Risk Assessment of Kathmandu Durbar Square 2015 Earthquake

Department of Architecture

Pulchowk Campus Pulchowk, Lalitpur

DISASTER RISK ASSESSMENT

Submitted by: Abhishek Maharjan

Kathmandu Durbar Square

Submitted to: Asst. Prof. Inu Pradhan Salike

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who provided us the possibility to complete our report. A special gratitude to our supervisor Asst. Prof. Inu Pradhan Salike, for providing her invaluable guidance, comments and suggestion to widen the horizon of our knowledge on various aspects of disaster risk management and for the preparation of this report. We are thankful to Pulchowk campus and Department of architecture for the assistance provided with various resources and information. We are truly thankful to all the locals and authorities for helping us with the information required for detailed study of the Kathmandu Durbar Square. Furthermore, we would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the role of our friends and seniors who helped us with their knowledge and provided us their continuous support. Last but not the least we would like to thank each and every one who supported or helped directly or indirectly to prepare this report.

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Contents INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY ..................................................................................................... 5 Kasthamandap .................................................................................................................................... 5 Kumari Bahal ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Hanuman Dhoka Durbar .................................................................................................................... 6 Taleju Temple .................................................................................................................................... 6 Kala Bhairab ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Shiva – Parvati Mandir ...................................................................................................................... 7 Maju Dega .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Timeline of events after 2015 earthquake in Kathmandu Durbar Square ............................................. 7 Photo Exhibition .................................................................................................................................. 23 Establishment of CHIMS ..................................................................................................................... 23 Material and Structures ........................................................................................................................ 23 Soft walls ............................................................................................................................................. 24 Retaining Authenticity ......................................................................................................................... 25 Threats.................................................................................................................................................. 26 Kathmandu Durbar Square reconstruction under Warsaw recommendation ...................................... 26 Mitigating measures ............................................................................................................................. 28 Infrastructure measures .................................................................................................................... 28 Institutional measures ...................................................................................................................... 28 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 29

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List of figures Figure 1: Through investigation in Hanumandhoka Durbar Square ...................................................... 8 Figure 2: Classification of carved members .......................................................................................... 9 Figure 4: Constructed Storage Facilities .............................................................................................. 10 Figure 3: Storage condition of structural memebers ............................................................................ 10 Figure 5: Balloons dedicated to the memory of the people who died in the massive earthquake of April 25, 2015 are released into the sky at Basantapur Durbar Square in Kathmandu on June 27, 2015. ... 11 Figure 6: Workers renovate heritage sites in Basantapur Durbar Square in Kathmandu on July 21, 2015...................................................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 7: Example of the investigation sheet ....................................................................................... 12 Figure 8: Shows the selected area for 3D measurement depicted using actual survey results ............ 12 Figure 9: Nepalese students walk past a makeshift school in Durbar Square in Kathmandu on July 22, 2015...................................................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 10: Workers renovate heritage sites in Basantapur Durbar Square in Kathmandu, Nepal, on July 21, 2015. The sites were destroyed by twin earthquakes that struck the Himalayan nation in April and May 2015. ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Figure 11: . Equipments for micro-tremor measurement..................................................................... 13 Figure 12: Representative Fourier amplitude ratio for the Jagannath Temple (E-W direction) ......... 13 Figure 13: . Representative vibration mode for the Jagannath Temple (E-W direction) ..................... 13 Figure 14: Example of the identification card ..................................................................................... 14 Figure 15: Reconstruction of Panchamukhi Hanuman Temple ........................................................... 15 Figure 16: Reconstruction of Degu Taleju Temple ............................................................................. 15 Figure 17: Taleju Temple..................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 18: Renovation of Sewta Vairab Temple ................................................................................. 16 Figure 19: Natyeshwor Temple ........................................................................................................... 16 Figure 20: Collapsed and partially damaged Shiva Temple ................................................................ 16 Figure 21: Laxmi Narayan Temple ...................................................................................................... 16 Figure 22: Reconstructed Kageswar Temple ....................................................................................... 17 Figure 23: Sawaswati Temple .............................................................................................................. 17 Figure 24: Reconstructed Chyasin Dega.............................................................................................. 17 Figure 25: Stone Pillar with the statue of King Pratap Malla .............................................................. 18 Figure 26: Trailokya Mohan Narayan Temple .................................................................................... 18 Figure 27: : Kasthamandap reconstruction .......................................................................................... 18 Figure 28: Mahavisnu Temple ............................................................................................................. 19 Figure 29: Nagaraghar ......................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 30: Singha Sattal ....................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 31: Jagannatsh Temple ............................................................................................................. 20 Figure 32: Gopinath Temple ................................................................................................................ 20 Figure 33: Aagamchhen ....................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 34: Basantapur Tower............................................................................................................... 21 Figure 35: Gaddi Baithak .................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 36: Shiva Temple ...................................................................................................................... 22 Figure 37: Tarini Devi Temple ............................................................................................................ 22 Figure 38:Restoration work by Chinese worker of all four towers ..................................................... 22 Figure 39: Photo Exhibition ................................................................................................................. 23 Figure 40: Female worker manufacturing dātiapā bricks .................................................................... 23 3

Figure 41: Taking out dātiapā bricks from the brick kiln .................................................................... 24 Figure 42: Wall section dātiapā bricks................................................................................................. 24 Figure 43: Roof tiles (Durbar Square) ................................................................................................. 25

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INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY Kathmandu Durbar Square lies in south central Kathmandu and south of Thamel Street. The Durbar Square is not far, about 20~30 minutes by walking from Thamel Street through some alleys, square and small temples along the way. Or tourists could also take a rickshaw or taxi to get there in several mintues.

Durbar means “Palace” in Nepali language, Durbar Square once was the royal palace square of Malla Kings and the subsequent Shah Dynasty in Nepal. The original east palace was built in the middle of 16th century and later the square went through constant extension from Kings of Malla Kingdom.

The Malla Dynasty is the first kingdom ruled Kathmandu Valley from the 13th century to middle 18th century. In 1768, Shah Dynasty - the last monarchy dynasty in Nepal history occupied Kathmandu Valley and built four more observatories in southeast of Durbar Square. All the following kings of Shah Dynasty lived here until they relocated to the new palace in 1886. After the royal family moved to Narayanhiti Palace, all the old palace - Durbar Square was kept as a museum with Kings’ portraits and lots of objects and photographs of King Tribhuvan. Kathmandu Durbar Square was severely damaged due to the Nepal earthquake in 2015, most structures were collapsed, among these, Kasthamandap and Maju Deval have been completely slumped, part of the old royal palace has collapsed and now is a dangerous building.

