELLER.COM important.

ANS: White coat effects are the ways that researchers affect (mostly unintentionally) the people they study.

When a researcher's presence impacts the very processes and relationships he or she is looking at, this could be problematic and could lead to "faulty" data. An example of a white coat effect is a research setting where a person in a marginalized racial-ethnic group may act differently when a white researcher is studying them. An awareness of stereotypes of one’s own group, or a feeling of unease at the power imbalance between the researcher and the person being studied can result in different behavior than the researcher would otherwise observe. In the medical literature, there are examples of patients having higher blood pressure levels measured in clinical settings than at home due to anxiety around the doctor.

These are both examples of white coat effect.

Reflexivity is when a researcher is aware of the white coat effects that he or she might be causing.

To be reflexive is to examine one's potential role in, and the effect this might have on, the research itself.

When the researcher's own perception and experience of events become the data from which he or she makes claims, it is important to acknowledge any potential bias. If researchers are not reflexive, they may believe that their presence has absolutely no effect on subjects' attitudes and behavior, which is unlikely.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Experimenter Effects (I.E.i)

MSC: Analyzing

7. List two of the elements that Sandra Harding proposed as essential to feminist methodologies. Explain how one of them would influence a study about violence in society.

ANS: Harding proposed that the following three elements are essential to feminist methods in social research:

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(2) Engage in social science that may bring about policy changes (i.e., public sociology) to help

improve women's (and perhaps men's) lives.

(3) Take into account the researcher as much as the overt subject matter. When we enter a research situation, an imbalance of power usually exists between the researcher and the research subjects, and we need to take that power dimension seriously. The point of adopting feminist methods is not to exclude men or male perspectives. It means taking all subjects seriously rather than privileging one type of data, experience, or worldview over another.

The student will then need to apply these elements to the study of societal violence.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: Power: In the Eyes of the Researcher, We’re Not All Equal (I.E.ii)

8. Your textbook gives an example of research comparing gun ownership and deaths from firearms in the United States and Australia. Relying on your textbook’s discussion, please outline why these two countries are good choices for this comparative research question. Be sure to explain how your answer connects to the key components of comparative research.

ANS: Students should outline the similarities between the United States and Australia, most notably their similar gun culture prior to legislative changes, and how this allows the two societies to be compared as similar in the most relevant respects, with the exception of the divergence in reactionary gun legislation after a mass shooting . This approach—to compare entities that are similar with the exception of one key dimension—is the central feature of comparative research, which allows researchers to study the effect of some variable (such as gun policy) on another variable (such as firearm deaths).

DIF: Moderate REF: Historical Methods, Comparative Research, and Content Analysis (I.G.iv) TESTBANKSELLER.COM MSC: Analyzing 9. The instructor of an introductory sociology class asks his students to fill out a questionnaire that he hopes to analyze and eventually publish. He tells his students that if they choose not to fill out the questionnaire, they will have points deducted from their next test. Which golden rule(s) of research does this situation violate? How could this ethical breach cause harm, and to whom? Revise the study, offering one suggestion of how the instructor could handle the situation in a more ethical manner.

ANS: The instructor clearly violates the rule of voluntary participation because the students should have the right to refuse to participate in the study without being penalized.

In terms of white coat effects, the students are in a precarious situation because the instructor has more power. Even if the students had been told that their participation in the survey was completely voluntary (as it should have been), they may still fear that nonparticipation would adversely affect their grade and/or the instructor's feelings toward them.

The students should be told that their participation is completely voluntary—they should not be penalized in any way for nonparticipation. The students should also be guaranteed complete anonymity.

The instructor could accomplish this in a variety of ways: He or she could leave the room while the questionnaires are being completed, the students could be asked to return the questionnaires by mail, or the students could be asked to drop them in a box near the door on their way out of the classroom.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Ethics of Social Research (II)

MSC: Evaluating

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CHAPTER 3 Culture and Media CONCEPT MAP I.

II.

III.

IV.

V. VI.

VII.

Definitions of Culture A. Culture = Human – Nature B. Culture = (Superior) Man – (Inferior) Man C. Culture = Man – Machine Material versus Nonmaterial Culture A. Language, Meaning, and Concepts B. Ideology C. Studying Culture i. Cockfighting and Symbolic Culture D. Subculture E. Cultural Effects: Give and Take F. Reflection Theory Media A. From the Town Crier to the Facebook Wall: A Brief History B. Hegemony: The Mother of All Media Terms The Media Life Cycle A. Texts B. Back to the Beginning: Cultural Production Media Effects Mommy, Where Do Stereotypes Come From?

A. Racism in the Media B. Sexism in the Media Political Economy of the Media A. Consumer Culture TESTBANKSELLER.COM B. Advertising and Children C. Culture Jams: Hey Calvin, How ‘Bout Giving That Girl a Sandwich?

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere, which means a. cult. c. to cultivate. b. ideology. d. a plan of action.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Culture = Human – Nature (I.A)

2. Crystal is camping in the woods with her dog and her friends. She notices the sound of the flowing creek and laughs with her friends about how her dog runs and barks at the rushing water. While her enjoyment of her friends and dog connect to culture, the sound of the creek is distinguished from these cultural experiences as nature because a. culture shapes how we enjoy nature. b. nature cannot be experienced differently across cultures. c. nature is that which has not been modified by humans. d. laughter is a natural response across cultures.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Culture = Human – Nature (I.A)

3. Which of the following is always a cultural behavior? a. blinking c. breathing

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b. waving good-bye

d. sleeping

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Culture = Human – Nature (I.A)

4. Sandra, a mother, watches and listens while another parent yells across the playground to her child that she wants her to come eat lunch. Sandra turns to her friend and says, “That is such awful parenting. She shouldn’t yell. She should get up and walk over to her child. It’s so tacky to yell.” In this scenario, Sandra is engaging in a. ethnocentrism. b. cultivation. c. code switching. d. cultural relativism.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Culture = (Superior) Man – (Inferior) Man (I.B)

5. If a person judges another group by his or her own standards, he or she is being a. culturally relative. c. symbolic. b. realistic. d. ethnocentric.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Culture = (Superior) Man – (Inferior) Man (I.B)

6. Colonialism increased encounters between Europeans and non-Westerners, which exposed Europeans to living arrangements, marriage rules, styles of dress, and other practices they had not seen before. This gave rise to the reality that: a. some ways of living were just more practical than others. b. alternative ways of living existed. c. morality had nothing to do culture.

TEwith STB ANKSELLER.COM d. nature and culture are indistinguishable in some societies.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Culture = (Superior) Man – (Inferior) Man (I.B)

7. As colonialism led to increased interaction with non-Westerners, Europeans came to recognize that much of what they took for granted as natural was not. For example, American architecture relies on Greek styles of columns, a product of tradition. Evaluate the statements regarding the Lincoln Memorial and the Blue Mosque, and identify which one is ethnocentric.

a. b. c. d.

They display different columnar styles.

The architecture displayed in each is due to cultural differences.

The columns of the Lincoln Memorial are a product of American tradition.

The Lincoln Memorial is more visually pleasing than the Blue Mosque.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Culture = (Superior) Man – (Inferior) Man (I.B) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 8. During the 1800s, culture was defined by Matthew Arnold as "the pursuit of perfection and broad knowledge of the world." Sociologists today define culture as a. the sum total of beliefs, behaviors, and practices that humans create to adapt to the

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environment around them. b. primarily the nonmaterial aspects of people's lives. c. primarily the material aspects of people's lives. d. an ideal, something opposed to the real-world in which we live.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Culture = Man – Machine (I.C)

9. Juan is a college student who loves poetry and art and says he is becoming more cultured as he pursues a broad and pure knowledge of the world. His way of using the culture concept is no longer used by sociologists today. Whose view of culture is Juan emulating? a. Matthew Arnold c. Dalton Conley b. Émile Durkheim d. Karl Marx ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Culture = Man – Machine (I.C)

10. Nineteenth-century poet and cultural critic Matthew Arnold extended and altered Plato’s views of culture. Which of these statements is true of Plato and not of Matthew Arnold? a. His ideas developed in response to technological changes that gave the middle class access to mass-produced goods that have previously been out of reach. b. He argued that culture was an ideal that could not be attained, but could be approximated by an artisan or artist. c. He argued that culture was not about self-centeredness and materialism. d. He viewed intellectual refinement as learning more about the best which has been thought and said in this world.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Culture = Man – Machine (I.C) | InQuizitive

TESTBANKSELLER.COM 11. We can divide culture into two main categories. Of these, the one that includes values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors is known as a. subculture. c. nonmaterial culture. b. counterculture. d. material culture.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Material versus Nonmaterial Culture (II)

12. Everything in our constructed environment, including technology, buildings, furniture, clothing, and books, is part of our a. subculture. c. nonmaterial culture. b. counterculture. d. material culture.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Material versus Nonmaterial Culture (II)

13. Acronyms and emoticons, such as LOL, ;-), and LMAO, demonstrate that a. language, like other ideas, is universally understood. b. kids make a lot of effort to keep secrets from their parents. c. language is the direct result of technological and cultural constraints. d. technology itself can generate ideas and concepts.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Material versus Nonmaterial Culture (II)

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14. The technology for autonomous (self-driving) cars is already available, and a few models have been built. However, in a scenario where an autonomous vehicle hits another car, it is unclear who should be liable. Should it be the owner of the autonomous vehicle who was riding in the car? The manufacturer?

The person who created the software? Sociologists would point to the relevance of ________ when considering these questions. a. material culture b. nonmaterial culture c. cultural lag d. cultural relativism ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

15. An example of material culture is a. values. b. money.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding 16. An example of nonmaterial culture is a. money. b. books.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Material versus Nonmaterial Culture (II)

c. norms. d. behavior.

REF: Material versus Nonmaterial Culture (II)

c. values. d. cars.

REF: Material versus Nonmaterial Culture (II)

17. A wedding ring is an example of ________, while the expectation that married people should be sexually exclusive with their spouses is an example of ________. a. material culture; moralityTESTBANKSELLER.COM b. culture; subculture c. nonmaterial culture; ideology d. material culture; nonmaterial culture ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Material versus Nonmaterial Culture (II)

18. Elijah Anderson observed that many African Americans engage in code switching. This involves adjusting words, tone, and body language between settings that are predominately white, perhaps at ________, and settings that are predominantly black, such as ________. a. work; home b. church; home c. home; church d. church; work ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Language, Meaning, and Concepts (II.A)

19. Some African Americans shift between standard English and African American English, depending on the situation. This ability is called a. culture. c. code switching. b. cultural lag. d. linguistic ambidexterity.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Language, Meaning, and Concepts (II.A)

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20. After an exciting first week in the United States, Bryan, an international student from Malaysia, begins to feel exhausted, anxious, and confused about life in the United States. This is a. cultural lag. c. material culture. b. code switching. d. culture shock.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Language, Meaning, and Concepts (II.A)

21. Galileo's discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun rather than standing at the center of the universe is an example of a. cultural relativism. c. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. b. a dialectic. d. a shifting ideology.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Ideology (II.B)

22. Ideologies are a. systems that change only when massive revolutions take place in particular societies. b. systems that remain constant over time. c. often brought into question when certain aspects of that ideology are challenged. d. are not nearly as in important in modern societies.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Ideology (II.B)

23. Which feature of the 2016 presidential election results challenged the idea that the United States is a true democracy? a. The fact that the person elected president lost the popular vote. b. The fact that a man with less training in U.S. law won over a woman with more legal training.

TESTBANKSELLER.COM c. The fact that a very wealthy candidate won by promising to take on the U.S. elite. d. The fact that the person elected president was embroiled in controversy throughout his campaign.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Ideology (II.B)

24. Modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural are called a. cultural scripts. b. ideologies. c. symbolic culture. d. cultural lag.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Studying Culture (II.C)

25. Ruth Benedict, in her Patterns of Culture (1934), coined the term cultural relativism, which means a. creating culture that is similar to other cultures in close geographic proximity. b. that groups will become more similar as they advance in economic development. c. taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgment or assigning value. d. that individuals will ignore the behavior of others if it is not consistent with the values of their own group.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Studying Culture (II.C)

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26. When your friend returns from a study abroad, he reports back to you on the very different foods that people in his host country ate. He explains that to them it's normal, that people in different cultures do things differently, and that he learned not to make value judgments. This is known as a. ethnocentrism. c. counterculture. b. high culture. d. cultural relativism.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Studying Culture (II.C)

27. The study of culture tells us that a. the way "our" culture lives tends to be the most efficient. b. there are many ways to view the same symbol. c. many foreign cultures are primitive. d. many cultures are less indistinguishable from the laws of nature.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Studying Culture (II.C)

28. Which pair of concepts consists of two direct opposites? a. racism and domination b. ethnocentrism and cultural relativism c. hegemony and consumerism d. reflection theory and ideology ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: Studying Culture (II.C) | InQuizitive

29. The reason Geertz’s research on cockfighting was important to social science was that it a. helped reduce the incidence exposing it.

TEof STcockfighting BANKSELbyLE R.COM b. increased the status of cockfighting by bringing understanding to it. c. demonstrated the importance of symbolic culture, since the meaning of cockfighting varies. d. brought regard for the law in line with the importance of the referees’ decisions.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding 30. Goth culture tends to exist a. only in the United Kingdom. b. only in the United States.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Cockfighting and Symbolic Culture (II.C.i)

c. cross-culturally. d. no more; it died out in the 1990s.

REF: Subculture (II.D)

31. The various musical genres and the groups inspired by them, such as post-punk music and goth culture, are examples of which of the following? a. high cultures c. code switching b. subcultures d. political economy ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Subculture (II.D)

32. Relative to American culture today, identify which of the following is an example of a subculture. a. hunting enthusiasts b. litterbugs c. incompetent doctors

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d. cellular phone users ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Subculture (II.D) | InQuizitive

33. Subcultures a. can always be easily differentiated from the dominant culture. b. don't exist in most cultures because in most societies, everybody is very similar. c. are hard to definitively define because they are based on socially constructed values and practices. d. exist only in cultures where power differences exist between classes.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Subculture (II.D)

34. If ________ are abstract cultural beliefs, then ________ are how they are put into play. a. values; norms c. subcultures; countercultures b. norms; values d. countercultures; subcultures ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Cultural Effects: Give and Take (II.E)

35. Norms are to ________ as values are to ________. a. attitudes; behavior c. consistency; change b. behavior; attitudes d. change; consistency ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Cultural Effects: Give and Take (II.E)

36. The experience of internalizing TEaSculture's TBANKnorms, SELLvalues, ER.Cand OMthe like is known as a. socialization. c. hegemony. b. ideology. d. reflection.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Reflection Theory (II.F)

37. Karl Marx asserted that culture a. is a reflection of the means of production at a particular time. b. creates the way we survive in a particular environment. c. is less prominent in socialist societies. d. is less prominent in capitalist societies.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Reflection Theory (II.F)

38. Reflection theory is limited because it a. fails to take into account why some cultural products have staying power and others fall by the wayside. b. looks only at American culture, so it has not been tested cross-culturally. c. tends to state that culture has no impact on society, so it can’t account for social change. d. is limited to a specific time in history, so it has not been tested with changing economic systems.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Reflection Theory (II.F)

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39. Although some criticize rap music for its violent lyrics, many rappers defend it by saying it emerges directly from their experiences. Those rappers who make these claims are invoking a. hegemony. c. reflection theory. b. a defense mechanism. d. functionalism.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Reflection Theory (II.F)

40. Which of the following is true regarding the value of high versus low culture? a. High culture is more valuable than low culture. b. Low culture is more valuable than high culture. c. It is difficult to debate the worth of high and low culture. d. Popular culture is preferred over both high and low culture.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Reflection Theory (II.F)

41. What is the essential attribute of all media? a. They are a permanent record. b. They provide entertainment. c. They communicate information. d. They are produced for commercial reasons.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Media (III) | InQuizitive

42. A group of children is playing a game called "telephone," in which one child whispers a message to another, who then passes it along, until the last child announces the message to the whole group.

Usually, by the end, someone has misheard the message and changed it. Does the children's game of telephone count as media? TESTBANKSELLER.COM a. Yes, because the game relays information. b. Yes, but only if the message is fairly accurately conveyed. c. No, because it is just a game. d. No, because it must use technology to count as media.

ANS: A

DIF: Moderate

REF: Media (III)

43. The first form of mass media was the a. television. b. book.

c. silent film. d. billboard.

MSC: Applying

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: From the Town Crier to the Facebook Wall: A Brief History (III.A) MSC: Remembering 44. Which of the following took a new historical role when it fueled the civil rights and antiwar movements? a. the written word c. television b. the telephone d. talkie movies ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: From the Town Crier to the Facebook Wall: A Brief History (III.A) MSC: Remembering 45. Antonio Gramsci's concept for the historical process in which a dominant group exercises moral and intellectual leadership by voluntarily receiving the approval and consent of the masses is known as a. socialization. c. domination.

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b. hegemony.

d. rebellion.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Hegemony: The Mother of All Media Terms (III.B)

MSC: Remembering

46. Antonio Gramsci coined the term hegemony to mean that a dominant group wins "consent" of the masses through "moral and intellectual leadership." His thoughts are closely related to those of a. Auguste Comte. c. Herbert Gans. b. Karl Marx. d. Max Weber.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Hegemony: The Mother of All Media Terms (III.B)

MSC: Remembering

47. A group of protestors blocking the entrance to the campus administration building refuses to leave.

When the police begin spraying them with tear gas, Antonio Gramsci would say that the police are practicing a. socialization. c. domination. b. hegemony. d. authority.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Hegemony: The Mother of All Media Terms (III.B)

MSC: Applying

48. A feudal social order might be enforced in various ways. Using Antonio Gramsci’s categories, identify which of the following scenarios as an example of hegemony rather than domination. a. A petty thief is put in stocks in the public square. b. A priest preaches a sermon on the theme of being subject to those in authority. c. Anyone guilty of serious crimes forfeits all his material property. d. A petty thief is required to pay a fine.

ANS: B DIF: TModerate ESTBANKSELLER.COM REF: Hegemony: The Mother of All Media Terms (III.B) | InQuizitive MSC: Applying 49. Part of what we learn in elementary school is to obey authority, follow the rules, and be on time. Because these values are important to the functioning of the capitalist system, Antonio Gramsci would call this a. hegemony. c. the American way. b. discrimination. d. dominance.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Hegemony: The Mother of All Media Terms (III.B)

MSC: Understanding

50. According to Janice Radway, identify a legitimate function romance novels serve in the lives of women readers. a. They reaffirm traditional gender roles. b. They show women how to be happy without men. c. They provide alternative behavioral scripts. d. They relieve women readers of agency.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Texts (IV.A) | InQuizitive

51. Research questions such as why fairy tales often begin with a mother's death are examples of the analysis of media content stemming from Antonio Gramsci's work. What is this kind of analysis known as? a. functional analysis c. meta-analysis b. psychoanalysis d. textual analysis

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ANS: D

DIF: Difficult

REF: Texts (IV.A) MSC: Understanding

52. During the 1960s and 1970s, academic studies of media shifted from focusing on ________ to also include ________. a. texts; audiences c. adults; children b. radio; TV d. society; culture ANS: A

DIF: Moderate

REF: Texts (IV.A) MSC: Understanding

53. According to Herbert Gans, what determines the content of news stories? a. journalistic standards, including "the facts, just the facts" b. market forces and what the public wants to see c. powerful boards of directors who regulate various media d. the time and space constraints inherent in various media ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Back to the Beginning: Cultural Production (IV.B)

54. Eli Pariser worries that we never see new information online that will conflict with our existing beliefs because what we see is influenced by what we have clicked on before. He calls this the a. artificial intelligence. b. filter bubble. c. algorithm effect. d. fake news bubble.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Back to the Beginning: Cultural Production (IV.B)

55. A researcher wants to systematically study the potential problems that Eli Pariser calls the "filter bubble." To empirically examine she will TESPariser’s TBANKargument, SELLER .C OMneed to include in her study a. measures of what people have clicked on in previous internet sessions. b. measures of how people believe stories based on the graphics included. c. measures of which times of day people are spending the most time online. d. measures of whether people are filtering their own feeds with various apps.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Back to the Beginning: Cultural Production (IV.B)

56. Deliberate, long-term media campaigns such as Smokey the Bear, which began in 1944 and is still with us today, are examples of ads used by nonprofit organizations to educate the public. They are commonly known as a. hegemonies. c. public service announcements. b. mass-media services. d. desensitizing messages.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Media Effects (V)

57. Why was the Production/Hays Code abolished in 1967? a. The power of the code decreased due to the influence of television, foreign films, and the fact that being condemned as immoral did not deter a film's success. b. The effect of the media on the public was no longer as big of a concern to the general public. c. Being condemned as immoral increased a film's chances of success, making the Production/Hays Code counterproductive. d. The power of the code decreased due to the influence of other media platforms, such as television and radio.

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ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Media Effects (V)

58. Which of the following is part of the "three general principles" of the movie industry's Production Code? a. No picture shall be produced that will lower the moral standards of those who see it. Hence, the sympathy of the audience should never be thrown to the side of crime, wrongdoing, evil, or sin. b. Female homosexual characters may be portrayed, but only as objects of male desire and never actively involved in a same-sex romantic relationship. c. Language such as the "seven words you can never say on television" shall not be broadcast before 11:00 p.m. d. The market shall determine standards of decency. If customers become unwilling to patronize film and live performances that they deem inappropriate, such performances will be unable to continue.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Media Effects (V)

59. Which media effect was the Hays Code, which regulated film content from 1934 to 1967, intended to combat? a. the intended short-term effect of films stirring up antiwar sentiment in the moviegoing public b. the intended long-term effect of encouraging consumerism by depicting rich people in glamorous situations c. the unintended long-term effects of violent and sex-related content on society’s moral standards d. the unintended short-term effects of on-film violence inspiring kids to reenact the pictured violent crimes

ESTBANKSREF: ELLE R.CEffects OM (V) | InQuizitive ANS: C DIF: TModerate Media MSC: Remembering 60. Many Americans believe that shark attacks happen more frequently than they actually do. Assuming that this is due to the way these rare events are covered by the media, this would be considered a. an intentional, short-term effect of the media. b. an intentional, long-term effect of the media. c. an unintentional, short-term effect of the media. d. an unintentional, long-term effect of the media.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Media Effects (V)

61. You see an advertisement on television for a new burger at McDonald's. The next day, you are riding by McDonald's and decide to drive in and give it a try. This would be called a a. long-term deliberate media effect. c. long-term unintended media effect. b. short-term unintended media effect. d. short-term deliberate media effect.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Media Effects (V)

62. Although environmental groups had been advocating for the reduction of greenhouse gases for many years, it was only in 2013 that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed greenhouse gas emission limits to Congress. The reason for this delay was a. the EPA did not have the authority to propose legislation to Congress until after the 2012 election.

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b. this issue, like all issues, must be framed as a problem before solutions can be advocated. c. there was not enough scientific evidence that climate change was linked to human activity until then. d. Congress typically only takes suggestions for policies and regulations directly from academic experts.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Media Effects (V)

63. Which of these events occurred the MOST recently? a. the first same-sex kiss between men on television b. the first same-sex kiss between women on television c. the first interracial kiss in motion pictures d. the first interracial kiss on television ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Mommy, Where Do Stereotypes Come From? (VI) | InQuizitive MSC: Remembering 64. In 1941, Time magazine ran an article on how to distinguish between Chinese and Japanese people.

These descriptions reflected a. true biological differences in the two groups. b. the state of mind of many Americans at the time. c. true depictions of Chinese but not of Japanese. d. true depictions of Japanese but not of Chinese.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Mommy, Where Do Stereotypes Come From? (VI)

65. A graduate student is studying community high TEa S TBANKSwith ELL ERrates .COofMunemployment and a long history of racial tension. She collects, counts, and analyzes news stories in the area that focus on rarely occurring events, such as school shootings, and compares these to the prevalence of stories concerning the economic and cultural issues of the community. The researcher is conducting a study that is most centrally drawing on a. Gramsci’s concept of hegemony. b. Glassner’s argument about the culture of fear. c. Marx’s argument about false consciousness. d. Rollen’s concept of culture jamming.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Racism in the Media (VI.A)

66. The O.J. Simpson murder case and Hurricane Katrina are examples of which of the following? a. two recent U.S. natural disasters c. Gramsci's concept of hegemony b. how the media reflect racist ideology d. cultural scripts in news media ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Racism in the Media (VI.A)

67. How was Dove's Campaign for Real Beauty a response to feminist critiques of the media's messages to girls and women? a. It embraced those critiques and was among the first to feature women with cellulite and frizzy hair. b. It rejected the critiques and was among the first to airbrush its models and create unattainable images of beauty.

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c. It showed women in a variety of occupations, thus rejecting feminist arguments that women should aspire to only predominantly male positions. d. It created unrealistic images of beauty in order to sell Dove products.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Sexism in the Media (VI.B)

68. James sees an advertisement in a fashion magazine that depicts two beautifully dressed white women in a crashed car with blood on their faces, and their arms and legs dangling limp. If he uses Jean Kilbourne's film Killing Us Softly to interpret this advertisement, what might he conclude? a. Race is more important than gender as an interpretive lens. b. Women are associated with vehicles; men are associated with nature. c. Women are misrepresented in advertising, but men are accurately portrayed. d. Sexism and misogyny are prevalent in advertising and media.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Sexism in the Media (VI.B)

69. What is Jean Kilbourne's critique of an advertisement that shows a pair of women's legs with expensive high-heeled shoes on them popping out of a garbage can? a. It demonstrates how consumerism and waste has become a social problem. b. It promotes, even implicitly, violence against women. c. It is a sexist strategy to promote recycling. d. The legs are white, and the ad reflects the relative neglect of nonwhites in the media.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Sexism in the Media (VI.B)

70. One major concern with centralized ownership of major media outlets is that a. fewer entertainment options will available, TES TBbeAN KSELLasEcompetition R.COM for audiences declines. b. the incentives for quality media programs will be reduced as competition declines. c. fewer people will be able to consume media products, threatening the industry's viability. d. de facto censorship may occur because it becomes easier to suppress messages that media owners don't support.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Political Economy of the Media (VII)

71. Media centralization refers to a. the fact that, as digital devices become more common, fewer and fewer people who can afford all of them are granted access to the media. b. the movement of the media production industry to California in the mid-twentieth century. c. the fact that fewer and fewer groups own more and more of the media, which may increase corporate censorship. d. the role of the computing cloud in making data and information increasingly accessible from remote locations.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Political Economy of the Media (VII)

72. Most broadcasting companies are privately owned in the United States and are supported financially by advertising. This means they are likely to reflect the biases of their owners and backers. Knowing that the press is not free suggests that there is a a. political economy of the media. c. media controlled by antitrust laws. b. liberal media. d. cooperative economy.

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ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Political Economy of the Media (VII)

73. When Malcolm gets upset, he shops. Though it never delivers on the promise fully, he can't stop believing that new possessions will give him a new outlook on the upsetting situation. Malcolm's belief that happiness and fulfillment can be achieved through the acquisition of material possessions is known as a. consumerism. c. buyerism. b. asceticism. d. code switching.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Consumer Culture (VII.A)

74. Which of the following examples of part of the definition of consumerism? a. buying material things in the belief that they will bring happiness b. buying material things with others, as a social activity c. buying material things one does not really want d. buying material things in order to help the economy ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Consumer Culture (VII.A) | InQuizitive

75. According to research, because low-income parents cannot give their children every toy and gadget they want, the parents engage in a. symbolic deprivation. c. symbolic indulgence. b. deferred gratification. d. symbolic consumerism.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Advertising and Children (VII.B)

TESTBANKSELLER.COM 76. Google Classroom, a management learning system, has provided millions of devices to middle and high schools. While this might be helpful to less advantaged schools and their students in some ways, it also is concerning to some parents and other child advocates because a. children won’t be as familiar with other learning management systems. b. Google will collect data on children and use this to target them with ads. c. frequent computer use may actually be detrimental to children’s brain development. d. teachers may have incentives to teach only the skills that Google wants them to have.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Advertising and Children (VII.B)

77. During the Olympics, people often compile media quotes and images to show how female athletes are treated differently than male athletes. This strategy of using media to critique media is called a. culture jamming. c. domination. b. hegemony. d. reflection theory.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Culture Jams: Hey Calvin, How ‘Bout Giving That Girl a Sandwich? (VII.C) MSC: Applying 78. Legitimate advertisers tend to view culture jamming as a. a boost to sales of their products. b. a negative strategy. c. another way to increase competition. d. a way to bring attention to the positive aspects of their products.

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ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Culture Jams: Hey Calvin, How ‘Bout Giving That Girl a Sandwich? (VII.C) MSC: Understanding 79. Stanley Lieberson's research on first names in the United States focused on which phenomenon? a. the increase of unique names among blacks starting during the 1960s b. the increase of unique names for girls starting during the 1960s c. the increase of unique names for boys starting during the 1960s d. the increase of unique names among whites starting during the 1960s ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Policy: What's in a Name? (VIII)

80. Stanley Lieberson and Kelly Mikelson gave subjects a list of unique names they found in the Illinois database to see if the subjects could correctly identify the gender of the actual child. What were their findings? a. The vast majority could correctly identify the gender of the actual child. b. Most subjects were unable to correctly identify the gender of the actual child. c. Female subjects were better able to identify the gender of the actual child. d. Male subjects were better able to identify the gender of the actual child.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Policy: What's in a Name? (VIII)

ESSAY 1. List two of the definitions of culture discussed in Chapter 3. Which definition is better, and which is worse? Why? Justify why one way of looking at culture is better than the other.

TESTBANKSELLER.COM ANS: Conley emphasizes that there are many definitions of culture. Culture is a set of beliefs, traditions, and practices; it is the total of the social categories and concepts that we embrace in addition to our beliefs, practices, and surroundings, which is not our natural environment. The origin of the word is from the Latin colere, which means to cultivate or till the soil.

Culture of poverty, corporate cultures, subcultures, culture wars, culture bacteria in a petri dish, culture shock, and cultural conflicts on a global scale are all mentioned as examples of varied applications and definitions. Culture is always relative and varied, evolving over time and with changes in technology, people, and knowledge.

Answers about which definition is better may vary. Students may prefer the sociological view of culture as a set of beliefs, traditions, and practices that can be studied, rather than the view of culture that values only "high culture," because it is more inclusive.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Definitions of Culture (I)

MSC: Evaluating

2. Describe an example of a cultural lag. Explain how this example fits the definition of a cultural lag.

Distinguish between the material and the nonmaterial aspects of this instance of culture.

ANS: A cultural lag is the time gap between the appearance of a new technology and the words and practices that give it meaning. It is a kind of cultural "catching up" to technology.

Students might give examples including selfies and selfie sticks (from the textbook) or others from their experience, such as augmented reality, Pokémon GO, Twitter, Snapchat, Tinder, and so on.

The material aspects include the physical elements of the technology. The nonmaterial aspects include the words, values, morals, and behaviors that are shaped by the technology.

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DIF: Easy MSC: Analyzing

REF: Material versus Nonmaterial Culture (II)

3. Describe an example of codeswitching. Please connect your answer with the definition of codeswitching. Finally, please explain the link between codeswitching and the concept of culture shock.

ANS: Students should define codeswitching as Elijah Anderson’s concept that describes when people flip fluidly between two or more languages and sets of cultural norms to fit different cultural contexts.

Students could give any number of examples, such as style of dressing, walking, talking, attention to certain norms that vary between settings with different norms and modes of communication. Students should note that while code switching requires that people learn and become at least proficient in two different contexts/worlds, culture shock is characterized by feeling confused and disoriented. Students might recognize the stress or energy drain that both code switching and culture shock entail, and they might notice that code switching is a way around the experience of culture shock.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Language, Meaning, and Concepts (II.A)

4. Identify two examples of ideologies, one that was supported over time and one that was disproved over time. What factors contribute to ideologies being supported or disproved?

ANS: An ideology is a belief system of concepts and relationships that help us understand cause and effect.

Religion and science are examples of ideologies.

Science is a good example of how ideology can be supported by numerous tests or replications of research that come to the same general conclusions. It can also be disproved by findings that reject TESresearch TBANKinSthe ELfuture.

LER.InCthe OMtextbook, Conley uses Galileo's hypotheses and then lead to more discoveries as an example, as well as the fall of the former Soviet Union.

Factors that influence an ideology's viability include its effects on people, its scientific validity, its value to those in power, and its popularity.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Ideology (II.B)

MSC: Analyzing

5. When studying culture, it is important to remain culturally relative. Who defined this concept and what does it mean? What is an important difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism? Offer an example of an instance where cultural relativism might be difficult to utilize.

