37th America's Cup Edition
America’s Cup Compendium Including Herbert Pell, Citizen’s, Louis Vuitton and Prada Cups
The Rules Book 5 Volume2—2017 - present
The Historical Record of the Races to America’s Cup
MARK ROBINSON HOLLAND with jack griffin
America’s Cup Compendium Including Herbert C. Pell, Citizen’s, Louis Vuitton and Prada Cups
America's Cup [Ə-mer-Ə-kƏ’s ‘kƏp] NOUN DEFINITION an international yachting race for a perpetual challenge cup originally won by the yacht AMERICA in a race around the Isle of Wight at the Royal Yacht Squadron’s 1851 regatta, and now held every three to four years.
compendium [kəmˈpendēəm] NOUN DEFINITION a collection of concise but detailed information about a particular subject, especially in a book or other publication.
Book ϱ The Rules - Volume Ϯ 2017 - Present Version 1.ϯ Published 2024 COMPENDIUM PUBLISHING LLC Original Upload 24 FEBRUARY 2024 ϯϳƚŚ ŵĞƌŝĐĂΖƐ ƵƉ ĚŝƚŝŽŶ ϮϬ ƵŐƵƐƚ ϮϬϮϰ
Copyright (c) 2024. Applicable content providers' copyrights reserved. America's Cup Compendium is a research work identifying the persons, places, yachts and events that contributed to the history of the Races for America's Cup, including the evolution of the applicable rules of sailing and/or yacht design or criteria that applied at the time of any cited race or regatta, all for he purpose of historically documenting the sport. Copyright © 2023. Applicable content providers’ copyrights reserved. ISBN All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means – graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying , recording, taping or information storage and retrieval systems – without the prior permission of the publishers. TEXT: Mark Robinson Holland Jack Griffin Karolina Stefanski, PhD. ILLUSTRATIONS: Mark Robinson Holland COVER: Library of Congress, (Jan 11, 1896) Halftone of drawing by Thulstrup, Harper's Weekly "The Commission in Session."
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The Rules Book 5
Contents 2021 The Thirty-Sixth Defense – Emirates Team New Zealand v. Prada Perilli........................................................................................................ 4 NOTICE OF RACE AND CONDITIONS.................................................................................................................................................4 PROTOCOL OF THE XXXVI AMERICA’S CUP ......................................................................................................................................7 PROTOCOL AMENDMENTS ............................................................................................................................................................ 28 SAILING INSTRUCTIONS for the 36TH AMERICAS CUP MATCH ................................................................................................... 37 SAILING INSTRUCTIONS for the PRADA ACWS – CALGIARI, ITALY (4/23/2020-4/26/2020) – CANCELLED SAILING INSTRUCTIONS for the PRADA ACWS – PORTSMOUTH, UK (6/4/2020-6/7/2020) – CANCELLED................................................................................................ 52 SAILING INSTRUCTIONS for THE PRADA ACWS AUCKLAND and THE PRADA CHRISTMAS RACE ............................................... 52 SAILING INSTRUCTIONS for the PRADA CUP 36TH AMERICA’S CUP CHALLENGER SELECTION SERIES ..................................... 53 SAILING INSTRUCTIONS for the 36TH AMERICAS CUP MATCH............................................................................................................................54 2024 The Thirty-Seventh Defense – Emirates Team New Zealand v. Prada Pirelli ..................................................................................................54 PROTOCOL for the 37th AMERICA’S CUP.............................................................................................................................................................55 MEMOS AND NOTICES TO COMPETITORS - 37th America’s Cup ......................................................................................................................... 109 SAILING INSTRUCTIONS for the PRELIMINARY REGATTA – VILANOVA I LA GELTRÚ ........................................................................................... 135 SAILING INSTRUCTIONS for the PRELIMINARY REGATTA – JEDDAH (incl. Amendment 2) .................................................................................... 136 RACE CONDITIONS for the PRELIMINARY REGATTA - VILANOVA ........................................................................................................................ 137 RACE CONDITIONS for the PRELIMINARY REGATTA – JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA – New! ........................................................................................ 139 FINAL PRELIMINARY REGATTA CONDITIONS – BARCELONA New!.................................................................................................................... 141 SAILING INSTRUCTIONS for the FINAL PRELIMINARY REGATTA – BARCELONA New! ....................................................................................... 142 MATCH CONDITIONS FOR 37TH AMERICA’S CUP MATCH .................................................................................................................................. 143 RACE CONDITIONS – CHALLENGER SELECTION SERIES ..................................................................................................................................... 144 SAILING INSTRUCTIONS for the Challenger Selection Series New! .................................................................................................................... 149 SAILING INSTRUCTIONS for the 37th America’s Cup Match – New! .................................................................................................................. 150 RACING RULES OF SAILING.............................................................................................................................................................................. 151 37th America’s Cup – Youth and Women’s Notice of Race Agreement .............................................................................................................. 170 SAILING INSTRUCTIONS for the Youth and Women’s America’s Cup................................................................................................................. 184 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 187 1887 N. Y. Y. C. RACING RULES .................................................................................................................................................... 187 1937 N. Y. Y. C. RACING RULES .................................................................................................................................................... 194 YACHT RATING RULES......................................................................................................................................................................................... 209 1851 BUILDER’S OLD MEASUREMENT (BOM) (1773)........................................................................................................................................ 209 1870 WATERLINE AREA (1859) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 209 1871 CUBE ROOT OF DISPLACEMENT RULE (1870) .......................................................................................................................................... 209 1876, 1881 CUBIC CONTENTS (1878)............................................................................................................................................................... 209
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1885, 1886, 1887 LENGTH AND SAIL AREA (1884)............................................................................................................................................ 210 1893, 1895, 1899, 1901, 1903 LENGTH AND SAIL AREA (1893) “Seawanhaka Rule” .......................................................................................... 210 12 METER International Yacht Racing Union (1906-1933) ................................................................................................................................ 210 1920, 1930, 1934, 1937 THE UNIVERSAL RULE (1903-1913) ............................................................................................................................. 211 1958 -1987 INTERNATIONAL 12-METER CLASS – 3RD RULE (1933) .................................................................................................................... 211 1988 – DEED OF GIFT RATING ......................................................................................................................................................................... 212 1992, 1995, 2000, 2003, 2007 INTERNATIONAL AMERICA’S CUP CLASS RATING ............................................................................................... 212 INTERNATIONAL AMERICA’S CUP CLASS RULE ................................................................................................................................................. 213 2013, 2017 AC-72 CLASS (Morelli & Martin Rule)............................................................................................................................................. 235 2014 AC62 CLASS RULE v1.0........................................................................................................................................................................... 251 2015 AC-45 CLASS RULE .................................................................................................................................................................................. 273 2017 AC-50 CLASS RULE V 1.9 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 281 2021 AC-75 CLASS RULE V1.1 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 296 AMERICA’S CUP ACT of 2011 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 333 AMERICA’S CUP ACT of 2015 - Bermuda .......................................................................................................................................................... 334 AMERICA’S CUP CONCESSION (ARTEMIS RACING) ORDER 2015 ........................................................................................................................ 348 2024 AMERICA’S CUP TECHNICAL REGULATIONS DRAFT 1A – 37th AC .............................................................................................................. 349 2024 AC-75 CLASS RULE - DRAFT 2A ................................................................................................................................................................ 367 AMERICA’S CUP LEGISLATION – 37TH AMERICA’S CUP BARCELONA .................................................................................................................. 405 END NOTES ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 414
BOOK 5 – THE RULES (CONTINUED)
2021 The Thirty-Sixth Defense – Emirates Team New Zealand v. Prada Perilli [The following NOTICE of RACE CONDITIONS applied to the 36th 2021 America’s Cup Competition – Emirates Team New Zealand vs. Prada Parilli –
NOTICE OF RACE AND CONDITIONS Auckland, New Zealand “This Notice of Race and Conditions (“Match Conditions”) have been agreed and finalized under Article 17 of the Protocol Governing the 36th America’s Cup (“Protocol”) by the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron as the Trustee and Defender of the America’s Cup (“RNZYS”) and Circolo della Vela Sicilia as the Challenger of Record (“COR”). These Match Conditions shall govern the 36th America’s Cup Match (“Match”). The words defined in Article 59 of the Protocol and AC75 Class Rule 35 shall have the same meaning in these Match Conditions. A reference to time means New Zealand Daylight Saving Time. 1. ORGANIZING AUTHORITY 1.1 The Event Organizing Authority is America’s Cup Event Limited, acting on behalf of the RNZYS, including any affiliate or subsidiary entity which is authorized to undertake activity on its behalf (“OA”). 2. RULES 2.1 The conduct of the Match will be governed by the documents listed in Article 16.1 of the Protocol having the precedence stipulated Article 16.2, including the World Sailing Racing Rules of Sailing America’s Cup Edition referred to in Article 16.1 e) of the Protocol (“RRSAC”).