Durbar Square is actually comprised of 3 distinct scattered temple squares. To the south of the Durbar Square is the Basantapur Square facing north Basantapur Durbar. Western of the Durbar Square, where many temples and famous sites assembled, is the primary area of the square. In the northeastern, it is the sub zone of Durbar Square with an entrance to former palace sites. Makhan Street - an open ground extending to northeast was a major traffic thoroughfares in Kathmandu and now is a very famous pedestrian street. The main scenic spots are Kasthamandap, Ashok Binayak, Kumari Bahal, Trailokya Mohan, Shiva – Parvati Mandir, Hanuman Dhoka (the old royal palace), Talaju Temple and Kala Bairav. Kasthamandap is a good place to start exploring the Durbar Square. (Tibet Discovery, 2020)

Kasthamandap Kasthamandap stands for “Kathmandu” in Nepalese. Locals believe the whole Kathmandu City was constructed around Kasthamandap and it’s the origin of the name of Kathmandu City. Regarded as the oldest building in Kathmandu Valley, the temple located in southwest of Durbar Square was built in far 12th century with all wood from one single Shorea Assamica Dyer tree, served as a public house for passing pilgrims and the passerby. It is a three-storey quadrangled pagoda building that is about 20m high. The log cabin at the center of Kasthamandap enshrines a Gorakhnath statue and there are many Ganesh statues and baldachine of other gods in every corner of the yard. Ruined by Nepal earthquake in 2015, Kasthamandap is under repair now. Ashok Binayak Temple with gilded roof is in northern Kasthamandap Temple. (Tibet Discovery, 2020)

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Kumari Bahal Situated in the southern side of the square and east of Kasthamandap, left side of entrance to Durbar Square, Kumari Bahal, one of the must-sees in Kathmandu Durbar Square, is the residence of Kumari - “the Living Goddess” of Nepal. The red brick building of three stories preserved many gorgeous and exquisite woodcarvings like Buddha, peacocks and other pictorial on balcony and windows in the courtyard. Trishna Shakya - a three years old girl, is a specially chosen for she is said to be the human incarnation of the head Hindu goddess. If you are fortunate enough you may see her during one of her public appearances on the third floor for 20~ 30s. Every day groups of visitors queues up to watch her when she shows up. Currently only the first floor is opened for foreign tourists. No photographing is allowed then, but tourists can buy postcards printed with headshot of the goddess in the gate. Trailokya Mohan Narayan Temple lies in northern Kumari Bahal. (Tibet Discovery, 2020)

Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Also called the Old Royal Palace, Haunaman Dhoka in eastern Durbar Square is the largest existing historical sites, which contains the most abundant art collection in Nepal. Hanuman Dhoka means hanuman door, a legend of the brave hanuman punishing the evil and praising the good commended by people. Statues of hanuman stand on the stone pier of left palace gate, covered with a red brocade canopy. The durbar was built in the 13th century initially and consummated mostly in the 17th century; this grand palace has nearly 10 Chowks (palaces) for different purposes.

Foreign tourists are allowed to visit some halls, like the Tribhuvan Museum where you can overlook the whole palace and Durbar Square from the top. Tickets for Hanuman Dhoka is excluded in Durbar Square, should be bought separately. Now this old site is a dangerous building due to the Nepal earthquake. (Tibet Discovery, 2020)

Taleju Temple Built in 1549, Taleju Temple, a three-storeyed gold-plating eave tempio, is the highest temple in Kathmandu with height of about 35m. As the most magnificent architecture in northern Durbar Square, it is constructed on a 12-storeyed square base, having several little temples, stone carvings of lions, monsters and etc. There are entrances on four sides of Taleju Temple, and Taleju Goddess is enshrined in the middle of the lintel of the front door (golden gate) facing south.

Ordinarily it only opened for royal members in the past, now tourist can visit Taleju Temple during Dasain Festival and irregular activities held by the temple to attract visitors. (Tibet Discovery, 2020)

Kala Bhairab Kala Bharab is a giant stone statue of Kala Bhairab (Lord of Terror), one of the reincarnations of Shiva in north of Durbar Square. With a 4~5 meters’ height, Kala Bharab is a grim-looking god holding 6

sword, enemy’s head and dharma-vessels in six arms. It must be the most colorful spot in Durbar Square for lots of people pray in front of the Kala Bhairab in the morning and daub red or yellow pigment on the arms. (Tibet Discovery, 2020)

Shiva – Parvati Mandir Next to Maju Deval in the west area, Shiva – Parvati Mandir is a two-storied wooden temple worshiping the Shiva and his wife Parvati. Built by Malla Dynasty, it is now the best representative of landscape architecture of Durbar Square. There are two huge stone lions guarding in the front door and the statues of the couple are right above. Tourists often meet sadhu - look people sitting in front stairs, they will ask for payment if you take group photos with them. (Tibet Discovery, 2020)

Maju Dega In front of the Gaddi Baithak and to the west of Trailokya Mohan, stands the majestic three-storeyed temple of Maju Dega. It has a nine-step brick base which gives it an impressive height that almost dominates the Kathmandu Durbar Square skyline. After the temple of Taleju and Degu Taleju, Maju Dega is the tallest and the largest temple in the Durbar Square area.

This temple was built in 1692 by Queen Mother Riddhi Laxmi (mother of infant King Bhupatendra Malla) and hence its name Maju Dega or Temple of Queen Mother. Of all the temples constructed in the storeyed style, Maju Deval remains so far the most remarkable one. The wooden doorway, columns, windows, and struts are all beautifully carved. Inside the temple, there is an enormous shiva linga, the emblem of Lord Shiva. (Tibet Discovery, 2020)

Timeline of events after 2015 earthquake in Kathmandu Durbar Square 

April 25, 2015

Time

Events

11:00 AM

Everyone was having normal daily life activity in Kathmandu Durbar Square

11:56 AM

Earthquake of 7.8 Mw hit Nepal.