ANS: Ruth Benedict, an anthropologist, defined cultural relativism to mean that when studying culture, we must take into account differences across cultures without passing judgment or assigning value. It seems that a good first step toward cultural relativism is to understand one's own culture critically and from an outsider's, rather than insider's, perspective. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are closely related; ethnocentrism is viewing a culture from one's own perspective, and cultural relativism is viewing a culture from the insider's vantage point. Sociology encourages a move from ethnocentrism to cultural relativism.

Cultural relativism is important because while we may want to respect cultures that practice circumcision (e.g., of boys in the United States and Israel and of girls in some Arab and African countries), cultural practices that hurt and mutilate in the name of cultural tradition may still be unacceptable to us. Here, a sociologist may have to be a bit ethnocentric because these practices—taught via cultural scripts—may harm children physically as well as emotionally, psychologically, and sexually. Another example in the text is the discussion of the meanings of baseball in the United States and cockfighting in Bali.

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DIF: Easy

REF: Studying Culture (II.C)

MSC: Analyzing

6. Identify two subcultures within your society, one that you belong to and one that you do not. In your answer, use two of the following terms to describe how people think and behave within these subcultures: code switching, culture shock, material culture, and nonmaterial culture.

ANS: Subcultures are difficult to define but are generally agreed to be smaller groups within a larger, more dominant culture that share some of the dominant values but also have their own cultural values. For example, subcultures may share language, food norms, and religion with the dominant culture but differ in ways of dressing.

One subculture discussed in Chapter 3 is goth, comprising people who tend to like heavy metal music and dress in black clothing. They share other interests, yet may also share many things with the dominant culture, such as speaking the same language and following the same laws. An alternative subculture is that of typical American college students. They live on campus and share a lifestyle of going to class, studying, working a part-time job, and partying on the weekends with friends. This makes them different from others, although most college students still pay taxes, speak English, and drive on the right side of the road like other U.S. citizens.

The student may use the terms in the following ways: People code switch between subcultures and mainstream cultures.

People generally do not experience culture shock when moving between their own subculture and mainstream culture, but they may experience culture shock when experiencing a new subculture.

The material culture elements of a subculture may include body modification, clothing, musical instruments, and objects used in rituals or other group activities.

The nonmaterial culture elements of a subculture may include morals, values, symbols, words, and music.

DIF: Easy

ESTBAN(II.D) KSELLER.COM REF: TSubculture

MSC: Analyzing

7. What are media and how do they affect our values and norms? Offer one example of a media effect that you believe benefits society. Offer one example of a media effect that you believe damages society.

ANS: Media are the many formats and vehicles that carry, present, and communicate information, such as newspapers, books, television, movies, the internet, and the radio. Our values are our moral beliefs about what is right and what is wrong, and norms are how we put our values into action in the real-world. We learn our values and norms throughout our lives via socialization into our environments, and the media is a major way in which most of the population of the Western world gets socialized.

The student may give examples of helpful media that strengthen democracy, empower individuals, or relay public health information. The student may offer negative examples such as violence, tolerance of misogyny, and negative body image.

DIF: Easy

REF: Media (III)

MSC: Evaluating

8. Choose either racism or sexism as your topic for this question. How is racism or sexism present in media? How do these media shape culture? In your answer, use two of the following concepts: consumerism, media effects, hegemony, and reflection theory.

ANS:

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The media reflect and perpetuate racist and sexist ideologies. During World War II, Time ran an article called "How to Tell Your Friends from the Japs." There were annotated photographs to help readers distinguish, for instance, Chinese and Japanese people. This article reflects the fear, mistrust, and racism toward Japanese people in the United States at that time. Many years later Time darkened an image of O.J. Simpson, who had been arrested for allegedly killing his white ex-wife and her friend. Many criticized this as an implication that those with darker skin are more dangerous and criminal. After Hurricane Katrina, two photos began to circulate on the internet. One, showing a black person wading through water with groceries, was labeled a "looter." An almost identical photo of a white couple wading through water with groceries had a caption stating that the couple had "found" the food. Mass media are also criticized for their representation of women. Jean Kilbourne's 1979 film Killing Us Softly: Advertising's Image of Women examines the ways that women are shown as victims of violence to advertise goods and services, sustaining a symbolic violence against women. Women are often presented for the male gaze as sex objects. The beauty standards are unrealistic for most women. The media reflect, enforce, and create stereotypes through their representation of racial groups and men/women.

DIF: Easy MSC: Analyzing

REF: Mommy, Where Do Stereotypes Come From? (VI)

9. Evaluate the Dove Beauty Campaign as an attempt to influence culture. What is the Dove Beauty Campaign and what are its goals? Discuss the culture-changing potential of corporate campaigns like this one versus culture jamming. In your discussion, include an example of culture jamming.

ANS: The Dove Beauty Campaign is a response to criticisms of the Dove Company and others who promote unrealistic standards of beauty for women. Dove responded strongly by creating a countercultural campaign of diverse bodies, diverse faces, and messages that encourage all women to value their appearances and bodies. In one sense, the goal is to empower women. In another sense, the goal is for the TE STBA NKSofEthe LLcultural ER.CO M and attracting attention to its products company to profit, in this case getting ahead curve in a new way.

Culture jamming is when media are turned against themselves, a co-opting strategy. Rockin' Rollen is one example of an individual using media for his own ends, contrary to the wishes of the media owners. Adbusters is another example of media critical of media.

In evaluating these campaigns, the student may argue that corporate efforts are stronger because they are larger in scope, better funded, and longer lasting, and that mixing motives (culture change and profit) is acceptable. Other students may argue that the profit motive dilutes the culture change impulse and that, for this reason, culture jamming is a purer and more effective strategy.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Sexism in the Media (VI.B)

MSC: Evaluating

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CHAPTER 4 Socialization and the Construction of Reality CONCEPT MAP I. II. III. IV.

V. VI.

Socialization: The Concept Limits of Socialization A. “Human” Nature Theories of Socialization A. Me, Myself and I: Development of the Self and the Other Agents of Socialization A. Families B. School C. Peers D. Adult Socialization E. Total Institutions Social Interaction A. Gender Roles The Social Construction of Reality A. Dramaturgical Theory B. Ethnomethodology C. New Technologies: What Has the Internet Done to Interaction?

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The lifelong process of learning and internalizing the norms of society, including how to behave and interact with others in various social settings, is called a. socialization. b. social construction.

TESTBANKSELLER.COM c. human nature. d. role strain.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Socialization: The Concept (I)

2. Sociologists believe that socialization begins when a child a. can distinguish the I from me. b. is born. c. is still in the womb. d. internalizes the norms and values of society.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Socialization: The Concept (I)

3. Identify the major obstacle that keeps computers from effectively mimicking human beings in a Turing test experiment. a. a lack of reasoning ability b. a lack of information gained through experience c. a lack of language comprehension d. a lack of socialization ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Socialization: The Concept (I) | InQuizitive

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4. Camilla sits on a crowded bus with her phone in her hand and staring blankly at no one in particular.

Referring to this type of behavior, Psychiatrist Fadi Haddad worries that technology is making people less a. socialized. c. socially nuanced. b. inattentive. d. civilly engaged.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Socialization: The Concept (I)

5. In large urban areas, people know how to establish private zones of solitude, even in large crowds.

Erving Goffman analyzes this as an example of socialization called a. Turing testing. c. total institution. b. civil inattention. d. generalized other.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Socialization: The Concept (I)

6. Lily is very different from her siblings, friends, and other individuals in her life. She was raised in a functional family that taught their children to behave a certain way and to follow social norms and expectations. Lily, however, dropped out of school and has pursued a different path. Lily exemplifies the fact that a. even in the same family, children are raised differently. b. even if socialization is a powerful process, human beings still have agency to behave differently than expected. c. scholars now view socialization as a flawed theory with little value. d. although socialization matters, biology (nature) has a stronger impact on our behavior.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Limits of Socialization (II)

TESTBANKSELLER.COM 7. The story of the abused and neglected child named Anna teaches lessons about the importance of ________ as an influence on human development. a. social class c. human interaction b. social construction d. healthy nutrition ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Limits of Socialization (II)

8. Children who have experienced long periods of isolation, such as the example of Anna described in the textbook, illustrate how a. biology (nature) is more important than the social environment (nurture). b. the social environment (nurture) is more important than biology (nature). c. "human nature" is the result of a complex relationship between nature and nurture. d. lack of discipline in early childhood leads to long-term physical and mental problems.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Limits of Socialization (II)

9. The case of “Anna,” a young girl who spent the first five or so years of her life left alone in a dark attic, illustrates the role of socialization in human development. Based on this and other cases, identify what conclusion the researchers who cared for Anna reached. a. Children’s physical health is unrelated to social contact, but their mental health deteriorates in isolation. b. Long-term social isolation stunts cognitive development. c. Complete socialization can occur at any age, but children who have been severely isolated

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for a long period of time take much more time to develop. d. Biological development and social development are not related.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Limits of Socialization (II) | InQuizitive

10. Who developed the theory that uses game play to understand the development of the self? a. George Herbert Mead c. Robert Merton b. Charles Horton Cooley d. Erving Goffman ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Me, Myself, and I: Development of the Self and the Other (III.A) MSC: Remembering 11. ________ argued that other people provide us with a social mirror and that our interpretations of this mirror affect how we see ourselves. a. Erving Goffman c. Charles Horton Cooley b. Émile Durkheim d. George Herbert Mead ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Me, Myself, and I: Development of the Self and the Other (III.A) MSC: Remembering 12. According to George Herbert Mead's stages of social development, children first learn to recognize an other through a. playing informally with other people. c. playing formal games (like baseball). b. trial and error. d. imitation.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Me, Myself, and I: Development Other TESTBANofKthe SESelf LLand ER.theCO M (III.A) MSC: Remembering 13. The final step in George Herbert Mead's theory of socialization is the development of an internalized sense of the total expectations of others. This is known as the ________ other. a. generalized c. socialized b. first-person d. significant ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Me, Myself, and I: Development of the Self and the Other (III.A) MSC: Remembering 14. Which of the following items does the developing child acquire first? a. the self b. the generalized other, such as one’s fellow citizens c. members of a reference group, such as a child’s school class d. individual significant others, such as parents ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Me, Myself, and I: Development of the Self and the Other (III.A) | InQuizitive MSC: Remembering 15. Matthew and Marissa’s three-year-old daughter picks her nose and climbs on the chair and the table while they are dining at a fancy restaurant. According to the theories developed by George Herbert Mead, this is most likely because she has not a. internalized the generalized other. c. developed an I. b. had enough social interaction. d. experienced role strain.

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ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Me, Myself, and I: Development of the Self and the Other (III.A) MSC: Applying 16. A man "streaked" (ran around nude) at Harvard's graduation ceremony. Using George Herbert Mead's theory, how could you interpret streaking? The streaker a. has not been socialized properly by his family and has a poorly developed generalized other. b. has a keen awareness of the generalized other and simply enjoys soliciting people's reactions. c. has failed to separate the I from the me. d. has betrayed his reference group.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Me, Myself, and I: Development of the Self and the Other (III.A) MSC: Applying 17. When Marla gets dressed, she looks at herself in a mirror and reflects on what other people will think about her choice to wear sweatpants to jury duty. She isn't thinking of a specific person's reaction but rather that of people in general. This ability to imagine how society perceives the self is known as a. the norms of society. c. human nature. b. the projected self. d. the generalized other.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Me, Myself, and I: Development of the Self and the Other (III.A) MSC: Applying 18. According to the theory proposed by Charles Horton Cooley, we develop a concept of self by a. inheriting genetic characteristics from our parents. b. learning self-discipline. TESTBANKSELLER.COM c. interpreting how others think about us. d. interpreting our feelings about ourselves.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Me, Myself, and I: Development of the Self and the Other (III.A) MSC: Understanding 19. In line with the "looking glass theory" developed by Charles Horton Cooley, which of the following statements is true? a. We should never concern ourselves with what others think of us. b. Everything is socially constructed except for a person's true, inner self. c. Our interpretations of how others see us are more important than the reality of how others see us. d. The "I" internalizes other people's views; the "me" sees the self accurately.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Me, Myself, and I: Development of the Self and the Other (III.A) MSC: Understanding 20. What distinguishes the I and the me according to George Herbert Mead? a. The I is one's sense of agency; the me is how we believe others see us. b. The I is empathetic; the me is self-absorbed. c. The I is how we believe others view us; the me is how we view ourselves. d. The I wants to please others; the me wants to please the self.

ANS: A

DIF: Difficult

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REF: Me, Myself, and I: Development of the Self and the Other (III.A) MSC: Understanding 21. Individuals and groups who help shape our orientation to life, our self-concept, emotions, values, attitudes, and behaviors are called a. significant others. c. role models. b. agents of socialization. d. generalized social selves.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Agents of Socialization (IV)

22. According to Annette Lareau, parents from different social classes socialize their children differently.

Which of the following statements best describes the differences that she found in her research? a. Middle-class parents are more likely to structure their children's leisure time with formal activities; working-class parents leave it up to the kids to decide how they want to structure their free time. b. Middle-class parents give more opportunity for kids to do what they want; working-class parents mandate more structured activities. c. Middle-class parents value obedience over independent thinking; working-class kids are taught to use logic and reason to support their choices. d. Working-class parents use time-outs as a form of punishment; middle-class parents use spanking as a form of punishment.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Families (IV.A)

23. Annette Lareau, author of Unequal Childhoods (2003), makes a compelling case for the existence of differences between working-class and middle-class families. Which of the following statements best summarizes what she found?

TEST BANKSE LLER .Conly OM a small role in shaping students' a. Because schools are the "great equalizer," parents play life chances. b. Class-based parenting differences have minimal effects on children's life chances as they head into adulthood. c. Children's life chances are primarily related to aspirations, talents, and hard work on the part of individuals, not parents' social class. d. Class differences, played out in the daily routines of parenting, have a powerful impact on children's life chances.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Families (IV.A)

24. According to research conducted by Annette Lareau (2003), in terms of strategies for childrearing, working-class and poor parents focus on the "accomplishment of natural growth," while middle-class parents are more likely to engage in "concerted cultivation." In the "accomplishment of natural growth," children experience a. instruction in how to interact with adult authority figures and how to manage schedules. b. organized activities that are established and controlled by their mothers and fathers. c. assistance, monitoring, and intervention from parents in their schoolwork. d. long stretches of leisure time and child-initiated play.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Families (IV.A)

25. According to the text, private prep schools are believed to a. admit students based on merit and thereby providing an equal opportunity for everyone to

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become successful regardless of social class. b. socialize their students into a world of power and privilege. c. provide fewer opportunities for their students than do public schools. d. focus exclusively on educational standards to the detriment of extracurricular activities.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: School (IV.B)

26. Ryan is a child diagnosed with ADHD. Since it is believed to be genetic, he is given a prescription for medication. However, psychiatrist Fadi Haddad would argue that there are social factors at play, such as a. schools requiring strict conformity to specific standards and expectations, and a child's individuality might fall outside those norms. b. children internalizing the generalized others at various paces. c. society becoming too centered on adults and would rather medicate away childhood. d. parents of different social classes socializing their children in different ways.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: School (IV.B)

27. Carlie is a teenager who is very much influenced by her friends. They sometimes convince her to do things she really doesn’t want to do, like skip class. This type of conformity, especially among teenage friends, is known as a. role conflict. c. reference group influence. b. socialization. d. peer pressure.

ANS: D

DIF: Easy

REF: Peers (IV.C) MSC: Applying

28. Research presented in the textbook shows that teens tend to take advice from friends, especially on matters such as dating and sex. In terms of the accuracy of the information, they typically a. prefer searching online for reliable TEthe STmost BAN KSELinformation.

LER.COM b. believe that the information received from parents and educators is more reliable than that from friends. c. believe that their peers could provide the most relevant and accurate information. d. view library books as the best source for reliable dating advice.

ANS: B

DIF: Difficult

REF: Peers (IV.C) MSC: Applying

29. ________ is an example of adult socialization, while ________ would be more appropriately characterized as resocialization. a. Training for a new job; moving to a new country b. Moving to a new country; training for a new job c. An adult teaching a child proper manners; reinforcing something you learned as a child, such as how to play the piano d. Reinforcing something you learned as a child, such as how to play the piano; an adult teaching a child proper manners ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Adult Socialization (IV.D)

30. Identify the example of a situation in which an adult will need to be resocialized. a. becoming a parent b. starting at a new job c. dating after a divorce d. getting married ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: Adult Socialization (IV.D) | InQuizitive

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MSC: Applying 31. Because military boot camps and prisons are places that control all of the basic elements of people's day-to-day lives, they are known as a. total institutions. c. bureaucracies. b. front stages. d. ascribed statuses.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Total Institutions (IV.E)

32. Which of the following would be the best example of a total institution? a. a Boy Scout troop c. a convent b. a political party d. a sports team ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Total Institutions (IV.E)

33. Expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupants of a particular status are called a. folkways. c. identities. b. roles. d. status sets.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Social Interaction (V)

34. Which social theorist developed role theory as a way to examine social interaction? a. Karl Marx c. Charles Horton Cooley b. Erving Goffman d. Robert Merton ANS: D DIF: TEasy Social (V) ESTBANKSREF: ELLE R.CInteraction OM MSC: Remembering 35. Most people occupy many statuses at a particular point in time (e.g., student, son or daughter, employee, citizen). This list of statuses is known as the a. total status. c. status set. b. master status. d. set of roles.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering 36. An ascribed status is one that a. a person has little or no control over. b. stands out within a status set.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Social Interaction (V)

c. is written in an official record. d. a person works to accomplish.

REF: Social Interaction (V)

37. Maria Sharapova is one of the top women's tennis players in the world. Because this status overrides all her other statuses, it is known as her a. ascribed status. c. master status. b. achieved status. d. status set.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Social Interaction (V)

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38. Ashley is a single mother who feels like she does not have enough time to both get adequate sleep and spend quality time with her children. She may be experiencing which of the following? a. peer pressure c. role strain b. resocialization d. role conflict ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Social Interaction (V)

39. Diego has a paper due in his sociology class, a test in his astronomy class, and field notes due in his anthropology class this week. On top of this, he needs to meet with his advisor to plan his schedule for next academic term. Diego feels stressed. He is experiencing a. role conflict. c. role strain. b. resocialization. d. status pressure.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Social Interaction (V)

40. Phil's boss asked him to work this weekend, but he feels obligated to attend a family reunion and has to study for an exam. He is having trouble deciding which activity to let go. Phil is experiencing a. role strain. c. role conflict. b. norm breaching. d. status incompatibility.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Social Interaction (V)

41. Professor, mother, aunt, and artist are each an example of a(n) a. status. c. self. b. role. d. other.

ANS: A DIF: TEasy Social (V) ESTBANKSREF: ELLE R.CInteraction OM MSC: Understanding 42. As a sociological concept, roles a. dictate the reality of a situation. b. lay out what is expected of people. c. are the social positions that an individual occupies. d. are almost always identical from one setting to the next.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Social Interaction (V)

43. Which of the following is the best example of an achieved status? a. African American woman b. man born with cerebral palsy c. minister in a Methodist church d. baby baptized into the Roman Catholic Church ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Social Interaction (V)

44. Which of the following represents an ascribed status? a. an American of Taiwanese descent c. a high-school dropout b. a lawyer d. a sociology major ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Social Interaction (V)

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45. When Laila is at daycare, she plays with dolls with the other girls, while the boys play with toy cars and action figures. This expectation is an example of a. biological differences between genders. b. gender roles. c. gendered role conflicts. d. gendered reference groups.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Gender Roles (V.A)

46. Encouraging young girls to wear dresses while encouraging young boys to engage in contact sports are examples of ways some parents socialize their children into what? a. the looking glass self b. a total institution c. role strain d. gender roles ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Gender Roles (V.A) | InQuizitive

47. Studies have shown that people interact with babies differently based on whether the babies are boys or girls. Using role theory, we could argue that a. sex is an achieved status. b. sex is a master status in our society. c. boys and girls are simply different. d. gender roles vary by social class.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Gender Roles (V.A) MSC: Understanding TESTBANKSELLER.COM 48. In C.J. Pascoe’s work on gender and sexuality, the term “fag” was primarily used a. as an insult to enforce gender norms surrounding masculinity. b. not as an insult, but as a neutral term synonymous with being gay. c. as a homophobic insult directed toward openly gay students. d. by boys in private prep schools to demean students who do not perform well academically.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Gender Roles (V.A)

49. Which of the following theories argues that people's feelings and choices about how to act are based on shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions? a. dramaturgical theory c. functionalism b. symbolic interactionism d. role theory ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Social Construction of Reality (VI)

50. Amy, an American college student, is studying abroad in France. She immediately notices a range of cultural differences such as the language that is spoken, when and what people eat, how people greet each other, and the expected dress code in different social settings. The sociological perspective of symbolic interactionism can teach Amy that a. the meanings attached to social actions and symbols are socially constructed and contextually situated. b. there are no predictable patterns in social behavior.

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c. we engage in similar activities across cultures, even if they are not identical in their characteristics. d. because symbols and meanings constantly change and evolve, certain cultures are more advanced than others.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: The Social Construction of Reality (VI)

51. Today's assumption that childhood represents a distinct phase in the life course stands in sharp contrast to the notion of children as little adults that was popular in preindustrial times. This example highlights how a. children have redefined their status over the years. b. our notions of childhood are socially constructed. c. children today are increasingly put to work. d. children's views of the world remain the same.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Social Construction of Reality (VI)

52. Most sociologists (and biologists) argue that race is a human invention that is socially constructed.

Which of the following statements best highlights this position? a. Race is biologically real, but society should choose to be "color-blind." b. Race stems from genetic differences and occurs in other mammals as well. c. Racial categories have always been fixed and remain the same in different cultures. d. Racial categories on census forms have continued to change over time.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Social Construction of Reality (VI)

53. According to Erving Goffman, make impressions on others and we actively work to TEwe STallBtry ANtoKS ELLgood ER. COM ensure that others believe they are doing the same. He calls this a. back stage. c. impression management. b. the generalized other. d. social construction.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Dramaturgical Theory (VI.A)

54. Which of the following scenarios provides an example of front-stage behavior? a. Sally discovers her mother-in-law is dropping by shortly, so Sally rushes to tidy up the house. b. Sam is angry at his little brother for embarrassing him in front of his girlfriend, so he refuses to take him to get ice cream. c. The actress playing Cinderella smokes a cigarette in the employee break room before going to sign autographs at the castle. d. While eating at Denny's last night, Debbie saw a little boy pocket some money from one of the tables. The boy was not aware anyone saw him.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Dramaturgical Theory (VI.A)

55. Your neighbor drank too much last Saturday and fell and hurt his shoulder. When asked about his injury, the neighbor replied, "I hurt my shoulder playing rugby with some friends the other day." This is an example of a. role strain. c. a breach of common roles. b. saving face. d. backstage performance.

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ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Dramaturgical Theory (VI.A)

56. Your professor accidentally trips as she walks into class one day. Such front-stage mistakes are known as a. breaches. c. role failures. b. impression strain. d. theatrical breakdowns.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Dramaturgical Theory (VI.A)

57. Saying "hello" when answering the telephone signals the start of an encounter in the first bracket and is known to dramaturgical theorists as a. the opening. c. act one. b. the monologue. d. the preshow.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Dramaturgical Theory (VI.A)

58. Two women are in an elevator together. After briefly acknowledging each other's presence with a slight head nod, they ignore each other for the remainder of the ride. Erving Goffman would refer to this behavior as an example of a. backstage behavior. c. an opening signal. b. civil inattention. d. a given-off gesture.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Dramaturgical Theory (VI.A)

59. Which of the following is an example of a given-off gesture? a. consciously stifling a laugh TEwhen STBsomeone ANKSEwalks LLERinto .Cclass OM with toilet paper on his or her shoe b. waving instead of greeting someone verbally c. glancing at your watch when a friend starts another story at a party in an attempt to hint that you should both leave d. absentmindedly staring at the ceiling while your professor is talking ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Dramaturgical Theory (VI.A)

60. Tyra avoids talking on the phone because ending a conversation is so awkward. How would dramaturgical theory explain why it is more difficult to end a conversation when on the phone compared to when you see someone in person? a. Backstage critique becomes so strong that it is difficult to choose what to say. b. People cannot see our nonverbal closing gestures. c. By the end of a phone conversation, too many breaches have occurred. d. We are in the backstage when on the phone but in the front stage when in person.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Dramaturgical Theory (VI.A)

61. Identify which event belongs on the front stage in the dramaturgical theory of society. a. A Marine drill sergeant berates a recruit for holding his rifle wrong. b. A Marine drill sergeant tells his captain that a certain recruit is doing quite well, within earshot of the recruit. c. A shift manager expresses worry to his boss that a new employee may never get the hang of

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the job. d. A server complains about a customer to his shift manager after the customer leaves.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Dramaturgical Theory (VI.A) | InQuizitive

62. Dramaturgical theory suggests that the primary goal of every social interaction is to a. be front (and center) stage. c. reduce backstage critique. b. conform to the script. d. make a good impression.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Dramaturgical Theory (VI.A)

63. In Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical theory, the backstage arena would include a. occasions when we are in public, but the spotlight is on someone else. b. occasions when we create and maintain particular impressions of ourselves. c. social settings where less than 10 people are present. d. times of solitude and personal reflection.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Dramaturgical Theory (VI.A)

64. According to Erving Goffman, when there is a breach in an established script, people generally a. point out the mistake so they can make others look bad. b. point out the mistake so they can feel superior. c. work hard to repair the mistake so everyone can move forward. d. work hard to repair the mistake only if they know the person really well.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Dramaturgical Theory (VI.A) MSC: Understanding TESTBANKSELLER.COM 65. Harold Garfinkel developed an approach to studying human interaction that focused on how people produce and maintain a mutually shared social order. This method was called a. ethnomethodology. c. social constructionism. b. dramaturgy. d. symbolic interactionism.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Ethnomethodology (VI.B)

66. Laura’s professor asked the students to do a breaching experiment. Laura has a great idea. She has most likely decided to a. spend a day alone. b. ask a stranger to tie her shoes. c. tell her parents that she is going over to a friend's house to study. d. tell her best friend that there is something in his or her teeth.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Ethnomethodology (VI.B)

67. Jonathan goes to see a movie in a nearly empty theatre. As a breaching experiment, he decides to sit down right next to the only other person who is there, a person he does not know. The person awkwardly moves to another row shortly after. This scenario can tell us that a. Americans are quite antisocial. b. the prevalence of civil inattention has increased steadily. c. there are socially constructed rules and norms that dictate expectations about personal space.

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d. we are both genetically and socially predisposed to be wary of strangers.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Ethnomethodology (VI.B)

68. What is the central idea of ethnomethodology? a. Observe people in their social environment rather than in a lab. b. Violate social norms and observe how people react. c. Judge each national culture by its own norms rather than outside norms. d. Focus on norm-respecting behavior rather than on breaches.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: Ethnomethodology (VI.B) | InQuizitive

69. When communicating on social media, we rely almost exclusively on a. props. b. the script. c. nonverbal cues. d. the backstage.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: New Technologies: What Has the Internet Done to Interaction? (VI.C) MSC: Remembering ESSAY 1. Summarize the case of Anna, the severely neglected girl. What does this case tell us about the importance of socialization? In what ways does this case show the limits of socialization?

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ANS: Anna was a young girl who was found tortured and bound to a chair in an attic. She was not well fed and, up to the point when she was found, had minimal human contact. She couldn't walk, and she couldn't speak because she was never taught language. The people who found her tried to help her and made some progress, but she died a few years later. The five conclusions reached were as follows: (1) Her inability to develop past an "idiot level of mentality . . . is largely the result of social isolation."

(2) "It seems almost impossible for any child to learn to speak, think, and act like a normal person after a long period of isolation."

(3) They compared her with other cases of isolated children, and the similarities "seem to indicate that the stages of socialization are to some extent necessarily related to the stages of organic development."

(4) "Anna's history . . . seems to demonstrate that human nature is determined by the child's communicative social contacts as much as by his [sic] organic equipment and that the system of communicative symbols is a highly complex business acquired early in life as the result of long and intimate training."

(5) Theories of socialization are neither right nor wrong in this case "but simply inapplicable" (Davis, 1940, pp. 554–65).

These conclusions tell us that without social contact, even children like Anna, who was born healthy, will not thrive without having meaningful socialization into language, bipedal mobility, and basic human behaviors.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Limits of Socialization (II)

MSC: Evaluating

2. Do you believe that social structure (socialization) or individual agency is more powerful when determining what a person thinks and how they behave? Why?

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ANS: Theories of socialization argue that, as humans, we are constantly shaped by our social surroundings, starting at birth and continuing throughout life. In many ways, we are taught how to behave and what to believe, and most of us tend to conform to the norms of society. The powerful effects of socialization can, for example, be seen in the fact that many of us hold the same religious and political views as our parents and other people in our community that have served as our agents of socialization. On the other hand, as humans, we have individual agency to behave differently from what is expected of us by our parents, peers, teachers, etc. The limits of socialization can be seen when a person goes against the norms and values that have been instilled in them by their social surroundings, such as a boy from an upper class family dropping out of high school. Another example of the limits of socialization and the power of agency would be when a little girl rejects the gender roles that she is socialized into at home and at daycare by refusing to wear a dress and play with dolls.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Limits of Socialization (II)

MSC: Evaluating

3. What does it mean to say that the self is socially constructed? In your answer, summarize Charles Horton Cooley's theory of the looking glass self. How does this theory explain the development of an individual's self-concept?

ANS: Cooley's theory of the looking glass self states that our self-concept comes from a social process in which we assume the point of view of others and imagine how they see us. If people are nice to us and say we are smart, cute, and funny, we are likely to develop a positive self-concept. However, if people call us dumb, ugly, and humorless, we may develop a negative self-concept.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Me, Myself, and I: Development of the Self and the Other (III.A)

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4. According to George Herbert Mead, the final step in the socialization process is when a person has developed the concept of the generalized other. Explain this concept in your own words. List and explain two examples of how your perception of the generalized other affects your day-to-day behavior.

ANS: The generalized other is when we have internalized the total expectations of others in society. Even if we are in a place we have never been before, or if we are surrounded by a bunch of people we have never encountered before, we have a pretty good idea of what others expect from us. In other words, we have been socialized, and as a result of this socialization we have internalized the larger expectations of society (generalized other).

It is my perception of the generalized other that keeps me from picking my nose when I'm in the car and I think that someone might see me. My perception of the generalized other also keeps me from cutting in line at the grocery store (even if I'm in a hurry). My perception of the generalized other is why I refrain from calling people after 10:00 P.M. and before 8:00 A.M. My perception of the generalized other is why I don't mow my lawn in the nude.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Me, Myself, and I: Development of the Self and the Other (III.A)

5. Parents of different social classes socialize their children differently. Middle-class parents are more likely to stress independence and self-direction, whereas working-class parents prioritize obedience to authority. Using this example, justify and explain the position that these different socialization experiences could reproduce social inequality. Do you find this position convincing? Why or why not?

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ANS: Socialization is not only the process by which we learn how to function in society, but also a process by which ideas, attitudes, and behaviors are perpetuated from one generation to the next. A child whose parents teach him or her to be self-directed is more likely to set higher goals in life than a child whose parents teach him or her to be obedient. Parents seem to prepare their kids according to their own experiences in the workplace (i.e., what they know best). Upper- and middle-class parents are more likely to have jobs with a good deal of autonomy and control, and most likely jobs that require them to make decisions independently. Working-class parents most likely have jobs where they are constantly supervised, have less control over how they do their work, and must answer to a superior. As such, they value obedience to authority and prepare their kids for similar kinds of jobs. In these ways, the socialization process can reproduce inequality, even unintentionally.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Families (IV.A)

MSC: Evaluating

6. Consider this image of Marines training at Parris Island. How is Marine boot camp an example of a total institution? What do you see in the photograph that supports your analysis? Offer an example of a total institution other than the military. What are two things that all total institutions have in common?

ANS: Total institutions control all the basics of day-to-day life. Marines experience day-to-day life under a single controlling authority and have no separation between life in the Marines and other spheres of life.

In the photograph, we can see similar haircuts, similar clothing, and similar facial expressions, suggesting that these individuals are being socialized to conform to military ideals and to function as a team.

TEinstitutions, STBANKSaside ELLfrom ER.the COmilitary, M Other examples of total include convents and monasteries, boarding schools, prisons, and concentration camps. These are very different from one another, but the student may note some of these similarities: total immersion, relatively high degree of control, and a single authority.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Total Institutions (IV.E)

MSC: Analyzing

7. Describe role conflict and role strain. Your answer should offer at least one example of each that shows how these two concepts are similar and different.