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2.2 The Sailing Instructions for the Match will be issued in accordance with the requirements of Article 17.2 of the Protocol. 3. ELIGIBILITY 3.1 The Protocol and AC75 Class Rule define the eligibility of Competitors, Yachts and Crew. 4. RACE AREA 4.1 The Racing Area and Course Areas for the Match are detailed in COR/D Notice to Competitors No 7 dated the 30th of August 2018. 5. SCHEDULE 5.1 The schedule for the Match is shown in Attachment 1 (the “Schedule”) This Schedule may from time to time be revised or modified by COR/D in consultation with the Regatta Director. 6. MEASUREMENT AND INSPECTION 6.1 Measurement will be undertaken by the Measurement Committee in accordance with the requirements of the Protocol and the AC 75 Class Rule. 7. YACHT CONFIGURATION (as published in COR/D Notice # 9) 7.1 Competitors are required to declare confidentially to the Measurement Committee the yacht configuration to be sailed in the Match at least 120 hours before the scheduled start of the first race of the Match. 7.2 The declared yacht configuration must include the identity and version of the: (a) hull; (b) foils, including foil arm stocks, foil arm fairings, foil wings, and foil flaps; (c) rudder, including the rudder upper and rudder lower; mast tube. 7.3 For those components listed above whose modifications are controlled by an IGES file according to AC75 Class Rule 5, the declaration shall record: an ID (or Hull sail number), being the unique identity of a specific component that remains with that component throughout its lifetime, regardless of any modifications to that component; a Version number of each component, being a number that changes each time a component is modified with respect to its IGES file and installed on an AC75 Class Yacht with that yacht afloat. A new Version number is not required if a component is modified, but does not change shape with respect to its IGES file; and an IGES file checksum, which is a code generated from an IGES file corresponding to a specific Version of a component, or assembly of components, and uniquely identifies that IGES file from any others. The Measurement Committee shall issue a procedure for generating an IGES file checksum from an IGES file. 7.4 When declaring their yacht configuration, Competitors are required to supply IGES files of the following: the hull, as described in Rules 3.10, 5.9 and 11.1, which shall also include the port and starboard foil cant reference points; the port and starboard linear components that each combine a foil arm and a foil wing; the port and starboard, inboard and outboard foil flaps; the linear component that combines a rudder upper and a rudder lower; and (e) the mast tube as described in Rule 35.77. When declaring their yacht configuration, Competitors must also submit a scheduled order of replacement components to be substituted in the event of loss or damage to a component listed on the declaration. A Competitor’s schedule shall remain confidential between that Competitor and the Measurement Committee. After a yacht configuration for the Match has been declared, and prior to racing, Competitors must obtain a Measurement Certificate for the Match that reflects all the details of the declared configuration. Once a Measurement Certificate has been issued to a Competitor for the Match, it shall not be amended or replaced at any time before or during the Match, unless a component listed on the certificate is damaged or lost. In the event of damage or loss to a component listed on the Measurement Certificate, a new Measurement Certificate shall only be issued subject to the following conditions: The Measurement Committee must be completely satisfied that the damage or loss was unintentional, and that a repair in accordance with AC75 Class Rule 5.12, 5.13 or 5.14 is not possible in time for the Competitor’s next race. The Measurement Committee may request sailing data, video, inspection of components, interviews with or affidavits from team members to confirm this. If the Measurement Committee permits a component to be replaced, it shall only be replaced with the next component identified on the scheduled order of replacement components. The schedule may specify that damage to some subcomponents of a foil or rudder may necessitate replacement of the complete foil or rudder, but damage to one foil shall not correspond to replacement of the other foil. If a damaged component is replaced, and that component can be repaired, but not in time for the next race, the Competitor shall submit to the Measurement Committee an estimated repair schedule and must repair the component as quickly as possible. As soon as the component is repaired, it must be reinstalled, and the original Measurement Certificate shall be reinstated. If the Measurement Committee permits a damaged component to be replaced and a new Measurement Certificate issued, the ‘Undamaged’ Competitor competing in the Match shall also be entitled, if it chooses, to change the corresponding component to the next component identified on its scheduled order of replacement components, and a new Measurement Certificate shall be issued. In this event, when the ‘Damaged’ Competitor reinstates that repaired Component, the Undamaged Competitor can choose whether to reinstate its original component. This choice to reinstate a component shall only be available at that time, or within the time required to reinstate that component. Clause (d) shall not apply if the Undamaged Competitor is ruled to have caused the damage to the Damaged Competitor’s component. When racing, the configuration of a Competitor’s yacht must match the configuration recorded in her Measurement Certificate, except as provided by AC75 Class Rule 31.13 (a) (i). The configuration of a Competitor’s yacht, in respect to aspects not recorded on her Measurement Certificate, may be changed prior to any race providing the Measurement Committee is able to verify compliance of those changes with respect to the AC75 Class Rule prior to racing.
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A yacht shall compete only by using the wind and water to increase, maintain or decrease her speed. Subject to the limits imposed by the AC75 Class Rule, her crew may adjust the trim of the yacht including its components, and perform other acts of seamanship. This includes repeated trimming or pumping of the sails. 43 EXONERATION 43.1 (a) When as a consequence of breaking a rule a yacht has compelled another yacht to break a rule, the other yacht is exonerated for her breach. (b) When a yacht is sailing within the room or mark-room to which she is entitled and, as a consequence of an incident with a yacht required to give her that room or mark-room she breaks a rule of Section A of Part 2, rule 15, or 16, she is exonerated for her breach. (c) A right-of-way yacht or one entitled to room or mark-room is exonerated for breaking rule 14 if the contact does not cause serious damage, or injury. 43.2 A yacht exonerated for breaking a rule need not take a penalty and shall not be penalized for breaking that rule. 44 PENALTIES GIVEN BY UMPIRES 44.1 After a ‘Y flag protest’ is communicated to the umpires, they shall decide whether to penalize any yacht, or they may act under rule 60.4. They shall communicate via the RO Comms one of the following decisions: (a) ‘No penalty.’ (b) The identified yacht(s) shall take a penalty by complying with rules 44.2 and 44.3. (c) The identified yacht(s) is disqualified or has retired, and if the race is a Match Race, the match is terminated and awarded to the other yacht. 44.2 Penalties (a) OCS Penalties Penalty for yachts that are OCS: (i) after her starting signal and while inside the boundary, the penalized yacht shall act immediately to reduce her VMG / VMC until she is 50 metres behind the other yacht, or (ii) the penalized yacht shall start as per definition start (a). (b) Penalties for breaches of a rule in the pre-start, or Part 2 breaches for yachts on the same leg of the course or within the zone of a mark Penalty for breaches of a rule in the pre-start, or Part 2 breaches for yachts on the same leg of the course or within the zone of a mark: after her starting signal and while inside the boundary, the penalized yacht shall act immediately to reduce her VMG / VMC until she is 50 metres behind the other yacht. (c) Other Penalties after the starting signal Penalty for breaches of a rule (other than penalties under rule 44.2(a) or 44.2(b)) that is signalled after the starting signal: while inside the boundary, the penalized yacht shall act immediately to reduce her VMG / VMC until she loses 50 metres compared to the other yacht that has started correctly and without a penalty. 44.3 Penalty completion (a) A yacht completes her penalty when the umpires determine that a yacht has lost the required distance and they have signalled that the penalty is completed via the RO Comms. (b) However, when it is clear to the umpires that the penalized yacht is reducing her VMG / VMC but the loss of distance is not being incurred as intended, or the situation is not covered in rule 44.2, the umpires shall make their best effort to calculate what the VMG / VMC reduction should be. When they are satisfied with the loss of distance, the umpires shall signal that the penalty is completed via the RO Comms. 44.4 All Penalties The following applies to penalties described in rules 44.2 and 44.3: (a) The penalty distance is measured between the most advanced points of the platform border measured along the true wind axis of the nonpenalized yacht. (b) If a yacht has multiple penalties, then (i) the distance a yacht is required to be behind in rule 44.2 (a) and 44.2(b), or the distance a yacht is required to lose in rule 44.2(c), is multiplied by the number of the penalties given; and (ii) when a yacht has both a 44.2(a) or 44.2(b) penalty and a 44.2(c) penalty, the 44.2(a) or 44.2(b) penalty shall be taken prior to the yacht taking the 44.2(c) penalty. (c) If a yacht has a penalty and the other yacht is penalized, each penalty shall be cancelled and this shall be signalled via the RO Comms. This rule does not apply to penalties for OCS. 45 HAULING OUT; MAKING FAST; ANCHORING A yacht shall be afloat and off moorings at her preparatory signal. Thereafter, she shall not be hauled out or made fast except to bail out, reef sails or make repairs. She may anchor or the crew may stand on the bottom. She shall recover the anchor before continuing in the race unless she is unable to do so. 46 PERSON IN CHARGE A yacht shall have on board a person in charge designated by the member or organization that entered the boat. See rule 75. 47 TRASH DISPOSAL Competitors and support persons shall not intentionally put trash in the water. This rule applies at all times while afloat. The penalty for a breach of this rule may be less than disqualification. SECTION B EQUIPMENT-RELATED REQUIREMENTS 48 LIMITATIONS ON EQUIPMENT AND CREW 48.1 A yacht shall use only the equipment on board at her preparatory signal.