11:57 AM

Many historical structures got damaged and collapsed. People who were below Kasthamandap, Bamsa Gopal temple (Chyasin Dega), Trilokya Mohan Temple, and Maju Dega got buried.

12:00 PM

People ran and gather in the open space of Basantapur.

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12:15 PM

Nepal police with rescue team, scenes of crime officers (SOCO) arrived with vans and JBC and people were removing brick rumbles of collapsed Trilokya Mohan Temple, and Maju Dega to rescue the people buried under.

12:30 PM

After a series of aftershock one reaching 6.6Mw occurred leaving even more damage to the structures.

1:00 PM

People started to gather and helped the rescue team to remove the debris of collapsed monuments to rescue the people buried under.

2:31 PM

Military digger arrives

2:48 PM

Someone trapped beneath the rumble was pull out

4:05 PM

Survivor was rescued by hearing their scream

5:10 PM

People living near basantapur came to see the situation of basantapur

7:00 PM

Most of the people returned to their home but rescue team were continue working.

11:15PM

Another aftershock of 6.7Mw occurred.

Source:

Figure 1: Through investigation in Hanumandhoka Durbar Square

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April 26, 2015

Time

Events

10:00 AM

Most of the volunteer arrived in Kathmandu Durbar Square and seal the Durbar Square for vehicle.

Everyone was separating wooden structure and placing the structure separately for separate structure and also taking out the bodies

12:54 PM

A major aftershock of magnitude 6.9 Mw hit Nepal.

6:00 PM

Local people took out their sleeping/mats from their homes and place them on Basantapur chowk because of the fear of series of aftershock

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April 27, 2015 – April 30, 2015 o Volunteer and rescue team finished removing bodies out of from the rubbles of collapsed monuments and the work still continues of separating wood and brick. o The bricks and timber inscription from collapsed monuments were arranged at the same place where the monument are or used to stand. The timber structure with detail deities’ sculpture were kept inside the Lohan Chowk. o Members were directly laid on the ground or on porch floors and covered with vinyl sheets without any cushioning between members. (National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, 2016)

Figure 2: Classification of carved members

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o May 1, 2015, May 12, 2015 o Rope was used to prevent people from getting near to the fragile structure which had high chance of getting collapsed and used raking shore and fly shoring were used to prevent the heritage building and residential building at the alley respectively. o People started to live inside their home and left the Basantapur chowk.

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o On May 12, 2015 at 12:30 PM 7.3 Mw earthquake again hit Nepal, leaving even more damage to the fragile structure. Due to shoring the monuments got prevented from getting further damage. o After the earthquake again local people started living outside at Basantapur chowk. o The storage facility was designed to be versatile and built from local materials. It comprised three levels of shelving made from steel pipes fixed with clamps and a single-flow roof made from corrugated steel sheets. o Considering the volume of timber members to be stored, a 4 × 2 m facility was built on the southeast corner of the lot to store the carved members identified in the first stage. In the second stage, 6 × 2 m and 4 × 2 facilities were built on the west side of the lot. o The storage facilities were designed to allow all members stored at the same time to be stored at the same location. Each member’s location inside the storage facility was recorded, and wood pieces were inserted between members to protect them.

(National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, 2016)

Figure 3: Constructed Storage Facilities

Figure 4: Storage condition of structural memebers

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May 15, 2015 – May 23, 2015 o All the rumbles and salvage were removed from the huge stepped plinth and routes near Maju Dega, Trailokya Mohan Narayan Temple and Gaiddi Baithak and stack them 10

near to the monuments which were or used to be the structure of that monument. Roads/ routes got cleaned and accessible but was not suitable for vehicle. 

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May 24, 2015 – May 31, 2015 o During this time, the weather was changing into monsoon and started to drizzle. The workers were cleaning up the pile of rumbles with the help of JBC, bulldozer and truck.

Month of June, 2015 o Investigation team from Nepal and international agencies came to Basantapur and investigate whole Heritage building in the month of June. o From UNESCO-ICOMOS/ICCROM , KVPT and DoA o ICOMOS-The International Council on Monuments and Sites o ICCROM -The International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (The Atlantic, 2015) July 10, 2015 – July 15, 2015 o Scaffolding were ordered to start the renovation of heritage buildings and lots Figure 5: Balloons dedicated to the memory of the of plastic bags/sheets were ordered to people who died in the massive earthquake of April 25, 2015 are released into the sky at Basantapur Durbar protect the heritage from rain as it was the Square in Kathmandu on June 27, 2015. season of monsoon. (The Atlantic, 2015) July 16, 2015 – July 20, 2015 o Scaffolding was connecting and building starting from Gaiddi Baithak. Scaffolding was only set near at Gaiddi Baithak and Hanuman statue i.e. entry of Durbar Square. (The Atlantic, 2015) July 21, 2015 – September, 2015 o Brought plastic sheets and covered only some of the damaged or collapsed monuments they were Nautalle, Kashtamandap, Maju Dega, and Trailokya Mohanto protect from rain as it was monsoon season. Renovation was started from month of July, 2015 by Government of Nepal. o Buildings that have suffered damage but are still standing require more urgent Figure 6: Workers renovate heritage sites in measures, such as shoring and covering, Basantapur Durbar Square in Kathmandu on July 21, 2015. to prevent further damage caused by rain and aftershocks. If these measures are inadequate, the cultural value of these buildings is at risk. Therefore, a survey on emergency preservation measures was conducted during the initial mission in September 2015

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Figure 10: Workers renovate heritage sites in Basantapur Durbar Square in Kathmandu, Nepal, on July 21, 2015. The sites were destroyed by twin earthquakes that struck the Himalayan nation in April and May 2015.

Figure 9: Nepalese students walk past a makeshift school in Durbar Square in Kathmandu on July 22, 2015.

Figure 8: Shows the selected area for 3D measurement depicted using actual survey results

Month of November, 2015 – Month of December, 2015 • Survey periods: 24–31 November 2015 3D and micro-tremor measurements 24–28 December 2015 Building and material survey

Figure 7: Example of the investigation sheet

• Investigators: Koshihara Laboratory, Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo akiyama Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan University Miyamoto Laboratory, Kagawa University (National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, 2016)

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Micro-tremor measurement •

Micro-tremors were measured to identify the natural frequency and vibration mode of each subject building.