ANS: Role strain is the incompatibility or stress that a person experiences within one status, such as a father who has a screaming infant and a two-year-old running toward the pool at the same time. The strain may be in deciding, "Which one needs me more right this second?"

Role conflict occurs when a person has stress or incompatibility among the roles of two or more statuses that he or she is expected to perform. For example, the father in the above example may have two kids to care for on a beautiful Saturday morning when the phone rings. It's his golf buddy, who says, "We need a fourth player because Ed's sick today." What is this father to do?

DIF: Moderate

REF: Social Interaction (V)

MSC: Analyzing

8. Use the example of either religion or social class to argue whether this status is primarily ascribed or achieved. Discuss what qualities of this status fit with the ascribed category on the one hand and the achieved category on the other.

ANS:

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Take the example of religion. A boy whose parents take him to a Baptist church each week has very little control over his status, so religion could be viewed at this point in time as more of an ascribed (or involuntary) status that he was born into. When the boy grows up and moves out of his parents' house, he may decide he is agnostic or he may decide to follow a different religion. At this point in time (because he has more choice in the matter), religious affiliation would be viewed as more of an achieved (voluntary) status.

The same might be said about social class. Although social class affects our chances in life, we have virtually no control over the social class into which we are born (i.e., the social class of our parents). If a child born into the lower class climbs to the upper class (or becomes a multimillionaire), his or her social class can be viewed as achieved.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Social Interaction (V)

MSC: Evaluating

9. Summarize what sociologists mean when they say that our reality is socially constructed. Give one example.

ANS: Nothing is truly taken for granted by sociologists: Everything has meanings and values that other people give and we understand based on our culture, experience, and society. The social construction of reality refers to how society tells us what is meaningful, valuable, and real based on our social interactions and understandings.

One effective way to exemplify social construction is to compare one society to another. In the textbook, the example is of childhood and how it means different things in various cultures and over time. Another example is females shaving their underarms and legs. In almost every other culture in the world, this is not expected of all females, but in the United States it is a strong cultural expectation for all young girls and women to shave these areas or they are considered "deviants."

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: The Social Construction of Reality (VI)

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10. Choose one social status that you currently occupy. Do you agree that you perform this status as if you are on a metaphorical stage as argued by Erving Goffman's dramaturgy theory? Your answer should include at least three of the following terms: impression management, stage, front stage, backstage, and breach. Explain the chosen terms and discuss them in relation to your status.

ANS: Goffman's dramaturgy theory begins with understanding its roots in the works of William Shakespeare.

Goffman argues that life is essentially a play and that we all are struggling to make good impressions on our audience. He called this impression management. This relates to how we try to save face, meaning that we try to maintain a high level of esteem in how other people see, react to, and treat us.

The stage is where we interact and behave, the front stage is where we perform our lives, and the backstage is where we analyze ourselves and our behaviors. Breaches are mistakes we might make in the script—in other words, when we deviate from what is expected.

A student's front stage is the classroom, where he or she manages impressions by dressing in jeans, T-shirts, and sneakers, just like a stereotypical college student would be expected to dress for class. He or she is expected to sit, listen, take notes, and perform similar actions on the front stage. If the professor calls on him or her, he or she wants to put on a good face by giving the correct answer and not making a breach.

When assignments are returned to students, they may say to themselves, "Wow, I did great!"

That internal dialogue is part of the backstage critique.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Dramaturgical Theory (VI.A)

MSC: Evaluating

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CHAPTER 5 Groups and Networks CONCEPT MAP I.

II.

III.

IV.

Social Groups A. Just the Two of Us B. And Then There Were Three C. Size Matters: Why Social Life Is Complicated D. Let’s Get This Party Started: Small Groups, Parties, and Large Groups E. Primary and Secondary Groups F. Group Conformity G. In-groups and Out-groups H. Reference Groups From Groups to Networks A. Embeddedness: The Strength of Weak Ties B. Six Degrees C. Social Capital i. The United States and Social Capital Network Analysis in Practice A. The Social Structure of Teenage Sex B. Romantic Leftovers Organizations A. Organizational Structure and Culture B. Institutional Isomorphism: Everybody’s Doing It

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Sociologist Georg Simmel (1950) TESargues TBANthat KS"size ELLmatters" ER.COinMa group primarily because the number of people in a group determines a. whether or not the group can tell a narrative about itself. b. whether or not the group can become a social network. c. what people think about others. d. the structure social relations will take.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Social Groups (I)

2. What kind of group ceases to exist if even one member leaves the group? a. dyads c. secondary group b. triads d. reference group ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Just the Two of Us (I.A)

3. Melissa goes out on a date with Amy. From a sociological perspective, two persons on a date have formed a a. micro social network. c. triad. b. party. d. dyad.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Just the Two of Us (I.A)

4. According to Georg Simmel, which of the following groups is the most fragile? a. triad c. primary group

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b. dyad

d. secondary group

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Just the Two of Us (I.A)

5. Identify which of the following is true for BOTH dyads and triads, according to Simmel. a. Secret actions are possible. b. Membership is voluntary. c. Politics is a factor in interactions. d. The group would survive the departure of any one member.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Just the Two of Us (I.A) | InQuizitive

6. A person who tries to drive a wedge between the other two people in a triad is termed by Georg Simmel as a. divide and conquer. c. a social network divider. b. the third that rejoices. d. instigator.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: And Then There Were Three (I.B)

7. An engaged couple has their first child. This type of group is known as a. a dyad. c. a party. b. a triad. d. a small group.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: And Then There Were Three (I.B)

8. When tension rises between divorcing is sometimes brought in by the TESTBAparents, NKSEaLparenting LER.Ccoordinator OM court to help alleviate the tension. This person plays the role of a. the third that rejoices. c. mediator. b. divide and conquer. d. dyad supporter.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: And Then There Were Three (I.B)

9. Juan and Sylvester are collaborating on a group project for a class but are having trouble agreeing on objectives and goals. Their professor senses the trouble they are having and steps in to help them refine their goals and come to an agreement. The professor assumed which of Georg Simmel's roles? a. mediator c. the third that rejoices b. team leader d. divide and conquer ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: And Then There Were Three (I.B)

10. Joyce has recently become friends with Holly and Anne. Holly and Anne know each other from before and are close friends. When an argument arises between Holly and Anne, Joyce decides not to intervene to help resolve it, since their argument means they will now each spend more time with her instead of each other. In this example, Joyce takes which of the following positions? a. tertius gaudens c. weak tie b. divide et impera d. spanning tree ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: And Then There Were Three (I.B)

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11. Georg Simmel describes three basic forms of political relations a third party can assume when joining a dyad. Which was one of the roles discussed by Simmel? A third party who a. is indifferent, neither benefiting from nor mediating conflict. b. engages the dyad. c. is victimized and hated by the dyad. d. benefits from conflict.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: And Then There Were Three (I.B)

12. Michelle, Brenda, and Julie are all friends. However, Brenda and Julie are not as close to each other as they are to Michelle. Despite this, why do Brenda and Julie stay friends? The concept of triadic closure suggests that a. the weaker tie between Brenda and Julie is reinforced by the stronger ties between Michelle and Brenda and between Michelle and Julie. b. the tie between Brenda and Julie will eventually break, forming two dyads instead of a triad. c. over time, Brenda and Julie will become closer friends. d. the three friends need to equalize their ties to one another, or the friendships will end.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Size Matters: Why Social Life Is Complicated (I.C)

MSC: Applying

13. When a study group grows from a triad to a group of four, the complexity of studying the ties in this group a. decreases because the power dynamics are more intricate in triads compared to larger groups. b. increases because the number of possible relationships in that group doubles. c. decreases because the relationships in larger groups tend to be less intimate. d. does not change significantly because the purpose of the group has not changed.

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ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Size Matters: Why Social Life Is Complicated (I.C)

MSC: Understanding

14. When your lecture class in which only the professor was speaking breaks off into ten small groups of five students each, it has switched from being ________ to being ________. a. a dyad; a triad c. a group; a network b. formal; informal d. unifocal; multifocal ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Let’s Get This Party Started: Small Groups, Parties, and Large Groups (I.D) MSC: Applying 15. According to the work of George Simmel, at what point does a growing business become a large group? a. when you don't know everyone's name b. when formal job titles are created and formal hierarchies between employees emerge c. when you have to build cubicles for your employees' privacy d. when you begin issuing stock options to employees as part of their compensation package ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Let’s Get This Party Started: Small Groups, Parties, and Large Groups (I.D) MSC: Applying 16. You have seven friends over to your apartment for dinner and drinks. Three of the friends are discussing Einstein's theory of relativity, while the other four are talking about the Olympics. Based on George Simmel’s theory, is this a party yet?

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a. b. c. d.

Yes, because everyone seems to be having a great time.

Yes, because it lacks formal arrangements.

No, because the conversation is not multifocal.

Yes, because the conversation is not unifocal.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Let’s Get This Party Started: Small Groups, Parties, and Large Groups (I.D) MSC: Applying 17. Jill attends a leadership training session at her company's corporate offices. There are six trainers and 48 participants at the seminar. In Simmel's theory, this would be an example of which kind of group? a. small c. large b. primary d. party ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Let’s Get This Party Started: Small Groups, Parties, and Large Groups (I.D) MSC: Applying 18. A classroom would not typically fall under Georg Simmel's classification of a small group because, unlike a typical classroom, a small group a. cannot have more than five members. c. is unifocal. b. lacks face-to-face interaction. d. lacks formal arrangements or roles.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Let’s Get This Party Started: Small Groups, Parties, and Large Groups (I.D) MSC: Understanding 19. According to American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, a family is an example of which type of group? a. primary c.LE small TESTBANKSEL R.COM b. secondary d. large ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Primary and Secondary Groups (I.E)

20. Your Introduction to Sociology class is probably which of the following types of groups identified by Charles Horton Cooley? a. primary c. large b. secondary d. small ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Primary and Secondary Groups (I.E)

21. The most important difference between primary and secondary groups has to do with a. size because size influences the flow of power through the group. b. the degree of intimacy or instrumentality that people experience in these groups. c. whether the people in the group trust each other. d. the level of competition for scarce resources within the group.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Primary and Secondary Groups (I.E)

22. In the context of C. H. Cooley’s theory of groups, identify which attribute belongs to a primary group. a. impersonal b. instrumental in purpose c. ends in themselves

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d. open-ended, contingent membership ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Primary and Secondary Groups (I.E) | InQuizitive

23. Solomon Asch’s study about group conformity found that a. the more intelligent research subjects were less likely to be influenced by the answers given by the group. b. people do not give in to peer pressure when they are confident in their own position. c. when everyone else held the same position, research subjects had a particularly difficult time maintaining a different position. d. almost every subject conformed to the group’s response, even if it was wrong.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Group Conformity (I.F)

24. Social psychologist Solomon Asch conducted experiments in which a participant was presented with this image and asked about the length of each line. Other people in the room gave wrong answers, and the participant’s response was recorded. What did Asch conclude?

TESTBANKSELLER.COM a. b. c. d.

The ability to perceive line length is a mix of natural ability and social influence.

Women are more susceptible to group pressure than men.

Groups exert powerful influence on an individual.

Groups reach correct answers more quickly than individuals.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Group Conformity (I.F)

25. Which categories do sociologists use to distinguish between majority groups (greater power) and minority groups (lesser power)? a. in-groups and out-groups c. small and large groups b. primary and secondary groups d. inclusion and exclusion groups ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: In-groups and Out-groups (I.G)

26. Stigmatized groups, such as felons in the United States, are known as a. primary groups. c. in-groups. b. secondary groups. d. out-groups.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: In-groups and Out-groups (I.G)

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27. Josie is an eleven-year-old girl who idolizes singers like Beyoncé and Taylor Swift. She compares herself to them and imitates them while singing in front of the mirror in her bedroom. These singers are known as Josie's a. in-group. c. reference group. b. out-group. d. primary group.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Reference Groups (I.H)

28. Sets of dyads held together by ties between the individuals are known as a. triads. c. primary groups. b. social networks. d. reference groups.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: From Groups to Networks (II)

29. Janet was surprised to find out that her gynecologist, Dr. Herring, was good friends with her tennis partner, Sally. Janet met Sally years ago in graduate school, while Dr. Herring knows Sally from church.

The nature of each one's relationship to Sally is what sociologists call a(n) a. coincidence. c. tie. b. reference group. d. in-group.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: From Groups to Networks (II)

30. While a social network is ________, a social tie ________. a. the connections between people; explains how two people know each other b. how people stay in touch with each other; explains how people maintain their relationship c. how two people know each other; is how two people maintain their relationship d. the way in which two people TESform TBAbonds; NKSEisLthe LEconnections R.COM between people ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: From Groups to Networks (II)

31. You are at a party with a very close group of friends, and you notice an acquaintance (a former coworker) at the same party. If the acquaintance becomes friends with your group of friends, the tie between you and your former coworker strengthens because a. you are now much more intimate with your former coworker. b. it is now reinforced by the ties to your close group of friends. c. ties to your close group of friends have changed. d. the party has functioned as a reference group.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Embeddedness: The Strength of Weak Ties (II.A)

32. Jimena is hoping to secure an internship with a law firm this summer. She's talked with friends and family, but they have not been able to provide her with any useful contacts. Jimena runs into her former swim instructor, whom she hasn't seen in many years, and her instructor offers to put her in contact with a friend of hers who works in law. This scenario exemplifies what concept? a. strength of weak ties c. reference group b. embeddedness d. tertius gaudens ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Embeddedness: The Strength of Weak Ties (II.A)

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33. A real estate agent earns money by contractually maintaining or creating distance or contact between potential buyers and sellers. This example highlights which of the following? a. structural holes c. social capital b. narratives d. bureaucracies ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Embeddedness: The Strength of Weak Ties (II.A)

34. Weak ties are a valuable aspect of a social network because a. it is easier to sever them if a friendship doesn't blossom smoothly. b. it is easier to exert power over those to whom we have such ties. c. they are more likely to introduce us to new information and ideas. d. we do not have to invest as much energy in maintaining them.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Embeddedness: The Strength of Weak Ties (II.A)

35. In hopes of earning a few dollars on belongings they no longer use or want, some people take their household items to consignment shops, while other people sell their items on eBay. Which method of selling can be argued to have more structural holes? a. selling through a consignment shop, because buyers are prevented from negotiating with sellers b. selling via eBay, because buyers and sellers can negotiate without third-party interference c. selling via a consignment shop, because everyone (buyers, sellers, shop owners) benefits d. selling via eBay, because structural holes increase as the number of bids increases ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Embeddedness: The Strength of Weak Ties (II.A)

36. The term "six degrees of separation"

by Stanley Milgram, who wanted TESTBcame ANKout SEofLresearch LER.Cundertaken OM to test a. how social chains operate in organizations. b. how strangers meet at cocktail parties. c. the reach of social networks. d. how different forms of long-distance relationships are maintained.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Six Degrees (II.B)

37. Building on Stanley Milgram’s study on social networks, researchers have found that a. in the United States, those who seem to know everyone are particularly important in shortening the degrees of separation between individuals. b. Milgram’s theory is applicable to all social contexts. c. everyone in the world is connected to each other through no more than six steps. d. approximately half of the people in the world are connected to each other through no more than six steps.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Six Degrees (II.B)

38. According to Robert Putnam, which of the following is correct about social capital in the United States today? a. Social capital is increasing. b. Social capital is decreasing. c. Social capital is relatively the same as it was 30 years ago.

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d. Data on social capital are not available to sociologists.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Social Capital (II.C)

39. Identify the example of social capital. a. A college graduate knows a lot about interesting places to see in Los Angeles. b. A wealthy Tampa sports fan watches every game in his private box. c. An artist who vacations in a Colorado town has a few very close friends among the locals. d. An academic expert of social interactions has written a new book concerning his research on body language.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Social Capital (II.C) | InQuizitive

40. If you move into a community with dense social capital a. it will be very difficult because everyone seems to already know each other. b. you may notice higher levels of social disobedience. c. you may benefit from the existing connections even though you do not personally know most people yet. d. the only way to advance in this community is to have significant economic capital.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Social Capital (II.C)

41. “You tell me how many choral societies there are in an Italian region, and I will tell you how long it will take to get your health bills reimbursed.” What did sociologist Robert Putnam mean by the statement? a. Informal social ties promote more efficient bureaucracy. b. Efficient bureaucracies promote voluntary clubs and gatherings. c. The same forces that produce also TESefficient TBANKbureaucracies SELLER.C OMgenerate informal social ties. d. Formal, institutional ties are more important than informal, social ones.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Social Capital (II.C) | InQuizitive

42. Which of the following is a case study of a lifestyle that has endured and maintained its traditions despite big changes in modern life? a. Australians engaged in global trade c. the Amish in Pennsylvania b. teenagers in public schools d. bowlers in the Midwest ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The United States and Social Capital (II.C.i)

43. Which of the following is true regarding the Amish community? a. The Amish are not allowed to use or interact with technology. b. The Amish are staunch supporters of individualism. c. The Amish are allowed to accept financial capital from outsiders. d. The Amish are more likely than the general public to start successful businesses.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The United States and Social Capital (II.C.i)

44. The examples of more and more people bowling alone and eating by themselves are used to highlight a more general trend involving a. the decline in social and emotional support. b. civic disengagement and a decline in social capital.

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c. social isolationism and alienation in modern society. d. the breakdown of the nuclear family.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The United States and Social Capital (II.C.i)

45. What appears to be the main reason for the success of Amish businesses when compared to other U.S. businesses? a. The Amish live by prioritizing the community and its social capital rather than rugged individualism. b. The Amish value rugged individualism over the community and its social capital. c. The Amish businesses have more investors than businesses among the general public. d. The Amish reject all use of modern technology.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The United States and Social Capital (II.C.i)

46. Identify which of the following is a finding from recent empirical research on the sexual behavior of high school and college students. a. Less than half of sexual encounters between college students include the use of birth control. b. Virginity pledges have no measurable effect on sexual behavior. c. About half of American teens over age 15 have had sex. d. Most adolescents with STIs are aware of their infected status.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Social Structure of Teenage Sex (III.A) | InQuizitive MSC: Remembering 47. The study that analyzed the sexual networks of teens at 12 high schools is an example of how network analysis can inform transmission such TESphenomena, TBANKSE LLas ERthe .Cspread OM of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). An advantage of network analysis over interpretive sociology is that it can a. go beyond people's own descriptions to look at numbers, which are always more reliable than people's descriptions. b. reveal the meanings people give to their sexual encounters. c. reveal patterns in social structures that might not become evident through answers to direct questions. d. go beyond what people say they do to reveal the complex interplay between biology and social behavior.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The Social Structure of Teenage Sex (III.A)

48. When public health officials used social network analysis to understand sexually transmitted infections, what conclusion did they draw?

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a. STIs almost always spread with the Panel A model. b. STIs can spread according to any of these models, and interventions must correspond with the pattern of the disease. c. Public education is the most effective intervention, regardless of how the infections are spread. d. The Panel B model is prevalent in the United States; the Panel C model is prevalent in Europe.

ANS: B DIF: TModerate The ESTBANKSREF: ELLE R.Social COMStructure of Teenage Sex (III.A) MSC: Understanding 49. According to research that has come out of social network analysis, in what model is infection particularly difficult to control?

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a. Panel A, because the core infected group have many sexual relationships with individuals outside this group. b. Panel B, because there is a structural hole in this model. c. Panel C, because the infected individuals do not know each other. d. Panel D, because there is no key focal point for intervention.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The Social Structure of Teenage Sex (III.A)

50. Laura and John break up after dating for a year. Two of their friends from the gym, Lisa and Jeremy, were married to each other but have recently divorced. Shortly after, Laura starts dating Jeremy.

According to research, which of the following scenarios is the MOST likely to take place? a. John and Lisa are surprised and a bit upset about the new relationship between their former significant others. They decide to meet up for coffee. After bonding from this experience, they eventually develop a romantic relationship. b. John and Lisa are aware of the taboo of dating the ex of one’s ex and are therefore unlikely to become a couple. c. Since they know each other from before, John and Lisa make plans for how to break Laura and Jeremy up. d. John and Lisa are highly unlikely to become a couple even though they have not thought about the stigma surrounding a potential match up like this one.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Romantic Leftovers (III.B)

51. When Peter Bearman and his colleagues analyzed the sexual habits of teenagers, they found that a person does not date the ex of the person's own ex-boyfriend or ex-girlfriend. The "no cycles of four" rule seems to operate a. in middle school but not in high school.

TESTBAaware NKSof EL b. without anyone being consciously it.LER.COM c. as a result of sex education in public schools. d. only within certain ethnicities.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Romantic Leftovers (III.B)

52. Which of the following is true regarding the use of network analysis within sociological research? a. It can be used in both micro-level and macro-level studies. b. It can be used in micro-level studies only. c. It can be used in macro-level studies only. d. It has not yet been applied to either micro-level or macro-level studies.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Network Analysis in Practice (III)

53. Any social network that is defined by a common purpose and that has a boundary between its members and the rest of the social world is known within sociology as a(n) a. political party. c. large group. b. narrative. d. organization.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Organizations (IV)

54. What distinguishes a friendship group from a formal organization? a. Friends don't tend to engage in collective activities.

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b. Friends include strong ties, not weak ties. c. Friends typically don't have formal rules and governing structures. d. Even if one person leaves the group, they will still go on.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Organizations (IV)

55. The formal distribution of power and authority within an organization is known as the a. network structure. c. organizational structure. b. organizational culture. d. the power elite.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Organizational Structure and Culture (IV.A)

56. C. Wright Mills' term for interlocking directorates is which of the following? a. the power elite c. hierarchy b. patriarchy d. conflict of interest ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Organizational Structure and Culture (IV.A)

57. A local organization values democracy and diversity and therefore solicits input on every decision it makes. In hiring, they also use recruiting strategies that are likely to attract a wide variety of applicants.

These beliefs and behaviors are part of the a. reference group. c. organizational structure. b. organizational culture. d. formal organization.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Organizational Structure and Culture (IV.A)

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58. An interlocking directorate is a. a set of shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group. b. the manner in which power and authority are distributed within an organization. c. the phenomenon when members of corporate boards sit on the board of directors for multiple companies. d. a set of social relations held together by ties between individuals.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Organizational Structure and Culture (IV.A)

59. The boards of insurance companies frequently have board members who also served on the boards of drug and medical device companies. This phenomenon is referred to as a. isomorphism. c. interlocking directorates. b. organizational structure. d. the strength of weak ties.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Institutional Isomorphism: Everybody’s Doing It (IV.B)

MSC: Remembering

60. A process by which organizations face the same conditions, and ultimately tend to end up like each other, is known as a. embeddedness. c. reference groups. b. the power elite. d. isomorphism.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Institutional Isomorphism: Everybody’s Doing It (IV.B)

MSC: Remembering

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61. Jennifer is a U.S. lawyer dedicated to establishing and improving privacy rights in the digital age.

According to the "right to be forgotten," what is the MOST likely outcome of her work? a. U.S. citizens who want greater privacy will likely move to Europe. b. The United States will soon follow the European Commission in providing "right to be forgotten" policies. c. Tensions between the right to free speech and the right to privacy will be negotiated for many years. d. Satisfactory privacy laws will likely be passed and stabilized in the near future.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Institutional Isomorphism: Everybody’s Doing It (IV.B)

MSC: Applying

62. A university in your state recently added a new state-of-the-art student center on their campus. This student center has bowling alleys, fast-food restaurants, group study space, and the latest green technology. Not long after it was finished, almost every other university in your state proposed and began building a new student center, too. How can the theory of institutional isomorphism explain this phenomenon? a. Their student centers were probably also out of date. b. Universities see an indirect payoff in such an investment. c. As tuition rises, parents are increasingly vocal stakeholders. d. Universities operate in the same environment and therefore end up looking alike.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Institutional Isomorphism: Everybody’s Doing It (IV.B)

MSC: Understanding

63. What is the central claim of new institutionalism? a. The behavior of organizations is driven mostly by a desire for profits, not by moral or social norms. b. The key to understandingTan ESorganization TBANKSEisLunderstanding LER.COM its formal structure. c. The key to understanding an organization is understanding the social network connecting its internal parts. d. The behavior of an organization is largely determined by its place in an economic network.

ANS: D DIF: Dififcult REF: Institutional Isomorphism: Everybody’s Doing It (IV.B) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding ESSAY 1. What features of dyads make them the most intimate social relationships? Describe two important features of dyads that change when the group becomes a triad.

ANS: Simmel begins with the simplest type of group, a group of two, which he called a dyad. A dyad is interesting because each member of the group is vital for the group to exist, and it is probably the most intimate type of group. An example of a dyad is a romantic couple or a friendship. They are intimate because the dyad is dependent on both members. The group exists only as long as the individuals choose to maintain it voluntarily. Some sort of symmetry must be maintained, even if that symmetry is unequal and hurtful. Even in relationships where there is a significant power differential, as long as both parties are mutually dependent on each other in some way, it is still regarded to have symmetry.

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When groups become triads, the group becomes supra-individual, which means that they can continue on even if one member leaves the group. Political relationships can exist, too, and Simmel refers to three basic examples of political relations within triads: First, members can become mediators who try to minimize conflicts; second, tertius gaudens can occur, which means that "the third . . . rejoices," benefiting from the other members' disagreements; and third, divide et impera (divide and conquer) can occur, which means one member of the triad tries to cause problems between the other two members.

DIF: Moderate

REF: And Then There Were Three (I.B)

MSC: Analyzing

2. When a single parent marries (or remarries), issues such as divided loyalties, the right to discipline, favoritism, and financial responsibility can prove to be volatile. Peggy, a single mom who has had sole custody of her 12-year-old daughter Sarah for 10 years, recently married Tom. Tom has never been married and doesn't have any children. Provide examples of each of the three basic forms of relations (mediator, tertius gaudens, and divide et impera) that could emerge in this newly formed triad.

ANS: Playing the mediator role, Sarah might attempt to resolve conflict between her mom and stepdad. Often, a third person can help a dyad see a particular problem in a new way. If Peggy and Tom are arguing over finances, Sarah might point out how things are much better for all of them as a result of their union.

In the role of tertius gaudens, someone would benefit from conflicts among the other two. An example might be if Sarah and her mother are having an argument over whether or not Sarah is too young to wear makeup. Let's also say that Tom is miffed at Peggy because she has been in a "bad mood" lately. Tom could use this argument as a way to gain favor in Sarah's eyes by taking her side instead of her mother's (and it would also be his way of getting back at Peggy).

An example of the role of divide et impera could be when one of the members of the triad intentionally drives a wedge between the other two. Let's say that Tom is feeling a bit like a "third wheel" in this triad. He feels that Sarah doesn't listen to any of his suggestions. He might intentionally ESPeggy TBANsoKthat SELSarah LERwill .Cget OMupset with her mom and want to spend drive a wedge between SarahTand more time with him.

DIF: Difficult

REF: And Then There Were Three (I.B)

MSC: Analyzing

3. Summarize the Solomon Asch experiments. What did the experiments reveal about group conformity?

Is it possible for an individual to break free of group influence? Why or why not?

ANS: Dr. Solomon Asch was a social psychologist who conducted experiments on group conformity in which he had subjects gather in a room where he showed them two images of lines and asked them which image was longer, shorter, and so on. The variable was that some people gave incorrect answers on purpose, and while a majority of subjects gave correct answers, some followed along with the incorrect answers, just to follow the group. These experiments gave some empirical evidence that some people will succumb to the power of a group.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Group Conformity (I.F)

MSC: Evaluating

4. How we feel about ourselves is an inherently social process that stems in part from whom we compare ourselves to. Provide two real-life examples of how reference groups have affected how you feel about yourself (whether fleeting or long-term). In your view, is it possible to develop a sense of self that is free of the influence of reference groups? Why or why not?

ANS:

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When I was in graduate school, I sometimes compared myself to friends who had already entered the "business world." While they were living in nice apartments, going to fancy restaurants, and driving new cars, I was living off peanut butter and Ramen noodles in a tiny, roach-infested duplex and driving a beaten-up used car. Sometimes these comparisons made me feel sorry for myself (relative deprivation).

Another example of how reference groups have affected how I feel about myself is when I have made a bad grade on a test. If I compare myself to others who did even worse than I, it makes me feel better. It seems we can always feel better about our situation when we compare ourselves to others who are "less fortunate."

Most students will argue that it is not possible to develop a sense of self that is free of the influence of reference groups.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Reference Groups (I.H)

MSC: Evaluating

5. Why might acquaintances prove to be more important in the job search process than our family and friends (as is argued in the "strength of weak ties" thesis)? In what circumstances is embeddedness more valuable to a person than weak ties?

ANS: Weak ties are unique in the sense that they connect us with a wider set of social networks than family and friends. Strong ties (family and friends) connect us with fewer people, in part, because we run around in the same "social circles." Friends and family are what we would consider "highly embedded" networks; they probably know the same people, hear of the same job openings, and so forth, and as such offer very little new information for us. Although strong ties (family and friends) may be more willing and able to help, weak ties generally have more resources to offer, especially in higher-status jobs because these jobs require higher credentials. Embeddedness is more valuable in more intimate circumstances such as holidays, life transitions and rituals, religion, and seeking meaning and belonging in life.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Embeddedness: The Strength of Weak Ties (II.A)

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6. Consider the social network in this image. Where is the weak tie in the diagram (between which two individuals)? How could this weak tie benefit people in the network? Create examples using the names of people in the diagram. In your own words, summarize "the strength of weak ties."

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TESTBANKSELLER.COM ANS: The weak tie is between Natalie and Emily. Their tie links two separate networks with potential benefits.

For example, Emily may tell Natalie that her uncle's business is hiring. Natalie may tell Andrew about the job opening, and he applies. As another example, Natalie may tell Emily about a new health craze that is sweeping her town. The craze hasn't reached Emily's neighborhood yet, but the weak tie helps spread the news.

The strength of weak ties is the notion that relatively weak ties often turn out to be quite valuable because they yield new information. In contrast, when ties are strongly embedded, it is difficult for people to access new information and networks.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Embeddedness: The Strength of Weak Ties (II.A)

7. While the majority of new American business ventures fail, virtually all Amish businesses succeed.

What seems to be the secret to the Amish community's success? In your answer, describe some of the ways in which the practices of Amish and non-Amish Americans differ.

ANS:

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One of the most important differences between the Amish and the rest of U.S. culture is that the Amish value the community, or the group, over "rugged individualism." To students, the Amish could even be considered a counterculture. To explain the success of Amish business ventures, one would have to point to the way in which the Amish rather seamlessly combine their traditions with the rest of the modern world. By rejecting the "every man for himself" notion that is prevalent in the larger society, the Amish instead embrace an ideology of working together for the "common good" of their community. The Amish have a vast and strong social support system within their community, which ties them together with obligation and a unified value system. One aspect of this value system is that it is taboo to file bankruptcy (a stark contrast with mainstream America). Basically, the success of the Amish is an example of the power of social capital, for they have gained a considerable amount of unification, power, and business savvy by simply relying on their vast connections, which offer not only economic but also emotional support.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: The United States and Social Capital (II.C.i)

8. What does Robert Putnam argue about social capital in the contemporary United States when he says that Americans are "bowling alone"? Assess whether this trend means that our society is in trouble. In your answer, discuss Putnam’s argument and the potential role of the internet in explaining this trend.

ANS: In Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (2000), Robert Putnam describes the decline in civic engagement in the United States during the last few decades of the twentieth century.

Using bowling leagues as an example, he maintains that Americans are participating less and less in voluntary associations (such as PTAs, religious organizations, book clubs, and softball leagues). In essence, he sees a fragmentation of the connectedness of Americans. Because of the importance of social capital (including strong and weak ties) to the well-being of our communities and our democracy, this trend could constitute a crisis for the well-being of our society.

TEare STjoining BANKfewer SELclubs LERand .CO M While it is true that we organizations in our local communities than we did in the past, the place for social connections has increasingly shifted from face-to-face to online.

We now communicate with others via social media both as dyads and as larger groups. Similarly, a significant portion of political activism takes place in this setting. It is therefore possible to argue that rather than describing the trend as a decline in civic engagement, we may have just changed how and where we engage with other members of our society.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: The United States and Social Capital (II.C.i)

9. Compare and contrast the terms organizational culture and organizational structure.

ANS: When studying organizations, sociologists define organizational culture as the shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group. This is also referred to as corporate culture and may include language, ways of dressing (such as casual Fridays at a law firm), and practices such as annual holiday parties where people let loose.

Organizational structure refers to the ways in which power and authority are distributed within the organization. Almost all are hierarchical, which means there is a pecking order in which the most power is at the top and power decreases as individuals move down the ladder.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Organizational Structure and Culture (IV.A)

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CHAPTER 6 Social Control and Deviance CONCEPT MAP I. II.

