SUDSnet Conference

SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

SUDSnet International Conference 30th & 31st August 2018 Coventry, UK

Celebrating 15 years of SUDSnet

Conference Proceedings

Organised by:

Supported by:

SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Organised by:

Supported by:

SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Contents    

Welcome message Overview programme List of abstracts by session Delegate list

Welcome Message We are delighted to welcome you to SUDSnet International Conference 2018 at Coventry University. We hope that SUDSnet 2018 will provide you with fantastic networking opportunities and up-to-date information on SuDS, and sustainable water management.

This years’ conference presentations cover a broad range of topics. As ever, they will be delivered by speakers from academia, industry and practice. Together we will celebrate partnership working to deliver better water management in a wide variety of situations and delivering multiple benefits. Our speakers will communicate case studies and research results from SUDS and Green Infrastructure in new-build and retrofit situations, to refugee camps and extreme climatic conditions, and under laboratory conditions, they will also provide inspiration and examples about how to educate, communicate and articulate water management issues.

SUDSnet continues its’ commitment to supporting students studying SUDS and we are excited to hear some paper and poster contributions relating to postgraduate student work.

This year we celebrate 15 years as a formal Network, a community of shared practice. Our conferences continue to provide direct networking opportunities, and we also have a LinkedIn group (https://www.linkedin.com/groups/3903829) for discussion and communication.

Our thanks go to all of the speakers who have offered such interesting papers, the authors of the poster contributions and to all of the delegates who will add to the lively discussions throughout the conference, helping us collectively to take SuDS forward.

Special thanks also to the conference organisers; Universities of Abertay and Coventry, and to conference supporter The Humanitarian Innovation Fund.

Thank you for attending and contributing to SUDSnet 2018. Enjoy the conference!

Rebecca and Sue SUDSnet Coordinator at Abertay University: Dr Rebecca Wade SUDSnet Coordinator at Coventry University: Prof Susanne Charlesworth LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/groups/3903829 Web: http://sudsnet.abertay.ac.uk/ E-mail: sudsnet@abertay.ac.uk Organised by:

Supported by:

SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Overview Programme. Day 1- Thursday 30th Aug 2018 9.00 - 10.00

Registration

10.00 - 10.10

Introduction and conference welcome

10:10 - 10:40

KEYNOTE SPEAKERS: ROSEMARY JENKINSON & MILLY HENNAYAKE (ARUP)

Session 1 Supported by Humanitarian Innovation Fund

Session 1 – SuDS in Challenging Environments TIME 10.40

TITLE

AUTHOR(S)

The efficacy of Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDs) in humanitarian settlements: a case for an alternative method in flood risk management.

Mitchell McTough,1,2, Andrew Adam-Bradford 2 & Sue Charlesworth 2 1 2

11.00

Innovative Drainage Techniques for Surface Water Management in African Refugee Camps

United Nations Development Programme Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience

Oluwatoyin Opeyemi Ajibade1* & Kiran Tota-Maharaj2 1

University of Greenwich.

University of West of England

2

11.20

Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation of biofiltration cells at Franschhoek, South Africa

Liz Trenchard, Sue Charlesworth & Stephen Coupe Coventry University

11.40

12.00

The Interplay of Green Infrastructure on Urban Heat Stresses and Stormwater Management: Southeast Asia's Urban Future

Addressing disease vectors with SuDS: the Zika virus in favelas in NE Brazil

K. Tota-Maharaj1 and M. Gómez2 1

University of the West of England, 2Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Spain R. Lewis, S. Charlesworth, M. Blackett, F. Warwick Coventry University

12.20 - 1.20

Networking LUNCH

Session 2 – Source Control SuDS: Green roofs, Planters & Plants TIME 1.20

TITLE

AUTHOR(S)

Improving the functionality of the “sponge” – Does plant choice matter?

Siti Nur Hannah Ismail, Ross W. F. Cameron and Virginia Stovin University of Sheffield

1.40

Ecological enhancement from wildlife habitat on constructed green roofs.