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Multiple measurements were taken: one on free ground, one on the podium, and several inside the buildings. The measurement point on free ground was at the front of the building.

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The peak frequencies of the transfer function—2.6 Hz, 4.5 Hz, and 8.5 Hz—were estimated to be first, second, and third natural frequencies of the building.

Portable vibration monitoring system (SPC-51)

Servo-velocity meters (VSE-15D)

Figure 11: . Equipments for micro-tremor measurement

Figure 12: Representative Fourier amplitude ratio for the Jagannath Temple (E-W direction)

Figure 13: . Representative vibration mode for the Jagannath Temple (E-W direction)

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2016 – 2017 Implementation of Conservation Guidelines and Manual o The Post-Earthquake Conservation Guidelines 2072 and Manual, 2073; prepared and implemented by the Government of Nepal, Department of Archaeology, for the cultural heritage conservation and rehabilitation in the post-earthquake situation. All the Post-Earthquake Conservation, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation activities have been carrying out as per the provisions of this conservation guidelines, which has been implemented in 2072 (2016) and the manual which has some provisions that address to the disaster especially the Earthquake for the first time in connection to the cultural heritage conservation and management in Nepal. (National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, 2016) Preservation measures of timbers o Subsequently, during the November 2015 and March 2016 missions, a classification, recordkeeping, and storage methodology for salvaged members was tested and evaluated using the Shiva Temple—where salvaged members are relatively well preserved—as a case study,. o In November 2015, a workshop on the classification, recordkeeping, and storage methodology was conducted with local experts from the DoA, HDMDC, and UNESCO to transfer this technical knowledge. o The emergency preservation measures survey was conducted in two stages during November 2015 and March 2016. Timber members had been gathered without regard for their position and use before the collapse. o Japanese experts and Nepalese workers from HDMDC worked cooperatively in this effort. Beginning from the top of the member pile, carved elements were removed and temporarily placed in the open lot according to the type of member. Complex elements comprising several members, such as window frames, were collocated and temporarily assembled. Elements were also classified according to carving motifs. o The second stage of the emergency preservation measures survey was conducted in March 2016. Long timber members from the main frame and eaves were sorted and classified. o Second stage activities included attaching identification cards to each of the members.

These identification cards are intended to be used regularly in future repairs. Currently, Nepalese staff use identification cards made of plastic tape when classifying carved members. Considering requirements for durability and weather resistance, 6 × 4.5 cm veneer cards—similar to those used for the conservation of cultural properties in Japan—were prepared. The card format and content were designed to be simple and widely applicable, including only a building number, a storey number, a member number, and a consecutive category number given the total number of category Figure 14: Example of the identification card members.

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The restoration was started with the building which was partially damaged and can also be repair/reconstruct within the budget. Different organization like Museum Development Committee, Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust (KVPT), Department of Archaeology, and Kathmandu Metropolitan City took the responsibility to reconstruct the heritage building.

1. Museum Development Committee a. Conservation of Panchamukhi Hanuman Temple The conservation work of Panchamukhi Hanuman Temple, a prominent multi roofed temple in the palace premises is completed as first completion after the earthquake. The southern wing of the Mohankali chowk is also conserved as well within the same project budget. However, the project was started before the earthquake, but due to the earthquake it was obstructed for some months. The project was under taken by the joint fund of Hanuman Dhoka Museum Development Committee and American Ambassadors fund for Culture Preservation; in the supervision and monitoring by the Department of Archaeology. The conservation work carried out using traditional material, technology and craftsmanship. b. Conservation of Dega Taleju Temple

Figure 15: Reconstruction of Panchamukhi Hanuman Temple

The conservation work of Degu Taleju was also completed in fiscal year 2072\73, recently after the earthquake. This temple was also of the monuments damaged by the devastating earthquake.

The Degu Taleju is tutelary deity of Malla Kings. This temple was built by King Shiva Simha Dev in 17th Century. This is one of the important monuments situated within Hanumandhoka durbar complex. The conservation work of this temple is completed with traditional material Figure 16: Reconstruction of Degu Taleju Temple

c. Conservation of Taleju Temple The conservation of Taleju temple is completed.

Taleju Temple is biggest monument and landmark of Kathmandu Durbar Square. Taleju is a tutelary deity of Malla Kings. The temple was affected by the earthquake; especially in top and second roof and all the small 12 temples on the plinth as well.

The conservation work of main temple is completed

Figure 17: Taleju Temple

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and the small temple structures (Kachhadega – 12 in numbers) built on the plinth of the temple has also completed recently. d. Conservation of Swet Vairab Temple Conservation of the Sweta Bhairav Temple attached to Degutaleju is already completed. The recently restored temple of Bhairav was partially affected by the earthquake and well shored just after the quake to protect from the further Figure 18: Renovation of Sewta Vairab destruction. Hanumandhoka Palace Museum Temple Development Committee had taken total responsibility of the conservation under the close inspection of DoA. e. Conservation of Natyeshwor Temple The conservation of Natyeshwor temple by Hanumandhoka Durbar Museum Development Committee has completed.

The temple was partially collapsed due to the earthquake.

Replacing mud mortar by lime-surkhi mortar, the temple has completed the conservation work with traditional techniques and materials as it was before. Though small in size, the temple inside the palace premises holds the major cultural and religious importance.

Figure 19: Natyeshwor Temple

2. Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust a. Conservation of Shiva Temple Conservation of the Shiva temple just outside of main gate of Taleju temple is completed. One of two Shiva temples in front of Taleju gate was collapsed and the northern one was badly affected by the earthquake. The total responsibility of conserving the small but beautiful two roofed temple of the right side of the gate which was not collapsed but badly affected was taken by Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust. Applying the mud mortar the Figure 20: Collapsed and partially damaged Shiva Temple temple is conserved with traditional method and material as it was built before. b. Conservation of Laxmi Narayan Temple Conservation of the Laxmi Narayan temple just backside of Kalbhairab in Hanumadhoka which was badly affected by the earthquake is completed. The total responsibility of conserving this small but beautiful two roofed temple was taken by Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust. Applying the mud mortar the temple is conserved with traditional 16

Figure 21: Laxmi Narayan Temple

method and material as it was built before. Adding few necessary wood, all the wooden members from the temple is reused in conservation. c. Conservation of Kageswar Temple The kageswor Temple, on the west of Taleju, originally built in 1681 and rebuilt after the earthquake of 1934 and lastly restored by Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust (KVPT) before 10 years was partially collapsed by the 2015 earthquake. The after earthquake restoration of the temple is completion. The total responsibility of conserving this temple is taken by Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust (KVPT). The temple is conserved with traditional method and material as it was built before.