III.

IV.

V.

What Is Social Deviance?

Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control A. Social Control B. A Normative Theory of Suicide C. Social Forces and Deviance Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance A. Labeling Theory B. Stigma C. Broken Windows Theory of Deviance Crime A. Street Crime B. White-Collar Crime C. Interpreting the Crime Rate Crime Reduction A. Deterrence Theory of Crime Control B. Goffman's Total Institution C. Foucault on Punishment D. The US Criminal Justice System

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In his book Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys (2011), Victor Rios questions whether TESTBneighborhoods ANKSELLEactually R.COdecreases M a. aggressive policing in inner-city juvenile crime. b. replacing teachers in inner-city schools with police officers decreases crime. c. installing cameras at every street corner decreases crime in inner cities. d. replacing police officers with social workers decreases crime in inner cities.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: What Is Social Deviance? (I)

2. The 2003 U.S. Supreme Court case of Lawrence v. Texas a. criminalized littering, punishable by a $500 fine. b. applied the death penalty to the crime of selling illegal drugs. c. struck down Texas's criminalization of "interracial" marriage. d. struck down Texas's criminalization of homosexual sex.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Is Social Deviance? (I)

3. Violation of laws enacted by society is also known as a. informal deviance. c. crime. b. unofficial deviance. d. secondary deviance.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Is Social Deviance? (I)

4. A crime such as burglary is also known as which type of deviance? a. informal c. secondary

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b. formal ANS: B MSC: Applying

d. social DIF: Easy

REF: What Is Social Deviance? (I)

5. Picking your nose in public is an example of which type of deviance? a. informal c. criminal b. formal d. offensive ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: What Is Social Deviance? (I)

6. Social deviance is a breach of ________; crime is a breach of ________. a. society; persons c. propriety; decency b. norms; law d. private norms; public norms ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: What Is Social Deviance? (I)

7. Although deviant behavior can be threatening and damaging, paradoxically it also a. strengthens society by exercising mechanisms that preserve cohesion. b. benefits as many people as it harms. c. fizzles out once it becomes too damaging. d. can never be precisely defined due to constantly changing social construction.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: What Is Social Deviance? (I)

8. What, in broad terms, is the definition of social deviance? a. behavior that is contrary T toEaSnation’s toEthe TBANlaws KSEorLL R.tenets COMof the dominant religion b. behavior that causes physical or emotional harm to others c. any departure from what is usual or average d. modes of actions that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of the group or society ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: What Is Social Deviance? (I) | InQuizitive

9. The common faith or set of social norms by which a society and its members abide is defined by Emile Durkheim as a. collective conscience. c. anomie. b. division of labor. d. organic solidarity.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control (II) MSC: Remembering 10. Which of Emile Durkheim's types of social solidarity characterized premodern life? a. mechanical c. anomic b. organic d. egoistic ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control (II) MSC: Remembering 11. Which of Emile Durkheim's types of social solidarity characterizes modern life?

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a. mechanical b. organic

c. anomic d. egoistic

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control (II) MSC: Remembering 12. When a prison offers educational opportunities, mental health treatment, and job training programs to inmates, which response to deviance is it engaging in? a. restitutive c. repressive b. rehabilitative d. recidivist ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control (II) MSC: Applying 13. Identify which example fits what Durkheim hypothesizes will happen over time as a society becomes more and more fully modern in character. a. Mechanical social sanctions will be eliminated. b. The death penalty may entirely disappear. c. The pendulum will swing back toward more use of mechanical social sanctions. d. A formal system of courts will be replaced by a system of information mediation.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control (II) | InQuizitive MSC: Applying 14. The functionalist perspective argues that deviance a. makes societies less functional. b. is necessary for a society's TEsurvival.

STBANKSELLER.COM c. is a symptom of other dysfunctions in society. d. will disappear as societies evolve.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control (II) MSC: Understanding 15. When people in a society form social bonds and relate to each other on a daily basis, the society is said to exhibit a. anomie. c. conformity. b. social cohesion. d. conflict.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control (II) MSC: Understanding 16. In a foraging society, most people are very similar in their knowledge, skill, and everyday practices such as gathering and hunting. Emile Durkheim would say that the type of solidarity in a foraging society is a. primary. c. organic. b. informal. d. mechanical.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control (II) MSC: Understanding 17. Why is the United States best described as having a mix of mechanical and organic sanctions?

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a. The United States has not yet become a fully modern society, so both types of sanctions are used. b. Some states have a more organic division of labor than others, so both types of sanctions are used. c. The United States mostly uses mechanical sanctions, but has begun to incorporate organic sanctions in recent decades. d. The United States applies mechanical sanctions in some contexts and organic sanctions in other contexts.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control (II) MSC: Understanding 18. Societies with organic solidarity are more likely to use rehabilitative social sanctions than are those with mechanical solidarity. The reason for this is that the societies with organic solidarity ________. a. have a stronger emphasis on sameness and wish to make people more similar b. see some physical punishments as having the potential to change behavior c. focus more on individuals and their specific circumstances d. understand that many crimes are related to drug and alcohol addiction ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control (II) MSC: Understanding 19. Punishments that are overt expressions of official group sentiments toward deviants are also known as a. restitutive. c. formal social sanctions. b. rehabilitative. d. informal social sanctions.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Social Control (II.A) MSC: Remembering TESTBANKSELLER.COM 20. Punishments that are based on the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership are known as unspoken rules and as a. restitutive. c. formal social sanctions. b. rehabilitative. d. informal social sanctions.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Social Control (II.A)

21. Neighborhood watch groups are examples of what urban theorist Jane Jacobs called a. formal social sanctions. c. normative compliance. b. the eyes and ears of the streets. d. stigmas.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Social Control (II.A)

22. In industrialized societies, social sanctions are most often a. associated with "an eye for an eye," as mentioned in the Bible. b. focused on the criminal's individual circumstances. c. public punishment, such that sentencing is televised in some cases. d. more severe than they were in pre-industrialized societies.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Social Control (II.A)

23. What were the types of suicide described by Emile Durkheim?

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a. b. c. d.

egoistic, altruistic, recidivist, and fatalistic egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and recidivist egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic egoistic, conformist, altruistic, and anomic

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: A Normative Theory of Suicide (II.B)

24. A factory worker wins $10 million in the lottery. He doesn't know what to do with his life anymore or how to spend his time, so he becomes depressed and commits suicide. Emile Durkheim would say he has committed the ________ type of suicide. a. psychotic c. egoistic b. fatalistic d. anomic ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: A Normative Theory of Suicide (II.B)

25. Using Emile Durkheim's definitions, many feminists would say that 1950s housewives, who lived with very rigid gender role expectations, were more likely to commit the ________ type of suicide. a. fatalistic c. organic b. anomic d. egoistic ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: A Normative Theory of Suicide (II.B)

26. According to Emile Durkheim's research, what is the primary reason that Protestants are more likely to commit suicide than Catholics and Jews? a. Protestantism is based on the collective conscience, which creates individual unhappiness. b. Protestantism is based on the individual, which creates less social integration. c. Protestants are the poorest TEofSreligious TBANKgroups.

SELLER.COM d. Protestants are the most politically oppressed of religious groups.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: A Normative Theory of Suicide (II.B)

27. On the social-regulation axis of Durkheim’s theory of suicide, what is the key difference between the anomic state and the fatalistic state? a. too little structure in one’s life versus too much structure b. boredom versus overstimulation c. too few close friends versus too many d. too-narrowly specialized work versus a too-diverse range of duties ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: A Normative Theory of Suicide (II.B) | InQuizitive

28. According to Robert Merton, which of the following describes a person who accepts both the goals defined by society and the means to achieve them? a. conformist c. retreatant b. innovator d. ritualist ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Social Forces and Deviance (II.C)

29. Tracy rejects the goals of owning a big house and earning lots of money, which she feels are defined by society. However, she still works hard and follows the rules. Robert Merton would classify Tracy as a(n) a. innovator. c. ritualist.

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b. retreatant ANS: C MSC: Applying

d. rebel.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Social Forces and Deviance (II.C)

30. A person who desires a big mansion and the perfect "American dream" lifestyle, but sells illegal drugs to achieve this, is known by Robert Merton as a(n) a. ritualist. c. rebel. b. conformist. d. innovator.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Social Forces and Deviance (II.C)

31. Angela has been brought up in a society that values an accumulation of assets, high income, and a high-prestige occupation. She has also been taught the value of hard work in a legitimate, legal line of work. However, Angela is finding it difficult to achieve any of this because of severe childhood poverty and trauma from living in a violent neighborhood. Angela's situation is an example of a. strain. b. deterrence. c. stigma. d. anomie.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Social Forces and Deviance (II.C)

32. Which of the following is a major difference between the symbolic interactionist (SI) and functionalist perspectives on deviance? a. SI sees deviance as negative; functionalism does not judge it. b. SI takes a micro or close-up look at individuals; functionalism looks at macro-level social systems.

TESTBANKSELLER.COM c. SI accepts deviance in society; functionalism says deviance must be eliminated. d. SI argues that deviance plays a symbolic role in society that helps reinforce cohesion; functionalism argues that deviance threatens social cohesion.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance (III)

33. Which of the following is an example of a symbolic interactionist theory of deviance? a. strain theory c. labeling theory b. normative theory d. deterrence theory ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Labeling Theory (III.A)

34. Your textbook notes that when opioid use was disproportionately associated with African Americans, it was labeled as criminal, but that when opioid use increased sharply among whites, it became labeled as a. a misdemeanor. b. self-medicating. c. an epidemic. d. unfortunate deviance.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Labeling Theory (III.A)

35. A shift in the meaning of opioid use from a criminal act to a health issue is called a. strain.

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b. labeling. c. rehabilitation. d. deviance.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Labeling Theory (III.A)

36. David Rosenhan sent some of his students to a psychiatric hospital, saying they were "hearing voices."

Each pseudo-patient was admitted and diagnosed with a mental disorder. He was illustrating ________ theory. a. functionalist c. strain b. labeling d. fatalistic ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Labeling Theory (III.A)

37. Shelly shoplifted once. Her peers on social media have labeled her "shoplifting Shelly," and this label follows her everywhere online and at school. She feels hopeless and shoplifts regularly now to alleviate her anxiety and because it is what everyone expects her to do anyway. Labeling theory would interpret her ongoing shoplifting as a. rebellion. c. primary deviance. b. innovation. d. secondary deviance.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Labeling Theory (III.A)

38. Jennifer goes out at night with a spray can and writes on a stop sign. She successfully vandalizes for the first time. Labeling theorists would call this ________ deviance. a. innovation c. primary b. stigmatized d.LE secondary TESTBANKSEL R.COM ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Labeling Theory (III.A)

39. After a student drops out of high school, he becomes labeled a "drop-out," and his subsequent actions and choices are explained in terms of this label. Those subsequent actions are called a. primary deviance. c. unintended consequences. b. secondary deviance. d. anomie.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Labeling Theory (III.A)

40. According to Howard S. Becker, why do marijuana smokers enjoy using the drug? a. They engage in a social process of learning to define the experience as fun and pleasurable. b. They are covering up or trying to escape some other deviant tendencies. c. They are genetically predisposed to enjoying its effects. d. They enjoy provoking disapproval in others.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Labeling Theory (III.A)

41. If a label is said to be "sticky" when referring to deviance, it means that a. the criminal justice system must get involved. b. the consequences are more serious if one is caught. c. it is hard to lose that label. d. only one person at a time can be labeled.

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ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Labeling Theory (III.A)

42. Labeling theory focuses on a. the ways in which society labels different kinds of activities as deviant. b. the social process through which law enforcement learns to recognize the signs of deviance. c. rehabilitation of deviants through appropriate intervention. d. the social process through which people become deviants.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Labeling Theory (III.A)

43. In labeling theory, what is the difference between primary and secondary deviance? a. Primary deviance requires formal social sanctions, while secondary deviance for informal sanctions. b. Secondary deviance is an eventual effect of primary deviance, where deviance begins. c. Primary deviance reflects one’s personality, while secondary deviance is strictly behavioral. d. Primary deviance only includes crimes, while secondary deviance refers to more mundane norm breaking.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Labeling Theory (III.A) | InQuizitive

44. When an elementary school student is labeled the "class dummy" by his classmates and then adopts the persona and lives up to others' expectations by acting like he doesn't understand the class lessons, the "class dummy" label has become a a. social role. c. secondary label. b. deviant behavior. d. stigma.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

TESTBANKSREF: ELLE R.COM Stigma (III.B)

DIF: Moderate

45. Luis has lived in a poor neighborhood since childhood, where violence and unemployment are high.

There is heavy police presence near his home, mostly by officers who do not live in his community.

Similarly, most of the teachers at his school live in other neighborhoods. Many of the authority figures in Luis' environment are suspicious of him and the other young men in his community and often accuse Luis and his friends of violating the rules. After many years of these conditions, Luis comes to believe that he has a propensity for deviance and crime and expects this of himself and his peers. Luis has developed a. specific deterrence. b. internalized self-stigma. c. anomie. d. segmental solidarity.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Stigma (III.B)

46. When certain styles of dress, types of music, and types of cars become associated with specific groups of people and with a perception of having a criminal element, we would say these objects have taken on a. stigma. b. deviance. c. sanctions. d. restitution.

ANS: A

DIF: Moderate

REF: Stigma (III.B)

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MSC: Understanding 47. How does social context affect crime according to the broken windows theory? a. Evidence of disorder, such as broken windows, sends a signal that it's acceptable to engage in further deviant behaviors such as vandalism. b. If the local economy doesn't provide enough jobs for residents, crime becomes the easiest way to get by. c. Broken windows provide easy access to places in which to use drugs and engage in prostitution. d. Criminals often start with petty vandalism to build their confidence. They then work their way up to more serious and dangerous crimes.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Broken Windows Theory of Deviance (III.C)

48. Identify which of the following is an element of the broken windows theory of deviance. a. Deviance is a self-reinforcing spiral. b. Informal sanctions are not effective in controlling deviance. c. Deviance is driven by neighborhood culture and not easily prevented. d. Urban areas are inherently prone to deviance.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Broken Windows Theory of Deviance (III.C) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 49. Illegal drug dealing is an example of which of the following types of crime, as defined by sociologists? a. white-collar crime c. corporate b. street crime d. misdemeanor ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: TEasy Street ESTBANKSREF: ELLE R.CCrime OM (IV.A)

50. What is the difference between street crime and white-collar crime? a. Street crime is more costly to the public than white-collar crime. b. Street crime usually occurs in public; white-collar crime usually occurs in private. c. More people are victimized by white-collar crime than by street crime. d. Those committing white-collar crimes are more likely to be punished than those committing street crimes.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Street Crime (IV.A)

51. Identify the listed action that would reduce crime, according to differential opportunity theory. a. community policing b. lighter penalties for felonies c. counseling and rehab for drug addicts d. increased returns on legitimate work ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Street Crime (IV.A) | InQuizitive

52. Tax evasion is an example of which of the following types of crime, as defined by sociologists? a. white-collar crime c. violent crime b. street crime d. robbery ANS: A

DIF: Easy

REF: White-Collar Crime (IV.B)

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MSC: Applying 53. J. P. Morgan trader Bruno Iksil placed a giant risky trade and lost $6 billion for the bank. His boss and assistant conspired to cover up the losses by filing false reports. These crimes are known as a. street crimes. c. corporate crimes. b. violent crimes. d. violations.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: White-Collar Crime (IV.B)

54. Why is it so difficult to track the crime rate over time? a. Most crimes are unreported offenses. b. We lack good data on criminal activity prior to 1990. c. The way particular crimes are defined changes over time. d. Sociologists and criminologists do not use similar methodologies.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Interpreting the Crime Rate (IV.C)

55. This figure shows crime rising and falling quite rapidly and drastically. A sociological interpretation of these trends would emphasize that

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a. b. c. d.

quantitative data are less useful for understanding crime. fluctuating crime rates reflect fluctuating social cohesion. data can be distorted by lengthening or compressing the axes of a graph. crime rates fluctuate in response to changes in how society classifies deviance.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Interpreting the Crime Rate (IV.C)

56. A policy of imprisoning and monitoring felony offenders for selling heroin in an effort to prevent them from committing more crimes is an example of a. specific deterrence. c. stigma. b. general deterrence. d. recidivism.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Deterrence Theory of Crime Control (V.A)

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57. A drug dealer stops selling drugs after learning on the street that another dealer was caught and punished.

This is an example of which of the following? a. specific deterrence c. anomie b. general deterrence d. recidivism ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Deterrence Theory of Crime Control (V.A)

58. After serving a long prison sentence for grand theft auto, Charles stole another car. This is an example of a. specific deterrence. c. anomie. b. general deterrence. d. recidivism.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Deterrence Theory of Crime Control (V.A)

59. Prisons and military boot camps are examples of what Erving Goffman calls a. social control. c. total institutions. b. specific deterrence. d. panopticons.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Goffman's Total Institution (V.B)

60. One year ago, Patrick was imprisoned for a serious first offense and placed in the general prison population. Although Patrick did not think of himself as a criminal, once he was in prison, most of his interactions took place with other people who had committed crimes or were seen as criminals. Because all of Patrick's interactions and his entire daily life took place in prison, and because his prior daily routines and roles had been stripped away, he became more proficient in criminal tactics and behaviors.

Patrick's experience has been affected by a. a stigma. b. a total institution.

TESTBANKSELLER.COM c. recidivism. d. specific deterrence.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Goffman's Total Institution (V.B)

61. A criminal released from prison struggles to remain law-abiding, but feels oddly disoriented and at loose ends in his new free life. Soon he is caught stealing cars and is sent back to prison. Although several things could be said about this chain of events, which explanation would be grounded in Durkheim’s theory of the roots of deviance? a. The ex-convict hadn’t been given the right kind of training, such as job training and anger-management counseling. b. The transition from the highly structured prison environment to a comparatively free and unstructured life caused the man to suffer from anomie. c. Spending time around other criminals in prison had socialized this man to be a criminal. d. The man needed more or stronger incentives to get a job and to build relationships with other people.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Deterrence Theory of Social Control (V.B) | InQuizitive

MSC: Applying

62. A typical elementary school isn't a total institution because a. students leave every afternoon and adopt different roles at that time. b. children cannot be subjected to total institutions. c. there are bureaucratic rules that govern schools.

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d. school attendance is typically required.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Goffman's Total Institution (V.B)

63. Goffman describes a total institution as one in which sleep, work, and play all occur in one setting. The reason this can affect individuals' behavior, including deviant behavior, is that a. total institutions are often not focused on rehabilitation. b. total institutions are comprised almost completely by criminals. c. individuals are likely to retreat from interactions in total institutions. d. all or almost all interactions take place in this one institution.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Goffman's Total Institution (V.B)

64. Foucault examined the emergence of the modern penal system, from physical punishment of the body to attempting to correct or reform bad habits. According to your textbook, this shift represents the transformation in a. recidivism. b. social control. c. the definition of crime. d. social regulation.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Foucault on Punishment (V.C)

65. Bentham called his design for a prison the “panopticon”. What does that word mean? a. fully corrective b. circular ring c. all-seeing TESTBANKSELLER.COM d. all-powerful ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Foucault on Punishment (V.C) | InQuizitive

66. In the past, a murderer might have been executed with the same weapon she used to commit the crime.

According to Michel Foucault, this is an example of what? a. violence against the body c. panopticonism b. violence against the soul d. modern punishment ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Foucault on Punishment (V.C)

67. According to Foucault, one of the major changes associated with the modern prison system is a. the shift from "violence against the body" to "reforming the soul." b. the shift from private to public punishments. c. reduced public spending on detention centers. d. the rise of the prison as a "total institution."

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Foucault on Punishment (V.C)

68. Your textbook notes that in 2015, about one in every 37 people in the United States were on probation or parole or in a state or federal prison. This is an example of what sociologists call a. recidivism. b. mass incarceration.

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c. social control. d. panopticon.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The U.S. Criminal Justice System (V.D)

69. The United States has high rates of incarceration, especially compared to other industrialized democracies. It is also the case in the United States that a. incarceration rates are similar for both men and women within their specific racial-ethnic groups. b. most people who serve time in prison are eventually rehabilitated. c. incarceration rates are very unequally distributed by race/ethnicity. d. the incarceration rate has been stably high for many decades.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The U.S. Criminal Justice System (V.D)

70. Of the possibilities listed below, which is the MOST common occurrence of cases in which the death penalty is applied for murder? a. white victim/black accused b. male victim/female accused c. Latino victim/white accused d. female victim/male accused ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The U.S. Criminal Justice System (V.D)

71. Political and cultural views of crime in the United States make it less likely that there is strong support for educational and other resources to be made available to those serving prison sentences. This suggests that the United States is less T interested ESTBAinN________ KSELLEand R.isCmore OM focused on ________. a. punishment; social control b. deterrence; punishment c. rehabilitation; punishment d. deterrence; rehabilitation ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: The U.S. Criminal Justice System (V.D)

72. One key reason sociologists say that the United States is currently in an era of mass incarceration is because a. most industrialized democracies have low incarceration rates despite having capital punishment. b. minor-age prisoners who have committed violent crimes are often now housed with adult offenders. c. the sizable prison population in the United States is largely concentrated in just a few correctional facilities. d. most industrialized democracies have lower incarceration rates than the United States.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: The U.S. Criminal Justice System (V.D)

73. New technology, including DNA testing, has led to the exoneration of several people who served many years in prison before being cleared. This led to the abolition of the death penalty in several states because a. the United States became less focused on punishment in light of these revelations.

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b. most of the exonerated people were found to be mentally ill. c. the revelations cast doubt on the criminal justice system. d. the new technologies coincided with a decrease in homicide rates.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The U.S. Criminal Justice System (V.D)

ESSAY 1. Explain this paradox: It is the deviants among us who hold society together. Your answer should use three of the following concepts: social deviance, crime, social cohesion, mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity.

ANS: Deviance helps hold society together for several reasons. Deviance requires a response, and society's response strengthens social cohesion. People feel more strongly bonded after they have come together to address a breach. In mechanical solidarity societies, people come together and punish the wrongdoer—public hangings, stocks, and other forms of public humiliation and punishment are examples. In organic solidarity societies, the individuality of the deviant is taken into consideration and the person is aided toward rehabilitation or restitution. Deviance may be breaching an important norm, or it may be breaking legal guidelines (crime). Both kinds of deviance, when responded to, strengthen social cohesion. In this way, what seems to be a breakdown of society (deviance) actually strengthens it.

DIF: Easy

REF: What Is Social Deviance? (I)

MSC: Analyzing

2. John pushed Abel against a wall and robbed him of the gold coin he had in his pocket. What would happen to John in a society characterized by mechanical solidarity? What would happen to John in a society characterized by organic solidarity? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each type of TESTBANKSELLER.COM punishment?

ANS: Durkheim's theory of punishment focused on what he called social cohesion, meaning how people form social bonds and work together. In mechanical solidarity, social cohesion would be high, and punishments would tend to reflect consensus on what the norms and rules are as well as the punishments.

Offenders would be dealt with by the society as a whole. An advantage is that these punishments are public, severe, and decisive. They are also administered directly by community members. A disadvantage is that the wrongdoer may be killed and does not have opportunity for restoration or restitution. Society does not benefit from the restoration of a wrongdoer to the community.

As societies industrialize and evolve into modern forms, organic solidarity would mean a more specialized division of labor and less social cohesion. Punishments would become more individualized and would attempt to rehabilitate offenders so that they might become productive members of society.

Also, some punishments would be restitutive in an effort to restore balance or the status quo—to bring things back to the way they were before the offense took place. Advantages include restoration and restitution and attention to the individuality of the deviant. Disadvantages include the bureaucracy, time, and imprecision involved in criminal justice systems and the uncertain relationship between deviance and punishment.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control (II)

3. Define what Emile Durkheim meant by social cohesion. Distinguish between his two types of social solidarity, mechanical and organic, using an example of each. In your view, which type of social solidarity best fosters human well-being, and why?

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ANS: Durkheim defined social cohesion as the way that people form social bonds and get along over time. It is how people tend to stick together, or not, in society.

One type of social solidarity is mechanical or segmented solidarity, which Durkheim said characterized premodern life. This was based on the sameness of the individuals who work together to keep society functioning like a machine. People had a higher level of collective conscience and tended to engage in a simple division of labor.

Another type of social solidarity is organic solidarity, which Durkheim said would characterize modern life as social cohesion based on interdependence. People would perform different, more specialized tasks and become more focused on their individual needs, decreasing the social cohesion.

The division of labor would become highly specialized and more complex, and people would have less in common.

The United States would be characterized by organic solidarity because of its highly differentiated division of labor and relatively individualistic orientation.

Students may argue that mechanical solidarity promotes human well-being because people benefit from strong social embeddedness and unified systems of meaning and daily life. Others may argue that organic solidarity is best because it honors individual differences and talents, and each person is able to thrive when living in interdependence in a diverse society.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control (II)

4. What is social control? Distinguish between formal social sanctions and informal social sanctions. For what types of deviance are each sanction most effective, and why?

ANS: Social control refers to the mechanisms that create normative compliance, the act of abiding by society's TESthat TBAsocieties NKSEL LE R.COM norms. Simply, it means the ways get members to follow the rules of group life.

Formal social sanctions are the rules or laws prohibiting murder, rape, theft, and other deviant acts. Punishments would be overt expressions of official group sentiments such as arrest, incarceration, and the death penalty.

Informal social sanctions are usually based on the unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership, also known as unspoken rules. Typically, violations of these social norms are met with punishments that may include staring at someone who belches or scolding someone for cutting you off in line at the grocery store.

DIF: Easy

REF: Social Control (II.A)

MSC: Analyzing

5. Explain the paradox that Durkheim's theory of suicide addresses: that the most personal of acts (suicide) is influenced by society. Briefly define and offer an example of each kind of suicide. In your view, which type is most prevalent in our society, and why?

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ANS: Durkheim found that suicide is not a solitary act; social influence is so strong that sociologists can measure significant differences in suicide across societies and subcultures.

Egoistic suicide occurs when one is not well integrated into a group. A person feels detached, that he or she doesn't belong, and that he or she can't find a good way to participate in society. Altruistic suicide occurs when one experiences too much social integration. The group dominates the life of the individual, the individual feels meaningless without social recognition, and suicide may earn the individual the recognition he or she desires or simply end the longing for it. Anomic suicide stems from a sense of aimlessness or despair in light of too little social regulation. A person is "floating" through life without anyone to give him or her direction, and the person can't find it on his or her own. Fatalistic suicide occurs as a result of too much social regulation. A person is trapped in a routine, with no ESTBANKSELLER.COM opportunities for mobility or T individuality.

Students may choose any of these answers to describe suicide in their society, and their justification should be well reasoned. For example, in mainstream U.S. culture, egoistic suicide occurs when people feel detached from society. Anomic suicide is common when people feel that life has no purpose and that they are floating through life with no direction. In some ethnic subcultures, fatalistic suicide occurs when individuals are too strongly regulated by their family or culture and can't pursue their individuality. Altruistic suicide occurs when a person overidentifies with their role, such as a high school athlete committing suicide when she suffers a major loss or injury, or an adult committing suicide after losing his job.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: A Normative Theory of Suicide (II.B)

6. Please describe and discuss Merton's strain theory of deviance, comparing and contrasting each of the types of individuals Merton describes in this means-end theory. In your answer, please provide an example of each type of individual.

ANS:

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Students should explain the basic idea of strain theory as a means-end framework that focuses on whether individual can or do meet the goals of their society and whether they achieve those ends by legitimate, legal means. The inability to do both is a source of strain and can lead to deviance. Merton talks about several types of individuals who are grouped according to how they match up with acceptance of goals and use of legitimate means. He describes the people who conform on both as conformists; those who accept the goals, but take illegal/non-legitimate measures, he calls innovators; ritualists follow the rules regarding legitimate means, but have given up on the goals; both rebels and retreatants reject both the goals and means, but while the retreatant simply withdraws, the rebel seeks to dismantle the system or to at least change it drastically. Students should provide simple examples (real or hypothetical) for each.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Social Forces and Deviance (II.C)

MSC: Analyzing

7. Summarize Philip Zimbardo's broken windows theory of deviance. Do you think it provides a good explanation for why some neighborhoods are more dangerous than others? Why or why not?

ANS: The broken windows theory of deviance takes into account the way people see their social surroundings and how this may influence their behavior. Zimbardo conducted experiments in which he left abandoned cars in two different neighborhoods, one poor and one affluent. As expected, people vandalized the car in the poor neighborhood, but in the affluent one, it was untouched—that is, until the researchers vandalized it a bit. After that, people started smashing the car's windows, tagging it, and tearing it up.

This showed that once someone defines the expectations, people may behave in ways they otherwise would not.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: Broken Windows Theory of Deviance (III.C)

ESTBANtheory.

KSELDistinguish LER.COM 8. Explain the basic argument ofTdeterrence between specific and general deterrence.

ANS: Deterrence theory suggests that crime results from a rational calculation of the costs and benefits of criminal activity. For example, if the costs or likelihood of getting caught are high, people are likely to be deterred from committing the act, especially if the potential benefits aren't too high. However, if the costs are low and the potential benefits are high (e.g., getting revenge, making lots of money), individuals are more likely to commit the crime.

Specific deterrence is what the system attempts when it monitors and tries to prevent known criminals from committing more crime. Incarcerating an individual burglar for 10 years is one example.

The belief is that, as a result, this person can't commit a crime for at least 10 years.

General deterrence expects that once an offender has completed his or her sentence, he or she will never commit another crime for fear of getting caught and punished again. Further, it also involves making a public example out of criminal sentences, thus sending a message to the rest of society that this can happen to you if you do the same thing.

DIF: Easy MSC: Analyzing

REF: Deterrence Theory of Crime Control (V.A)

9. Please discuss the link between Goffman's concept of the total institution and the occurrence of secondary deviance. Be sure to briefly explain what each of these concepts means and discuss specifically how they are related.

ANS:

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Students should define a total institution as one into which a person is wholly or virtually wholly absorbed, and one in which all spheres of life (sleep, work, play) occur. They should define secondary deviance as secondary acts that occur once a label of deviance has been applied to an action or a person.

Students should note that because total institutions confine all/most interactions to this one social space, some types of total institutions, such as prison/correctional facilities, can become fertile ground for the growth of secondary deviance. This is because most interactions are occurring between individuals who have already been labeled deviant and who are networking as a result of those primary labels.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Goffman's Total Institution (V.B)

MSC: Analyzing

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CHAPTER 7 Stratification CONCEPT MAP I.

II.

III.

IV.

V. VI.

Views of Inequality A. Jean-Jacques Rousseau B. The Scottish Enlightenment and Thomas Malthus C. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Standards of Equality A. Equality of Opportunity B. Equality of Condition C. Equality of Outcome Forms of Stratification A. Estate System B. Caste System C. Class System D. Status Hierarchy System E. Elite-Mass Dichotomy System How Is America Stratified Today?