Sophie Barron-West1, Stephen Coupe1, Liz Trenchard1 & Ben Shuttleworth 2 1

Coventry University.

SEL Environmental Limited

2

2.00

Seasonal variations in green roof hydrology

Simon De-Ville1 & Virginia Stovin2 1

Loughborough University Sheffield University Alex Stephenson1,2 & Lorna Davis2,3 2

2.20

Reduction of CSO discharges and improved surface water runoff quality through the use of rainwater planters

1

H2O Intelligence Ltd and 2SuDSPlanter Ltd Lorna Davis Designs

3

2.40

Greener Gardens – Raingardens and attenuation units in residential gardens

Wade, R.1, Travers, J,2 Berwick N, 1 & Peter, R. 1 1 2

Organised by:

Abertay University Lovell Homes

Supported by:

SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK. 3.00 - 3.20

Break

Session 3 – Water Quality and Pollution Control TIME 3.20

TITLE

AUTHOR(S)

Simulation of the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from storm water using a model swale mesocosm.

Janine Robinson, Fay Couceiro, Joy Watts and John Williams University of Portsmouth

3.40

Pollutant removal efficacies of permeable pavements comprising recycled concrete aggregates

J. Monrose1,2 K. Tota-Maharaj1 and A. Mwasha3 1

University of the West of England AECOM, Trinidad and Tobago 3 University of the West Indies 2

4.00

Validating a SUDS treepit for the Scottish Climate

A.M. Duffy1, D. Bowie J2. Dalrymple2, J. Akunna1 1

Abertay University GreenBlue URBAN

2

4.00 - 4.20

BREAK

Session 4 – SuDS Education and Articulation TIME 4.20

TITLE

AUTHOR(S)

Articulation of Stormwater in Cities

Bruce Ferguson Pennsylvania, USA

4.40

SuDS and Raingarden Education in Schools

Rebecca Wade1, Alison Duffy1, Neil Berwick1, James Travers, Patricia Dello Sterpaio 1

Abertay University

5.00

Inspiring the New Generations: Introducing SuDS at Undergraduate and Postgraduate Studies

Luis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda1,2, Felipe P. AlvarezRabanal1, Angel Martin-Rodriguez1, Mar AlonsoMartinez1, Zenaida A. Hernandez-Garrastacho1, Juan J. del Coz-Diaz1 1

University of Oviedo.

Coventry University

2

5.20 – 5.30

Discussion and Close of Day 1

7.00 for 7.30pm Conference Dinner – St Marys Guildhall St Marys Guildhall, Bayley Lane, Coventry, CV1 5RN www.stmarysguildhall.co.uk

Organised by:

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Programme. Day 2 - Friday 31st Aug 2018 9.00 – 9.30

Registration

9:30 – 10.00 KEYNOTE SPEAKERS BRIAN SMITH (Yorkshire Water) & PROF LIAN LUNDY (Middlesex University)

Session 5 – Permeable Pavements and Filter Media TIME 10.00

TITLE Optimising Pervious Pavement Systems: A laboratory-based investigation of novel materials as water barrier/treatment systems

AUTHOR(S) Natasa Tziampou1, Stephen J. Coupe1, Luis A. SañudoFontaneda2, Alan P. Newman1, & Daniel Castro-Fresno3 1

Coventry University University of Oviedo 4 Universidad de Cantabria 2

10.20

The Hydrological “end-of-life” concept for Permeable Pavement Systems: A Case Study from Northern Spain

Luis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda1,4, Valerio C. AndresValeri2, Jorge Rodriguez-Hernandez3, Carlos CostalesCampa1, & Fernando Cadenas-Fernandez1 1

University of Oviedo.

University Austral of Chile.

University of Cantabria, 4 Coventry University 2 3

10.40

Filter drains redesigned for the 21st Century

Jo Bradley SDS Ltd

11.00

Porous and Permeable Pavements with LowCarbon Manufactured Carbonated Aggregates: Environmental and Economic Perspectives

Colin D Hills1,2, John Monrose3,4, Kiran Tota-Maharaj2,4 & Paula Carrey2,5 1

University of Greenwich, Indo:UK Centre for Environment Research and Innovation.