Figure 22: Reconstructed Kageswar Temple

d. Saraswati Temple The one storey Nepali style temple dedicated to Goddess Saraswati located on the just south of Bamsagopal temple in Hanumandhoka Palace Square is completed. The temple was not collapsed but affected by the 2015 earthquake. The temple is conserved over the plinth level preserving the original foundation and plinth as it is; and conserved the over structure with minimum intervention reusing all the useable elements of the original temple. The total Figure 23: Sawaswati Temple responsibility of conserving this temple is taken by Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust (KVPT). The temple is conserved with traditional method and material as it was built before.

3. Government of Nepal ( Department of Archeology) a. Bamsa Gopal Temple (Chyasin Dega) Restoration The renovation work of Bal Gopal temple also called Chyasing Dega is completed. This temple is a prominent multi roof temple in octagonal shape, devoted to lord Krishna was completely damaged by the earthquake. The temple is restored by Department of Archaeology. As the temple was built by the massive use of traditional brick, wood and terracotta tiles, full consideration is paid to restore the temple with the use of traditional technique and materials reusing the old wooden and other elements as much as possible. Since the 'Surkhi mortar', the mixture of lime, sand and brick powder, is accepted as a traditional construction material, Surkhi mortar is used in restoration of the temple instead of mud mortar.

Figure 24: Reconstructed Chyasin Dega 17

b. Pratab Stambha (The Stone Pillar with the Statue of King Pratab Malla) The Stone Pillar with the metal statue of King Pratap Malla in front of Degu Taleju temple in Hanumandhoka was partially collapsed by the earthquake. The metal statue was fallen with its stone capital part. The statue of King Pratap Malla with his two queens and four sons were badly damaged. It had taken considerable time of skilled artists for the conservation of the damaged metal statue. The huge stone capital of the pillar was lifted using traditional knowledge and technique to set the statue over it. Now the Pratap Stone Pillar is well restored in its original condition. c. Restoration of Trailokya Mohan Narayan Temple The Restoration Work of Trailokya Mohan temple is ongoing.

The Trailokya Mohan Narayan Temple is also known as Dasavatar temple on north-west side of Kumari Temple, was built in early 18th century. The super structure of the three tiered multi roof temple was completely destroyed by the earthquake. After the detail investigation with emergency archaeological excavation, the restoration work was already started with the concept of utilizing almost wooden artistic and other remaining material of the same temple replacing the damaged by new one. The already separated and inventoried wooden elements are being reassembled and conserved for reuse. Other necessary new wooden elements also are being prepared as well.

Figure 25: Stone Pillar with the statue of King Pratap Malla

Figure 26: Trailokya Mohan Narayan Temple

4. Kathmandu Metropolitan City a. Restoration of Kasthamandapa Kasthamandap also known as Maru Sattal; literally "Wooden Shelter" is a three-storied public resting shelter that enshrined Gorakshanath, situated in Hanumandhoka Protected monument Zone in the Southwestern corner of Durbar Square was completely collapsed by the by the 2015 earthquake.

Several myths and stories about the date of the construction of the structure of the Kasthamandap have Figure 27: : Kasthamandap been resolved with the recent archeological findings. The reconstruction newly discovered objects during the rescue excavation in the aftermath of the earthquake have suggested that the Kasthamandap may have been built in the 7th century during the Lichhavi era. Before this, it was assumed that the Kasthamandap was built in around the 12th century.

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A team of national and international experts from the Department of Archaeology (DoA), Government of Nepal and Durham University with the financial support of UNESCO, had conducted a research excavation in the area. Regarding the restoration of Kasthamandap, it is being restored by the local community leaded by "Kastamandap Punanirman Committee" with the fund provided by Kathmandu Metropolitan City office.

Under the project funded by UNESCO, all the remaining wooden and other materials of the temple are salvaged and well documented. On the restoration of the temple, all those salvaged reusable elements of the structure are being reused. b. Mahavishnu temple The temple of Vishnu known as Mahavisnu temple is located on the northwestern corner of Hanumandhoka Durbar Square. The temple was partially affected by the earthquake. However, as the temple was restored few years before the earthquake, a building west of the temple was collapsed and fallen over the Mahavishnu temple damaging the temple structure partially. The western portion of the first roof was more affected and also the brick walls in the ground floor were cracked. The conservation work of the temple is ongoing. Presently the first floor conservation is completed. The total responsibility of the temple conservation was taken by Kathmandu Metropolitan City Office. For strengthening the structural strength of temple the use of wooden elements is increase in considerable number.

Figure 28: Mahavisnu Temple

c. Restoration of Nagaraghar The Naghara Ghar, big Drum house, built in early 20th Century, situated west of Degutale temple in Hanumandhoka Palace Square is a monument of cultural and historical significance. The Conservation work of this structure is completed within a year of earthquake. Replacing the mud mortar by lime mortar the house is conserved with traditional method and material as it was built before. Kathmandu Metropolitan City had taken the total responsibility of the conservation under the close inspection of Department of Archaeology d. Renovation of Singha Sattal

Figure 29: Nagaraghar

The Restoration of Singha Sattal, popularly known as Silyan Sattal(Traditional Rest House) is completed. The Sattal with a shrine of Natyeswar (god of dance) inside it was in dilapidated condition for a long time. Under the direct inspection of DoA, with detail documentation, it is conserved by KMC and Guthi Sansthan.

Traditional types of bricks, Jhigati roof tile and timber are the major construction material as it was used before.

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Since the construction of the structure is traditionally and mythically connected with Kasthamandap, it was believed to be built in the 12th century; since the recent archaeological investigation has proven the Kasthamandapa older than that period, while restoring this monument, the architect and archaeologist involved have paid very careful attention.

5. Restoration projects by International Assistance a. Jagannatsh Temple Jagannath temple in front of main entrance of the palace is under conservation. The temple is being conserved under the UNESCO- Hainan project. The detail structural assessment and architectural study of the temple is completed. Since the temple is targeted to strengthen without dismantling entire structure; the modality of strengthening the temple is also identified by series of meeting with experts and local stakeholders with close coordination of Department of archaeology.