A. The Upper Class B. The Middle Class i. The Middle Class and Working Class: Expansion and Retrenchment C. The Poor Global Inequality Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility

MULTIPLE CHOICE

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1. When groups are arranged hierarchically with different levels of power, social prestige, status, or economic resources, this is called a. equality of opportunity. b. globalization. c. exchange mobility. d. stratification.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Views of Inequality (I)

2. Consider a country that has laws and customs against discrimination regarding school admissions, employment, and pay. This society is also organized such that its members fall into a hierarchy of political power, wealth, education, occupational status, and income. This country is understood to have a. social mobility. b. exchange mobility. c. stratification. d. equality of condition.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Views of Inequality (I)

3. Which kind of inequality did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe would always exist? a. physical c. dialectic b. social d. both physical and social

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ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Jean-Jacques Rousseau (I.A)

4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that the source of all social ills was a. income. c. racism. b. private property. d. globalization ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Jean-Jacques Rousseau (I.A)

5. Karl Marx and Jean-Jacques Rousseau tended to agree on at least one thing. They both saw the primary source of social ills in society as a. religion. c. the caste system. b. private property. d. the estate tax.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Jean-Jacques Rousseau (I.A)

6. As your textbook notes, the paradox of stratification is that inequality is the result of a. mutual dependency. b. contradictory class locations. c. meritocracy. d. surplus.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: The Scottish Enlightenment and Thomas Malthus (I.B)

MSC: Remembering

7. Thomas Malthus believed that the human population grows ________, but the ability to produce food increases ________. a. slowly; quickly c.LE geometrically; TESTBANKSEL R.COM arithmetically b. arithmetically; geometrically d. quickly; slowly ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Scottish Enlightenment and Thomas Malthus (I.B)

MSC: Remembering

8. Thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment, such as Adam Ferguson and John Miller, believed that private property was a beneficial institution. What was their reasoning? a. Property can be redistributed by law, improving equality. b. People are more productive when they are able to keep what they produce. c. Private owners make more intelligent use of assets than the government does. d. Private property works as a brake on population growth.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: The Scottish Enlightenment and Thomas Malthus (I.B) | InQuizitive MSC: Remembering 9. Identify which of the following is a factor necessary for rapidly lowering birthrates in a developing nation, according to Jeffrey Sachs. a. girls' education b. improved methods of agriculture c. elimination of the patriarchal elements in a culture d. separate schooling for boys and girls ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: The Scottish Enlightenment and Thomas Malthus (I.B) | InQuizitive MSC: Remembering

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10. Roman is an activist who would like to see humans live in a state of sharing, equality, and harmony. His friend Omar says, "But if everyone shared and everyone thrived, wouldn't there be too many people?" If Roman and Omar read Thomas Malthus, they might consider the Malthusian notion that ________ keeps the population in check. a. equality c. communism b. capitalism d. inequality ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: The Scottish Enlightenment and Thomas Malthus (I.B)

MSC: Applying

11. College student Jerry says disease, natural disasters, and even war serve a greater purpose. His friends say his views are offensive, and Jerry replies, "But I'm a Malthusian!" Along with Thomas Malthus, Jerry believes that the benefit of problems that wipe out large number of humans is that a. the fittest humans survive and evolve. b. the morally superior people survive. c. the decreased pressure on the food supply reduces starvation and misery. d. people are forced to accept the hard parts of life.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Scottish Enlightenment and Thomas Malthus (I.B)

MSC: Applying

12. Hegel argued that notions of inequality are constantly evolving in a larger historical arc and will eventually lead to a. conflict. c. equality. b. civilization. d. organization.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (I.C)

TESTBANKSELLER.COM 13. Consumers and advocates grew concerned about the plight of tomato pickers, an industry marked by exploitation and even slavery. What outcome fits with Hegel's theory? a. Tomato pickers will always be enslaved because the system is too entrenched to change. b. Tomato pickers will suffer and die out, but this is helpful for overall population control. c. A coalition of determined activists can break the dependencies between master and slave. d. A governmental policy of equality of outcome is likely, given the severity of injustice.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (I.C)

14. Hegel felt that the relationship between slave and master was dialectic. This meant that a. each was dependent on the other. b. the slave had more power over the master than vice versa. c. the relationship was short-lived. d. the relationship could evolve into an intimate one.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (I.C)

15. A Hegelian perspective shows that the ________ relationship is alive and well today in industries such as tomato picking. a. bourgeoisie–proletariat c. rich–poor b. master–slave d. global–local ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (I.C)

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16. You are dependent on your professor for your grade. Your professor, in turn, is dependent on you for his or her job. Hegel would call this a(n) a. dialectic relationship. c. example of private property. b. equality of condition. d. example of affirmative action.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (I.C)

17. Different political groups may emphasize the importance of equality, yet may strongly disagree with each other or may not have a cooperative set of interactions with each other. One key reason for this might be that a. some political groups believe in equality more strongly than others. b. some political groups use different definitions of equality than others. c. some political groups care about equality, but not as much as group stability. d. some political groups are more likely to say what voters want to hear.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Standards of Equality (II)

18. The game of Monopoly exemplifies equality of a. personhood. c. business. b. opportunity. d. condition.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Equality of Opportunity (II.A)

19. A capitalist society with a continuing history of inequality in wealth, income, and power can still have a. equality of outcome. b. equality of condition. TESTBANKSELLER.COM c. equality of opportunity. d. equality of estate.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Equality of Opportunity (II.A)

20. The modern capitalist society is an example of which type of society? a. meritocratic c. middle class b. socialist d. bourgeois ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Equality of Opportunity (II.A)

21. Jim gets a job in a group home for disabled adults. The executive director tells Jim that if he works hard and earns favorable reviews, he could work his way up to a position of greater responsibility and income.

Such a system is referred to as a. meritocratic. c. individualistic. b. opportunistic. d. entrepreneurial.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Equality of Opportunity (II.A)

22. Hamilton is an African American college student who has benefited from affirmative action. Frank, another student, criticizes him, saying, "You'll sail through college because of affirmative action." Frank is misunderstanding what affirmative action is. Hamilton is benefiting from equality of ________, but Frank misperceives it as equality of ________.

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a. condition; outcome b. opportunity; condition ANS: A MSC: Applying

c. race; outcome d. outcome; race

DIF: Moderate

REF: Equality of Condition (II.B)

23. Lisa Geesh is a U.S. senator who supports policies that give preferential treatment to disadvantaged groups in employment and education. She is concerned with a. equality of opportunity. c. equality of outcome. b. equality of personhood. d. equality of condition.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Equality of Condition (II.B)

24. Which of the following is an example of the ideology of equality of condition put into practice? a. segregation c. health care b. affirmative action d. slavery ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Equality of Condition (II.B)

25. Carrie, Max, and Lisa are friends in high school. Over the years, Carrie becomes a carpenter. Max becomes a computer programmer. Lisa becomes a physician. The government regulates salaries such that Carrie, Max, and Lisa are paid similar salaries, live in similar neighborhoods, and enjoy relatively equal standards of living. What standard of equality would this be an example of? a. equality of opportunity c. equality of condition b. equality of personhood d. equality of outcome ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Equality of Outcome (II.C)

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26. A professor assigns a group project. In one group, Darin does nearly all the work. Martin, Aaid, and Abbey seem to shirk responsibility, assuming that because it's a group, someone else will pull the extra weight. Viewed with a sociological lens, this is a. Malthusian inevitability. c. the Pareto principle. b. academic stratification. d. the free rider problem.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Equality of Outcome (II.C)

27. Identify which of the following people could be considered free riders. a. A person attends a potluck without bringing a fish, reasoning that there is always plenty of food at such events. b. A gardener being paid by the hour slacks off, reasoning that the longer the job takes, the more he earns. c. A teenager at a movie theater steals some candy from the concessions counter. d. An office worker being promoted due to seniority despite doing less work than his colleagues.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Equality of Outcome (II.C) | InQuizitive

28. When sociologists study how race and ethnicity affect income, they are studying a. stratification. c. exchange mobility. b. wealth and assets. d. the estate system.

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ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Forms of Stratification (III)

29. Each society has a type of social stratification. How does the United States ideologically justify its type of stratification system? a. The class a person is in has nothing to do with ability; one is born into it. b. A person is in complete control over the class he or she is in. Hard work (or lack of it) determines class. c. One's relatives are responsible for one's social class. d. Luck determines class.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Forms of Stratification (III)

30. Which social stratification system was favored in feudal Europe and the American South before the Civil War? a. estate system c. hierarchy system b. class system d. elite-mass hierarchy ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Estate System (III.A)

31. Although Indian castes historically have been ________, increasing rates of ________ have made classifying children more difficult. a. endogamous; exogamy c. fluid; rigidity b. rigid; movement d. exogamous; endogamy ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Caste System (III.B)

TESTBANKSELLER.COM 32. Before Melissa's trip to India, she read a book that said India has four main castes. When she arrived, she asked Veda, an Indian woman, "Which of the four castes does your family belong to?" Veda smiled and corrected Melissa, pointing out that a. it is impolite to say the word "caste." b. over time, the caste system has evolved into thousands of subcastes. c. the caste system no longer exists. d. Melissa should have known Veda's caste based on Veda's dress and language.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Caste System (III.B)

33. An entire caste in India may use language, education, or religion to shift its status in the hierarchy. Such a process is called a. Sanskritization. c. Brahminization. b. caste transformation. d. vertical caste formation.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Caste System (III.B)

34. What group sells its labor to the bourgeoisie to receive wages? a. elites c. proletariat b. working class d. bourgeoisie ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Class System (III.C)

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35. Sarjit and Rhonda have both recently completed graduate level training in liberal arts programs.

Although they studied in different fields, they are similar to each other in human capital value in the labor market. According to ________, this similarity defines Sarjit and Rhonda as belonging to the same economic class. a. Max Weber b. Karl Marx c. Otis Dudley Duncan d. Vilfredo Pareto ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Class System (III.C)

36. Under what system is your societal position related to your position in the economic market? a. hierarchy c. caste b. class d. estate ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Class System (III.C)

37. Marx focused on the relational class structure, made up of the capitalist class (the bourgeoisie) and the working class (the proletariat). However, managers could more accurately be described as occupying contradictory class locations because a. they earn more than the proletariat, but less than the bourgeoisie. b. they control the means of production, but they do not control others' labor. c. they own the means of production, but also work with the proletariat. d. they don't own the means of production, but they do control others' labor.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Class System (III.C)

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38. What is Max Weber’s definition of social status based on? a. one's income b. one’s accumulated wealth c. the lifestyle one is seen as leading d. the social or political power one wields ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: Class System (III.C) | InQuizitive

39. According to the research on status attainment, the best predictors of a person's educational and other socioeconomic outcomes are a. parents' income and parents' net worth. b. parents' net worth and the individual's own IQ. c. parents' net worth and parents' education. d. parents' education and parents' income.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Status Hierarchy System (III.D)

40. Peter is an architect. If Peter wishes to assert or increase his status, he may do so not only through his occupation but also through other means, such as a. getting an additional B.A. c. becoming more politically conservative. b. living in a gated community. d. taking public transportation.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Status Hierarchy System (III.D)

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41. Which of the following is a type of social stratification? a. mobility system c. proletariat system b. status-attainment system d. status hierarchy system ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Status Hierarchy System (III.D)

42. If a person with a high-paying and prestigious job wants to be sure others are aware of this status, this person might choose to wear very expensive clothing or to drive a high-end car. These behaviors are examples of a. consumption. b. elitism. c. structural mobility. d. occupational status.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Status Hierarchy System (III.D)

43. A stratification system with a governing elite—that is, the few leaders who broadly hold the power in a society—is called a(n) ________ system. a. status hierarchy c. class b. elite-mass dichotomy d. caste ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Elite-Mass Dichotomy System (III.E)

44. C. Wright Mills argues that there are three major institutions in the United States today that have the power to make decisions for the masses. What are they? a. economy, politics, and religion c.LE economy, TESTBANKSEL R.COMreligion, and the military b. economy, politics, and the military d. religion, politics, and the military ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Elite-Mass Dichotomy System (III.E)

45. Vilfredo Pareto believed in a society in which status and mobility are based on individual attributes and ability. This type of society is called a. a meritocracy. c. a moral society. b. intelligence-based. d. biologically based.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Elite-Mass Dichotomy System (III.E)

46. Indira is a corporate CEO. Max is a janitor at a strip mall. New research on inequality trends from 1990 to 2002 suggests that for every dollar someone like Max earns, someone like Indira earns about a. $1. c. $100. b. $28. d. $18,000.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Elite-Mass Dichotomy System (III.E)

47. Denise, who comes from a lower-middle-class family, obtained a college degree, interned at a company, worked at that company for many years, and is now its CEO. Denise's experiences support the idea of a. the free rider. c. conflict class. b. globalization. d. meritocracy.

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ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Elite-Mass Dichotomy System (III.E)

48. C. Wright Mills had a negative view of the elite-mass dichotomy. His view fits with the ________ paradigm. a. symbolic interactionism c. conflict b. functionalism d. social justice ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Elite-Mass Dichotomy System (III.E)

49. Identify which of the following is a characteristic of an elite-mass dichotomy system of which Pareto would approve. a. Members of the elite are born into their positions. b. Societies are dominated by the military elite. c. The elite should mainly consist of aristocrats and the bourgeoisie. d. About 20 percent of the population holds more power than the remaining 80 percent.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Elite-Mass Dichotomy System (III.E) | InQuizitive

50. Nathan is an upper-class man who enjoys a mansion, a pool, and a wealthy lifestyle. Most likely, the distinguishing characteristic of Nathan's class position is his source of income, which is a. working in finance. c. real estate ownership and management. b. returns on investments, not wages. d. inheritance.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: The Upper Class (IV.A)

51. Elliot Essman asserts that America TESTisBa(n) AN________ KSELLEbecause R.COthe M very wealthy do not have much impact on the country in general. a. elite-class nation c. working-class nation b. middle-class nation d. class-free nation ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: The Middle Class (IV.B)

52. Which American job sector has greatly increased since the oil crisis of 1973? a. unionized jobs c. factory work b. pink-collar office work d. low-wage service work ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Middle Class and Working Class: Expansion and Retrenchment (IV.B.i) MSC: Remembering 53. Liam has only a high school education. His job counselor recommends ________, because it is the fastest-growing job for people with only a high school education. a. mechanical work c. factory work b. secretarial work d. food preparation ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Middle Class and Working Class: Expansion and Retrenchment (IV.B.i) MSC: Understanding 54. Why are college completion rates not keeping up with the job market’s demand for college graduates? a. It is normal to have a lag between changed demand and the resulting change in supply.

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b. Students are graduating with majors different from those the job market demands. c. It is normal to have a lag between changed demand and the resulting change in supply. d. Higher numbers of college students are dropping out before graduation.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: The Middle Class and Working Class: Expansion and Retrenchment (IV.B.i) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 55. Identify the factors that are responsible for recent increases in income inequality, as reflected in an ever-larger ratio between CEO pay and worker pay. a. changes in the federal tax code and the changing mix of available jobs b. the changing requirements for existing jobs and greater responsibilities for today’s CEOs, especially those in the technology industry c. the changing mix of available jobs and the changing requirements for existing jobs d. the changing mix of available jobs and greater responsibilities for today’s CEOs, especially those in the technology industry ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Middle Class and Working Class: Expansion and Retrenchment (IV.B.i) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 56. In political speeches about the poor, those who are believed to deserve assistance are often termed the a. differently abled. c. working poor. b. mentally challenged. d. educated poor.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The Poor (IV.C)

57. Trade of goods and services across national boundaries, as well as the mobility of businesses and labor through immigration, is called TESTBANKSELLER.COM a. international business. c. global stratification. b. globalization. d. equality of condition.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Global Inequality (V)

58. The effect of globalization has been to bifurcate labor into a. upper class and middle class. c. high skilled and low skilled. b. technical and support. d. middle class and working class.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Global Inequality (V)

59. Emilia is studying global development, and in investigating underdevelopment in Africa, she turns to economist Jeffrey Sachs. She agrees with Sachs's point of view, that a. brutal as they may be, mass poverty and starvation help balance the human population. b. Africa's challenges include its geography and colonial legacies. c. the most important factor shaping Africa's history is governmental corruption. d. underdevelopment is an unsolvable problem because it is rooted in private property.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Global Inequality (V)

60. How is inequality in the United States related to globalization? a. Globalization has contributed to decreasing inequality within the United States. b. Globalization is unrelated to inequality within the United States.

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c. Globalization originally contributed to increasing inequality within the United States, but has helped reduced U.S. inequality over the past decade. d. Globalization has contributed to increasing inequality within the United States.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Global Inequality (V) | InQuizitive

61. The rise or fall of an individual (or group) from one social stratum to another is called ________ social mobility. a. conditioned c. vertical b. horizontal d. structural ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility (VI)

62. Mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy is called a. vertical mobility. c. ascending mobility. b. horizontal mobility. d. structural mobility.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility (VI)

63. If two people swap jobs and this trade results in social mobility for both, it is called a. exchange mobility. b. horizontal mobility. c. structural mobility. d. ascending mobility.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility (VI) MSC: Remembering TESTBANKSELLER.COM 64. Identify which of the following is a variable in a parent population that best predicts children’s educational outcomes. a. parents' income b. parents’ occupation c. parents’ level of education d. parents’ social capital ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility (VI) | InQuizitive MSC: Remembering 65. A team of researchers decide to study social mobility. They obtain data on respondents and their parents, gathering information on the occupational status of each generation to see if mobility has occurred. To understand the likelihood of social mobility more fully, they also ask questions about respondents' educational attainment, type of training, and the prestige of the first job that respondents had in their respective occupational field. By considering some of these intervening processes, this research team has chosen to use a(n) ________ approach to social mobility. a. ascending mobility b. vertical mobility c. status attainment model d. class-based ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility (VI)

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66. Consider the case of a professional translator who begins to lose work opportunities because new technologies can largely replace human translators. If she ends up responding to this economic shift by changing professions and becoming a graphic designer, she has experienced a. historical mobility. b. structural mobility. c. exchange mobility. d. social reproduction.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility (VI)

67. Ugo's promotion to regional manager at Sears with a higher salary and more prestige is an example of what type of vertical social mobility? a. ascending c. descending b. escalating d. advancement ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility (VI)

68. Akamai is a paralegal for a law firm in Manhattan. He gets a new job as a paralegal for a law firm in Boston. Sociologists see such a shift as ________ mobility. a. horizontal c. structural b. vertical d. exchange ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility (VI)

69. An example of horizontal social mobility is a(n) a. secretary changing firms but retaining his or her occupational status. b. barista's promotion to store TEmanager.

STBANKSELLER.COM c. family that migrates from low-income housing to an upper-middle-class gated community. d. office manager who moves into a similar position in a much larger firm, where he or she earns greater status and income.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility (VI)

70. Let's suppose a medical doctor becomes an early childhood educator, while an elementary school teacher completes medical school and begins practicing medicine. If this occupational switch occurred above and beyond the way that jobs are distributed in the economy, it would be an example of a. social reproduction. b. structural mobility. c. exchange mobility. d. horizontal mobility.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility (VI)

71. Blau and Duncan developed a status attainment model, which is a more flexible approach to studying social mobility than are mobility tables. The reason a status attainment model is more flexible is because it a. considers intervening factors in the process of mobility. b. is able to identify which occupations experience mobility in the majority of cases. c. can measure downward mobility just as easily as it can measure upward mobility. d. only needs data from one point in time for multiple generations of occupational status.

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ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility (VI)

72. The typical African American family has about ________ of the net worth of the typical white family. a. the same amount c. 35 percent b. 50 percent d. 10 percent ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility (VI)

73. When compared to low-income students with similar test scores and academic records, high-income students a. make up a decreasing share of the enrollment at selective colleges. b. make up an increasing share of the enrollment at selective colleges. c. make up the same share of the enrollment at selective colleges. d. are less likely to be accepted because of affirmative action.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility (VI)

74. What is a major problem with basing affirmative action on class rather than race? a. One’s class is a poor predictor of one’s life prospects. b. Class is harder to define than race. c. Class can be more easily faked than race. d. Class-based affirmative action does not benefit minorities.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility (VI) | InQuizitive MSC: Analyzing

TESTBANKSELLER.COM 75. Attitudinal data show that Americans' belief that it is possible for a person to start at the bottom of the economic ladder and work their way to the top has ________ in the last 20 years. a. decreased b. remained stable c. increased d. increased, then fallen again ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Conclusion (VII)

76. An alien drops onto the planet, and the only books he reads are Horatio Alger, Jr., novels. The alien concludes that a. the rags-to-riches narrative of social mobility is true and realistic. b. the most lucrative profession is journalism. c. American inequality is increasing in severity and permanence. d. race, geography, and history all influence a nation's economic development.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Conclusion (VII)

ESSAY 1. Compare and contrast Rousseau's perspective of social inequality with that of Malthus, Miller, and Ferguson.

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ANS: Rousseau argued that if we stripped away the elements of society that resulted from the institution of private property, only social equality would remain. He saw social inequality as the result of privileges and uneven access to resources that lead to social ills. Ferguson, Miller, and Malthus saw inequality as necessary; it leads to higher degrees of social organization and efficiency.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Views of Inequality (I)

MSC: Analyzing

2. The German philosopher Georg Hegel explained inequality from a master–slave perspective. Describe and explain the interdependence of the master–slave analogy for inequality.

ANS: The slave is dependent on the master for basic needs such as food and shelter, but the master is dependent on the slave to perform the basic duties for survival. If the master no longer has the slave to perform these duties, he cannot survive. Thus, each becomes dependent on the other for survival.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (I.C)

3. Sociologists distinguish between three types of equality: equality of opportunity, equality of condition, and equality of outcome. For each type, describe what equality would look like in the United States. In your view, which type of equality is most desirable for society, and why?

ANS: (1) Equality of opportunity: Everyone has equal chances in the beginning, but luck or skill brings varying results (e.g., men and women have the same chance to become successful, but sometimes a person may just be in the right place at the right time).

(2) Equality of condition: Situations need to be altered in order to compensate for inequalities in the ESTwhen BANwomen KSELcompete LER.CinOM relative starting positionsT(e.g., physical contests with men, the requirements are manipulated to account for differences in physical ability).

(3) Equality of outcome: Each player should end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the game (e.g., even though some people may not have the same abilities as others, they still reap the same benefits).

In evaluating types of equality, some students will choose equality of opportunity because it is fair, it gives everyone a chance, and it represents the ideology of the American dream. Some will choose equality of condition because the starting point is just so unequal, given the injustices that have been present since the beginning of the United States; thus, we must work to compensate for these injustices.

Others believe that human quality of life demands equality of outcome so that everyone can enjoy housing, food, and security.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Standards of Equality (II)

MSC: Evaluating

4. Jerod is a young boy who is ambitious, smart, and wants to pursue a life of more education and wealth than what his parents achieved. Predict Jerod's life journey in two of the following stratification systems: estate system, caste system, class system, status hierarchy system.

ANS: (1) Estate systems have some mobility, but social reproduction prevails (e.g., European feudalism; American antebellum South). Jerod's ambitions will likely be frustrated, and he will probably live a life similar to his parents.

(2) Caste systems keep individuals in the same level of strata for life (e.g., South Asian caste system).

Others in society may squelch Jerod's ambitions, telling him that those hopes are inappropriate.

Jerod will remain within his caste.

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TESTBANKSELLER.COM (3) Class systems allow for mobility, but most people born into a particular class marry and live within

that same class (e.g., bourgeoisie versus proletariat). Jerod is statistically likely to remain in the social class of his parents, but with enough ambition, skill, opportunity, and luck, he may rise above it.

(4) Status hierarchy systems are based in social prestige or on what society thinks of the particular lifestyle of the community to which you belong (e.g., status based on occupation or income). Jerod may take on the lifestyle and symbols of a higher group and become recognized as such, thus raising his prestige.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Forms of Stratification (III)

MSC: Analyzing

5. There are five types of social stratification systems. List and briefly describe three of them, and explain how each justifies inequality.

ANS: (1) Estate: Justifies inequality by politics and birth. You are born into either the clergy, nobility, or commoner level due to how laws are written, giving rights and duties that separate individuals and create unequal power.

(2) Caste: Justifies inequality with regard to religion and birth. Each caste is allowed to engage in certain ritual practices from which the others are excluded. Keeping members of each caste separate from other castes hinders the breakdown (or Sanskritization) of the caste system. Endogamy, not exogamy, is practiced. People keep to their own group.

(3) Class: Justifies inequality via individualism or the economy. Everyone has the same "chance" to move up the social ladder, and those at the top are viewed as deserving of their status because they have worked harder or are smarter than those below them.

(4) Status hierarchy: Justifies inequality by the type of lifestyle a person has and what is valued in a particular society. Even if a person has little money, he or she can still be seen as upper status if his or her job (although low-wage) is valued by other members of that society.

TESTinequality BANKSE LLtoEthe R.fact COthat M some people are just smarter and more (5) Elite-mass dichotomy: Justifies due capable than the masses. The Pareto principle, also known as the 80/20 rule, is based on the assumption that individuals are inherently unequal physically, intellectually, and morally. Vilfredo Pareto believed that the most capable 20 percent of the population in these attributes should lead the masses (the remaining 80 percent). W. E. B. Du Bois also felt that 10 percent of the black population was more capable of helping the other 90 percent of blacks after slavery. In a meritocracy, or an elite-mass dichotomy, status and mobility are based on individual attributes and ability.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Forms of Stratification (III)

MSC: Analyzing

6. Briefly distinguish between wealth and income. Offer an example of a person who has low income but great wealth. Offer an example of a person who has high income but low wealth. Of these two, which person is better off, and why?

ANS: Income is money received for work or from returns on investments; wealth is an individual's net worth.

Wealth tends to give people who have it an advantage in obtaining income and maintaining their wealth.

People who have more wealth (i.e., the upper class) tend to have access to better education that might allow them to obtain better-paying jobs. They may also have more access to people (through networking) who have—or know someone who has—more prestige and access to better-paying positions.

A person with inherited wealth may have great assets but generate little to no income. A person with high income may earn a lot and spend a lot but neither save nor invest, thus having low wealth.

Students may say that the person with high wealth and low income is better off because he or she has many assets to sustain his or her life and give stability and security for the future. Some students may say it is better to enjoy income and live in the moment; thus, high income and low assets are better.

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DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: How Is America Stratified Today? (IV)

7. Social class is so difficult to precisely define that some sociologists argue it is a useless concept. Why is it so difficult to precisely define social classes? In your answer, compare definitions of poverty (easier to define) with middle class (more difficult to define).

ANS: The upper class is associated with income, wealth, power, and prestige. Middle-class individuals make up the majority of this nation and have a salary with some accumulated wealth. The poor are clearly defined as a family of four making $22,350 or less per year. The subcategories for the poor include working (a group with whom we sympathize) and nonworking (who don't deserve assistance). The middle class is difficult to define because 90 percent of Americans self-identify with this group, and they vary greatly in terms of salary, wealth, power, and prestige. Poverty is easier to define because it is a more strictly income-defined category.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: How Is America Stratified Today? (IV)

8. In studying global inequality, sociologists have theorized about why Europe (and ultimately the United States) was first to experience industrialization. Using information from the chapter, develop your own theory of why the United States industrialized sooner than Africa. In light of this theory, what strategies would support African economic development today?

ANS: For an industrial revolution to occur, a nation must first go through an agricultural revolution. Africa, compared to the United States and Europe, does not have the river systems necessary for irrigation to TESTAfrica, BANKalso, SELisLhotter ER.C OMEurope and has shorter growing seasons. facilitate an agricultural revolution. than This creates a shortage of food, higher incidences of disease, and fewer workers, which are necessary for an agricultural revolution to take place. Combine this lack of surplus food and workers with the lack of coal deposits (used to fuel industrial production), and the chance of Africa becoming an industrial society is much less likely. The geographical features of Africa make it unfeasible for an industrial revolution to occur.

Students will offer a variety of strategies for supporting African economic development, such as strategies that do not require mass industrialization, strategies that support internal growth and not paternalism, and strategies that build on Africa's own geography and history.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Global Inequality (V)

MSC: Evaluating

9. Please discuss the two primary approaches to studying social mobility—mobility tables and status attainment models—noting the key characteristics that distinguish each.

ANS: Students should note that mobility tables focus on parents' and respondents' (historically the fathers' and sons') occupations and create tables of occupational categories in a matrix to examine the likelihood of occupational mobility between generations. For instance, a five-category model might include both upper and lower nonmanual occupations, both upper and lower manual occupations, and farm work.

This approach includes the concept of structural mobility, such as when farming becomes less common, so mobility occurs when younger generations enter different, nonfarm occupations. It also can include the possibility of exchange mobility, which occurs when there is occupational swapping for reasons above and beyond structural changes in the economy and distribution of jobs.

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By contrast, a status attainment model looks not only at occupations, but also at socioeconomic status more broadly, considering educational attainment and income. Status attainment models consider the mechanisms of social mobility, such as respondents' educational attainment or where their first job was after they completed their education. These factors are used to understand patterns of social mobility between generations and to leave room for the addition of new possible mechanisms as they become relevant.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility (VI)

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CHAPTER 8 Gender

CONCEPT MAP I. II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

Let's Talk About Gender Sex: A Process in the Making A. Seeing Sex as Social: The Case of Nonbinary Individuals B. Sexed Bodies in the Premodern World C. Contemporary Concepts of Sex and the Paradoxes of Gender Gender: What Does It Take to Feminine or Masculine?

A. Making Gender B. Gender Differences over Time Theories of Gender Inequality A. Rubin's Sex/Gender System B. Parsons's Sex Role Theory C. Psychoanalytic Theories D. Conflict Theories E. "Doing Gender": Interactionist Theories F. Black Feminism and Intersectionality G. Postmodern and Global Perspectives Growing Up, Getting Ahead, and Falling Behind A. "Growing Up with Gender" B. Inequality at Work i. Glass Ceilings ii. Glass Escalators Sociology in the Bedroom A. Sex: From Plato TEStoTNATO BANKSELLER.COM B. The Social Construction of Sexuality i. Sexuality and Power ii. Same-Sex Sexuality C. Contemporary Sexualities: The Q Word D. "Hey": Teen Sex, From Hooking Up to Virginity Pledges

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. While the notion of sex has typically referred to biological characteristics, the concept of gender refers to ________ characteristics. a. psychological c. philosophical b. physical d. social ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Let's Talk About Gender (I)

2. The story of Elliot Jackson's experience in the school bathroom is helpful for thinking about both sex and gender because a. it demonstrates how being either male or female has a strong influence on our self-identity. b. it highlights the problems with assuming people are either male or female. c. it clearly exemplifies the problems that can result from homophobia. d. it shows how people can start out as one sex, but become the other sex.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Let's Talk About Gender (I)

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3. Your textbook points out that sex is partly a social concept. This is based on the fact that, although information about chromosomes is used to sort people into male and female categories, and although chromosomes are biological realities, the chromosomal makeup across people in a population a. varies across cultural contexts. b. falls into three distinct categories. c. is more of an average than a binary. d. is socially constructed.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Let's Talk About Gender (I)

4. If we apply the sociological imagination to sex, gender, and sexuality, we might argue that a. men and women are different biological organisms, and these differences manifest themselves in the ways men and women behave. b. the social patterns we see highlight natural differences between men and women, differences that set men and women on different pathways from birth. c. men and women are at opposite ends of the psychological continuum, which leads them to have distinct styles of communicating, feeling, and acting. d. although biological differences exist between men and women, what we make of those differences is socially constructed and has changed through time and place.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Let's Talk About Gender (I)

5. Which of the following is one of the reasons why sociologists view gender as a social construction rather than a biological given? a. Contemporary studies show us that men and women have different personality structures, the innate by-product of existing social structural relations. b. There are no biological differences between men and women that explain any behavior TESTBANKSELLER.COM differences. c. Societies in various historical periods have not made any distinction between different genders. d. Our understandings of, categorizations of, and behaviors toward what it means to be a man or woman have changed throughout history.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Let's Talk About Gender (I)

6. Many people believe sex to be an either/or situation (either male or female), but sociologists argue that these pure categories are a. distinctly different. b. strictly biological. c. not biologically absolute but socially helpful. d. more of an approximation than an absolute.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Seeing Sex as Social: The Case of Nonbinary Individuals (II.A) MSC: Remembering 7. How does the “one-sex” model of the ancient Greeks differ from the two-sex model of modern Western societies? a. In the one-sex model, the female body was regarded as an “inversion” of the male body. b. In the one-sex model, there is no difference between men and women. c. In the one-sex model, men are assigned a sex but women are not. d. In the one-sex model, the male body was regarded as an “inversion” of the female body.

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ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Seeing Sex as Social: The Case of Nonbinary Individuals (II.A) | InQuizitive MSC: Remembering 8. According to intersex activists, why do parents and surgeons push to assign a sex to a genitally ambiguous child? a. The government requires a sex on the birth certificate. b. Psychological studies show that mothers require children with definite sexes. c. The need to assign a gender-appropriate name. d. Social discomfort and fear of difference.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Seeing Sex as Social: The Case of Nonbinary Individuals (II.A) MSC: Understanding 9. In our society, many people take for granted that sex has only two categories and tend to ignore facts that suggest sex itself is socially constructed. Which of the following is an outcome of this sexual dichotomization? a. viewing sexual variation as a part of our diversity as a species b. the exclusion of those who don't fit neatly into one category or the other c. the common belief that a person's genitalia do not always correspond to a person's gender d. the assumption that gender is fluid ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Seeing Sex as Social: The Case of Nonbinary Individuals (II.A) MSC: Understanding 10. Which of the following situations provides an example of how the social categories of gender influence the biology of sex?

TESTBANKSELLER.COM a. parents who refuse to let their three-year-old son paint his fingernails b. how people react differently to two women who hold hands in public versus two men who hold hands in public c. the decision to perform sex reassignment surgery on a male infant born with a micropenis (e.g., a phallus measuring less than 2 centimeters in length) and raise the baby as a female d. how a one-sex model of human bodies dominated thinking among ancient Greeks, but a two-sex model dominates current Western biological thought ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Seeing Sex as Social: The Case of Nonbinary Individuals (II.A) MSC: Understanding 11. In the one-sex model, it was believed that both a man's and a woman's orgasms were required for conception. When the two-sex model gained momentum, women and men were viewed as radically different creatures, and the female orgasm became viewed as a. crucial for conception. c. harmful. b. unnecessary. d. a myth.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Seeing Sex as Social: The Case of Nonbinary Individuals (II.A) MSC: Understanding 12. Alain's daughter wears dresses, plays with dolls, and likes to pretend she is a princess. Alain does not think society has influenced her preferences or games at all. He views his daughter as evidence that human behavior is determined by genes and hormones. Which term best describes Alain's views?