3 AECOM, West Indies.

4 University of the West of England 5 Carbon8 Systems Ltd. 2

11.20 -11.40 BREAK

Session 6 – International SuDS and Stormwater Case studies TIME 11.40

12.00

12.20

TITLE

AUTHOR(S)

Stormwater management in United Kingdom, Denmark, Poland, Germany, Sweden and Netherlands: A comparative study of legislation, methods and systems utilised.

Lukasz Koziel & Sara Egemose

A catchment scale analysis of green roofs retrofit potential to mitigate hydrological risk in a Mediterranean environment

Mirka Mobilia & Antonia Longobardi

A new freely-available geospatial data-based methodology for the implementation and assessment of SUDS: linking GIS tools and SWMM

Beatriz I. Mendez-Fernandez1, Cristina Allende-Prieto2, Susanne M. Charlesworth3, Luis A. SañudoFontaneda1,3

SDU (University of Southern Denmark)

University of Salerno, Italy

1&2

University of Oviedo.

Coventry University

3

Organised by:

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK. 12.40 -2.00

LUNCH

Session 7 – Natural Flood Management and Rural SuDS TIME 2.00

2.20

TITLE

AUTHOR(S)

An Approach for Identifying Opportunities and Assessing Performance of Natural Flood Risk Management techniques: A case-study in the headwaters of the Warwickshire-Avon

T. Lavers, Charlesworth S, Fried J., Warwick F. & Lashford C.

Investigating the role of tree planting on subcatchment level runoff in Warwickshire, England

Craig Lashford & Thomas Lavers

Coventry University

Coventry University

2.40

Developing a Design and Build Guidance for Rural SuDS

A. Duffy1, S. Moir2. N. Berwick1, J. Shabashow 1, B.

D’Arcy1, R. Wade1, & D. Blackwood1 1

Abertay University Moir Environmental Ltd,

2

3.00

Rural Sustainable Drainage Systems: Experience in the Field so Far

Stewart Moir Moir Environmental Ltd

3.00 - 3.20

BREAK

Session 8 – SuDS and Stakeholder Engagement TIME 3.40

TITLE

AUTHOR(S)

Potential for retrofitting SUDS at Houston Industrial Estate, Livingston, West Lothian

Vladimir Krivtsov, Brian J. D’Arcy, Scott Arthur & Chris Semple Heriot Watt University

4.00

A communication tool for Ecosystem Services associated with Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems

Roshni Jose1, Rebecca Wade2 & David Blackwood2 1

University of Portsmouth Abertay University

3

4.20

Green Infrastructure survey on public perception of SuDS and the relationship with the housing market

John Williams, Cletus Moobela, David Hutchinson, Mark Gaterall & Roshni Jose.

University of Portsmouth

4.40 - 5.00pm

Day 2 Final Discussion and Close of Conference

5.00pm

Depart

Organised by:

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK. POSTERS: HYDROLOGICAL IMPACT OF EXPANDED CLAY MATERIAL INTRODUCED IN DIFFERENT SUDS: A LABORATORY-BASED ASSESSMENT

Carlos Costales-Campa1, Felipe P. Alvarez-Rabanal1, Luis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda1,2 1University Of Oviedo.

2Coventry University

RETROFITTING THE HISTORICAL CITY OF OVIEDO, SPAIN: THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF SUDS IN SANTUYANO’S BOULEVARD AND “EL CAMPO DE SAN FRANCISCO”

Fabio Robleda-Alvarez1, Nicolas Vallina-Pita1, Ricardo Fernandez-Carrio1, Carlos Costales-Campa1, Almudena Ordoñez-Alonso2, Luis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda1,3 1&2

University of Oviedo.