Figure 30: Singha Sattal

Figure 31: Jagannatsh Temple

b. Conservation of Shree Krishna Maha Vishnu (Gopinath) Temple Among the two monuments to be conserved under UNESCO- Hainan Project, Shree Krishna Maha Vishnu Temple, also known as Gopinath, is another one. The temple also was partially affected by the earthquake. The detail structural assessment of Gopinath temple is already completed; and finalized the modality of strengthening of the temple without dismantling entire structure. After presenting the detail of the modality and the procedure of the local stakeholder conservation work of the temple is already started.

Figure 32: Gopinath Temple

c. Conservation of Aaganchhen and Western wing of the palace Since the western wing including the main entrance of the palace was largely affected by the earthquake, the over structure of sacred Aagamchhen over the western long was suspected to be effected heavily, National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo had had a detail structural. investigation of the entire structure with of and Hanumandhoka Palace Museum Development Committee. The project is approved 20

Figure 33: Aagamchhen

by Department of Archaeology. The Agamchhen and the western wing of the palace is going to be conserved by Department of Archaeology through the support of Government of Japan d. Restoration of Nine Storey Palace The Nine Storey Palace also known as Basantapur Durbar is being conserved under the support of Government of Peoples Republic of China. Government of Nepal and Government of China have signed the MOU to conserve the Nine Storey Durbar along with the adjacent buildings of Bhaktapur tower, Lalitpur tower and Kirtipur tower. Officially the project had launched in 15th August 2017 in the presence of vice Figure 34: Basantapur Tower president from the China and director general of Department of Archaeology in a special program held in the palace premises. Minimum intervention has been the major modality of the conservation work; and as reported, 50 percent of total work is completed. e. Conservation of Gaddi Baithak Since the first phase of strengthening work of Gaddi Bhithak is completed with the completion of the main building of Gaddi Baithk, the second phase is started with interior upgrading and structural strengthening work of adjacent building including main entrance of the Gaddi Baithak.

The Gaddi Baithak situated in Hanumandhoka Protected Monument Zone, in front of Kumari Ghar, is a neo-classical monument building built in 1908 AD by Prime Minister Chandra

Figure 35: Gaddi Baithak

Samsher Rana. This monument was heavily damaged by the earthquake. Miyamoto Global Disaster Relief has undertaken the total responsibility of repair and structural upgrade of the building with a grant provided by the US Ambassador's Fund of Cultural Preservation.

The project is being executed under the signed MoU between Department of Archaeology, Government of Nepal and Miyamoto Global Disaster Relief.

6. Local community a. Conservation of Tarini Devi Temple.

The Tarinidevi temple conservation work is completed. The temple of Tarinidevi, also known as Tarini Bahal, in Hanumandhoka protected monument zone, is located outside the palace premises. The temple was targeted to conserve before the earthquake and was more

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damaged by the earthquake. The temple is conserved in initiative of local community with the mutual fund of municipality and community under the close inspection of the Department of Archaeology. b. Conservation of Shiva Temple The next Shiva temple in front of Taleju Gate is also under restoration. As mentioned above, the temple in the north side was already conserved by KVPT and the southern one which was completely collapsed by the earthquake 2015 is being restored by local community named Newa Guhali Pucha.

Since almost all the wooden emblems of the temple were salvaged and well stored with detail documentation, all the reusable carved wooden emblems are being reused in the restoration work.

The temple is being restored using mud mortar as it was originally. Except carved artistic reusable elements other structural wooden elements of the temple are replaced with new timber. (Government of Nepal, 2019) 

Figure 37: Tarini Devi Temple

Figure 36: Shiva Temple

2017 – 2018 o Other than the above-mentioned monuments, restoration were not started till 2017 in Gaiddi Baithak, Nine story palace, Shiva-Parvati temple, Maju dega, Trailokya Mohan Narayan temple and others. This leads to deterioration of the monuments and greenery started to grow from the monuments. o The request of the Nepali government, the Chinese government shouldered the project to restore the complex. The team with expertise in restoring historical Tibetan Figure 38:Restoration work by Chinese worker of all four towers buildings from the Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage (CACH) thereupon arrived in Kathmandu. o The heritage was seriously damaged and the only protection of the heritage was the plastic sheet covering the complex. Immediate precaution measures were taken to keep them from secondary damage. o Steel wire mesh were placed at the complex to eliminate the potential risks in the cripple complex and almost took half a year to complete.

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o While the Chinese team were working, they found that the detailing in the timber were different then their culture. So, the Chinese team visited many Nepali villages to invite skilled workers to join the restoration team. o In 2018, they completed Gaiddi Baithak, Lalitpur tower, Bhaktapur tower, and Kirtipur tower but Kathmandu tower was still remaining and other parts of the complex. o Also, due to lots of controversy and budget problem the reconstruction of Kastamandap finally started along with Maju dega and Trailokya Mohan temple. (Xinhua net, 2019)

Photo Exhibition The photo exhibition programs have been continuing after the earthquake. It is found as one of the best approaches to make aware to the communities; especially to the local residents of the World Heritage Sites. The exhibition of photographs provided the feedback containing several positive and negative activities and approaches that they have been doing towards heritage and the sites. Good feedback has been receiving from locals and professionals, especially the private building Figure 39: Photo Exhibition owners, who feel much guilty and come to the process for correction of their building, if they have been breaching any provision of the bylaws. (National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, 2016)

Establishment of CHIMS Cultural Heritage Information Management System (CHIMS), a database documentation system is established in DoA. Establishing Cultural Heritage Information Management System (CHIMS) in Department of Archaeology is an important achievement on heritage documentation and information management. UNESCO Kathmandu office has been supporting financially and technically for the project. It is aimed to develop a fully scientific documentation database system in DoA. A different Documentation Unit in coordination of WH Conservation Section head is also established within DoA. (National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, 2016)

Material and Structures The concrete knowledge about Newar building techniques has been gained through conservation and restoration works.