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a. dimorphism b. the binary system

c. biological determinism d. two-sex model

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Contemporary Concepts of Sex and the Paradoxes of Gender (II.C) MSC: Applying 13. Feminist philosopher Elizabeth Grosz proposed that we view the relationship between sex (the natural) and gender (the social) as existing on a Möbius strip because a. sex comes before gender and dictates behavior. b. you can separate sex and gender into two distinct entities. c. sex and gender are two sides of the same coin and are thus inseparable. d. it is easier to understand the unique effects of each in this way.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Contemporary Concepts of Sex and the Paradoxes of Gender (II.C) MSC: Understanding 14. An essentialist would argue which of the following for why women outnumber men in occupations that involve caring? a. Gender establishes different cultures and expectations for men and women. b. Women are socialized to seek out occupations that involve caring. c. Women find occupations that involve caring more suitable to their nature. d. Men avoid caretaking jobs, considering them "women's work."

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Contemporary Concepts of Sex and the Paradoxes of Gender (II.C) MSC: Understanding 15. Bob and Sue paint their baby's asSsoon TEroom STBpink ANK ELLasEthey R.Cfind OMout they are having a girl. They are beginning to provide the baby with what? a. self-awareness c. a two-sex model b. intersectionality d. a gendered identity ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Gender: What Does It Take to Be Feminine or Masculine? (III) MSC: Applying 16. Consider a scenario in which a cis-woman attends college and learns about the social construction of gender expectations. As someone who has always been highly competitive and assertive, she begins to see herself simply as someone whose individual characteristics don't match the gendered expectations of her community. Although she is comforted by this, she still goes on to experience difficulty with some people accepting her tenacity. This highlights the reality that a. gender has real consequences even if it isn't tied to some fixed biological reality. b. people expect more gender compliance from cis-women than other groups. c. gender expectations are stricter for women than they are for men. d. there are some biological realities tied to being female that affect how women are viewed.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Gender: What Does It Take to Be Feminine or Masculine? (III) MSC: Applying 17. In Navajo tribes, there are three genders. Which of the following is their third gender category? a. feminine c. nadle b. hijra d. masculine

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ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Making Gender (III.A)

18. Which of the following examples calls into question the two firm categories of sex and gender that dominate our thinking? a. the notion that men and women are equals b. the existence of male and female teams in sports c. the existence of more than two gender groups in other cultures d. the existence of gender stereotypes ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Making Gender (III.A)

19. Lou is a man who was raised as a girl. What would Amos Mac predict about how Lou will tell his life narrative? Lou will describe a. a childhood sense of living in the "wrong" body. b. a "before and after" story that shifts from girl to boy. c. an individualized narrative specific only to Lou. d. a narrative missing many episodes due to traumatic memory loss.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Making Gender (III.A)

20. By looking at anthropological findings in tribal societies, sociologists can see fluidity in gender, which helps us see that the boundaries within our own system of gender a. are biologically fixed. c. are emotionally guided. b. may not be stable. d. are psychologically established.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Making Gender (III.A) MSC: Understanding TESTBANKSELLER.COM 21. Which of the following is one main reason why a Navajo person would identify as nadle? The person a. was born with ambiguous genitalia. b. has sexual feelings toward people of the same sex. c. was shamed with the stigma of divorce. d. was bodily altered by sacrificial emasculation.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Making Gender (III.A)

22. Gayatri Reddy describes the hijras in India as phenotypic men who wear female clothing, renounce sexual desire, and perform rituals and services, including conferring fertility to newlyweds and newborns. As your textbook notes, although the hijras provide an excellent example that challenges a binary gender system, this is a master status that actually a. demonstrates the relevance of biological sex. b. only allows for a nonbinary choice for "phenotypic men." c. shows the higher status of being female in some cultures. d. includes behaviors that have little to do with gender.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Making Gender (III.A)

23. Amos Mac is a man who was raised as a girl. Which of the following describes Amos Mac's self-description? He: a. always felt like an adult man, even when he was a child.

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b. is comfortable in his own skin and doesn't fully resonate with either "man" or "woman." c. is at peace with himself but sometimes worries about how strangers perceive him. d. is comfortable in his mind but still struggles to come to terms with his body.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Making Gender (III.A)

24. Dalton Conley asked Amos Mac “whether he felt more like a man now than he had before he transitioned.” Identify a major reason why this question reflects a binary understanding of gender. a. It assumes a single experience of being “male.” b. It assumes that Mac felt strongly female before his transition. c. It assumes that others’ views of Max may influence his view of himself. d. It assumes that an individual’s relationship to gender changes over time.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: Making Gender (III.A)

25. A condition in which men are dominant and privileged in ways that are invisible is called a. sex stratification. b. hegemonic masculinity. c. heteronormativity. d. the matrix of domination.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Gender Differences over Time (III.B)

26. How does the NCAA determine the sex of athletes? a. by genitalia b. by chromosomes c. by physical appearance TESTBANKSELLER.COM d. by hormone levels ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Gender Differences over Time (III.B) | InQuizitive

27. Which of the following would be considered a positive trait or characteristic for a man within today's hegemonic masculinity? a. sexual fluidity c. a love of sports b. nurturing d. emotional sensitivity ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Gender Differences over Time (III.B)

28. Sociologist Cynthia Fuchs Epstein argues that deceptive distinctions are those sex differences that arise out of the roles individuals occupy rather than from some innate force. Which of the following is an example of deceptive distinctions? a. a woman who is a nurse but does not behave in nurturing and emotive ways b. a man who is a Supreme Court judge and behaves in nurturing and emotive ways c. a boy who is a football player and acts fearless and bold d. a girl who is a cheerleader and acts unanimated and unenthusiastic ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Gender Differences over Time (III.B)

29. Similar to hegemonic masculinity, social problems that exist within a dominant group in a society tend to be

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a. b. c. d.

highly visible and therefore cause for concern. invisible because they are regarded as the norm. unfair, but now important to the social order. highly funded and therefore easier to solve.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Gender Differences over Time (III.B)

30. It is typically harder to denaturalize the dominant category because a. the dominant category is based on essential biological reality. b. norms are not created by the dominant category. c. the other categories are essentially natural. d. the dominant category is seen as the norm and is often invisible.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Gender Differences over Time (III.B)

31. When Cynthia Fuchs Epstein talks about deceptive distinctions, she addresses the relevance of gender, stereotypes, and social positions. The deceptive distinctions are meant to highlight the view that a. many observed behavior differences between women and men are not about individual gender differences. b. most men and women behave very similarly to each other, especially in single-gender contexts. c. observations of gender differences come from biased methods that overestimate actual differences. d. people who identify as female behave very similarly to each other regardless of sex assignment at birth.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Gender Differences over Time (III.B) MSC: Understanding TESTBANKSELLER.COM 32. Baby names connect to gender, and names flow from male to androgynous to female but never in reverse. The reason for this is that a. the names that end up being feminine have a softer quality than those that don't. b. certain sounds are more naturally feminine, so they become associated with girls. c. men have more power, so masculinity is more likely to be emulated than femininity. d. girls are more likely to be named after older relatives who have more masculine names.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Gender Differences over Time (III.B)

33. "Gender structures social relationships between people unequally." This is a statement that exemplifies the ________ perspective on gender. a. feminist c. psychoanalytic b. sex role theory d. postmodernist ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Theories of Gender Inequality (IV)

34. Identify which of the following is a fundamental goal of feminism. a. to work toward a world in which sex differences do not exist b. to make people aware that the male/female distinction is a social construction c. to emphasize biological differences between men and women d. to make people aware that gender structures relationships ANS: D

DIF: Difficult

REF: Theories of Gender Inequality (IV) | InQuizitive

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MSC: Understanding 35. Anthropologist Michelle Rosaldo believed that women were usually lower in the stratification system because of their identification with a. prostitution. c. lower-paying jobs. b. emotional awareness. d. domestic life.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Rubin's Sex/Gender System (IV.A)

36. Gayle Rubin argues that there is a sex/gender system. This system is characterized by a. the practice of surgically altering infants who do not fit a biological binary. b. a division of labor that creates clear rules and ensures a stable society. c. the organization of kin into nuclear families to fulfill the reproduction of workers. d. the transformation of biological sex into asymmetric gender statuses.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Rubin's Sex/Gender System (IV.A)

37. Angie writes a college paper about the origins of patriarchy. Following Gayle Rubin's theory closely, Angie argues that a. trading women as property gave men certain rights over their female kin. b. sex role theory places women in a subordinate position. c. girls develop subordinate psychologies due to their relationships with their mothers. d. testosterone makes men more dominant.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Rubin's Sex/Gender System (IV.A)

38. According to Michelle Rosaldo's TEStheory, TBANregardless KSELLof ERtime .Cor OMculture, women tend to be associated with ________ and men tend to be associated with ________. a. emotion; rationality c. children; adults b. the domestic sphere; the public sphere d. being owned; ownership ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Rubin's Sex/Gender System (IV.A)

39. A political representative who has been assigned to a committee on family-relevant policy looks for research to inform new policy ideas. The goal of this committee is to increase the number of future workers for the labor market. If this political official chooses to draw from structural functionalism for policy ideas, he is likely to conclude that a. dual-earner families should receive support so they can rear children more easily. b. women and men should be encouraged to control their fertility. c. people should be encouraged to delay marriage until their late 20s. d. nuclear families with the father as the sole income-earner should be encouraged.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Parsons's Sex Role Theory (IV.B)

40. Parsons's sex role theory sees a gendered division of labor as functional for a stable society. In framing gender expectations in this way, Parsons and other structural functionalists a. tend to justify the existing order of gender practices in social institutions. b. provide an explanation for why nuclear families are often more successful. c. show how socially constructed ideas can still be helpful for social stability. d. call into question the practice of dividing labor by gender.

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ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Parsons's Sex Role Theory (IV.B)

41. Feminist psychoanalyst Nancy Chodorow believes that if men share mothering with women, then a. marital sexual happiness will be enhanced. b. parental identification will be confusing. c. egalitarian relationships will be possible. d. there will be more family conflict.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Psychoanalytic Theories (IV.C)

42. Nancy Chodorow argued that one reason women are universally oppressed is that women do much more hands-on childcare than men do. One limitation of this explanation is that a. men are less skilled at childcare, so increasing their involvement would not solve the problem. b. division of family labor by gender is not uniform across different racial-ethnic groups. c. the driving force behind apparent gender roles is actually social class. d. nuclear families with a domestic mother are better for social stability.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Psychoanalytic Theories (IV.C)

43. Some socialist feminists, including Hartmann and MacKinnon, argue that capitalism is combined with ________ to make women economically dependent on men's incomes. a. biology b. psychology c. patriarchy d. intersectionality

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ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Conflict Theories (IV.D)

44. A social scientist wants to understand why gender differences seem so persistent even though gender is socially constructed. She decides to study gender as a product of a given interaction rather than a product of an individual's gender identity. In doing so, she is approaching the study of gender inequality from which theoretical perspective? a. "doing gender" b. Parsons's sex role theory c. conflict theories d. "psychoanalytic" theories ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: "Doing Gender": Interactionist Theories (IV.E)

45. Even though social institutions often treat social identities such as gender, race, and class as separate categories, these social identities are experienced simultaneously. This idea is called a. doing gender. b. deceptive distinctions. c. bio-logic. d. intersectionality.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Black Feminism and Intersectionality (IV.F)

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46. Which of the following aligns with the arguments of black feminism? a. The experiences of women are universal, regardless of race. b. Black women face unique oppressions that white women, and even black men, do not. c. All women are faced with the same hegemonic masculinity. d. Black women deserve more help from the white feminist movement.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Black Feminism and Intersectionality (IV.F)

47. Which of the following research studies would best capture the idea of intersectionality? a. a comparison of gender attitudes between men and women and between older and younger people b. an international comparison of women's labor force participation and fertility rates c. an analysis of women's parenting values, with attention to each woman's race, class, and sexual orientation d. a study of the prevalence of feminine gender identity among cis-women compared to cis-men ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Black Feminism and Intersectionality (IV.F)

48. Adrianna is an attorney who was the first person in her family to go to college. Although she makes a good salary, she frequently encounters colleagues who make assumptions about her because she is a Latina. She also incurred a great deal of debt to get through college and law school, and her parents rely on her economically. In addition to her class background, as a Latina, Adrianna deals with unique gender oppressions. She also worries for her 20-year-old son's safety much more than her white colleagues seem to worry about their own sons' safety. Lisa is experiencing a. deceptive distinctions. b. a matrix of domination.

TESTBANKSELLER.COM c. class conflict. d. bio-logic.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Black Feminism and Intersectionality (IV.F)

49. A policymaker assumes that it is better if mothers of young children are not employed because employment is seen as competing with notions of good mothering. However, African American women have a long history of working for pay, and earning income is often a central part of mothering among black women. This illustrates the issue of intersectionality because a. black women's daily experiences are often not captured by white masculine understandings of the world. b. the gender wage gap is much larger between black women and men than between white women and men. c. women are very focused on the quality of their mothering, regardless of race-ethnicity. d. white mothers are the only ones who struggle with work-family conflict.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Black Feminism and Intersectionality (IV.F)

50. What does Patricia Hill Collins mean by a “matrix of domination”? a. Multiple forces combine to keep women confined to their current roles. b. Race is more important than gender in the understanding of oppression. c. The nature and extent of a person’s oppression is a function of multiple factors, not just one. d. Second-wave feminism did more harm than good by lumping all women together into one oppressed class.

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ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Black Feminism and Intersectionality (IV.F) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 51. The division of labor or ranking of people can be based on distinctions other than gender. Western thought, however, has a deeply embedded system of sorting people into distinct male and female categories. Oyèwùmí calls this Western way of thinking a. sex role theory. b. bio-logic. c. postmodernist. d. deceptive distinctions.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Postmodern and Global Perspectives (IV.G)

52. Anthropologist Oyèrónké Oyèwùmí holds a postmodern view of gender. She reports that the Yoruban society of West Africa was a genderless society prior to the arrival of Western researchers. If that is indeed the case, why did the researchers find evidence of a gender system upon their arrival? a. The Yorubans developed a gender system under the influence of the researchers. b. The Yorubans deliberately deceived the researchers. c. The researchers manufactured the evidence to support their preferred views. d. The researcher’s preconceptions influenced their interpretation of what they saw.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Postmodern and Global Perspectives (IV.G) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 53. A college degree is associated with a higher income on average, so it makes sense to look at educational attainment when thinking about gender wage inequality. As your textbook notes, women's college enrollment TESTBANKSELLER.COM a. has always been higher than men's, with the exception of the 1920s. b. has been just about the same as men's since the 1960s. c. was lower than men's in the 1970s, but has been higher than men's since the 1980s. d. was lower than men's in the 1950s, but has been the same as men's since the 1970s.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Growing Up, Getting Ahead, and Falling Behind (V)

MSC: Remembering

54. Although women now outnumber men in terms of college enrollment, men still dominate which fields? a. sociology and math c. educational leadership b. math and physics d. sociology and economics ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Growing Up, Getting Ahead, and Falling Behind (V)

MSC: Remembering

55. Em is a genderqueer individual who wants to be referred to as "ze" at college. Given today's policy environment, which is most likely? Em's college a. may or may not have a policy for honoring student choices beyond traditional gender categories. b. does not have a policy for this situation. Policy change is happening first in K–12 education and hasn't yet reached higher education. c. has a policy for honoring student gender choice because nearly all colleges have freely chosen to develop such policies. d. has a policy for honoring student gender choice because the Supreme Court has mandated that all colleges do so.

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ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Growing Up, Getting Ahead, and Falling Behind (V) 56. In the classroom, compared to girls, boys a. interrupt the other sex more often. b. interrupt the other sex less often.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

MSC: Applying

c. are expected to be more cooperative. d. are called on more in class.

REF: Growing Up with Gender (V.A)

57. Jobs that have been feminized, such as teaching or secretarial work, are also referred to as a. powder-puff jobs. c. girls' clubs. b. pink-collar jobs. d. emotional jobs.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Growing Up with Gender (V.A)

58. A person who sees a female nurse caring gently for a patient may attribute her nurturing behavior to her being a woman. However, if we consider the concept of deceptive distinctions, we could reasonably conclude that a. male nurses are actually much more patient and nurturing than female nurses. b. the nurse is performing a feminine role, because she is guided by a feminine self-identity. c. the nurse's behavior is more influenced by her occupation than her gender. d. she isn't really nurturing but has learned to pretend that she is.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Growing Up with Gender (V.A)

59. Psychologist Carol Gilligan and Mary Piper argued, in the 1980s and 1990s, that the social deck is stacked against girls from infancy through TEST BANKadolescence, SELLER.putting COM their physical and mental health at risk.

What is Christina Hoff Sommers’s position on this topic? a. Sommers believes that the struggles of both girls and boys are vastly exaggerated. b. Sommers thinks that Gilligan’s and Piper’s work relies too much on binary male/female categories. c. Sommers believes that Gilligan and Piper are right but go not go far enough. d. Sommers believes that because boys are inadvertently penalized for the shortchanging of girls, boys suffer more than girls in education and adolescent health.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Growing Up with Gender (V.A) | InQuizitive

60. Women's labor force participation has increased over time and a. the majority of women are now in the labor force. b. 43 percent of all women are now in the labor force. c. the recession of 2008–2009 actually drove women's employment rate up. d. the recession of 2008–2009 had a bigger impact on female-dominated industries.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Inequality at Work (V.B)

61. If we consider the relative income levels of men and women on average, we can see that a. there is no real wage gap by gender. b. there is only a wage gap among workers under 35. c. that women make about 80 percent of what men make. d. large thriving cities have the largest wage gap by gender.

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ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Inequality at Work (V.B)

62. Men and women tend to work in different types of jobs, such that occupational fields tend to be either male-dominated or female-dominated. This pattern is called a. hostile environments. b. the employment gap. c. the glass ceiling. d. occupational segregation.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Inequality at Work (V.B)

63. Sheila entered the field of book editing, which had been largely male-dominated. She was optimistic that she had made an inroad to a mostly male profession, but it soon became a more commercial rather than an academic field. This was associated with less autonomy on the job, less prestige, and less job security.

As this change in the editing field occurred, we would expect that a. more men would be hired to bolster the profession. b. more women would enter this line of work. c. the field would become more gender balanced. d. token women like Sheila would be pushed out of the field.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Inequality at Work (V.B)

64. It is argued in your text that gender structures social relationships by giving men the advantage in society. As a result, which of the following is LEAST likely to happen? a. When women enter male-dominated occupations, they may hit a glass ceiling. b. When men enter female-dominated occupations, they are encouraged to advance on the TESTBANKSELLER.COM glass escalator. c. When men enter female-dominated occupations, they often become victims of sexual harassment. d. When women enter male-dominated occupations, they often become victims of sexual harassment.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Inequality at Work (V.B)

65. Although sexual harassment in the workplace can vary from jokes to sexual barter to sexual assault, a key reason sexual harassment contributes to gender inequality is that a. men use sexual harassment differently than women do. b. it is intended to make people feel uncomfortable and unwelcome. c. men are more likely to accept sexual advances to get promotions. d. sexual bartering, which is more likely to target women, is the most common form of harassment.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Inequality at Work (V.B)

66. Sharika completed her MBA from a prestigious university and got an entry-level position with a financial firm. Although she worked diligently and produced everything that was asked of her, she was not able to advance in the firm as much as male colleagues with similar credentials and job performance.

It is likely that Sharika encountered a. occupational segregation. b. the glass escalator.

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c. occupational feminization. d. the glass ceiling.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Glass Ceilings (V.B.i)

67. Identify what Catharine MacKinnon, in the context of American culture, would say about marital sex and rape. a. They are both more about pleasure than they are about power. b. They are both more about power than they are about pleasure. c. Marital sex is about pleasure, while prison rape is about power. d. Marital sex is about power, while prison rape is about pleasure.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: Sexuality and Power (V.B.i) | InQuizitive

68. When token men enter feminized jobs, they enjoy a quicker rise to leadership positions. This is referred to as the a. glass ceiling. c. glass wall. b. glass escalator. d. glass elevator.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Glass Escalators (V.B.ii)

69. When token men enter female-dominated occupations, they are likely to rise to leadership positions more quickly than women in these fields. However, this "glass escalator" dynamic a. only occurs in recently feminized jobs. b. is not as strong for men of color. c. is strongest in nonprofessional fields. d. is strongest in urban areas.

TESTBANKSELLER.COM ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Glass Escalators (V.B.ii)

70. Sexuality refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior. Which of the following is true about sexuality? a. There is little variation in how humans have sex and what it means to them. b. There is enormous variation in how humans have sex and what it means to them. c. Before 1850, people did not engage in homosexual behaviors. d. In all societies, homosexual behavior is stigmatized and unaccepted.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Sociology in the Bedroom (VI)

71. For the Sambia, taking in semen of older men by performing fellatio is the only way to a. become great leaders. c. become real men. b. become successful hunters. d. compensate for a failed hunt.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Sex: From Plato to NATO (VI.A)

72. A man who commits a homosexual act within prison a. generally takes on a homosexual identity. b. does not necessarily view himself as a homosexual. c. is viewed by all the other prisoners as having a homosexual identity. d. sees himself as powerless.

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ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Sex: From Plato to NATO (VI.A)

73. Which group argues that sexuality in America is an expression of the unequal power balance between men and women? a. Marxist feminists c. psychoanalysts b. symbolic interactionists d. postmodernists ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Sexuality and Power (V.B.i)

74. The reason some Marxist feminists argue that there is a "compulsory heterosexuality" is that a. many states still attempt to create policies that grant legal marriage to heterosexuals only. b. state laws often only allow heterosexual couples to adopt children. c. heterosexuality is seen as the norm that is enforced to sustain a gendered power imbalance. d. men, but not women, are culturally coerced to identify only as heterosexual in public life.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding 75. In Brazil, gender is determined by a. sexual practice. b. anatomy.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Sexuality and Power (V.B.i)

c. femininity and masculinity. d. biology.

REF: Same-Sex Sexuality (V.B.ii)

76. Until 1973, the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association listed homosexuality as TESTBANKSEL LER.COM a. a leading symptom of schizophrenia. c. a natural state. b. a disorder of family dynamics. d. a mental disorder.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Same-Sex Sexuality (V.B.ii)

77. In his book The History of Sexuality (1978), Michel Foucault contends that the classification of homosexuality as a kind of deviance was a result of a. a sudden increase in the number of individuals practicing homosexual behavior. b. people not talking about sex as openly as they used to. c. the rise in gay pride and advocacy for same-sex marriage. d. government bureaucrats attempting to assert their power over people.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Same-Sex Sexuality (V.B.ii)

78. Anthropologist Don Kulick (1998) conducted an ethnography of transgender prostitutes in Brazil, known as travesti. Which of the following did he find to be true? a. The travesti display stereotypically feminine traits and identify themselves as women. b. The travesti think of themselves as men who emulate women but are not women. c. The travesti think of themselves as male, even if they allow themselves to be penetrated by other men. d. The travesti identify themselves simply as men and are identified by other Brazilians as "normal men."

ANS: B

DIF: Difficult

REF: Same-Sex Sexuality (V.B.ii)

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MSC: Understanding 79. Alfred Kinsey's 1948 study Sexual Behavior in the Human Male is important because a. it viewed sexuality as falling on a continuum, thus challenging the psychiatric claim of homosexuality as abnormal. b. it viewed the sexual behavior of men as more deviant than what was initially thought, lending support to the psychiatric diagnosis of homosexuality as perverse. c. sexual topics became more taboo than they had been in decades. d. it increased funding to researchers interested in studying the sexual practices of other deviant subcultures.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Same-Sex Sexuality (V.B.ii)

80. The idea that heterosexuality is the default or the normal sexual orientation from which other sexualities deviate is called a. homophobia. b. compulsory heterosexuality. c. homo-negativity. d. heteronormativity.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Contemporary Sexualities: The Q Word (VI.C)

81. A graduate student has decided to use Paula England's research to predict what he will find in his survey of college students. Based on this, he should expect to find a. a culture of hooking up. b. a norm of alcohol influencing sexual encounters. c. a culture of dating.

TESTBfriendships ANKSELand LER .COM partnerships. d. a culture of technology-mediated romantic ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: "Hey": Teen Sex, From Hooking Up to Virginity Pledges (VI.D) MSC: Applying 82. Identify what Paula England learned in her research on hookup culture among students. a. A hook-up must include sexual intercourse. b. Hookups tend to serve male interests more than female ones. c. A hookup takes place between two people who have no interest in a long-term relationship. d. Hookups carry a high risk of pregnancy.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: "Hey": Teen Sex, From Hooking Up to Virginity Pledges (VI.D) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding ESSAY 1. Discuss the essentialist explanation for gender differences. How might a sociologist view the same phenomenon? Please use at least one or two specific examples to illustrate the key differences between an essentialist and a sociological approach.

ANS:

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An essentialist explanation describes differences between men and women as being "natural."

Essentialism explains social phenomena in terms of natural phenomena. Sociologists view these differences using a sociological approach. They look at how men's and women's behavior, definitions of sex, and even sexual desires are affected by social forces (e.g., history, culture, power differences, the roles men and women enact, and socialization). Instead of viewing sex, gender, and sexuality as natural (and inevitable) by-products of being male or female, sociologists view them as social constructions that are fluid, blurry, and constantly changing in response to social structural relations.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Let's Talk About Gender (I)

MSC: Analyzing

2. What does it mean to say that sex is a social construction? How does this differ from the idea that gender is a social construction?

ANS: Students should note that although sex has typically referred to biological categories of male and female, and although there are biological factors that are used to sort people into categories of male and female, that (a) the expectation of a sex binary (either male or female) is a social construct; and (b) that even the biological factors like chromosomes and hormones connect to designations of sex categories through biological averages rather than absolutes. Sex, therefore, is socially constructed because of how the biological markers are used to create an expectation of a binary, even though sex doesn't truly operate that simply. While the social construction of sex is more about categorizing people into male or female, the social construction of gender is more about how rules of behavior get attached to the sex categories themselves.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Seeing Sex as Social: The Case of Nonbinary Individuals (II.A)

3. Choose one of the following: the nadle in Navajo society or the hijra in India. How does this group TEsociety?

STBAWhat NKSare ELsome LERof .Cthe OM function as a third gender in its benefits and challenges of this social role?

How do third genders, in general, challenge traditional notions of sex and gender?

ANS: Nadle individuals are born with ambiguous genitalia. A person may also decide to adopt a nadle identity later, regardless of his or her genitalia. Hijra are males who opt to have their penises and testicles removed, dress in a feminine manner, and renounce sexual practice and desire. They live their lives in a commune and are stigmatized in their society.

Dichotomous notions (a binary system) of sex and gender prevail in our society, for we think of people as either male or female, with no in-between. The Navajo nadle and the Indian hijra challenge these notions by showing us that people can fall in between these two extremes. A traditional binary model does not lend itself to the rich diversity in life. In reality, these categories are more fluid.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: Gender: What Does It Take to Be Feminine or Masculine? (III)

4. Why does hegemonic masculinity often seem invisible? Why do men who fit with hegemonic masculinity sometimes see themselves as under attack by feminists? In your opinion, will tensions between hegemonic masculinity and feminism reduce over time, or become more intense? Why? ANS:

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Hegemonic masculinity is so dominant that it easily escapes our attention and is regarded as the norm against which all other expressions of gender, from femininity and other marginalized ways of being a man, are judged. A hegemonic male is typically young, married, white, urban, northern, heterosexual, Protestant, a father, college educated, fully employed, and of good complexion, weight, and height, with a decent record in sports. Social problems among a dominant group are rarely discussed. Gender roles arise because many of the differences we observe between men and women do not have much to do with biological differences but instead are a result of the different social positions men and women occupy.

Some men may feel under attack because they believe that they are being criticized as individuals when feminists criticize social institutions and norms. They may feel threatened by the idea that their social status is a result of their gender and race rather than their individual merits. Some may also feel that feminists fail to focus on the way in which gender socialization and hegemonic masculinity hurt boys and men as well as women.

Students will offer various answers to the evaluative question. Some may write that tensions will reduce over time as women gain more political power, as people become more educated, or as media influence social norms. Others may argue that tensions will get worse as inequality in the economy grows more severe or as misunderstandings between men and women deepen.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: Gender: What Does It Take to Be Feminine or Masculine? (III)

5. People in our society often focus on differences between men and women. Cynthia Fuchs Epstein argues that what we perceive as difference is often a "deceptive distinction." Offer an example of a deceptive distinction and explain why it is deceptive. In your view, is it possible for a person to view gender differences accurately, or are we always under the spell of deceptive distinctions? Why? ANS: Cynthia Fuchs Epstein came about her reasoning because people often rely on essentialist logic to explain differences in the ways men and women act (pointing to biological, psychical, or individual TE STBofAthe NKgender SELLdifferences ER.COMwe see are due to the fact that men and explanations). She argued that many women occupy different social positions (or roles). For example, a woman who is a nurse may behave in more nurturing and caring ways not because she is a woman but because that is what her role as a nurse calls for. An army general may act restrained and tough not because he is a man but because that is what his occupation calls for. These distinctions, she argues, are deceptive because it is easier to reduce social behavior to natural causes (e.g., "women are naturally more expressive and caring"), which prevents us from seeing that much of behavior is socially constructed rather than biologically determined. Epstein argues that people act the way they do partly because of the social roles they play rather than their biological sex.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: Gender: What Does It Take to Be Feminine or Masculine? (III)

6. When examining the issue of gender inequality, why is it important to include the intersection of sexual orientation, race, class, nationality, ability, and other factors? Choose two of these factors and offer an example (real-world or hypothetical) of how they matter in a woman's daily experience.

ANS: As Patricia Hill Collins points out, "woman" is not a stable category or identity. Because power comes from many different angles, it is experienced differently for each woman. Some women have more privileges than others by virtue of their race, wealth, education, and general social location. Because all women are not in the same situation, their experiences will be drastically different. For example, black women face a unique type of oppression that white women don't. An educated woman from an upper-class background will have different experiences (and greater opportunities) than an uneducated woman from a lower-class background.

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DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: Theories of Gender Inequality (IV)

7. Explain the nearly universal dominance of men over women from a functional perspective (sex role theory) and from a feminist perspective. What are some limitations of these perspectives?

ANS: In answering the question, "Why are women universally subordinate to men?", scholars explain the nearly universal dominance of men over women. From a functional perspective, if subordination occurs everywhere, it must be fulfilling some function, and the division of labor between men and women exists because of necessity, making life happy and harmonious. However, functionalism assumes that male dominance serves a function simply because it exists and discounts the possibility that the function could be served by other structures. Functionalist sex role theory also does not explain why structures change throughout history. The feminist explanation is that because women give birth and rear children, they become identified with domestic life, which universally is accorded less prestige, value, and rewards than men's work and politics. Gayle Rubin's sex/gender system further argues that biological sex is transformed into asymmetric gender statuses through kinship relations, such as marriage. The problem with this perspective is that it assumes that the world is divided into two mutually exclusive groups that are by definition locked in conflict (men versus women).

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: Theories of Gender Inequality (IV)

8. Please describe employment and income inequality by gender. How does what we know about gender and college enrollment inform issues of wage and occupational disparities between men and women?

ANS: Students should note that there is a wage gap that disadvantages women relative to men, but that the gap TE STbyBage ANgroups.

KSELL ER. COMalso discuss the fact that the labor market varies by region of the country and They should is highly segregated, such that occupations tend to be primarily male or female fields. The glass ceiling is a concept that demonstrates the more difficult time women have advancing occupationally in their field, while the glass escalator is a way of describing the advantage male employees get in female-dominated professions. Students should note that feminine occupations tend to pay less and male occupations tend to pay more. Male occupations can see a downturn in income and status, and this is when these occupations are also more likely to become primarily held by women. Students should note that all of this is happening despite the fact that women now have higher college enrollment than men.

This tells us that simply increasing women’s education from its current levels will not necessarily reduce the wage gap by gender or occupational segregation.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Growing Up, Getting Ahead, and Falling Behind (V)

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CHAPTER 9 Race

CONCEPT MAP I. II.

III. IV. V.

VI. VII.

VIII.