Coventry University

3

SOUTH AFRICAN BIOFILTERS (TITLE TO BE CONFIRMED)

Sue Charlesworth Coventry University

USING SPONGE CITY THEORY FOR THE COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION FOR LID AND SUDS

Katherine Hyde University of Reading

ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL IMPLEMENTATION OF PERMEABLE PAVEMENT SYSTEMS IN THE SAN FRANCISCO PARK OF THE HISTORICAL CITY OF OVIEDO, NW SPAIN

1

Lucía Pérez-Martínez, 1Almudena Ordoñez, 2,3Luis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda, 1Rodrigo Álvarez 1

Department of Mining, University of Oviedo, Spain Department of Construction and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Oviedo, Spain 3 Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University 2

DEX PONDS 20 YEARS ON - A LARGE SCALE MIXED DEVELOPMENT IN SCOTLAND: CBA; PUBLIC PERCEPTION AND PERFORMANCE OBSERVATIONS

Alison Duffy UWTC, Abertay University

SUDS, GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE AND PUBLIC HEALTH

Rebecca Wade Abertay University

SUDSNET – CELEBRATING 15 YEARS OF THE NETWORK

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SUDSnet

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

SUDSnet 2018 - KEYNOTE PRESENTATION - Day 1:

Creating appropriate guidance for the Management of Surface Water in Humanitarian Contexts Authors: Rosemary Jenkinson, Eleanor Earl, Milly Hennayake, IĂąigo Ruiz-ApilĂĄnez, Justin Abbott (all Arup) Keywords: surface water, drainage, humanitarian, water, flooding, catchment, guidance, suds, IDP camp, refugee camp Inadequate management of surface water in humanitarian contexts leads to flooding and the unmanaged ponding of surface water, potentially resulting in health impacts, due to the spread of vector-borne diseases, as well as water pollution, poor accessibility and unsanitary living conditions. This can be damaging to the wellbeing of internally displaced persons (IDP) and refugees and can expose them to further harm.

The presentation will focus on a Humanitarian Innovation Fund (HIF) funded project, which aims to provide good practice guidance for practitioners through the examination of current humanitarian surface water management practices. In the process we have engaged with a range of surface water management experts and humanitarian practitioners to understand the needs of the sector and to identify the opportunities of good surface water management.

The initial scoping study identified that relevant surface water management guidance is very limited; does not fulfil the needs of a typical end-user working within the field; and does not fully appreciate the complexities of a multi-sector response for the implementation and management of solutions. Generally, the existing guidance does not mimic natural systems, nor treat, slow and reduce the volume of runoff at source; instead it attempts to convey it rapidly downstream.

A key issue has been deciding on an appropriate level of technical content and the choice of language to communicate technical concepts to a wide range of users with varying technical ability and experience. The use of appropriate graphics has helped keep the guidance concise with the aim of making the document easy to digest and navigate.

Organised by:

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Session 1 - SuDS in Challenging Environments

The efficacy of Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDs) in humanitarian settlements: a case for an alternative method in flood risk management.

Mitchell McTough1&2, Andrew Adam-Bradford 2 and Sue Charlesworth 2 1 2

United Nations Development Programme Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University

Abstract: Surface water management, including managing grey water, in humanitarian settlements for internally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees, and transiting returnees, exists on the periphery of service priorities for those in need. This paper examines the case of Iraq. Camps in the country have often been constructed by larger agencies, such as UN, governmental or donors directly, with design and layout being subject to their plans. Where drainage is insufficient, or the camp designated as temporary/transit, it is often neglected.

Installation or upgrades are introduced after initial habitation when gaps are identified, as costly retrofits. Furthermore, in sensitive camps, partners are reluctant to invest and upgrade as advocacy for relocation to better camps can be more appropriate. The issue of drainage fits within a wider scope of study, inextricably linked to the protracted state of affairs in which these camps exist. Moreover, in Iraq the service provision of drainage falls under the mandate of the Camp Coordination and Camp Management (CCCM) partners, as supposed to that of Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) partners, nullifying the purpose of most global humanitarian guidelines, which designate drainage under WASH. This exacerbates the ambiguity as to the responsibility and ownership of drainage throughout a humanitarian response.