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48.2 A yacht shall not permit any person on board to intentionally leave unless ill, injured, or temporarily swimming in order to perform a necessary function. Except after temporarily swimming, a person leaving shall not be accepted back on board nor replaced during the race. 49 [deleted] 50 [deleted] 51 [deleted] 52 [deleted] 53 [deleted] 54 [deleted] 55 [deleted] 56 [deleted] PART 5 PROTESTS, REDRESS, HEARINGS AND MISCONDUCT SECTION A PROTESTS; REDRESS; RULE 69 ACTION 60 RIGHT TO PROTEST OR RULE 69 ACTION 60.1 A yacht (a) may ‘Y flag protest’ another yacht under a rule of Part 2 except rule14; (b) may ‘Red Flag protest’ another yacht for a breach of a rule, except for: (i) rules 1, 14, 27, 28, 42, 44, 47, 87 or a rule allowed to be protested under rule 60.1(a); (ii) an AC75 Class Rule; and (iii) sailing instructions where race management prohibits yachts from protesting that instruction; and (c) may report to the jury requesting action under rule 60.3(d), or to the Arbitration Panel requesting action under rule 69.2(b). 60.2 The Regatta Director (a) may protest a yacht for a breach of a rule, but not: (i) for a rule of Part 2; (ii) for a rule listed in 60.4(a); (iii) for an AC75 Class Rule; and (iv) as a result of information arising from an invalid protest, or from a report from a Competitor other than the representative of the yacht herself; (b) [deleted]; and (c) may report to the jury requesting action under rule 60.3(d), or to the Arbitration Panel requesting action under rule 69.2(b). 60.3 The jury (a) may protest a yacht for a breach of a rule when during the hearing of a valid protest it learns that the yacht, although not a party to the hearing, was involved in the incident and may have broken a rule; (b) after receiving a report from the Measurement Committee under rule 60.8 that a yacht has serious damage or injury, and after consulting with the umpires, may disqualify one or both yachts for breaking rule 14 without a hearing. (c) shall consider redress when the Measurement Committee reports under rule 60.8 that a yacht has serious damage or injury. This consideration of redress does not require a hearing. (d) may call a hearing to consider whether a support person has broken a rule, based on its own observation or information received from any source, including evidence taken during a hearing. 60.4 When the umpires decide that a yacht has: (a) broken rules 27.4, 27.5, 28.3, 42, 44.2, or 47; (b) gained an advantage by breaking a rule after allowing for a penalty; (c) committed a breach of sportsmanship; (d) been identified as OCS; (e) broken rule 41 by receiving physical help; she shall be penalized under rule 44.1(b) or 44.1(c); (f) capsized, unless there is an outstanding incident to be decided; (g) broken rule 14 and the serious damage or injury has been confirmed by the Measurement Committee; she shall be penalized under rule 44.1(c). 60.5 However, neither a yacht nor a committee may protest for an alleged breach of rule 69 or a Regulation referred to in rule 6, unless permitted by the Regulation concerned. 60.6 The Arbitration Panel may call a hearing to consider an allegation of a breach of rule 69.1(a) and act under rule 69.2(b). 60.7 After one yacht has started, if the umpires are satisfied that the other yacht will not finish, they may signal under rule 44.1(c) that the yacht that will not finish is disqualified. 60.8 No proceedings of any kind may be taken in relation to any action or non-action by the umpires, except as permitted in rule 62. 60.9 A yacht may request that the Measurement Committee inspects it for damage or injury. Such request shall be as soon as possible after a yacht finishes, retires, the race is abandoned and the Competitor believes that there is serious damage. When requested, the Measurement Committee shall inspect the yacht for possible serious damage or injury, and shall immediately report its findings to the umpires and jury. 61 PROTEST REQUIREMENTS 61.1 Informing the Protestee and Umpires
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Rule Numbering. This edition of the rules has kept the original numbering of the World Sailing Racing Rules of Sailing (where possible) to aid reference to those rules. DEFINITIONS In interpreting these rules, the definitions in Schedule 1 of the Protocol shall apply. Defined terms within the class rule shall apply unless a different definition is stated below. A term used as stated below is shown in italic type or, in preambles, in bold italic type. Abandon To abandon a race means to stop racing and not score the race. Boundary The line that marks the limits of the racing area as designated via the RO Comms. Capsize A boat is capsized when her masthead is in the water. Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap One boat is clear astern of another when her platform border is behind a line abeam from the aftermost point of the other boat’s media post. The other boat is clear ahead. They overlap when neither is clear astern. However, they also overlap when a boat between them overlaps both. Conflict of Interest A person has a conflict of interest if he (a) may gain or lose as a result of a decision to which he contributes, (b) may reasonably appear to have a personal or financial interest which could affect his ability to be impartial, or (c) has a close personal interest in a decision. Fetching [deleted] Finish A boat finishes when after being completely on the course side, any part of its platform border crosses the finishing line from the course side after completing any penalties. However: (a) a boat has not finished if she continues to sail the course; (b) in a match race, when penalties are cancelled under rule 44.4(c) after one or both boats have finished, each shall be recorded as finished when it crossed the line; (c) in a fleet race, when a boat crosses a finishing line while still taking a penalty, or receives a penalty after finishing, and the boat does not complete the penalty and then crosses the finishing line, she has finished (but shall be scored as calculated by rule 44.4(g)). Keep Clear A boat keeps clear of a right-of-way boat (a) if the keep clear borders do not intersect, (b) if the right-of-way boat can sail her course with no need to take avoiding action and, (c) if the right-of-way boat can also change course in both directions without its keep clear border immediately intersecting the keep clear border of the keep clear boat. Keep Clear Border A symmetrical polygon that touches the: AC40 ● aft point on the media post, ● 2.000 m outboard of the transom corners, perpendicular to the LCP, ● 2.000 m outboard of the maximum beam of 5.415 m, perpendicular to the LCP, at the foil arm region (6.278 m and 6.890 m forward of TRP), perpendicular to the LCP, and ● 2.000 m outboard from 12.963 m forward of TRP, perpendicular to the LCP. Note: LCP and TRP as defined in the applicable class rule
AC75 ● aft point on the media post, ● 2.000 m outboard of the transom corners, perpendicular to the LCP, ● 2.000 m outboard of the maximum beam of 8.006 m, perpendicular to the LCP, at the foil arm region (10.000 m and 12.000 m forward of TRP), perpendicular to the LCP, and ● 2.000 m outboard from 22.893 m forward of TRP, perpendicular to the LCP.
Leeward and Windward A boat’s leeward side is the side that is or, when she is head to wind, was away from the wind. The other side is her windward side. When two boats on the same tack overlap, the boat on the leeward side of the other is the leeward boat. The other is the windward boat. Mark An object the sailing instructions require a boat to leave on a specified side, a race committee vessel surrounded by navigable water from which the starting or finishing line extends, and an object intentionally attached to the object or vessel. However, an anchor line is not part of the mark. Mark-Room Room for a boat to sail no farther from the mark than needed to sail her proper course to round or pass the mark, and room to pass a finishing mark after finishing. Obstruction An object that a boat could not pass without changing course substantially, if she were sailing directly towards it and one of her hull lengths from it. An object that can be safely passed on only one side, a boundary, and any object, area or line so designated by a rule are also obstructions. However, a boat racing is not an obstruction to other boats unless they are required to: The Rules
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(a) keep clear of her and the other boats are not approaching the starting line to start on opposite tacks; or (b) avoid her under rule 22. A vessel under way, including a boat racing, is never a continuing obstruction. OCS A boat is OCS when at her starting signal any part of her platform border is determined at that time to be on the course side of the starting line or one of its extensions. Overlap See Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap. Party A party to a hearing is (a) for a protest hearing: a protestor, a protestee; (b) for a redress hearing: a boat requesting redress or for which redress is requested; a boat for which a hearing is called to consider redress under rule 60.3(b); (c) for a redress hearing under rule 62.1(a): the body alleged to have made an improper action or omission; (d) a person against whom an allegation of a breach of rule 69.1(a) is made; a person presenting an allegation under rule 69.2(e)(1); (e) a support person subject to a hearing under rule 60.3(d) or 69; any boat that person supports; a person appointed to present an allegation under rule 60.3(d). However, the Jury is never a party. Platform Border A symmetrical polygon that touches the: AC40 AC75 ● aft point on the media post, ● aft point on the media post, ● the transom corners, ● the transom corners, ● the maximum beam of 5.415 m, perpendicular ● the maximum beam of 8.006 m, to the LCP, at the foil arm region (6.278 m and perpendicular to the LCP, at the foil arm 6.890 m forward of TRP), and region (10.000 m and 12.000 m forward of ● 12.963 m forward of TRP TRP), and ● 22.893 m forward of TRP Note: LCP and TRP as defined in the applicable class rule Postpone Proper Course
A postponed race is a race delayed before its scheduled start but may be started or abandoned later. A course a boat would choose in order to sail to the next mark, or finish, on the leg they believe they are on as soon as possible in the absence of the other boats referred to in the rule using the term. A boat has no proper course before her starting signal. Protest An allegation made under rule 61.2 by a boat, the Regatta Director or the Jury that a boat has broken a rule. Racing A boat is racing from her preparatory signal until she finishes and clears the finishing line and marks or retires, or until the race committee signals that racing is stopped. RO Comms The communication system(s) provided by race management for boats and race officials when on the water consisting of (a) information displayed on the RMS displays on each boat; (b) light signals emitting from race management supplied equipment on each boat; (c) information transmitted over the race management supplied radio; (d) the clock on the sides of the Race Committee Signal Vessel; (e) data supplied via the Media System Telemetry in accordance with the Class Rules; Any communication listed above constitutes communication to a boat. Room The space a boat needs in the existing conditions, including space to comply with her obligations under the rules of Part 2 and rule 28.3, while maneuvering promptly in a seamanlike way. Rule (a) The rules in this book, including the Definitions, Introduction, preambles and the rules of relevant appendices, but not titles; (b) The World Sailing Regulations on: Eligibility Code (Regulation 19); Anti-Doping Code (Regulation 21); and Disciplinary, Appeals and Review Code (Regulation 35); (c) [deleted] (d) the Class Rule; (e) [deleted]; and (f) the race conditions and sailing instructions. (g) [deleted] Sail the Course A boat sails the course when: (a) she starts; (b) a string representing her track until she finishes, when drawn taut,
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RULE 11. Classification of Yachts. (1) Yachts shall be classified by rating and except as hereinafter in this rule provided, shall be divided into rating classes as follows: SCHOONERS AND KETCHES 1st Class All over 100 feet, rating. 100 Foot Class – A Not over 100 feet and over 88 feet, rating. 88 Foot Class – B Not over 88 feet and over 76 feet, rating. 76 Foot Class - C Not over 76 feet and over 65 feet, rating. 65 Foot Class – D Not over 65 feet and over 56 feet, rating. 56 Foot Class – E Not over 56 feet and over 46 feet, rating. 46 Foot Class – F Not over 46 feet and over 38 feet, rating. 38 Foot Class – G Not over 38 feet and over 31 feet, rating. 31 Foot Class – H Not over 31 feet, rating, but not less than 30 feet L.W.L. SLOOPS AND YAWLS 1st Class 88 Foot Class – I 88 Foot Class – J 65 Foot Class – K 56 Foot Class – L 46 Foot Class – M 38 Foot Class – N 38 Foot Class – P 31 Foot Class – Q
All over 88 feet, rating. Not over 88 feet and over 76 feet, rating. Not over 76 feet and over 65 feet, rating. Not over 65 feet and over 56 feet, rating. Not over 56 feet and over 46 feet, rating. Not over 46 feet and over 38 feet, rating. Not over 38 feet and over 31 feet, rating. Not over 31 feet and over 25 feet, rating. Not over 25 feet, rating, but not less than 30 feet L.W.L.