IX. X. XI.

The Myth of Race The Concept of Race from the Ancients to Alleles A. Race in the Early Modern World B. Eugenics C. Twentieth-Century Concepts of Race Racial Realities Race versus Ethnicity Ethnic Groups in the United States A. Native Americans B. African Americans C. Latinos D. Asian Americans E. Middle Eastern Americans The Importance of Being White Minority-Majority Group Relations A. Pluralism B. Segregation and Discrimination C. Racial Conflict Groups Responses to Domination A. Withdrawal B. Passing C. Acceptance versus Resistance Prejudice, Discrimination, TESTand BAthe NKNew SELRacism LER.COM How Race Matters: The Case of Wealth A. Institutional Racism The Future of Race

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. An 1851 excerpt from Harper's Weekly magazine describes a certain racial group as lawbreaking, idle, thriftless, poor, and barbarian. What group is this excerpt describing? a. Irish c. Italians b. African Americans d. Jews ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The Myth of Race (I)

2. America's first naturalization law, passed in 1790, granted citizenship to a. anyone who had fought in the Revolutionary War. b. free white persons. c. all white people. d. former British citizens.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The Myth of Race (I)

3. Which act formalized the exclusive definition of whiteness by imposing immigration restrictions based on a national origins quota system that limited the yearly number of immigrants from each country? a. Ethnic Act of 1900 c. Immigration Act of 1924

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b. White Ethnic Act of 1876 ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

d. Race Act of 1850 REF: The Myth of Race (I)

4. Which term refers to the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits? a. ontological equality c. ethnocentrism b. racism d. nativism ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: The Myth of Race (I)

5. If a young adult in the United States is told that race is a social construct, she may struggle with this concept because of the organization of social life that makes the ideas of distinct racial groups seem natural or obvious. This means that social practices make race socially real and may even create the idea that race is biologically or objectively real. Of the possibilities below, which one best demonstrates a social practice that makes race socially real? a. the large separation of marriage and reproductive communities by race b. the use of racial slurs to intimidate or denigrate certain racial and ethnic groups c. the resistance to affirmative action policies in education and the labor market d. the increase in children born to parents of different racial or ethnic backgrounds ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The Myth of Race (I)

6. Identify which of the following is a belief that characterizes racism. a. that certain groups are, by virtue of their language and culture, superior to others b. that acquired characteristics, like a dark tan due to life in a sunny climate, are hereditary c. that humans are divided into distinct bloodlines and/or physical types d. that certain groups are, by virtue TE STBofAtheir NKSethnicity, ELLERsuperior .COM to others ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Myth of Race (I) | InQuizitive

7. Hippocrates believed that physical markers such as skin color were the result of a. genetics. c. different environmental factors. b. social status. d. historical context.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Concept of Race from the Ancients to Alleles (II) 8. The concept of race a. has changed over time. b. is truly biological.

MSC: Remembering

c. is stable and constant. d. is limited to Western societies.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Concept of Race from the Ancients to Alleles (II)

MSC: Applying

9. In the modern United States, people see physical markers such as hair type or skin color and think of race. In ancient Egypt, physical markers were seen as linked to a. status. c. genes. b. geography. d. ethnicity.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Concept of Race from the Ancients to Alleles (II)

MSC: Understanding

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10. Phrenology was an early-twentieth-century pseudoscience that read people's intelligence, capacities, and race from a. variations in body size. c. genetic documentation of ancestors. b. differences in head formation. d. bone structure and strength.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Race in the Early Modern World (II.A)

11. Comte de Buffon's classification schemes assumed that anyone who differed from the following group was abnormal. a. American c. European b. Caucasian d. British ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Race in the Early Modern World (II.A)

12. What is the origin of the word “Caucasian”? a. It refers to a race of light-skinned people from the Cau river basin in northern Vietnam. b. It comes from a Sanskrit word meaning “northerner” or “one who travels in the north.” c. It refers to couscous, part of the cuisine of the Berbers, a group native to northern Africa. d. It refers to people who lived on the slopes of mountains in the country of Georgia.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Race in the Early Modern World (II.A) | InQuizitive

MSC: Remembering

13. Samuel is a white Christian minister in 1830. Like most of his contemporaries, he believes in the biblical "curse of Ham." This means that when Samuel sees an African American, he sees a. someone who is going to Hell, because the curse sent Ham and all his offspring to Hell. b. a descendent of Ham, the original black man who was set apart as cursed. c. a person who could neverThold office, ESTpolitical BANKS ELLbecause ER.COHam M was told he could never be king. d. a person of dangerous sexuality, because the curse of Ham declared all of his descendants to be perverted.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Race in the Early Modern World (II.A)

14. During European colonialism, ethnocentrism classified whites as normal, and nonwhites as abnormal and inferior, to help justify a. ideas of ontological equality. c. cultural relativism. b. unequal treatment and conquest. d. ancient definitions of race.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Race in the Early Modern World (II.A)

15. In the nineteenth century, theories of race moved from religious-based racism to a. neo-racism. c. scientific racism. b. humanistic racism. d. political racism.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Race in the Early Modern World (II.A)

16. When Blumenbach declared Caucasians the superlative of the races, he was following a popular line of thought that is seen as mistaken in today's view. This view assumed that a. whites were superior because of their skin color. b. skull size and shape indicated human worth.

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c. genetic quality must be regulated by governments. d. the capacity for literacy was genetic.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Race in the Early Modern World (II.A)

17. Under Johann Caspar Lavater's theory of ________, people with light skin were thought to have higher intellect. a. physiognomy c. civic values b. intelligence d. biological superiority ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Race in the Early Modern World (II.A)

18. Reverend Samuel Stanhope Smith's proposal that skin color should be viewed as a product of climate and therefore not correlated to inner virtues (e.g., intelligence, character, personality) suggests that he felt a. people were all the same beneath their skin. b. skin color correlates with moral virtues. c. weather, and thus human difference, was controlled by God. d. race must be based on observable qualities such as skin color, not inner virtues.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Race in the Early Modern World (II.A)

19. Ontological equality is the notion that a. the curse of Ham makes equality today impossible. b. physical characteristics are markers of the soul. c. social and biological traits can be traced through our lineage. d. everyone is created equalTby ESdivine TBAdesign.

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REF: Race in the Early Modern World (II.A)

20. Which group believed that humans were one species, united under God? a. Darwinists c. monogenists b. polygenists d. Catholics ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Eugenics (II.B)

21. Which group believed that different races were distinct species? a. Darwinists c. monogenists b. polygenists d. Catholics ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Eugenics (II.B)

22. Which of the following terms hinges on the belief that social and psychological traits can be traced through bloodlines and selectively bred out of (or into) populations? a. eugenics c. race relations b. biogenics d. sociogenics ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Eugenics (II.B)

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23. During Darwin's time, some people believed there were several different species of humans. Darwin rejected this view, siding with the ________ who said humans are one species. a. Protestants c. polygenists b. monogenists d. Catholics ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Eugenics (II.B)

24. The one-drop rule asserts that just "one drop" of black blood makes a person a. biracial. c. possibly black, possibly white. b. black. d. a slave.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Twentieth-Century Concepts of Race (II.C)

25. The genetic variation that corresponds with geographic origins is much ________ than people commonly believe. a. more random c. smaller b. more important d. greater ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Twentieth-Century Concepts of Race (II.C)

26. The German Nazis identified Jews as a "race," and race was believed to be biological. Nonetheless, the Jews were forced to wear a yellow Star of David because: a. there was no reliable physical indicator of this supposed "race." b. the Jewish race was believed to be related to the "yellow race." c. Jews could always be physically recognized, but the Star of David was a backup marker. d. the Nazis believed it would make Jews more compliant.

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ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Twentieth-Century Concepts of Race (II.C)

27. Most Arabs in the United States are not Muslim, and about 25 percent of U.S. Arabs are a. Catholics. c. Christians. b. Sikhs. d. atheists.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Racial Realities (III)

28. After the events of 9/11, anti-Muslim hate crimes increased sharply, although they dropped over the following decade. After President Trump was elected, anti-Islamic hate crimes increased again and rose by a. 25 percent. b. 10 percent. c. 50 percent. d. 80 percent.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Racial Realities (III)

29. Michelle is doing a school project that involves visiting a local mosque and interviewing Muslims about life in Indiana. What advice would Jen'nan Read likely give to Michelle? a. Be sure to interview both men and women, because gender is so important. b. Don't confuse ethnicity and religion, wrongly assuming that "Muslim" and "Arab" are one and the same.

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c. Don't assume that Muslims support terrorism, because they do not. d. Take account of your "knapsack of privilege" before you begin your fieldwork.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Racial Realities (III)

30. In 1942, 120,000 Japanese Americans were sent by federal order to internment camps. Afterward, all Asian Americans (regardless of their country of origin and/or U.S. citizenship status) went from being a relatively unnoticed group to being singled out for discrimination. This is known as a. racialization. c. whiteness. b. prejudice. d. stereotyping.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Racial Realities (III)

31. The comparison between the Burakumin and the Japanese shows that race is a. a chemically important marker. b. significant for intelligence. c. not just about physical or biological differences. d. more important than culture.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Racial Realities (III)

32. Why are Sikhs in the United States more likely to be victims of hate crimes and prejudice than other groups? a. Many Americans find Sikh beliefs offensive. b. Sikhs have a long history of subversive and antisocial activity in the United States. c. Some Americans mistake Sikhs for Muslims. d. Many Americans find traditionally offensive.

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REF: Racial Realities (III) | InQuizitive

33. Steve is a white American whose family has lived in the United States for 200 years. During the Olympics, Steve cheers for Britain in swimming, because, he says, "I'm British!" During soccer, he cheers for Sweden, saying, "I have some Swedish in me, too!" Steve is displaying a. white racial identity. c. symbolic ethnicity. b. externally imposed ethnicity. d. exclusive white ethnicity.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Race versus Ethnicity (IV)

34. Imagine an ethnicity called Naim. The Naim are descendants of a large population of immigrants who moved to the United States several generations before. The Naim are white, but have developed their own distinctive cultural traits. Identify which of the following factors would make someone more likely to claim membership in the Naim ethnicity. a. A Naim ethnicity is very common. b. Strong and negative stereotypes are associated with Naim ancestry. c. There is no stigma or discrimination associated with claiming a Naim ethnicity. d. The individual identifies as African American.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Race versus Ethnicity (IV) | InQuizitive

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35. Barack Obama is widely understood to be the first African American elected as President of the United States, even though he has a white mother. This demonstrates the concept of ________ in the United States. a. political racism c. miscegenation b. the one-drop rule d. eugenics ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Race versus Ethnicity (IV)

36. Elizabeth Warren, a U.S. senator, claimed Native American heritage, a claim that was challenged by her political opponents. Race scholars note white people, like Warren, can choose to identify or not identify with certain ethnic groups. This example demonstrates the concept of a. genealogy. b. ancestry. c. institutional racism. d. symbolic ethnicity.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Race versus Ethnicity (IV)

37. As your textbook notes, Native Americans have become a more organized an active bloc. A recent example your book gives of this dynamic is a. the demands for reparations for dispossession of lands. b. the protest over an oil pipeline set to go through a water source. c. an equal opportunity bill to reduce poverty among Native Americans. d. retroactive compensation for the work done by code talkers.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Native Americans (V.A)

TESTBANKSELLER.COM 38. Due to the increased tendency among whites to embrace their Native roots, the Native American population is likely to a. continue increasing. b. be recategorized as an "ethnic group" instead of a "race." c. be counted in the U.S. Census by tribe. d. plateau, as white privilege encourages whites to stop embracing their Native roots.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Native Americans (V.A)

39. According to your textbook, approximately ________ of the black population in the United States is foreign-born. a. 2 percent b. 5 percent c. 9 percent d. 18 percent ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: African Americans (V.B)

40. One of the major Latino groups in the United States has historically had a relatively easy path of immigration from its country of origin to the United States, because migrants were treated as welcome political refugees. This mostly open policy has become more restrictive with the policies of the Trump administration. This Latino group is a. Cubans.

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b. Mexicans. c. Puerto Ricans. d. Dominicans.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Latinos (V.C)

41. Taken all together, these populations may be referred to as

a. South American. b. Latino or Hispanic.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

c. Spanish American. d. Pan-Spanish.

REF: Latinos (V.C)

42. Martin describes himself as mestizo, meaning that a. he is of Mexican citizenship, with ancestry unknown. b. his ancestors include both Native Americans and Europeans.

TMexicans.

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ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Latinos (V.C)

43. When Asians are referred to as "the model minority," this refers to their a. smooth assimilation. b. success in niche industries. c. resentment toward stereotypes. d. internal integration among various Asian countries of origin.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Asian Americans (V.D)

44. Although it might seem strange for white supremacist groups to make claims about the intellectual superiority and successful economic mobility of Asian Americans, this can be seen as a. a tactic for gaining the political support of Asian Americans. b. a strategy for reducing the high marriage rates of Asian Americans to whites. c. a means to expanding the definition of whiteness to include Asian Americans. d. a way to blame other groups for not achieving similar economic success.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Asian Americans (V.D)

45. What factor partially explains the comparatively long period of time that Asian Americans remain unemployed after losing a job?

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a. b. c. d.

Low education levels are a barrier to reemployment.

They are victims of anti-Asian prejudice.

Asians are socially less well connected than other minorities.

They are able to wait for good jobs.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Asian Americans (V.D) | InQuizitive

46. In one study of television portrayals of Arabs, researchers found basic myths that continue to surround this group, such as a. they are frequently incarcerated. c. they are uncivilized and barbaric. b. they are very poor. d. they practice many religions.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Middle Eastern Americans (V.E)

47. Unlike other racial and ethnic groups, white people can reasonably count on seeing themselves represented in movies and series if they were to log onto Netflix or access some other media outlet. This is one of many examples of a. the majority minority. b. white symbolic ethnicity. c. an invisible knapsack of privileges. d. scientific racism.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Importance of Being White (VI)

48. According to Peggy McIntosh (1988), which of the following statements about "being white" is most accurate? If you are white, a. it is difficult to find cosmetics TESTthat BAsuit NKyour SELethnicity LER.CatOlocal M drugstores. b. you probably feel badly about historic racism and slavery. c. you don't have to think much about your racial identity. d. you are often pointed to as an example of what "most white people" do.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: The Importance of Being White (VI)

49. According to Nell Irvin Painter, author of The History of White People, white people a. have a great sense of awareness of their status as white. b. typically just see themselves as "individuals." c. are made acutely aware of their identity as white by society. d. are losing their advantaged status in society.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The Importance of Being White (VI)

50. What, according to Neil Irvin Painter, is the foundation of white identity? a. opposition to the nonwhite “other” b. not thinking about being white c. allegiance to Anglo-European values d. an insistence on a position of privilege ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Importance of Being White (VI) | InQuizitive

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51. A hypothetical group of immigrants come to the United States, settle in, learn English, send their children to public schools, and become economically self-sufficient. Robert Park's model explains this journey as a. successful immigration. c. the geographic immigrant process. b. minority group adjustment. d. straight-line assimilation.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Minority-Majority Group Relations (VII)

52. A society is pluralistic if no distinct ethnic group a. is in the minority. c. speaks the official language. b. is equal to another. d. commands majority status.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Pluralism (VII.A)

53. The 1896 Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson upheld a. black men's right to vote. c. integration. b. slavery. d. segregation.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Segregation and Discrimination (VII.B)

54. The Supreme Court's landmark 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education struck down what doctrine? a. separate but equal c. slavery now, slavery always b. eugenics d. survival of the fittest ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Segregation and Discrimination (VII.B) MSC: Remembering TESTBANKSELLER.COM 55. Lawrence Bobo calls ________ "the structural linchpin of American racial inequality." a. differential poverty rates b. institutional racism c. residential segregation d. low rates of marriage across racial and ethnic groups ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Segregation and Discrimination (VII.B)

56. Consider a community that was for many years a racially diverse working-class neighborhood. Over time, the key industry moved elsewhere and most of the white families moved from the community soon after. This community would now score quite high on a. pluralism. b. the index of dissimilarity. c. color-blind racism. d. ethnocentrism.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Segregation and Discrimination (VII.B)

57. Based on the below figure, what can be said about Boston, Chicago, and New Orleans?

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a. b. c. d.

In 2010, residential segregation was worse than at any previous time.

In 2010, there was less residential segregation than at any previous time.

Segregation is worse today than it was in 1940, but better than it was in 1860.

Segregation is not as bad today as it was in 1940, but worse than it was in 1860.

ESTBANKSELLER.COM ANS: D DIF: TModerate REF: Segregation and Discrimination (VII.B) | InQuizitive

MSC: Understanding

58. During the mid-twentieth century in the United States, many blacks moved north to escape Jim Crow laws in the rural South. This resulted in a. an immediate improvement in the lives of African Americans. b. movement of more whites to the South. c. competition for housing and employment in the North, resulting in violent clashes between whites and blacks. d. many blacks "passing" as white.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Withdrawal (VIII.A)

59. Although it was eventually revealed that Rachel Dolezal did not have African American ancestry, she presented herself as African American, altering her hair and skin. This is an example of the behavior known as a. resistance. b. passing. c. acceptance. d. code-switching.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Passing (VIII.B)

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60. Christoph Wilhelm Lucht is a German living in Chicago during World War I. Concerned about discrimination against German Americans, he makes choices that will help his family survive.

Sociologists call his strategy "passing," citing as an example his choice to a. pass up opportunities to return to Germany, reinforcing his U.S. citizenship. b. name his daughter Jane and to be happy when she marries and changes her last name to Jones. c. pretend to happily speak English and assimilate when really he resents it. d. shop, worship, and live within a German American immigrant community.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Passing (VIII.B)

61. Which term refers to the more overt form of resistance through a movement such as revolution or genocide or even through nonviolent protest? a. collective resistance c. color-blind racism b. group withdrawal d. primordialism ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Acceptance versus Resistance (VIII.C)

62. Identify the example of collective resistance. a. An oppressed group develops a means of quietly coping with their circumstances. b. An oppressed group relocates to a place where they can live in peace. c. An oppressed group engages in a campaign of nonviolent protest. d. An oppressed group develops a tendency for code-switching in dominantly white environments.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Acceptance versus Resistance (VIII.C) | InQuizitive

MSC: Applying

TESTBANKSELLER.COM 63. Mae is an African American girl. When she is at school, she speaks "standard" English. When she is at home, she speaks African American English. Her words, tone, and body language change in each setting. Sociologists call this a. passing. c. redlining. b. collective resistance. d. code switching.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Acceptance versus Resistance (VIII.C)

64. Social science experiments reveal that even though the French government does not collect information on race, a. French citizens strongly prefer that this information be collected in future census collections. b. job applications with Arab or North African sounding names were less likely to be called for interviews. c. there are still many examples of how much French citizens primarily identify themselves in terms of race. d. schools and neighborhoods are still organized by rigid local identification of people according to their racial category.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Prejudice, Discrimination, and the New Racism (IX)

MSC: Remembering

65. Prejudice is to discrimination as thinking is to a. believing. c. doing.

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b. developing.

d. being.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Prejudice, Discrimination, and the New Racism (IX)

MSC: Applying

66. Luis is a Mexican American man who says terrible things about African Americans when he is with his Mexican American friends. When they encounter a group of African Americans on the street, Luis smiles, says "Hello," and passes by. Robert Merton would describe Luis as a(n) a. active bigot. c. fair-weather liberal. b. timid bigot. d. all-weather liberal.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Prejudice, Discrimination, and the New Racism (IX)

MSC: Applying

67. Nancy is a white woman who believes all races are equal, and she is committed to civic groups that promote diversity. She is walking down the street and passes a white man. She acknowledges him with a nod. She sees a black man coming down the street, and she crosses to the other side of the street to avoid passing by him because his blackness makes her feel unsafe. Robert Merton would describe Nancy as a(n) a. active bigot. c. fair-weather liberal. b. timid bigot. d. all-weather liberal.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Prejudice, Discrimination, and the New Racism (IX)

MSC: Applying

68. When Shelly, a white American, sees a Middle Eastern man, she worries that he may be a terrorist. She would never say this and would never take action on these thoughts, but nonetheless, they come into her mind. Despite her commitment to fair treatment, she is harboring a. symbolic ethnicity. c. modern racism. b. internal discrimination. TESTBANKSEL d.LE prejudice.

R.COM ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Prejudice, Discrimination, and the New Racism (IX)

MSC: Understanding

69. Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the concept of color-blind racism? a. a person who avoids a type of dress because she does not want to appropriate another culture b. a man in a position of power treating all people equally, regardless of their racial identity c. two people with different ethnic identities choosing to marry each other despite disapproval in their town d. a white woman with a black child being told by her grandmother that she doesn't see the child's race ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Prejudice, Discrimination, and the New Racism (IX)

MSC: Understanding

70. The average economic gap between white families and nonwhite families is only partly about income differences. This gap is also explained by an asset gap known as a. wealth distribution. b. redlining. c. equity inequality. d. net worth.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: How Race Matters: The Case of Wealth (X)

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71. Each year in office, U.S. Congressman John Conyers has introduced a bill to address the issue of ________, but attempts to create a commission to assess the issue have always been blocked. a. providing housing to impoverished nonwhite people b. paying reparations to African Americans for the institution of slavery c. racial inequality in childhood health and life expectancy d. political district maps that dilute the political power of nonwhite individuals.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: How Race Matters: The Case of Wealth (X)

72. When, during World War II, Japanese American families were given notice of their mandatory relocation to internment camps, how much time were they given to dispose of their lands and other property? a. one week b. one month c. three months d. six months ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: How Race Matters: The Case of Wealth (X) | InQuizitive MSC: Remembering 73. If Cynthia, an African American woman, earns an advanced degree, she may earn a similar income to Marie, a white woman with the same degree, and yet she may still have fewer economic resources than Marie. What explanation for this economic gap would BEST demonstrate equity inequality? a. Cynthia did not inherit any property or other assets from her parents or grandparents. b. Marie received a higher salary for her first post-education position than Cynthia received for hers. c. Marie bought a home in an ethnically diverse neighborhood, where property tends to be more valuable.

TE STBA NKSELLE R.graduate COM school than Marie did. d. Cynthia had a harder time finding employment after ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: How Race Matters: The Case of Wealth (X)

74. Japanese internment camps resulted in a. greater wealth for Chinese Americans. b. a decrease in wealth for white Americans. c. greater wealth for white Americans. d. more Chinese immigrants entering the United States.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: How Race Matters: The Case of Wealth (X)

75. In places where marijuana has become decriminalized, institutional racism has resulted in the higher arrest rate for possession among blacks than among whites. Of the reasons given below, the best reason that institutional racism helps explain the difference in arrest rates is that a. legal consumption must be in one's home, which is easier if you own your own home. b. legal consumption is defined at the discretion of police and the courts. c. legal consumption depends on the age of the person. d. legal consumption is contested between local, state, and federal laws.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Institutional Racism (X.A)

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76. Gordon is a graduate student wanting to develop a projection model for understanding race in the future.

He consults with sociologist Jennifer Lee, and she recommends that he studies: a. ethnicity instead of race, because culture is the dividing line of the future. b. the black/white divide, because it is a common thread from the founding of America into the future. c. the "browning of America," because biracial populations are growing so quickly. d. the "black/nonblack" divide, because distinctions between blacks and all other groups combined are becoming increasingly important.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Future of Race (XI)

77. Consider a white nationalist who expresses serious concerns about losing his culture due to immigration from countries outside of Europe to the United States. He joins political groups and participates in demonstrations whose stated goals are to protect the dying culture of Americans of European descent. In this example, the white nationalist is relying on a. intimidation tactics. b. institutional racism. c. minority status rhetoric. d. reparations.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Future of Race (XI)

78. "Majority minority" states, where whites are not the majority of the population, are a. likely to emerge in the second half of the twenty-first century. b. already here; about four U.S. states have this dynamic. c. already the norm; about 30 U.S. states have this dynamic. d. unlikely to develop, due to white privilege.

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ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Future of Race (XI)

79. DNA testing is generally seen as a benefit to justice, because it allows for more precise identification of criminals. Sociologists see that forensic genetics also has a tendency to reproduce existing inequalities, because a. people who have committed prior crimes, and those with relatives who have committed crimes, are more likely to be caught. b. forensics is a human science, and the unacknowledged racism of analysts will influence results. c. the criminal justice system is broken in so many ways that forensic genetics will have a minuscule benefit. d. low-income people accused of crimes are unable to pay for their own forensic genetic testing.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Future of Race (XI)

80. Identify the role of social media in the #BlackLivesMatter movement. a. Social media aids in the spread of misinformation campaigns. b. Social media brings attention to police violence. c. Social media allows police and protesters to speak more directly to each other. d. Social media makes organizing participants more difficult.

ANS: B

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Future of Race (XI) | InQuizitive

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MSC: Understanding ESSAY 1. Explain what sociologists mean when they argue that race is a social construction. Use a real-world example to illustrate your analysis.

ANS: When sociologists argue that race is socially constructed, they generally mean that our meanings and definitions of race change over time and depending on place and audience. One way to understand how we socially construct race is to compare how the "same race" is viewed over different time periods (or within different societies or in different situations). For example, whom we consider to be "white" has changed throughout history. In 1790, it was "all free white persons," and then in the early twentieth century, "white" people were defined as only northern and western European whites. Since our attitudes and ideas about race have changed over the course of American history, sociologists point out how race is socially constructed. Another example of race as a social construction is when new boundaries are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people (e.g., racialization). Examples of this abound, including when Asians were looked at suspiciously after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, or how Arabs (or anyone with dark skin and eyes) were subjected to an increase in hate crimes after 9/11. We can also look at how racial categories have changed through the years by looking at the census. All of these examples suggest that our views about race are far from immutable and, in fact, rather flexible and constantly changing.

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Myth of Race (I)

MSC: Analyzing

2. Many people believe that race has always existed in its current form. Describe how the concept of race has changed over time by comparing and contrasting "race" in the ancient world (this would include ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, Christendom) Tand ESTearly BAN KSELLERwith .CO"race" M in modern times (this would include European colonization up to the present). Give at least one point of similarity (comparison) and one point of difference (contrast).

ANS: In ancient Egypt, physical markers were thought to be linked to geography. In Greece, Rome, and early Christendom, biological traits were believed to be carried in the bloodlines of distinct groups, each with a separate way of being, acting, thinking, and looking. Greeks believed that physical markers were the result of different environmental factors. European colonizers interpreted human physical differences first with biblical and later with scientific explanations.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: The Concept of Race from the Ancients to Alleles (II)

3. How did the eugenics movement use the race concept? What was one major problem with this approach?

Give an example that illustrates the problem.

ANS: Eugenicists claimed that each race had a separate package of social and psychological traits transmitted through bloodlines. They believed that they could trace everything from criminality and feeblemindedness to disease and intelligence. The problem with race for eugenicists is that there is no foolproof way to determine racial boundaries. Attempts to draw boundaries in America included the "one-drop" rule, which stated that having even one drop of black blood in a person's ancestry makes him or her black. More currently, the idea of biological racial differences persists in DNA testing.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Eugenics (II.B)

MSC: Analyzing

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4. Crowds line the street at the St. Patrick's Day Parade in New York City. How is this an example of symbolic ethnicity? Give another example of symbolic ethnicity. In your view, does symbolic ethnicity contribute to inequality, or is it neutral? Why? ANS: Symbolic ethnicity is a matter of choice for many white Americans. They can freely identify with European nationalities that they believe their ancestors were related to (this may or may not be accurate).

Symbolic ethnicity requires no proof, carries no cost, and generally brings privilege and inclusion to the white person who is claiming it.

Students may agree with the textbook, arguing that symbolic ethnicity underscores and reinforces the racial privilege of whites in America. Others may argue that it is harmless and can be a recreational expression of identity. Whites should work toward equality in more substantive ways than by personally rejecting symbolic ethnicity.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Race versus Ethnicity (IV)

MSC: Evaluating

5. Compare and contrast race and ethnicity, offering one to two points of similarity (comparison) and one to two points of difference (contrast). What is symbolic ethnicity, and how does it relate to privilege?

How do the differences between race and ethnicity underscore the privileged position of whites in America?

ANS: Race is based on physical differences, whereas ethnicity is based on cultural differences. Both are social constructions, both are ways of drawing boundaries around human groups, and both can be used for discrimination and violence. Symbolic ethnicity is a choice for white, middle-class Americans. Race is not a choice; it is assigned by society. Ethnicity is something whites can choose to express or repress. If whites want to ignore their ethnicity, they may do so. For example, it is difficult to distinguish between a TBAN KSisEnegative LLER.atCaOparticular M German and an Irish person, T soEifSbeing Irish time in history, a person may change his or her name and can easily "pass." But if people are nonwhite and have a certain skin color or other physical characteristic delineating race, they can change their names, but they still look like their race. It is very hard to hide physical characteristics.

DIF: Easy

REF: Race versus Ethnicity (IV)

MSC: Evaluating

6. Why is it difficult for white people to see their own race? What does Peggy McIntosh mean when she refers to whiteness as an "invisible knapsack of privileges"? What are some of the privileges that whites experience?

ANS: Privileged groups often do not see the characteristics that bring them privilege, because their experiences are seen as mainstream or normative. Not needing to be aware of one's privilege is, in fact, an important privilege. The white experience involves more than 50 daily privileges and often involves not having to think about race at all. Included in this "knapsack" of special privileges is the ability to shop without attention or to turn on the TV and see others like oneself (i.e., white). People of color do not have this privilege, and neither group tends to be aware of the knapsack.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: The Importance of Being White (VI)

7. Some of the forms that minority–majority group relations can take are: assimilation, pluralism, segregation, and conflict. Define each form and give a real-world example.

ANS:

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Assimilation is the process by which immigrants achieve full integration in a homogeneous country (e.g., Irish immigrants adopt the values and language of the dominant group and soon become indecipherable from the dominant group).

Pluralism is a society where distinct ethnic groups are accepted (e.g., people in large cities' Chinatowns still continue to practice their culture, speak their language, and live as they did in China, but they follow American laws and live peacefully alongside the dominant group).

Segregation is the legal and social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity (e.g., until the 1960s, blacks were not allowed in "white" hotels; even black entertainers who worked in certain hotels were not allowed to sleep there).

Conflict arises when antagonistic groups live together in racial hostility (e.g., the Ku Klux Klan fought, and is still fighting, to keep "white power").

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: Minority-Majority Group Relations (VII)

8. Minority groups respond to domination with several strategies: withdrawal, passing, acceptance, and resistance. Briefly define each of these terms and offer a real-world example (from present or past). For each example, evaluate this strategy as effective or ineffective.

ANS: Withdrawal: Groups experiencing persecution or discrimination may leave for good. Examples include the migration of Jews from Poland after Nazi persecution and the mid-twentieth-century Great Migration of blacks from Jim Crow states to the North.

Passing: Blending with the dominant group. Examples of passing include Malcom X in his early adulthood and Michael Jackson, who both passed for white, and German Americans who changed their German-sounding names to English-sounding names during the world wars.

Acceptance versus resistance: The oppressed group feigns compliance and hides its true feelings of resentment, or it resists through a movement such as revolution, genocide, or nonviolent ESTBdocumented ANKSELLbyEElijah R.COAnderson M protest. "Code-switching," a T strategy in a black neighborhood in Philadelphia, is an example of using front-stage acceptance and backstage resistance. The civil rights movement is another example of resistance.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: Groups' Responses to Domination (VIII)

9. Anthony Marx (1998) has suggested that the repulsion Americans felt for Nazi Germany and the persecution of Jews during World War II was one of the forces behind the desegregation movement in the 1950s. How did the Jewish experience in World War II influence the desegregation movement?

ANS: Americans were appalled at the treatment of Jews by Germans during World War II. After the very manifest responses to the persecution of Jews, Americans began to be embarrassed by their own racist doctrines at home. If we fought to save one racial/ethnic group in another country, then why would we uphold our racist doctrines at home? Because America came out of World War II as a major global force, how could it not address its own instances of racial discrimination? The new status accorded to the United States, along with more and more U.S. citizens' dissent, helped motivate the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which held that schools were unequal with regard to race.

This, in turn, was the impetus for the civil rights movement in the 1960s.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: Segregation and Discrimination (VII.B)

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10. Compare and contrast prejudice and discrimination, offering one to two similarities (comparisons) and one to two differences (contrasts). Robert Merton's diagram about prejudice and discrimination contains four cells: active bigot, timid bigot, fair-weather liberal, all-weather liberal. For each cell, define and give an example of a person who fits the category. In your view, which type is the most dangerous for society, and why?

ANS: Prejudice is a thought, whereas discrimination is an action. Merton's diagram includes active bigots, timid bigots, fair-weather liberals, and all-weather liberals.

Active bigot: A person who is prejudiced and discriminates (e.g., a person in the Ku Klux Klan who attempts to keep blacks out of public schools).