The main structural materials are timber and brick. Employed wood species are sal (Shorea robusta) and chir pine (Pinus roxburghii, locally known as agrākh and sallā). In addition, the gvālchāsĩ (chirauni) of the Theaceae family and the ringcupped oak (Quercus glauca) of the Fagaceae family are also used. Sal, a hardwood, is widely employed in architectural members such as pillars, purlins, struts, and door leaves for its excellent resistance to water and its durability. Chir pine is relatively lighter and Figure 40: Female worker manufacturing dātiapā bricks

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employed for long members, such as floor joists, roof beams, and rafters.

It is not possible to obtain long size timbers in lumber stores in Kathmandu City, but is probably possible to import them. In lumber stores, thin sal wood boards up to 9 feet long can be found. It is also easy to find chir pine members up to 2-3 meters long. Thus, it is an issue to find good quality long size members for their use in restoration work.

Bricks are made with wooden moulds, and can be sun dried or fired bricks burnt in a kiln. There are two types of fired bricks: māapā, which are the main material in structural walls, and dātiapā, which are used as finishing material in the outer walls.

Dātiapā bricks are shaped like a wedge, leaving a Figure 41: Taking out dātiapā bricks from the brick kiln space for the joint to the inside of the wall and no joint to the outside. In addition, there are roof tiles and floor tiles (cikãapā). There are also some roofing tiles, such as ā͂ypā or jhīgatī, which have a rail for a hook and a protrusion, and gvāgaḥcā, which are shaped like a bird and used in the corners.

These bricks are produced using traditional technologies still today, and it is possible to see these brick factories. Many factories are mechanized and have horseshoe-shaped kilns that make mass production possible, but these are factories for general construction bricks. Brick production is still intense during the dry season. The pictures show a traditional brick factory in Bhaktapur where māapā and dātiapā bricks, which are still under demand, are made by hand. The brick kiln is made in a place with abundance of grey clay; clay is excavated from the fields, refined with water, and stirred with a machine. There were about 20 female workers, and they performed tasks such as making the wooden molds, sun drying the bricks, and reshaping them. The brick kiln was shaped like a vault and allowed for good quality production. It is dubious if good quality clay will still be obtainable in the future, but for the moment it is possible to obtain traditional bricks for restoration work. There are certain factories that have old-style kilns, but managing the temperature in these kilns is difficult, and there is a need for further surveys on the present state of the production techniques. (National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, 2016)

Soft walls The most prominent feature of traditional architecture in Nepal is the brick masonry wall. The masonry technique of the outside of the wall, where bricks are laid without joints, gives the outside its characteristic appearance. However, to the inside a different brick laying technique and bricks with different sizes are employed. This technique requires a careful study.

On the other hand, the timber structure is designed to allow displacements. This suggests the possibility that the structure is not designed to be rigid, but rather to absorb the earthquake energy through a vibration control system.

It is possible that the same idea lays behind the roofing technique, where small sized tiles are simply laid on a clay layer. It can be thought that 24

Figure 42: Wall section dātiapā bricks

this design was intended to allow the tiles to fall down in the case of an earthquake in order to make the roof load lighter.

The building technique in this region can be understood as a wooden frame filled with brick masonry. However, this brick masonry is quite unique, since bricks are set with mud and there is no turn the wall into a single rigid body. We could say that buildings have soft walls. It is necessary to think again the reason behind this building technique.

Figure 43: Roof tiles (Durbar Square) These buildings are often understood as having a mixed structure made of timber and brick. However, we can also think that these brick masonry soft walls behave as dampers during an earthquake. We have to hope that further structural analysis of traditional architecture is conducted in order to clarify the unique building technique of past: Nepal. If we study the timber frame and the brick masonry separately, we can easily come to the conclusion that the frame is insufficiently tied and the masonry is careless. A deeper and comprehensive analysis is requiring to reveal the true meaning of the building techniques in Nepal. (National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, 2016)

Retaining Authenticity 

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Form and Design o There were no changes in the form and design after the completion of reconstruction of some monuments and also the form and design is being followed in the monuments that is being reconstructed.

Approach and Reconstruction o In past: There was no proper understanding of reconstruction and in the name of reconstruction concrete is found to be use in some monuments. o At present: Community based approach for reconstruction. Large and elaborate committee for reconstruction with every specific work division, based on experts the decisions are with community representatives.

Material: o Old and New o For reconstruction now materials were being used only some useable salvage material were available. o Facilitation of materials o Salvage materials which were in good condition were treated and were being used for reconstruction. Different agencies like Nepal timber corporation, stone quarry in Banep and different brick factories were approached for new materials o Sorting and store o The salvage materials were stored in Lohan Chowk of Hanumandhoka by constructing temporary structure inside Nepal Police and Security of Hanumandhoka o Salvage materials -reuse o Many materials were lost during reuse operation and slow damage assessment. New timber wood was orderd from Nepal timber coorperation, ud mortar from Dharahara’s foundation, mud fill: Pango Maato of Tahachal, stone query form Banepa.

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o Less than 10% salvage materials were used during reconstruction

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Use and Function/Technology o The technology used for reconstruction of the heritage monuments are traditional method using only brick and timber. By doing lots of research, experts came up with better structure design of traditional building like adding horizontal timber band.

Problems Faced o There was limited source of documentation to start the reconstruction of Heritage monuments. The sources which have drawings lacked structural detailing as well as internal detailing. To collect the information experts started to research on the monuments which took them more than 1 and half year to start the project.

Documentation of the construction work o Verification and structural analysis was done. o Daily photograph was taken o Daily log was prepared by technical team. o Documentation was prepared when site analysis was done. o Different parts of detail drawings were prepared. o Report was prepared when any work was completed. o Photographers and architects were hired for any documentation.

Threats 

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Existing threats o Site is exposed to growing urban fabric that threatens the authenticity by setting and location.

Extent of the vulnerability o Vulnerable, if no proper maintenance is done over time.

Vandalism o No sort of vandalism has been ever accounted.

Accounts of thefts or losses of precious material o Losses of previous materials due to the lack of immediate response and structure during disaster.

Kathmandu Durbar Square reconstruction under Warsaw recommendation 1) Value Most of the monuments were restored to its original form and design and rest are ongoing reconstruction. For reconstruction traditional material were used as per the specification by Department of Archeology. All the craftsmen were from Bhaktapur and Lalitpur and in all project skilled and semi-skilled manpower are locals with traditional techniques.

2) Conservation Doctrine After the earthquake 2015, the building surrounding cultural heritage which got damaged or collapsed weren’t allowed to build more than two floor or higher than the site because to conserve the cultural landscapes and to also conserve the intangible heritage.