(2) The Race Committee, in notice of a race, may specify for which one or more of the foregoing classes the race is given, or in its discretion, may combine classes to establish a special class or special classes, without regard to the foregoing classification, and in such event shall, in the notice of the race, specify for what special class or classes so established the race is given. (3) If only one yacht shall be prepared to start in a racing or special class, such yacht may race on time allowance for a special prize against the class, racing or special, of nearest rating, provided she gives notice of her intention to do so by hoisting at the starboard beam spreader the flag designating such rating or special class prior to crossing the starting line and keeps such flag flying during the entire race. RULE 12. Time Allowance. (1) Time allowance shall be calculated according to the time allowance tables of the Club. (2) There shall be no time allowance between yachts of the same class in Classes “F”, “G” and “H” of schooners and ketches and in Classes “M”, “N”, “P” and “Q” of sloops and yawls when such yachts are racing in their rating classes. (3) If any of the classes mentioned above shall be combined with any other class, or if the Race Committee shall establish a special class or classes, the Race Committee may in its discretion specify whether or not there shall be a time allowance between the yachts in the combined or special classes. (4) In all races in which there is time allowance, the time to be allowed shall be in proportion to the length of the course as specified in the instructions. RULE 13. Award of Prizes. (1) No prize shall be awarded to any yacht sailing in a Club race unless a true model of said yacht or, if said yacht shall be of a one-design class, a true model of one of the yachts of such one-design class, has been deposited with the Model Committee of the Club. (2) At the request of the Model Committee a true model shall be furnished of any yacht that has entered a Club race. (3) The Race Committee shall award the prizes subject to these rules, but before it does so the owner of the winning yacht or his representative shall sign and file with the Race Committee a declaration substantially in the prescribed form. (4) If a yacht winning any prize shall be disqualified the prize shall be awarded to the yacht making the next best time over the course if the race shall have been sailed without time allowance, or to the yacht making the next best corrected time over the course if the race shall have been sailed with time allowance.
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PART II. – SAILING RULES RULE 14. When Amenable to Part II of the Racing Rules. A yacht shall be amenable to Part II of the Racing Rules from the time the preparatory signal for her class is made and shall continue until she has finished and her entire hull and spars are clear of the finish line. RULE 15. Private Signal and Number. (1) Every yacht must display the private signal or her owner, or, if she is owned by more than one person, of one of her owners, or if she is owned by a yacht club recognized by the Club, of some member of such yacht club, on the leech of her mainsail and no club burgee, yacht ensign or private signal shall be displayed except the private signal of the owner in the foregoing manner. (2) Every yacht must display her racing number at * * * * * *{missing} children not taking any active part in the handling of a yacht may be carried and not counted as members of the crew. (2) CRUISING TRIM. Only such paid hands, pilot excepted, shall be carried as live in the crew’s quarters of the yacht, and the total number of persons shall not exceed the number allowed in racing trim. RULE 18. Boats. (1) RACING TRIM. Every yacht of the following classes shall carry on deck a seaworthy non-collapsible boat of a length not less than that specified for her class, such boat to have oars and oarlocks lashed in: Classes “I”, “A” and “B” of Schooners and Ketches, “I” and “I” of Sloops and Yawls, 14 feet in length. Classes “C” and “D”” of Schooners and Ketches and Classes “J” and “K” of Sloops and Yawls, 12 feet in length. Classes “E” of Schooners and Ketches and “L” of Sloops and Yawls, 10 feet in length. (2) CRUISING TRIM. Every yacht shall carry on deck or on davits at least one seaworthy non-collapsible boat, the size of which shall not be less than that prescribed for her class in racing trim as aforesaid. For yachts in classes not above specified, such boat shall not be less than 8 feet in length. RULE 19. Ballast and Equipment. (1) RACING TRIM. Floors must be left down and bulkheads and doors left standing; ladders, stairway and water tanks left in place, and all cabin, galley and forecastle fixtures and fittings, and at least one suitable xxwer anchor and cable must be kept on board. All movable ballast must be properly stowed under floors or in lockers and no ballast or other deadweight may be used as shifting ballast or for altering the trim of the yacht. No water shall be taken in, or discharged except for ordinary ship’s uses, nor shall any ballast , whether movable or fixed, be shipped, unshipped or shifted after 6 P.M. of the day previous to that on which the race is held. A race postpones or resailed shall, so far as this Rule is concerned , shall be considered a new race. (2) CRUISING TRIM. The foregoing rule with regard to racing trim shall apply, and in addition, deck fittings and fixtures (davits, accommodation ladder and galley funnel excepted) shall be kept in place. Davits, accommodation ladder and galley funnel, when part of the regular equipment shall be kept on board. An equipment of anchors and cables suitable to the size of the yacht shall be kept on board, and of these at least one xxwer anchor shall be carried in place on the bow forward of the mast or masts. (3) The Commodore may, in his General Orders for the Cruise, modify the restrictions of Section (2) of this Rule. RULE 20. Life Boys. Every yacht shall carry on deck or within reach of its helmsman, ready for use, at least two serviceable life buoys. Upon the cruise, and in all races held on the open sea, as water light shall be attached to one of these buoys both day and night. RULE 21. Lights and Fog Signals. The Government regulations regarding lights and fog lights shall be observed. RULE 22. Manual Power Only to be Used. Manual power only may be used for hoisting and working sails or for working a centerboard or plate.
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Where Where
L = waterline ΣS = S0 + 4 x S1 + 2 x S2 + 4 x S3 + S4 (Chapman′ s Rule)
S0, S1, S2, S3, S4 = areas of five sections, from the line of the lowest point of the top of the plank sheer to the rabbet line.
Rating 8,499.17 9,028.04 2,932.0 3,462.0
Yacht Mischief Atalanta Gracie Hildegard Pocahontas
Rating 3,931.9 3,567.6 4,692.9
1881
Yacht Madeleine Countess of Du America Idler Tidal Wave Wanderer
1876
The yachts that raced under the Cubic Contents America’s Cup rating rule were:
1885, 1886, 1887 LENGTH AND SAIL AREA (1884) Racing Length = Where
L = waterline S.A. = Sail Area
2𝐿𝐿+ √𝑆𝑆.𝐴𝐴. 3
Yacht Mayflower Galatea Priscilla Puritan Atlantic
Rating 87.99 86.87 85.97 83.85 86.31
Yacht Volunteer Thistle Mayflower Grayling Mischief Gracie
Rating 89.33 89.25 87.99
1887
Rating 83.85 83.05 85.30 71.45 71.70
1886
Yacht Puritan Genesta Priscilla Bedouin Gracie Madge
1885
The yachts that raced under the Length & Sail Area America’s Cup rating rule were:
1893, 1895, 1899, 1901, 1903 LENGTH AND SAIL AREA (1893) “Seawanhaka Rule” Racing Length = Where
L = waterline S.A. = Sail Area
𝐿𝐿+ √𝑆𝑆.𝐴𝐴. 2
Yacht Reliance Shamrock III Columbia Constitution
Rating 108’5” 104’4” 102’4” 104’9”
Yacht Columbia Shamrock I Britannia
Rating 102’2” 101’11”
1899
Rating 102’4” 103’9” 104’9” 103’4”
Rating 100.36’ 101.49’ 96.78’ 95.48’ 89.35’
1895
Yacht Columbia Shamrock II Constitution Independence
Yacht Defender Valkyrie III Vigilant Jubilee Volunteer
1903
Rating 96’9” 93’11” 96’1” 95’6” 93’4”
1893
Yacht Vigilant Valkyrie II Colonia Jubilee Pilgrim
1901
The yachts that raced under the Seawanhaka America’s Cup rating rule were:
12 METER International Yacht Racing Union (1906-1933) 12 Meter = Where L = L1 + 1.5(2 Gg – 2hg) +
The Rules
𝐿𝐿+2𝑑𝑑−𝐹𝐹+√𝑆𝑆 2.37
(2𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺−2ℎ𝑎𝑎) 3
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d = 2(SGm – GCm) F=
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹+𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹+𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 3
Note: No America’s Cup races were held under the original 12-Meter rule.