Timid bigot: One who is prejudiced but doesn't discriminate; political correctness (e.g., "I don't like Hispanics, but I work alongside them").

Fair-weather liberal: One who isn't prejudiced but still discriminates (e.g., "I don't give a receptionist job to a man, even though I know he can do the job, because my boss wants a woman in that position").

All-weather liberal: A sociologist's ideal; people who have no prejudice and don't discriminate (e.g., "I hire you because you can do the job").

Students will evaluate the cells in different ways. Some may think that active bigots are most dangerous because of their actions. Some may think timid bigots are dangerous because they maintain a stealth presence of racism in society and are difficult to address or identify. Some may see fair-weather liberals as dangerous because they seem to be helping, giving indication that things are getting better, when in fact they won't be there for justice when it is most needed.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: Prejudice, Discrimination, and the New Racism (IX)

11. Briefly state what is meant by "color-blind racism" and note its place in the cultural discourse on race in TEdescribe STBAN SELLERor .Creal OMscenario in which color-blind racism the United States today. Please aK hypothetical occurs, making sure to note some of the key ways color-blind racism is characterized in your textbook.

ANS: Color-blind racism occurs when race-neutral language or explanations for racial-ethnic differences are offered, and when the role of race and a racial hierarchy in social organization is not acknowledged.

Particular scenarios students create will vary, but should include reference to such characteristics of color-blind racism as persistence of negative stereotyping, resistance to policies such as affirmative action, and blaming nonwhites for their own problems. Students might also refer to differentialist or cultural racism.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Creating

REF: Prejudice, Discrimination, and the New Racism (IX)

12. Please discuss your textbook's reference to sentencing laws as a way to describe and analyze institutional racism. In your answer, please define institutional racism as a concept and show how the issue of sentencing laws and the examples you give demonstrate institutional racism.

ANS: Students should note that institutional racism occurs when a society's institutional practices and dynamics disadvantage minority groups even if these practices seem race neutral. Students should be able to talk about how sentencing laws are technically only differentiating sentence length by the type of drug, but that these different drugs can be proxies for racial or ethnic groups since there is a patterned, different usage rate of different drugs by race/ethnicity. Giving longer sentences to blacks by way of giving longer sentences to crack users compared to cocaine users (more typically white) demonstrates how seemingly race-neutral laws systematically disadvantage minority groups.

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DIF: Difficult

REF: Institutional Racism (X.A)

MSC: Analyzing

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CHAPTER 10 Family

CONCEPT MAP I.

II.

III. IV. V. VI. VII.

VIII. IX.

Family Forms and Changes A. Malinowski and the Traditional Family B. The Family in the Western World Today Keeping It in the Family: The Historical Divide between Public and Private A. Premodern Families B. The Emergence of the Male Breadwinner Family C. Families after World War II Families and Work: A Not-So-Subtle Revolution A Feminist "Rethinking of the Family" When Home Is No Haven: Domestic Abuse The Chore Wars: Supermom Does It All Swimming and Sinking: Inequality and American Families A. African American Families B. Latino Families C. Flat Broke with Children The Pecking Order: Inequality Starts at Home The Future of Families, and There Goes the Nation!

A. Divorce B. Blended Families C. Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Families D. Multiracial Families E. Immigrant Families

MULTIPLE CHOICE

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1. Loving v. Virginia (1967) struck down America's ________ laws. a. Jim Crow c. anti-miscegenation b. racial purity d. exogamy ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Family Forms and Changes (I)

2. Men who are married to multiple women at the same time practice what is known as a. polyandry. c. endogamy. b. polygyny. d. exogamy.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Family Forms and Changes (I)

3. In some areas of Tibet, Nepal, and India, women can have multiple husbands at once. This practice is known as a. monogamy. c. polyandry. b. endogamy. d. polygyny.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Family Forms and Changes (I)

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4. Aisha has fallen in love with Richard, a man who is outside her ethnic group. Her family shames her and convinces her to marry Adam, a man from their background. When doing so, Aisha is following her ethnic group's rule of a. endogamy. c. monogamy. b. exogamy. d. polygamy.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Family Forms and Changes (I)

5. As immigrants to the United States from India, Riya's family insists that she marries someone of a similar ethnic background and social class. Although her family disapproves, Riya marries a Hawaiian man whom she has fallen in love with. Her choice to marry this man reflects her preference for a. endogamy. c. nuclear families. b. exogamy. d. polygamy.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Family Forms and Changes (I)

6. Dylan refuses to have a relationship with someone who lives in his dormitory, which he jokingly refers to as "dorm-cest." He is practicing the rule known as a. exogamy. c. cohabitation. b. endogamy. d. polygamy.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Family Forms and Changes (I)

7. Daniel has had three wives, but this is legal in the United States since he was married to only one woman at a time. This legality reflects our marital norm known as a. polygamy. c. endogamy. b. monogamy. d.LE exogamy.

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DIF: Moderate

REF: Family Forms and Changes (I)

8. Although marriages that are interracial and interethnic have become more common in the United States, most U.S. marriages are still racially and ethnically endogamous. Which of the following is a potential factor that discourages exogamy? a. having opportunities to interact with members of other racial/ethnic groups b. living in a region where racial attitudes are more tolerant c. facing ostracism from within one's community d. having parents and close friends who support racial intermarrying ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Family Forms and Changes (I)

9. In much of the Western world, choice of a marriage partner is influenced by age, education, class, race, and religion. Which of the following explains this tendency? a. Marriage outside one's social group is forbidden by law in several Western nations. b. People are often attracted to others who are opposite in these traits. c. Marrying someone significantly different in age, race, social class, and religion is often met with disapproval from others. d. We tend to prefer people who do not resemble our parents' social backgrounds.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Family Forms and Changes (I)

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10. In the famous 1950s television program, Ozzie and Harriet's family life was a good depiction of a. how most Americans lived, dressed, and spoke in the 1950s. b. the economic and emotional struggles of a working-class family. c. most white families' lives in the middle of the twentieth century. d. an idealized version of American family life in the 1950s.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Family Forms and Changes (I)

11. The concept of a "traditional" nuclear family, such as the homemaker mother and breadwinner father, is one that emerged from American history. Which of the following statements describes the reality about the "traditional" family? a. It was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and in broader historical view, seems almost unusual. b. It is a phrase that describes preindustrial families. c. It is the family arrangement that best defines America's history. d. It was the dominant family for Americans of all races and classes until recently.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Family Forms and Changes (I)

12. Anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski (1913) examined the family structure of Australian Aboriginals and settled a long-standing debate when he concluded that a. kinship forms of tribal societies are so diverse that they cannot be grouped together as "family." b. family is a universal human institution. c. respect for cultural diversity requires understanding each culture on its own terms, so drawing cross-cultural conclusions about kinship is fruitless. d. some societies do not have families.

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ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Family Forms and Changes (I)

13. In Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court ruled that existing state-level bans on interracial marriage were unconstitutional. Many people disagreed with this decision. They felt we all should a. partner up with similar people and respect endogamy. b. be required to marry within the same economic class. c. partner up with people who are different than ourselves. d. be required to marry only one person for life.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Family Forms and Changes (I) | InQuizitive

14. Identify which statement is true about the child raising arrangements of the Na people of southern China. a. Men and women live in separate parts of the village. b. Sex involves no commitment to a partnership. c. Sex involves no commitment to child raising. d. There is a strong commitment to fatherhood, but motherhood is not given much thought.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Malinowski and the Traditional Family (I.A) | InQuizitive MSC: Remembering 15. In the Na culture of China, a little boy grows up very close to one of his male relatives. Everyone expects a strong degree of influence between this man and the child. This role model male relative is the boy's

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a. father. b. uncle.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

c. grandfather. d. brother.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Malinowski and the Traditional Family (I.A)

16. A 13-year-old Zambian girl recently had a fight with her best friend. If she were to follow the norms of her culture, she would more than likely seek advice from a. her sister. c. her aunt. b. her mother. d. her father.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Malinowski and the Traditional Family (I.A)

17. The Johnson family consists of a mother, a father, and their biological children. Sociologists classify this as a(n) ________ family. a. blended c. extended b. polyandrous d. nuclear ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Malinowski and the Traditional Family (I.A)

18. The ________ theory of the family, developed by Talcott Parsons, argues that nuclear families are necessary for child rearing and fulfilling society's need for productive workers. a. functionalist c. conflict b. Malinowskian d. traditional ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Malinowski and the Traditional Family (I.A)

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19. Many Americans think that the divorce rate in the United States has skyrocketed since the 1950s, but in reality, the divorce rate has actually been a. decreasing since an all-time high in the 2000s. b. holding steady. c. at a relatively constant level since 1900. d. steadily rising since the nineteenth century.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Family in the Western World Today (I.B)

20. The Williams family consists of Mike, Jennifer, and their two children. Mike is the male breadwinner, while Jennifer is a female housewife. Sociologists may find the Williams family to be statistically interesting, because this family represents ________ of today's U.S. families. a. less than 10 percent c. 33 percent b. 23 percent d. more than 50 percent ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Family in the Western World Today (I.B)

21. Jane and Alexander live together in an intimate, romantic relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning. This type of arrangement is known by sociologists as a. nuclear family. c. cohabitation. b. preindustrial family. d. extended family.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: The Family in the Western World Today (I.B)

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22. What do we know about couples who live together before marriage? a. They are less likely to divorce because they are able to experience what living together with the other person is like before deciding to get married. b. They are more likely to divorce because living in sin damages the foundation of a successful marriage. c. They are more likely to divorce because couples who cohabit before marriage are typically more accepting of divorce. d. They are less likely to divorce because couples who are more open to premarital intimate relationships tend to end up happier in their marriage.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The Family in the Western World Today (I.B)

23. Which of the following is true about individuals who divorce their first spouse? a. They are unlikely to remarry. b. They are likely to remarry, but the second marriage has about the same or an even higher rate of failure. c. They are likely to remarry and this marriage is less likely to end in divorce. d. Divorced women, but not men, typically remarry.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Family in the Western World Today (I.B)

24. What conclusion can you draw about the association between women’s participation in the labor force and childbearing, based on trends over the past 60 years? a. Higher female labor rate participation is associated with higher rates of childbearing. b. Higher female labor rate participation is associated with lower rates of childbearing. c. Lower female labor rate participation is associated with lower rates of childbearing among TESTBANKSELLER.COM the working class and poor. d. Female labor rate participation is not associated with rates of childbearing.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Family in the Western World Today (I.B) | InQuizitive MSC: Analyzing 25. As noted by Phillipe Aries, in preindustrial families, children were a. thought of as small adults who didn't warrant any special treatment or nurturing. b. treated in the same manner as children are today. c. sent to work by the age of 12, although before then, they were treated as children. d. healthier than they are today.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Premodern Families (II.A)

26. Stephen and Linda are married. Their parents live with them, as does Stephen's sister, brother-in-law, niece, and nephew. This is known as a ________ network. a. social c. relatives b. kinship d. family ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Premodern Families (II.A)

27. Which of the following was a common characteristic of family life in the preindustrial era? a. Husbands and wives were partners in both homemaking and economic labor.

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b. There was a clear distinction between public and private spheres of life. c. Divisions between men's work and women's work were strict and reinforced by religion. d. The nuclear family was isolated from extended kin.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Premodern Families (II.A)

28. Jessica keeps a painting showing the Victorian feminine domestic ideal in her living room. She says she loves imagining the past when women's worlds were at home and women supported each other in child rearing. Jessica enjoys imagining the a. cult of domesticity. c. second shift. b. beanpole family. d. preindustrial family.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Emergence of the Male Breadwinner Family (II.B)

MSC: Applying

29. Structural changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution had major consequences for families. One important consequence is that it a. increased the need for child labor. b. created new wealth, lowered poverty rates, and narrowed the gap between the rich and the poor. c. separated work and home and created new roles for men and women. d. came with expectations for women and children to make their own food, clothes, and goods.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: The Emergence of the Male Breadwinner Family (II.B)

MSC: Understanding

30. Which of the following factors contributed to the development of the ideal of the nuclear family (male breadwinner and female homemaker and their children) in post-World War II America? a. all family members working TEStogether TBANto KSaccomplish ELLER.family COM tasks b. an increase in real wages c. the creation of the public and private spheres d. higher education levels ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Families after World War II (II.C)

31. The Ozzie and Harriet Nelson-type of nuclear family, with a working father and a stay-at-home mother and their children, was in its prime during which time period? a. the 1990s b. the world wars c. the late 19th century d. the post-World War II economic boom ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Families after World War II (II.C)

32. Which development in the 1950s made the ideal of the nuclear family attainable for a large fraction of the U.S. population? a. civil rights legislation that did away with legal segregation b. the rise of the cult of domesticity c. a sharp rise in inflation-adjusted wages d. women working outside the home ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Families after World War II (II.C) | InQuizitive

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33. According to research in Dalton Conley's The Pecking Order (2004), what do we know about the daughters raised by stay-at-home mothers? The daughters of stay-at-home mothers typically a. end up earning less than their brothers. b. end up earning more than their brothers. c. earn approximately the same as their brothers. d. are more likely to graduate from college, but less likely to earn a salary-based income.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Family and Work: A Not-So-Subtle Revolution (III)

MSC: Remembering

34. In the United States, the labor force participation rate for women a. has stayed about the same since 1970. b. is currently at an all-time high. c. increased steadily in the second half of the twentieth century but has now leveled out and even decreased slightly. d. suggests that being a homemaker is still more common than working for pay.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Family and Work: A Not-So-Subtle Revolution (III)

MSC: Understanding

35. Which prominent American feminist wrote The Feminine Mystique in 1963? a. Dalton Conley c. Philippe Aries b. Betty Friedan d. Stephanie Coontz ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: A Feminist "Rethinking of the Family" (IV)

36. Christine and her husband Carl both work. Outside working hours, Christine does most of the housework and Carl serves on the council.

Berk, who studies family role TE Slocal TBAcity NKS ELLESarah R.CFenstermaker OM formation, would refer to families like this one as a a. "cult of domesticity." c. "pecking order." b. "gender factory." d. "biological destiny."

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: A Feminist "Rethinking of the Family" (IV)

37. Betty Friedan's framework explores the emotions of sadness and loss of purpose that housewives feel in spite of having an adequate family income, a husband, and children. This phenomenon is known as the a. feminist bind. c. public-private divide. b. feminine mystique. d. second shift.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: A Feminist "Rethinking of the Family" (IV)

38. Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique, published in 1963, which analyzed the downsides of being a homemaker. How did sociologists elaborate on her argument? a. Sociologists argued that women’s dissatisfaction in the home was because of low levels of marriage relationship quality. b. Sociologists argued that power dynamics underlie family relationships. c. Sociologists argued that housework could be made more enjoyable for homemakers with recent technological innovations. d. Sociologists highlighted households in which women enjoyed homemaking, contrary to Friedan’s assertions.

ANS: B

DIF: Moderate

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REF: A Feminist "Rethinking of the Family" (IV) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 39. According to your textbook, the most frequent form of domestic violence is a. husband on wife. c. parents on kids. b. wife on husband. d. sibling on sibling.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: When Home Is No Haven: Domestic Abuse (V)

40. Which of the following is true regarding domestic violence? a. More than a third of women and a quarter of men have been victims of rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner at some point in their life. b. Genetics play a significant role in determining if abusive parents will transmit such a behavior to the next generation. c. Punishing children physically helps teach children obedience to rules, which contributes to a lower rate of domestic abuse in adulthood. d. About 1 in 10 homicides of women are associated with intimate partner violence (IPV).

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: When Home Is No Haven: Domestic Abuse (V)

41. A powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the United States was the original September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. Ultimately, after feminist groups lobbied the U.S. government, what happened? a. Only the deceased's future earnings were estimated to determine the family's amount of compensation. b. Only the deceased's economic status at the time of death determined the family's amount of compensation. c. Each family was given the same amount of compensation regardless of occupation or TESTBANKSELLER.COM contribution to housework. d. Both the deceased's future earnings and his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were estimated to determine the family's amount of compensation.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Chore Wars: Supermom Does It All (VI)

42. Cole and Debbie are a married couple with young children. They split up work, household chores, and child-care responsibilities evenly and they feel that the balance is pretty much equal. Sociologist Barbara Risman calls this a(n) ________ family. a. happy c. egalitarian b. fair d. feminist ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: The Chore Wars: Supermom Does It All (VI)

43. Anna is a married woman with children. She and her husband Brandon both work full-time jobs. When they come home, Amy makes dinner, cleans, helps their children with homework, and puts them to bed.

Brandon helps with these things occasionally, but most days he rests after work. If Arlie Hochschild saw this household, she would say that Anna is experiencing the a. "cult of domesticity." c. "second shift." b. "gender factory." d. "night shift."

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Chore Wars: Supermom Does It All (VI)

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44. On the weekends the Burns family, who have two sons and two daughters, do their assigned chores. The sons mow the lawn, operate the barbecue, and help their father with car maintenance, while the daughters help clean the house and fold the laundry. This distribution of chores reflects a. gender equality in the household since both the boys and the girls have chores. b. children bearing a proportion of the second shift. c. the natural division of labor between boys and girls. d. how gender roles are learned at home.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Chore Wars: Supermom Does It All (VI)

45. In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can best be described as a. the domestic tasks that couples share in order to keep their households running smoothly. b. the domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work. c. a second job that either spouse may take in order to help make ends meet. d. the time one or both parents spend on child-rearing duties after getting home from work.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Chore Wars: Supermom Does It All (VI)

46. Which of the following statements indicates how household labor is often divided by gender in the United States? a. Men do the housework and women help out. b. Men, as breadwinners, consider housework to be a second shift. c. Women do the housework and men help out. d. Men and women tend to divide chores equally.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: The Chore Wars: Supermom Does It All (VI)

TESTBANKSELLER.COM 47. What has research found regarding the typical distribution of work hours before and after a heterosexual couple has children? a. Men do more hours of work in the household after having children than they did before, and their total work hours exceed those of women. b. Men do fewer hours of work in the household after having children than they did before, and their total work hours are lower than those of women. c. Men do more hours of work in the household after having children than they did before, but their total work hours are lower than those of women. d. Men do fewer hours of housework after having children than they did before, but their total work hours exceed those of women.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The Chore Wars: Supermom Does It All (VI)

48. According to research conducted by Ruth Schwartz Cowan (1983), time-saving technological inventions like the vacuum cleaner, the washing machine, and other household appliances have actually increased the number of hours that women spend on housework. How does she explain this finding? a. These devices actually take longer than a human being to get the job done. b. These devices break so frequently that time gets wasted on repairs. c. Standards of cleanliness have also risen, so even more cleaning is expected. d. Ease of use and availability have led to women cleaning more frequently.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The Chore Wars: Supermom Does It All (VI)

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49. In relation to the division of household chores, gay and lesbian couples a. have a more equal distribution of household responsibilities between the two spouses than do heterosexual couples. b. have a less equal distribution of household responsibilities between the two spouses than do heterosexual couples. c. gay women, but not gay men, have a more equal distribution of household responsibilities between the two spouses than do heterosexual couples. d. There is no difference in the distribution of household responsibilities based on the sexual orientation of a couple.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Chore Wars: Supermom Does It All (VI)

50. Which men are MOST likely to be competent and engaged housekeepers, cooks, and parents? a. men whose wives are full-time homemakers b. men whose wives work full-time outside the home c. single fathers d. men whose wives work part-time outside the home ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: The Chore Wars: Supermom Does It All (VI) | InQuizitive MSC: Analyzing 51. In the United States, black women and women in poverty have come to rely on ________ in order to manage their child care and work responsibilities? a. government-sponsored day-care programs b. their immediate families c. the day-care institutions in their places of employment d. their extrafamilial female networks

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ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: African American Families (VII.A)

52. Which of the following social scientists argued all along that African American female-headed families are the result, instead of the cause, of racial oppression and poverty? a. Max Weber c. Karl Marx b. Daniel Patrick Moynihan d. W. E. B. Du Bois ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: African American Families (VII.A)

53. A TV director pitches the idea of remaking The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, but with African American characters. An African American producer says, "This is a terrible idea! That family never could have been black!" Why was the nuclear family depicted in The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet never a reality for African American families? a. African American women have always had to combine work and family. b. African Americans divided work and family responsibilities earlier than their white counterparts. c. African American fathers have historically been more heavily involved in child care than white fathers. d. The patriarchal tradition of the African American family made it easy for black women to separate work and home.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: African American Families (VII.A)

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54. In the 1960s, some social scientists, including Daniel Patrick Moynihan, argued that the strong role held by women in many African American families was a. the inevitable result of poverty and discrimination that emasculated black husbands and fathers. b. a detrimental characteristic that undermined black men's roles in the family and caused a variety of problems that this minority group faces. c. a positive characteristic that would eventually strengthen the African American family. d. an anomaly that resulted from increased job opportunities for black women but not black men after World War II. ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: African American Families (VII.A)

55. Identify a major reason why in the United States made the concept of a "traditional" family structure a less viable ideal for black families. a. On slave plantations, women were often put in charge of men. b. Forced separations of spouses, siblings, and parents from children led to a more expansion definition of kinship, and thus an extended model took root. c. Female slaves generally worked outdoors while male slaves did domestic work. d. Forced separations of spouses, siblings, and parents from children led to smaller family structures and self-sufficiency at earlier childhood ages.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: African American Families (VII.A) | InQuizitive

56. When looking at the number of babies born to unmarried women, what can explain the high rates among Latinas? a. In their culture, many couples decide to wait until after having children before they get TESTBANKSELLER.COM married. b. Latino couples have sex at a younger age than other ethnic groups in the United States and are therefore less likely to be married when they get pregnant. c. Latino couples are less likely than couples from other backgrounds to use birth control and thus have higher rates of pregnancy. d. As devout Catholics, Latinas are less likely to have an abortion compared to black and white women.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Latino Families (VII.B)

57. It is difficult to present generalizations about Latino families in the United States. The challenge lies in the fact that a. there are fewer Latinos than other minority groups. b. their origins and geographic locations are so diverse. c. families are unimportant to Latinos. d. Latinos are reluctant to share family information with sociologists.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Latino Families (VII.B)

58. After how long do a majority of single mothers who receive welfare get off the welfare rolls in the United States? a. 2 years c. 10 years b. 5 years d. more than 15 years

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ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Flat Broke with Children (VII.C)

59. Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich traveled around the country to study firsthand what it was like to "get by" working low-wage jobs. Which of the following is true about her experiences? a. She felt that if she had only worked harder, she would have been able to "get by." b. Even with only herself to support and juggling two or more jobs, she could not afford to live off her wages. c. She worked hard and did so well at her low-wage job that she was quickly promoted to a higher-paying job. d. She was surprised at how easy her work was and was stressed when she returned to her old lifestyle.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Flat Broke with Children (VII.C)

60. In 1996, national welfare reform under the Clinton administration led to the policy known as a. the Civil Rights Act. b. the Americans at Work Act. c. the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act. d. the Eradication of Poverty Act. ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Flat Broke with Children (VII.C)

61. The main purpose of the welfare reforms of 1996 was to a. provide additional aid to families with dependent children. b. promote self-sufficiency and personal responsibility. c. combat conservative views of "welfare queens."

TEwho STare BA"unemployable."

NKSELLER.COM d. provide assistance to those ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Flat Broke with Children (VII.C)

62. Which point about sibling relationships is illustrated by the family of former president Bill Clinton? a. Parents, often unknowingly, tend to favor one child over the others. b. Two siblings with similar starting points can have very unequal outcomes. c. In families with three or more siblings, the middle ones tend to get shortchanged. d. Higher expectations for success and propriety are put upon daughters than sons.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Pecking Order: Inequality Starts at Home (VIII) | InQuizitive MSC: Applying 63. According to the text, what do we know about differences in socioeconomic status among siblings? a. Firstborns are almost always more successful than younger siblings. b. Birth order only matters in larger families, and middle siblings seem to fare worse than the oldest and the youngest child. c. Birth order only matters in larger families, and middle siblings seem to fare better than the oldest and the youngest child. d. The youngest sibling is almost always more successful than older siblings.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: The Pecking Order: Inequality Starts at Home (VIII)

MSC: Understanding

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64. Roughly what percentage of Americans gets married at least once in their lifetime? a. 30 percent c. 70 percent b. 50 percent d. 90 percent ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Divorce (IX.A)

65. Americans seem keen on getting married. However, the United States also has a high divorce rate.

Sociologist Andrew Cherlin (2009) proposes that America's "love–hate" relationship with marriage stems from the a. secularization of major American social institutions, including marriage. b. fact that Americans are individualistic and evaluate their marriages in personal terms. c. declining occupational status of men. d. fact that Americans are so keen on marriage that they commit to someone very early in adulthood.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Divorce (IX.A)

66. Identify which of the following is often a consequence for children when parents divorce, according The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce, by Judith Wallstein, et al (2000). a. lower future economic success b. greater likelihood of incarceration c. higher rates of depression d. delayed responses to social cues ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Divorce (IX.A) | InQuizitive

67. Identify which of the following ofNthe for the downward trend in the TEisSone TBA KSreasonable ELLER.explanations COM divorce rate, starting in about 1980, according to the text. a. Americans are growing more conservative about the acceptability of divorce. b. Americans are getting married later, when they are more mature. c. Because of improved economic circumstances, marriages are under less strain. d. Americans are staying married to avoid negatively impacting their children.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Divorce (IX.A) | InQuizitive

68. Brad's parents divorced when he was five, but now both of them are married again. He has two stepbrothers on his mother's side and a stepsister on his father's side. These families are examples of which of the following type of family? a. an extended family c. a kinship network b. a nuclear family d. a blended family ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Blended Families (IX.B)

69. Which of the following is true regarding Americans' attitudes toward same-sex marriage? a. Approximately one-third of Americans oppose same-sex marriage. b. Just over half of Americans now oppose same-sex marriage. c. A majority of the generation 65 and older oppose same-sex marriage. d. Over the last two decades, the support for same-sex marriage has not changed significantly.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Families (IX.C)

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70. Recent trends in marriages between people from different races or ethnic groups indicate a a. growing acceptance of exogamy. c. declining acceptance of exogamy. b. growing acceptance of endogamy. d. declining acceptance of endogamy.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Multiracial Families (IX.D)

71. In the United States, ________ are the most likely to marry someone of a different race. a. African Americans b. Asian Americans c. Hispanics d. Whites ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Multiracial Families (IX.D)

ESSAY 1. Define nuclear family and briefly describe its evolution. Can the nuclear family be called the "traditional family form" in the United States? Justify your answer with examples drawn from the chapter.

ANS: A nuclear family is defined by Parsons as a family form in which there is a male breadwinner, a female housewife, and their biological children. Malinowski (1913) and others have studied this traditional family as one in which a heterosexual couple lives with their dependent children in a self-contained, economically independent household. This type of family is typically patriarchal, governed by a male head of household and including a submissive and dependent wife and children. This family form is most closely tied to the idealsTof 1950s, EStheTB ANKbut SEwas LLEmuch R.Cless OMcommon both before and after this time period.

The nuclear family was accepted as a universal norm, even though its prevalence is more limited than many people may think. In fact, only a small minority of households consists of a married, heterosexual couple with their own children and a working father and a stay-at-home mother. Research presented in Chapter 10 shows that less than 10 percent of U.S. households fit this so-called norm. Some reasons given for a drop in this type of family constellation is the increase in couples choosing cohabitation over marriage and an increase in divorce and blended families, as well as macro-level economic pressures that affect married couples.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: Malinowski and the Traditional Family (I.A)

2. Family life during the preindustrial period differed significantly from family life during the Industrial Revolution. List and describe three key differences.

ANS: During preindustrial times, most people's lives centered on the farm. The household operated like a small business, and husbands and wives were considered partners in making a living. Because families tended to live near extended kin, there was a lot of cooperation and support among family members.

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With the advent of industrialization, families moved away from the farms and into cities and factories. The family was no longer viewed (or functioned) as a productive unit but became a place for consumption. Now the majority of families were dependent on wage work for their financial support.

Public and private spheres were divided for the first time, and everyone's roles changed as a result. The divergence between men's and women's labor resulted in the belief that women were better off taking care of the home and children (private sphere) and men were better suited for work outside the home (public sphere). The nuclear family reigned supreme with industrialization because extended kin no longer lived in close proximity. All of these factors changed the nature of relationships in the family.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: The Emergence of the Male Breadwinner Family (II.B)

3. The contemporary belief that work life and family life are separate spheres emerged with the Industrial Revolution. With this shift came the expectation that family life was women's domain and work life was men's domain. Lingering notions of separate spheres continue to shape men's and women's experiences today. Provide four examples of how this notion shapes (or could shape) men's and women's lives differently.

ANS: This question is designed to get students to think of the many ways the separate spheres notion affects their lives. There are many ways to look at this, but if we (or people) think that women are better suited for parenting, examples may include: • Women may be (and actually are) more likely to gain full custody of children after a divorce.

• Women, not men, are more likely to be single parents.

• Women may feel that they need to justify working outside the home, whereas for men, it is a given.

Similarly, men who stay at home with children are questioned about their decision to not work for pay.

• If a woman has a career and then gets married, her boss may question whether she will be able to ESjob.

TBWhen ANKSa Eman LLmarries, ER.COitMmay be viewed as a stabilizing influence. remain fully committed toTthe • Women's work outside the home may be viewed as potentially damaging to family life; men's work is rarely seen in this light.

• Women probably spend more time worrying about the effects that their employment will have on their children (social science researchers certainly do). They are more likely to feel stress in balancing work and career.

• Because of the primary breadwinner designation, men are probably more likely to feel a big blow to their sense of worth as human beings when they lose their jobs.

• Women are more likely than men to be blamed/held accountable when their house is a mess.

• Employers may not feel that they have to pay women as much as men, as they view men as the primary breadwinners and women's employment as optional.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: The Emergence of the Male Breadwinner Family (II.B)

4. Discuss the main findings from research on the chore wars—the gendered division of household labor.

In your answer, refer to Arlie Hochschild's concept of "the second shift" and Viviana Zelizer's (2005) work on how housework tasks are patterned around gendered norms.

ANS: Hochschild studied the chore wars as part of what she calls "the second shift," meaning that women who work in paid labor are still disproportionately shouldering most of the unpaid household labor, mainly because men choose not to help. This gendered division of labor also means that there is a leisure gap within married couples, whereby the husband has more leisure time to do whatever he wants to do and wives have little to no leisure time. Research has also found that working fathers spend more time than working mothers watching TV and that they also get more sleep.

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Zelizer found something even more troubling about the assumption that household labor is "women's work." Women are continuing to do most of the housework, and both men and women consider men's contributions as "helping out," thus reinforcing the inequality. Finally, men seem to be able to do the household labor that they want to do, such as cooking meat on the grill and car maintenance. Women do most of the undesirable labor, such as scrubbing toilets and ironing.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: The Chore Wars: Supermom Does It All (VI)

5. Define what Barbara Risman calls fair families. List and explain two examples of the potential benefits of these types of families.

ANS: Risman defines fair families as those in which both husband and wife share equally in paid labor and unpaid housework. These couples also share an ideology of gender equality that correlates with happier marriages. Women learn the self-respect that comes with economic independence and are less likely to stay in marriages out of necessity or desperation. Men face less of a burden that comes with being the sole breadwinner and are able to work in positions that they enjoy.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: The Chore Wars: Supermom Does It All (VI)

6. Define what Arlie Hochschild and others call the supermom strategy and discuss one possible negative consequence of this strategy.

ANS: Given that more U.S. mothers are working outside the home and still disproportionately shoulder most of the work inside the home, many women are trying to "do it all." This is referred to as "the supermom TESconsequence TBANKSEofLthis LEisR. COthese M women face earlier burnout from the strategy." One possible negative that stress and exhaustion of the second shift. Another negative consequence is that women who have to take on a significantly larger proportion of housework in addition to the paid work are more likely to be unhappy in their marriage and to think about divorce. Furthermore, although women in general may juggle two shifts, black women may also have a third shift given that they are oftentimes the sole breadwinner.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: The Chore Wars: Supermom Does It All (VI)

7. Using evidence from the text, refute the myth of the "lazy welfare mother."

ANS: Previous research has found that most mothers on welfare would prefer to be self-sufficient. Most get off welfare in two years, and almost none stay on welfare for longer than eight years. Many single mothers have low educational level and have limited choice for employment, often working in low-wage jobs, struggling to make ends meet. Oftentimes, leaving welfare for a low-wage job means increased expenses, such as child care and transportation, making it impossible for many single mothers to survive on even a full-time wage. Some single mothers are therefore forced to choose between leaving their children improperly supervised while working, or providing a stable home and appropriate supervision while on welfare support.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Flat Broke with Children (VII.C)

MSC: Analyzing

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