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3) Communities The participation of local people were less during reconstruction. The craftsmen were from Bhaktapur and Lalitpur i.e. most of the monuments are being reconstructed with the help of organization outside the community.

4) Allowing Time for reflection Reconstruction was started in the month of July, 2015 but 2017 was the turning point of reconstruction. For two-year experts’ opinion was taken whenever necessary, photo exhibition was held to aware the local communities. Different programs on conservation was held in DoA with active participation of local people and communities and Ghutis opinion were also considered.

5) Resilience, capacities and sustainability Modern techniques of construction were also considered while its traditional integrity is maintained. Lime shurkhi mortar is used instead of traditional mud mortar as per structural analysis, minute internal changes were done for the strengthening.

Lack of technical manpower experienced in historic buildings and code of assessment.

Stakeholders trained to some amount on earthquake response, heritage conservation, scientific documentation by DoA, UNESCO, ICCROM, etc and skilled artisans from Bhaktapur and Lalitpur are taken for the reconstruction of heritages.

6) Memory and reconciliation Missing or unusable parts were replaced with replicas but incase of no documentation the artistic elements are left plain. There is no information regarding history and earquake damage is missing.

7) Documentation During earthquake, all of the monuments got damaged in Kathmandu Durbar Square. During reconstruction period there was no documentation of any monuments. So, to collect the document it took more than a year to start the reconstruction of heritages. The damages after the earthquake were documented by DoA, International agencies, Museum development committee and so on.

Reconstruction process are also being documented on daily basis through photographs, drawings and videos.

8) Planning Considered physical attributes with a a larger urban context as facadism in buffer and sub-buffer zone. The use of monument is considered before its reconstruction. This will ensure the continuous use and sustainability of the monument 9) Governance Guideline and manual development after earthquake were followed. Planning for disaster response and reconstruction is missing. Safe storage area, assessment form where not defined. Meeting of steering committee is conducted in every 2 months. Difficult in availability of fund and auditing is done every year.

10) Education and Awareness Lack of educational and awareness program in the community level about importance and values of heritage. Considering the facts, community realization have reach more in Bhaktapur compare 27

to other cities of Kathmandu valley. But these realizations are not sufficient to sustain the heritage.

The awareness programs are being conducted by Department of Archelogy

Mitigating measures Infrastructure measures 

Proper identification of storage

All the salvage were stored on open and moist area inside Lohan Chowk. Only plastic cover were used to protect from rain and sun. There should be proper storage area for valuable historical items with proper precaution taken. 

Repair and Maintenance

Twice a year, government should send the experts to examine the historical monuments for periodic repair and maintenance. 

Workshop for wood carving

Wood carving workshop should be provided near or inside the heritage like Patan Durbar Square for preparing skilled craftsman for future disaster. Wood carving can also be exhibited inside museum showing traditional carving method. It may also attract the new generation who are interested in wood carving which will increase the number of skilled craftsman. 

Documentation

Most of the recorded documents of heritage building are from foreign writers and those documents are limited only to most of the popular temples and monuments. Each heritage needed to be documented yearly because in the upcoming disaster it would be easy to reconstruct any heritage building in short time and the traditional technology will always be recorded for new generation to study. 

Protection of Heritage building from getting deterioration after disaster

These building needs to be in constant observation otherwise it may further get damaged by rain, heat, cold and also plant will grow over it.

Institutional measures •

Institutional mechanisms should strengthen coordination and build capacity to deal with specific related to heritage assets in the aftermath of a disaster.

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Risk preparedness should not be conceived only in emergency situations but interwoven into the routine management of cultural heritage resources by different institutions.

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Heritage staff and professionals should be included in the local disaster planning exercises and should ne informed of imminent disaster earthquake. Planning on the heritage site level requires that these professionals are trained in emergency management and they area able to communicate and train their own staff and c

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Disaster recovery frameworks, which included in the local disaster planning exercises and should be informed of imminent disasters earthquake. Planning on the heritage site level 28

require that these professionals are trained in emergency management and they are able to communicate and train their own staff and communities.

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Disaster recovery frameworks, which include the culture sector and link national development strategies and plans with a general recovery vision and targets, must be prepared and agreed on by the relevant reconstruction.

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Cultural Emergency Response programs through its funding initiative Patrimonies, both support the protection and preservation of cultural heritage in crisis regions.

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In education section only concrete structure course are taught in detail. Structure of heritage building should also be added in the course.

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The locals and committee members should be provided with trainings and participate in such heritage protection programs.

Conclusion Disaster risk management is the application of disaster risk reduction policies and strategies to prevent new disaster risk, reduce existing disaster risk and manage residual risk, contributing to the strengthening of resilience and reduction of disaster losses. This is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding risks. It involves preparing for the disaster before it occurs, disaster response as well as supporting and rebuilding society after disaster has occurred.

In this report we have explained a disaster scenario for Kathmandu Durbar Square and the possible effects of earthquake there. During the entire process we learnt to identify and map local capabilities to cope with the hazards and conduct effective disaster response while reducing risks and vulnerabilities. The risk of disaster can happen at any time so, early preparedness and the possible mitigation measures must be clear-cut to ensure human and heritage safety.

References Government of Nepal. (2019). Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Site. Kathmandu.

National Research Institute for Cultural Properties. (2016). Project for Investigation of Damage Situation of Cultural Heritage in Nepal.

The Atlantic. (2015, July). Nepal, Three Months After the Earthquakes. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2015/07/nepal-three-months-after-theearthquakes/399773/ Tibet Discovery. (2020). Kathmandu Durbar Square - Former Royal Palace of Nepal. Retrieved from Tibet Discovery: https://www.tibetdiscovery.com/what-to-see/kathmandu-durbar-square/ Xinhua net. (2019). Xinhua Headlines: Chinese restoration specialists help Nepal recover soul of Kathmandu Valley culture.

Retrieved from Xinhuanet: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/11/c_138464248.htm

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVRMQTbZd-c https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJ3IIas0zGU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8xmVisM_O4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8_E8bIFI14&t=49s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mscwwZR-Jo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ijACXA4Nu8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AxgftdFcAaE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9R5Xm0ud5g https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GnkA-6ccLk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYGPMhgCFqc

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