1920, 1930, 1934, 1937 THE UNIVERSAL RULE (1903-1913) The Universal Rule, originally proposed by Captain Nathaniel Herreshoff in 1905, determined a rating based on the formula Rating =
0.18 𝑥𝑥 𝐿𝐿 𝑥𝑥 √𝑆𝑆.𝐴𝐴. 3
√𝐷𝐷
Where L = LwL
Where L = Waterline length in feet SA = Sail Area in square feet D = Displacement in cubic feet This rule was successfully used for four principal racing classes. Prior to 1950, the New York Yacht Club maintained time allowance tables for yachts rating from 15 to 150 for use in their regattas and port-to-port races. UNIVERSAL RULE CLASSES
CLASS J M Q R
RATING 76 46 25 20
Length Over All Water Line FT IN FT IN 126 8 82 0 80 9 54 0 49 0 32 0 40 2 26 9
Beam
Draft
FT 20 14 9 7
FT 14 10 6 6
IN 11 0 0 0
IN 7 4 1 0
Sail Area Sq.Ft. 7,572 2,739 886 588
Crew 26 10 5-6 5
*Built to rating – no allowance
Rating 76.0* “ “ “ “ “ “ “
Yacht Rating Rainbow 76.0* Endeavour “ Weetamoe “ Yankee “ Sailed under Revised Universal Rules
Yacht Rating Ranger 76.0* Endeavour II “ Rainbow “ Yankee “ Sailed under Revised Universal Rules
1937
Yacht Enterprise Shamrock V Weetamoe Whirlwind Yankee Vanitie Resolute Reliance
1934
Rating 83.5 93.8 1920
Yacht Resolute Shamrock IV Defiance Vanitie
1930
The yachts that raced under the Universal America’s Cup rating rule were:
Following the 1930 America’s Cup Races, the rule was REVISED and included the following limitations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
The draft specified as 16% of the load waterline length plus 1.75 feet was limited for a J-Boat to 15 feet. The freeboard was limited to 5.7% of the load waterline plus 0.6 feet. For an 87-foot LWL J-Boat, this is 5.56 feet The weight of the mast could not be less than 0.0125 x (Rating)3. This, for a J-Boat worked out as 5,500 pounds. The center of gravity of the mast could not be lower than 42% of the overall height. The limit in feet above the deck of the highest point of measurement forward of the mast should be 82.5% of the height limit abaft the mast. No standing or running rigging was to be set up or worked from below deck except the fore and head stays. Height of the mast should be 1.7 times the square root of the sail area plus 5. Suitable living quarters would be available on board for owner, guests and crew. Net weight of all bulkheads and fittings not to exceed 14,000 pounds. J-Class yachts racing in British waters must be fitted with a companionway deckhouse having a minimum deck area of 44 square feet.
1958 -1987 INTERNATIONAL 12-METER CLASS – 3RD RULE (1933) Rating =
where: L = length (metres)
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15 December 2003 COPYRIGHT 2003 CHALLENGER OF RECORD AND DEFENDER for AMERICA’S CUP XXXII All Rights Reserve TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION A GENERAL 1. STATUS 2. LANGUAGE AND DEFINITIONS 3. INTERPRETATION 4. ABBREVIATIONS SECTION B FORMULAE 5. FORMULA 6. LENGTH 7. SAIL AREA 8. DISPLACEMENT SECTION C LIMITATIONS AND PENALTIES 9. LENGTH 10. FREEBOARD 11. DRAFT 12. MAXIMUM WEIGHT 13. BEAM 14. SHEER AND SHEERLINE 15. HOLLOWS SECTION D CONSTRUCTION 16. HULL, DECK AND INTERNAL STRUCTURE 17. APPENDAGES 18. DECK 19. COCKPITS 20. HATCHES 21. SMALL OPENINGS 22. WINCH PLACEMENT 23. SURFACE FINISHES & BOUNDARY LAYER INTERFERENCE SECTION E SPARS 24. SPAR CONSTRUCTION 25. MAST 26. BOOM 27. SPINNAKER POLE 28. BOWSPRIT SECTION F SAILS 29. MEASURED SAIL AREA 30. SAILS – GENERAL 31. MAINSAIL 32. GENOAS, JIBS AND STAYSAILS 33. SPINNAKERS 34. BATTENS 35. CLASS INSIGNIA, NATIONAL LETTERS AND SAIL NUMBERS SECTION G OTHER RULES 36. RIGGING, FITTINGS, OTHER EQUIPMENT 37. CREW SECTION H INSPECTION AND MEASUREMENT 38. MEASUREMENT - GENERAL 39. MEASUREMENT COMMITTEE AND MEASURERS 40. COMPLIANCE AND ASSISTANCE The Rules
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41. DECLARATIONS AND POST-CONSTRUCTION INSPECTIONS 42. INITIAL MEASUREMENT 43. MEASUREMENT AFLOAT 44. COMPLIANCE WHILST RACING 45. MEASUREMENT CERTIFICATE APPENDICES APPENDIX A - MEASUREMENT CERTIFICATE APPENDIX B - MEASUREMENT MARKS APPENDIX C - CONSTRUCTION DECLARATIONS APPENDIX D - MATERIAL USAGE SCHEDULES APPENDIX E - CLASS INSIGNIA APPENDIX F - APPENDIX G – ACC SAIL MEASUREMENT DEFINITIONS APPENDIX H– REQUIRED DECLARATIONS AND CERTIFICATES OF CONFORMITY SECTION A - GENERAL 1. STATUS 1.1 This Version 5.0 of the America's Cup ACC Rule applies to America’s Cup XXXII and supersedes all previous versions and their attendant interpretations. 1.2 Amendments may be made to the ACC Rule by the Defender and the Challenger of Record with the approval of all other Challengers except those Challengers who have been eliminated from America’s Cup XXXII competition or have otherwise ceased to qualify as a Challenger. 1.3 The ACC Rule applies only to competitors for America’s Cup XXXII. The ACC Rule confers no rights or obligations on owners of yachts that have been issued with a sail number under previous versions of this ACC Rule and who are not competitors in America’s Cup XXXII. 1.4 The words “America’s Cup” and the image of the America’s Cup as shown in Appendix E are the trademark property of America’s Cup Properties Inc. No person or entity may use such trade marks in any manner without authority of and written license from America’s Cup Properties Inc. 1.5 Copyright in these ACC Rules is owned by the then current Defender and Challenger of Record. All rights are reserved. 2. LANGUAGE AND DEFINITIONS 2.1 The official language of the America's Cup ACC Rule is English. If these ACC Rules are translated into another language, this English text shall prevail. Except words specifically defined below, the meaning of any word shall be determined by reference to the Oxford English Dictionary second edition (1989) – CD Rom Version 3.0 (Oxford University Press 2002) or any later published version. 2.2 The word "shall" is mandatory; and the words "may" and "can" are permissive. 2.3 Unless the context otherwise requires, the plural means the singular and vice versa. 2.4 The metric system shall be used for all measurements unless otherwise prescribed. 2.5 When a term defined below is used in its defined sense, it is printed in bold type. (a) "ACC" means the America's Cup Class. (b) "Amidships" means a transverse vertical station at 50% of LBG. (c) “Appendage” means any element outside the hull up to the sheerline but excludes bowsprits. Appendage may also include an element of an appendage which may extend from outside the hull into the yacht (eg. fin tower or rudder stock). (d) “Ballast” means material used to provide stability and/or measurement compliance and has a density greater than 9000 kg/m 3 and less than 11,300 kg/m 3 . Ballast may contain naturally occurring trace elements which have a density greater than 11,300 kg/m 3 , however these trace elements shall not exceed 1 part per million. Elements with a density greater than 11,300 kg/m 3 shall not be added to the ballast in any quantity. (e) “Bowsprit” means a fixed spar extending beyond the stem at or above deck level for the tacking of a sail or leading of a spinnaker foreguy. (f) "ACC Rule" means the America's Cup Class Rule Version 5.0 including appendices, and any Interpretation issued thereunder. (g) “Challenger” means a yacht club whose challenge has been accepted by the Defender under Article 3 of the Protocol and includes a person or entity which undertakes that yacht club’s challenge as its representative. (h) “Challenger of Record” means the yacht club whose challenge has been accepted by the Defender yacht club under the terms of the Deed of Gift for the America's Cup dated 24 October 1887 and whose challenge is current. (i) “Cockpit” means a recess in the deck aft of the aft side of the mast, inboard of and extending below the adjacent sheerline. (j) “Competitor” means the Defender or a Challenger. (k) “Confidential Interpretation” means a confidential interpretation of the ACC Rule issued by the Measurement Committee pursuant to ACC Rule 3.2 (l) “Cure” means the irreversible change of properties of a thermosetting resin by the chemical reaction of ring closure (polymerization) via linking agents. (m) "Deck" means the upper surface of the yacht above the hull and inside the sheerline, which is horizontal or near horizontal, and any transom, but excluding cockpits, recesses and troughs. For the purposes of this definition “near horizontal” means less than
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C.1.3. C.1.4. C.1.5.
All items listed in C.1.2 shall be built by a manufacturer licensed or otherwise specified by the Regatta Director to produce that item. The stickers required in C.1.2 confirm that the item has complied with the AC45 build specification at the time of manufacture. All production molds, jigs and construction methods used for manufacture of the items listed in C.1.2 shall be approved by the Regatta Director. In regards to the components listed in C.1.2: (a) they shall not be modified or replaced unless specifically permitted by the Measurement Committee via a Measurement Notice. Application of branding and team graphics is not considered to be modification for this purpose. (b) maintenance may be carried out provided that the essential shape, characteristics and function of the original component are not affected. (c) repair work may be carried out, provided: (i) any repair work shall be reported to the Measurement Committee before the yacht next races, or on days of multiple races, before the next scheduled race day. (ii) any repair shall be such that the Measurement Committee is satisfied that there is no advantage gained as a result of the repair.
C.1.6.
The yacht, in measurement condition, shall not weigh less than 1625 kg plus the weight of organizer specified media equipment or more than 1655 kg plus the weight of organizer specified media equipment. Any shortfall in this weight shall be made up by corrector weights securely fixed to the hulls or their internal structure within 0.420m fore and aft of the shroud chainplate bulkhead, as specified by the Measurement Committee.
C.2. C.2.1.
MEASUREMENT CONDITION Measurement condition shall include: (a) components of C.1.2 (a) to (r) and associated hardware, fittings and fixings fully assembled; (b) the wing in wing measurement condition; (c) all running rigging that may be on board while racing, excluding any spares; (d) all advertising branding applied to the yacht; (e) corrector weights required by the Measurement Committee; (f) all media equipment listed in Appendix F when specified for an event; (g) four winch handles; (h) all other equipment and modifications approved by the Measurement Committee; and (i) weight adjustment by the Measurement Committee and agreed by the Regatta Director for event-specific issues.
C.2.2.
Measurement condition shall NOT include: (a) crew, guests (including their corrector weights) and media personnel; (b) personal equipment; (c) soft sails, including bags, battens, luff cables and associate fittings; (d) spares and tools; (e) safety equipment; and (f) drinks and/or food.
C.3. C.3.1.
SURFACE FINISHES AND BOUNDARY LAYER INTERFERENCE Only paint systems generically specified as two-component linear polyester saturated aliphatic polyurethane, two-component epoxy urethane, or two-component acrylic urethane, and manufactured by International, Awlgrip, Akzo Nobel, DuPont, Alexseal or Resene, may be used as the outermost surface finish of the hulls, hull appendages and wing if applicable. Epoxy-based primers and undercoats manufactured for use with these topcoat systems are permitted, and may form part of the exposed surface finish, provided they are unmodified from there standard formulation. No materials other than specified manufacturer-supplied retardants, accelerants, thinners and pigments shall be added. Similarly, the specific gravity of the paint shall not be altered with any material other than those specified above. The Measurement Committee may authorize the use of comparable paint products from other manufacturers provided those products meet comparable requirements for product standardization, compliance, and testing. The application of vinyl, mylar or other plastic film over the surface of the hull for advertising or branding is allowed, provided that the film shall not be specially textured or otherwise manufactured in a way that could improve the character of the flow of water inside the boundary layer, and provided that the material is neither unnecessarily heavy nor applied in a manner that is designed to alter the distribution of the yacht's weight for the purpose of improving performance. Small quantities of friction-reducing compounds (for example, McLube) may be applied prior to racing, to the surface of daggerboards only where they pass through the daggerboard bearings and solely for the purpose of reducing bearing friction while raising and lowering the daggerboards. A competitor shall seek the approval of the Measurement Committee for other types and quantity of friction-reducing compounds other than McLube to be used for this purpose. The outermost surfaces of the hulls or hull appendages may be sanded and cleaned with normal concentrations and quantities of detergents or similar materials. However, while afloat on a scheduled race day, no substances other than those allowed in C.3.1, C.3.2 and C.3.3 shall be present on the outermost surfaces of the hulls or hull appendages.
C.3.2.
C.3.3.
C.3.4.
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C.4. C.4.1. C.4.2.
C.4.3. C.4.4. C.4.5.
EQUIPMENT All sail handling equipment, including winches, turning blocks (floating and fixed) tracks, pad eyes etc., supplied with the yacht or specified by the Regatta Director shall be installed using appropriate fixings, lashings and fastenings. All running rigging shall comply with Appendix E. The yacht shall be equipped with no less than two righting lines, one attached to the inner side of each hull at the pad eye immediately aft of the forward crossbeam. Each line shall at least be long enough to extend from the pa deye to the approximate centerline of the yacht, and may consist of a continuous loop, or a line with a suitable loop at its working end. These lines shall be strong enough to withstand the loads associated with righting the yacht after a capsize. The lines may be secured to the trampoline on the centerline of the yacht, with easily breakable attachments when not in use. Crew restraints may be fitted if approved by the Measurement Committee. Such restraints shall not be used for any other purpose. A rope shall be fitted so a “guest box” is created on the starboard side of the yacht, between the rope, the aft horn and the aft beam. This box shall not extend more than 1.20m from the centerline of the yacht. Guest handles may be fitted within this guest box. These guest handles shall not be used for any other purpose. Two knives and one personal air supply shall be attached to the spine aft of the forward beam. The attachment for each item shall be able to easily broken to enable use.
C.5. C.5.1.
ASSEMBLY The yacht and all associated hardware, fittings and fixings shall be assembled as per the build specification, except when altered, added or replaced as permitted by the Measurement Committee in Section C of these class rules. SECTION D – WING D.1. GENERAL D.1.1. The wing in wing measurement condition shall not weigh less than 390 kg plus the weight of organiser specified media equipment. Any shortfall in this weight shall be compensated for by the necessary corrector weight being affixed at the connection between the lower wing spar section and the upper wing spar section, as shown in Appendix D. D.1.2. Wing measurement condition shall include: (a) The fully assembled wing spar, including all fittings and fixings. (b) The lower, mid and upper wing flaps. (c) The forestay. (d) One pair of upper shrouds. (e) One pair of lower shrouds. (f) One pair of running backstays, including flying blocks and running backstay tails. (g) Four control arms, each fully assembled, including all running rigging and all associated fittings and fixings. (h) Wing membrane. (i) All applied advertising and branding applied to the components that are part of wing measurement condition. (j) All media equipment listed to be attached to the wing in Appendix F, when specified for an event. (k) All halyards and any other wing-specific running rigging not described above. (l) Weight adjustment by the Measurement Committee and agreed by the Regatta Director for event-specific issues. D.2. D.2.1.
D.2.2. D.2.3.
WING MEMBRANE The wing spar and each wing flap shall be covered completely on both sides between the aft edge of the leading edge spar and the trailing edge, from the foot to the head of the wing with Cortuff® 300 Gauge membrane material or alternative materials that are a similar stiffness and weight that have been approved by the Measurement Committee via an interpretation. Surfaces of the wing spar and each wing flap may be covered with paint complying with Rule C.3.1 . Adhesives and edging tape may be used, and vinyl, mylar or other plastic film may be applied over the surface of the wing for advertising or branding, provided that the film shall not be specially textured or otherwise manufactured in a way that could improve the character of the flow of air inside the boundary layer. The outermost surfaces of the wing may be sanded and cleaned with normal concentrations and quantities of detergents or similar materials. However, while afloat on a scheduled race day, no substances other than those allowed in C.3.1.and C.3.2 shall be present on the outermost surfaces of the wing.
D.3. D.3.1. D.3.2.
STANDING RIGGING Standing rigging shall comply with the build specification and shown in Appendix D. Shrouds shall be of equal length port and starboard within 10mm.
D.4. D.4.1.
RUNNING RIGGING All running rigging shall comply with the specification given in Appendix E. The length of running rigging shall be within 10% of the specified length, except for general lashings.. Yachts shall use while racing, no more than two Code Zero luff support cables in a calendar year.
D.4.2.
SECTION E – SOFT SAILS E.1. GENERAL E.1.1. Appendix B shall define the build specifications and planform dimensions for the soft sails.
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25. 25.1
25.2
25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 25.9 25.10 25.11
INSPECTION AND MEASUREMENT Competitors shall permit and assist all inspections and measurements by a measurer and the Measurement Committee, and shall afford all reasonable facility to carry out such measurements and inspections, including during construction. Competitors shall provide measurement information reports to measurers as requested. For establishing continuing compliance with Rule weight limits, the Measurement Committee will determine and record the weight of any components, modifications, repairs, additions, subtractions, or replacements to a degree of precision and using methodology they determine to be practical and appropriate for that purpose (including re-weighing). Competitors shall provide all assistance to the Measurement Committee required by them in tracking these changes. The measurer shall take at least two (2) hull laminate samples per hull, no larger than 0.065min diameter and from a location of their choosing. The Measurement Committee reserves the right to take samples from the cross structure components. The measurer shall take at least two (2) laminate samples per wing spar, no larger than 0.065m in diameter from a location of their choosing. The Measurement Committee reserves the right to take samples of the paint or vinyl from the hull and/or appendages for analysis by the manufacturer to ensure that only Rule permitted surface finishes have been used. An AC Class Yacht may be re-measured in whole or in part at the discretion of the Measurement Committee. A measurer who becomes aware that a Competitor may have failed to comply with the AC Class Rule shall advise the Measurement Committee. Weights shall be corrected for local gravitational effects to the geographic datum of the Match venue. When carrying out measurement ashore, the measurer shall allow a reasonable time to drain water from the AC Class Yacht and allow the substitution of wet rigging with equivalent dry rigging. The measurer shall measure the top and bottom strop lengths on each element of wing rigging and the position of the wing rotation point with the wing positioned and rigging tensioned as specified in Drawing # ACC-W-1001 RIG AND SAILPLAN.pdf.
26. 26.1
MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES Measurement equipment specifications and measurement methodology are determined by the Measurement Committee and will be available to all Competitors.
27. 27.1
MEASUREMENT CONDITIONS The AC Class Yacht shall be brought to measurement condition to determine the measurement weight and center of gravity as referenced in Rules 6.11 and 6.13. The measurement condition includes everything aboard the AC Class Yacht during a race, in its racing position, or equivalent longitudinal position, and with the yacht level to the satisfaction of the measurer, except the following: (a) the wing as it was weighed in wing measurement condition; (b) crew; (c) crew clothing and equipment carried on the person while racing; (d) the jib (including jib bags, luff cables and hanks); (e) food and drinks; and (f) “other safety equipment” as detailed in Rule Appendix G1(g) In appendage measurement condition: (a) appendages shall be in the position resulting in their deepest draft below MWP; and (b) rudder root chords shall be parallel to the hull centerplane; The wing in wing measurement condition shall: (a) be capable of being weighed by horizontal suspension from two points, however the measurer may use alternative weighing arrangements if he believes they will yield more accurate results; (b) be oriented in wing measurement position; (c) include all equipment attached to or mounted on the wing and in its normal racing position except for “other safety equipment” as detailed in Rule Appendix G1(g); and (d) have all rigging in place and pulled down tight along the wing.. Any component of the wing not included in Rule 27.3(c) shall be included in measurement weight. With the approval of the Measurement Committee, a removable temporary device to support the forward cross structure in the way of the tack point may be fitted during determination of measurement weight. The effects of this device on measurement weight and longitudinal center of gravity will be tared out by the Measurement Committee. See Rule 14.4 (b) specifying allowed tension applied by this device.
27.2
27.3
27.4 27.5
28. 28.1
28.2
MEASUREMENT CERTIFICATE When the Measurement Committee concludes that the AC Class Yacht complies with the AC Class Rule, it shall issue to the Competitor a measurement certificate as in Appendix A and shall retain a copy for its own records. The Measurement Committee shall provide a copy of the front page to the Regatta Director for public dissemination. Competitors shall obtain approval of the Measurement Committee prior to making any repairs or any other changes which, individually
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28.4 28.5 28.6
or cumulatively, could impact on the AC Class Yacht's compliance with her measurement certificate or any other aspect of the AC Class Rule. The measurement certificate ceases to be valid if there is any change to: (a) any information recorded on the AC Class Yacht’s measurement certificate; (b) the shape of the hull surface, except for flexible surfaces on the upper part of the hull as permitted by Rule 7.6; (c) the shape of the appendage surfaces; (d) the shape of the cross structure (excluding fittings); (e) the shape of the measured wing surface in wing measurement position (excluding shape changes due to changing film tension so long as the tolerances in rule 12.3 are respected); or (f) the longitudinal center of gravity caused by movement of equipment that was included in measurement condition, that results in a pitch moment difference greater than 50kg.m. (Note: limits to be specified per Rule 6.13 still apply). The Measurement Committee shall withdraw an AC Class Yacht’s measurement certificate when they have reason to believe it no longer complies with this AC Class Rule. An AC Class Yacht shall have only one valid measurement certificate at any one time. The Measurement Committee shall hold AC Class Yacht data and information in strict confidence. The Measurement Committee may supply data or information to an appropriate independent official, if the Measurement Committee is satisfied the data and information will be held in strict confidence.
APPENDIX G - SAFETY EQUIPMENT G1
Below is a list of required safety equipment that has been developed by the Regatta Director and Measurement Committee in consultation with Competitors. The AC Class Rule may be amended as allowed by Rule 4 to include any changes to this safety equipment. The Measurement Committee may also adjust the sailing weight as permitted by Rule 4(a). (a) A grab handle shall be fixed around the lower part of the wing spar to facilitate safe movement of crew around the front of the wing. The handle shall: (i) be constructed of rigid or soft material; (ii) be a minimum of 0.012 m in diameter; (iii) be capable of taking a load of 300 kg applied in any direction at any point along its length; (iv) extend from aft of the wing spar web on the port side, around the front of the wing spar to a point aft of the wing spar web on the starboard side; (v) be no less than 150mm above the bottom of the wing spar at any point; and (vi) be capable of passing a 0.069 m sphere (tennis ball) between the handle and the wing spar at any point forward of the wing spar web; (b) Handholds, restraints and tethers that the Competitor determines are needed; (c) Righting lines attached to the point(s) that are used to right the yacht and the righting lines accessible with the platform capsized at any orientation; (d) A knife securely mounted near each intersection of the forward and aft crossbeams with the hulls, in positions that are accessible with the yacht upright or inverted;(e) Four spare personal air supplies (two per side) of at least 80 liters each securely mounted in locations which would be accessible when the yacht is capsized; (f) The compartment aft of the cockpit shall contain buoyancy components of not less than 250 liters. This may be made of 8 x 43 liter partially inflated buoyancy bags (Optimist flotation bags) or other alternative arrangements as may be approved by the Measurement Committee. The buoyancy arrangements shall not weight less than 8 kg; and (g) other safety equipment carried at a Competitor’s discretion that shall not exceed 10kg. (h) A transverse line of a contrasting color no less than 50 mm wide whose forward edge is located across the whole of the upper surface of the cross structure, 3.0 m forward of the wing rotation point.”
G2
None of ACEA, the Regatta Director nor the Measurement Committee warrants or guarantees the safety, in general, of any AC Class Yacht, regardless of whether or not the safety equipment Rules are complied with. It is the sole and ultimate responsibility of each Competitor to assess the safety of its own AC Class Yacht and each Competitor assumes the risk of sailing and/or racing the same. The daggerboard and rudder rake control systems shall each be designed to fail safely in the event of hydraulic or electrical system failure. Systems shall either lock or go to a safe default position to avoid uncontrolled rake movement of that appendage. Compliance with this requirement shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Measurement Committee.
G3
APPENDIX H - STRUCTURAL TESTING H1
It is the sole responsibility of each Competitor to select materials and components for its AC Class Yacht that fully and properly withstand the structural tests described in Rule 6.16 and this Appendix. All Competitors acknowledge that there is an inherent risk of damage (including latent or microscopic damage) to an AC Class Yacht and/or its components from structural testing and agree that none of ACEA, the Regatta Director and/or the Measurement Committee (collectively or severally) shall be responsible for any damage to the
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5.2
Competitors must not alter the chemistry of paints except with products that are a standard part of an approved paint system and used in compliance with the manufacturer’s standard guidelines.
5.3
Paints or additives that are designed to reduce surface friction (such as PTFE) shall not be used on the outermost layer of the hull, foils or rudder.
5.4
Surfaces may be sanded, polished and cleaned, providing that the only substances that remain on those surfaces when the yacht is afloat satisfy Rules 5.1 (a), 5.2 and 5.3.
5.5
Competitors may apply vinyl or plastic film over the paint for the purpose of branding, providing it complies with Rule 5.7.
5.6
On areas of the deck where crew operate, or on fittings attached to the deck, Competitors are permitted to apply non-skid products or coatings. These areas shall be no larger than necessary and shall not extend into areas that crew do not access during racing.
5.7
Devices and finishes whose primary purpose is to reduce friction drag by altering the structure of the boundary layer are prohibited. This prohibition includes, but is not limited to: (a)
electric, magnetic, sonic, thermal and chemical devices;
(b)
patterned or textured finishes, LEBUs; and
(c)
devices that suck fluid from or blow fluid on to the surface of a component.
This rule does not prohibit surface finishing permitted by Rule 5.4, passive surface features, such as fences or vortex generators, which extend outside the local boundary layer. The thickness of the boundary layer δ shall be determined using the formula:
δ= where
0.37𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒
0.2 𝑥𝑥
x
is the local distance from the forward most point of the object;
Rex
is the local Reynolds number (based on x);
and the following properties and speeds shall be used:
6
Air Water
6.1
Mass
30 30
Velocity (knots)
1.225 1025
Density kg/m3
Dynamic viscosity (Pa.s) 1.789× 10-5 1.103× 10-3
The table below lists masses and longitudinal centers of gravity (LCGs) in the yacht-fixed frame (x, y, z) which are referred to by other Rules. The table does not impose any requirements except those referred to in other Rules. Component Yacht Assembly Platform Hull, rudder, and other parts or components Port foil Foil arm fairing/wing/flap/systems † Foil arm stock Starboard foil Foil arm fairing/wing/flap/ system † Foil arm stock † Foil arm pins and bearings † FCS Platform – weighed Mast and Mainsail hardware † Supplied media equipment Mast (excluding parts weighed with platform) Mast tube and attached components, etc. † Supplied rigging † Supplied media equipment Mainsail (excluding parts weighed with platform) Jib
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Mass (kg) 6160 - 6200 *mp *1265 - 1270 806 464 *1265 - 1270 806 464 64 343.5 112 *m MAST 39.5 22.3 *m MAIN *53-55
LCG (m) 9.000 – 9.350 *xp
10.37 – 11.66 10.50 – 11.80 8.90 X MAST
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Crew & Gear Crew Crew’s carried equipment † Crew supplied media equipment TOTAL †supplied equipment * Measured 6.2
712 - 740 *680 - 700 *32 - 40 4 6920 - 6940
Foils shall be weighed and their centers of mass, in a plane parallel to TRP, shall be determined in foil measurement condition. The following restrictions apply: (a)
Each foil must have a mass within the range specified for “Port foil” and “Starboard foil” in Rule 6.1.
(b)
When projected on to a plane parallel to TRP, the distance from the foil cant axis to the center of mass of: (i)
a foil arm stock shall be 1.204 m; and
(ii)
a foil shall be at least 2.890 m.
6.3
The platform mass mP and LCG xP shall be determined in the measurement condition described by Rule 7.7.
6.4
The mast mass mMAST and center of mass (xMAST, yMAST, zMAST) shall be determined in the mast measurement condition described by Rule 15.15 where: (a)
(b)
center of mass components in the mast-fixed reference frame shall be: (i)
uMAST assumed to equal 0.0 m; and
(ii)
vMAST assumed to equal 0.0 m; and
(iii)
wMAST as measured; and
converted into a yacht-fixed LCG xMAST by assuming a mast rake of 5°.
6.5
The mainsail mass mMAIN shall be determined in mainsail measurement condition.
6.6
The Jib must have a mass within the range specified for “Jib” shown in Rule 6.1.
6.7
The yacht assembly mass mY and longitudinal center of mass xY: (a)
(b)
shall be determined by combining the following masses and LCGs: (i)
platform mass mP at LCG xP;
(ii)
mast mass mMAST at longitudinal center of mass xMAST;
(iii)
mainsail mass mMAIN at the LCG specified in Rule 6.1; and
(iv)
the jib mass taken as the middle of the allowable range specified in Rule 6.1, with an LCG as specified in Rule 6.1; and
must lie within the mass and LCG ranges specified for “Yacht assembly” in Rule 6.1.
6.8
Crew must have a mass within the range specified for “Crew” shown in Rule 6.1.
6.9
Crew’s carried equipment: (a)
must have a mass no greater than the upper end of the range specified for “Crew’s carried equipment” shown in Rule 6.1; and
(b)
may have a mass less than the lower end of the specified range, in which case, ballast shall be added such that the sum of the carried equipment mass and the ballast mass lies within the range. Any such ballast: (i)
shall be attached to the top of the deck between 6.0 m and 7.0 m forward of TRP; and
(ii)
shall either be on LCP, or be split evenly and located in two parts symmetrically about LCP.
6.10
Nothing shall be aboard the yacht that is not included in Rule 6.1.
7
General arrangement
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18.9
(d)
the forestay;
(e)
electrical wiring for the sole purpose of making connections to ECC or ILS components;
(f)
luff, leech, head and foot lines; and
(g)
the deck, which may be attached to the jib within 300 mm of the intersection of the deck and the forestay, and bear upon it elsewhere.
Maximum jib measurements shall be: Jibs with LL ≤ 18.0 m 7.050 m 0.59LP 0.40LP 0.17LP
LP 50% girth 75% girth Head girth
Jibs with LL > 18.0m 7.050 m (0.869-0.0155LL)LP (0.859-0.0255LL)LP (0.699-0.0294LL)LP
[SEE ORIGINAL RULE FOR DIAGRAM] Figure 18.1: Jib Measurement 19
Control systems
19.1
The adjustment of control surfaces must only be controlled by: (a)
direct contact of the crew on a control surface; or
(b)
crew using one or more control systems.
19.2
Control systems shall be incapable of using feedback from yacht state to control a control surface.
19.3
Rule 19.2 may be satisfied by a combination of the hardware and software used within a control system. Where a measurement could provide incidental information about yacht state, a control system shall only be considered to be capable of using feedback from yacht state if its software uses that measurement to estimate yacht state. For example: (a)
A foil flap may become unloaded when it exits the water, resulting in a change in pressure in a ram, or a change in rotation about the hinge axis. Sensors that measure ram pressure or foil flap rotation are permitted inputs to a control system, provided that this information is not used to estimate yacht state.
(b)
A gust causes an increase in mainsail sheet load, detected by the ECC as an increase in ram pressure. It is permitted for a control system to use this information to make an adjustment to the traveler target position, provided loads or pressures measured in the yacht are not used to estimate part of the yacht state.
19.4
Sensors that measure, or are used to estimate yacht state are prohibited, except as part of an ILS or where supplied within the Media System.
19.5
Rig controls are restricted to:
19.6
(a)
mast rotation permitted by Rule 15.9 (a);
(b)
degrees-of-freedom of control systems that are attached to or bear upon the mainsail within the mast lower zone;
(c)
jib sheet degrees-of-freedom, including car position;
(d)
jib cunningham extension and retraction; and
(e)
jib leech line adjustment via force input devices permitted by Rule 19.10 (c).
Power that does work on a control surface to adjust its shape, position or orientation can only be supplied by: (a)
external forces acting on that control surface;
(b)
the crew, via force input devices;
(c)
electric appendage actuators;
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19.7
(d)
the FCS as permitted by Rule 26; and
(e)
the release of stored energy permitted by Rule 19.7.
The only forms of energy storage and release to move a control surface permitted under Rule 19.6 (e) are: (a)
the storage of elastic energy within the structure and rigging of the yacht and its uncontrolled release as the structure and rigging returns towards its natural condition, and in the absence of any mechanism to store or recover this energy elsewhere;
See interpretation AC36 38; the intent here is to prohibit a string-bungy accumulator, but wording could be improved. (b)
the storage of a maximum of 50 J of elastic energy per system of springs or lines, and its controlled or uncontrolled release, where a system is a single spring or line, or a collection thereof that perform a specific function within a control system; and
(c)
the storage of energy permitted by Rule 20.8, and its release into another part of an HCC.
19.8
Pneumatic components shall not be used in control systems, except that gas may be used within an HCC where permitted by Rules 20.8 (c) and 20.8 (d).
19.9
The use of flywheels or gyroscopes to store energy or mechanically provide stabilizing forces to the yacht is prohibited. Any rotating mass on the yacht shall be no larger than required for its permitted purpose.
19.10
Only the following force input devices are permitted: (a)
19.11
primary force input devices, restricted to: (i)
a maximum of two such devices that each allow two crew members to provide power; or
(ii)
a maximum of four such devices that each allow a single crew member to provide power.
(b)
steering wheels prescribed by Rule 19.11; and
(c)
specific force input devices permanently connected to a single rig control that: (i)
operate on that rig control mechanically without an ECC or HCC; and
(ii)
are only operated by a single crew member at once.
Rudder yaw angle shall be controlled through a steering system by a steering wheel or wheels which: (a)
shall be force input devices;
(b)
except for incidental yaw change resulting from rudder rake change, shall be the only input devices for controlling rudder yaw angle;
(c)
need not be circular, but must rotate to control rudder yaw angle; and
(d)
must have a perimeter that lies entirely outside a circle of diameter 0.450 m centered on the axis of rotation.
20
Hydraulic control circuits
20.1
Rule 20 applies to all components except the FCS.
20.2
Hydraulic circuits and components are permitted only as part of an HCC.
20.3
Hydraulic circuits and components are permitted only for the purpose of adjusting control surfaces with hydraulic actuators, and for safely managing the flow of hydraulic fluid to and from these actuators.
20.4
Components in an HCC must be sized appropriately for their permitted use. It is prohibited to use oversize components, superfluous reservoirs, etc. in order to control the mass distribution on the yacht, to act as an extended yacht state sensor, etc.
20.5
COR/D will specify a standard human-powered hydraulic pump. This shall be the only type of pump used to convert power supplied by the crew, through primary force input devices, into hydraulic power within an HCC.
20.6
If an electric appendage actuator drives a hydraulic pump within an HCC, that HCC must be entirely self-contained and disconnected from any other HCC.
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20.7
Pressure relief valves set to open at 600 bar, manufactured by HYDAC with model code “DB4E-01X630P600”, must be present in any circuit downstream of: (a)
pumps powered by primary force input devices;
(b)
pumps powered by electric appendage actuators; and
(c)
any accumulator permitted by Rule 20.8 (a).
For each pump or accumulator above, the pressure relief valve shall be located at any point within that part of a circuit downstream of the pump or accumulator that is always subject to the output pressure of the pump or accumulator; that is, before any other valves or restrictions. 20.8
Energy may only be stored within HCCs: (a)
by one high-pressure accumulator per yacht with a maximum capacity (gas plus hydraulic fluid) of 2.0 liters, supplied by Cariboni S.r.l. with design number ACC-A-0750-20521;
(b)
by one or more high-pressure accumulators in an HCC powered by an electric appendage actuator;
(c)
by gas in oil reservoirs with a maximum gas pressure of 6 bar;
(d)
by gas in hydraulic actuators with a gas spring return, providing the expansion of the gas volume cannot do work on a control surface; and
(e)
as elastic energy resulting from the compression of hydraulic fluid and the expansion of hoses in high-pressure circuits except those powered by an electric appendage actuator, providing that when all such circuits are pressurized to maximum pressure, no more than 350 ml of hydraulic fluid is discharged from drain ports when those ports are opened to atmosphere.
20.9
Tubing containing more than trace quantities of titanium is prohibited, but this does not preclude the use of titanium in hydraulic actuators, hydraulic pumps or fittings.
21
Electrical and electronic systems
21.1
Electric or electronic components or circuits are permitted only as:
21.2
(a)
part of an ECC, ILS, or CIS;
(b)
standalone crew indication devices, such as wristwatches, that are incapable of measuring or receiving any part of the extended yacht state;
(c)
standalone hardwired camera and display systems to aid visibility of different parts of the yacht, providing the video stream is not enhanced in any way that could provide extended yacht state information beyond that which could be seen by the naked eye. This does not preclude digitization or global contrast enhancement of the video stream, but does prohibit the addition of overlays, edge detection, object recognition, etc.
(d)
devices for data and audio communication with Competitors’ chase boats, only as shown in Figure 21.1;
(e)
supplied and required by AC Media or the Measurement Committee, including permitted devices connected to these supplied components;
(f)
ultrasonic transmitters in foil wings and rudders; and
(g)
components used when not racing, that when racing have been disconnected from all circuits and power sources to the satisfaction of the Measurement Committee, and when disconnected are incapable of providing any useful function.
No information exchange between ECCs, the ILS, the CIS and other systems is permitted except as shown via specified communication arrows in Figure 21.1, where: (a)
data transmission must be strictly one-way where indicated by directional arrows, although twoway protocols (e.g. acknowledge and retry) are permitted provided that no two-way information is exchanged other than that required to manage the communication channel; and
(b)
the dark hexagonal ports drawn on the boundaries of the Media System and the CIS represent communication nodes, where any information shown flowing in is permitted to be re-transmitted out, where indicated by directional arrows.
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