Research carried out in northern Iraq, explores the potential for sustainable drainage systems (SuDs) in such settings, and the propensity of adopting SuDs by introducing a pilot project within a refugee camp, Gawilan. Through a mixed methodology approach, gaps have been identified, including evidence of similar unofficial low cost systems already being embraced in humanitarian settlements to manage costs and flooding. By using action research, and adaptive co-management techniques, the lessons learned and ways forward to introduce SuDs, are informed by participation from both the micro (camp residents) to the macro (UN agencies, donors, and governments) and presented here.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Innovative Drainage Techniques for Surface Water Management in African Refugee Camps Oluwatoyin Opeyemi Ajibade1* and Kiran Tota-Maharaj2 1 2

University of Greenwich, England, United Kingdom.

Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Division of Civil and Environmental Engineering & The International Water Security Network, University of West of England, Bristol, (UWE Bristol), UK.

Across refugee camps in Africa, effective management of surface water flowing in and around the camps remains one of the main technical challenges facing internally displaced people (IDPs) or refugees within these camps. This problem becomes intensified as the population of refugees rises due to ongoing conflicts and effectiveness of existing drainage systems across the camps diminishes. Recent events such as the 2017 flooding event across Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya affirm the urgent need for improved and adaptable drainage systems across refugee camps in Africa. To address this problem, innovative surface water drainage models were simulated and evaluated with MicroDrainage and Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) software packages which enables drainage systems to be designed, audited and tested for exceedance. The two software packages (MicroDrainage and SWMM) evaluated real-time rainfall patterns and flow conditions for the Dadaab refugee camp. There was strong correlation between the results obtained using the two simulation and modelling software packages for the simulated Dadaab refugee camp surface water management conditions. The results showed that applying the simulated drainage model for surface water management across the refugee camp can achieve effective storage of 25 to 35 % of total annual precipitation and minimises runoff loss between 11 to 16 % of total annual precipitation. This will significantly reduce the quantities of stormwater and the chances of flooding occurrences within the Dadaab camp during extreme rainfall events. Similarly, infiltration rates for existing drainage infrastructure can be maintained between 55 to 70 % to prevent droughts and support micro-organisms in the soils for balanced soil replenishment.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation of biofiltration cells at Franschhoek, South Africa Liz Trenchard, Sue Charlesworth & Stephen Coupe University Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Ryton Gardens, Wolston Lane, CV8 3LG.

At the Water Hub, Franschhoek, Western Cape, South Africa large scale biofiltration cells to treat urban waste water from informal settlements have been created from an abandoned water treatment works.

These biofiltration cells utilise natural processes to provide a low cost, low impact, local solution to treat waste water.

Although the choice of plants and substrate in the biofilters can influence their effectiveness, the efficiency of biofiltration is largely determined by below ground microbial processes. It is important therefore to have a clear understanding of microbial community and ecology in order to effectively manage the biofiltration process.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are key components of the microbial community. AMF form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, these are mutually beneficial. More than 70% of plant species form relationships with AMF including many important crop species. Research shows that these relationships provide plants with increased access to water and nutrients, improved resistance to pathogens and greater tolerance to pollutants.

Mycorrhizal colonisation could therefore increase plant survival and growth in the biofiltration cells and improve the removal of nutrients and pollutants. Thus, increasing the effectiveness of the biofiltration process. However, there have been very few studies to date which have looked at the extent and impact of mycorrhizal colonisation in biofilters. This study therefore aimed to determine the extent of mycorrhizal colonisation in the biofiltration cells at the Water Hub. In order to do this soil core samples were taken from the rhizosphere of dominant plants growing in the biofiltration cells. These were then sieved, cleared, stained and roots examined using the grid intersection method.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

The Interplay of Green Infrastructure on Urban Heat Stresses and Stormwater Management: Southeast Asia's Urban Future Kiran Tota-Maharaj1 and Manuel Gรณmez2 1

University of the West of England, (UWE Bristol).

Polytechnic University of Catalonia.

2

Abstract: Urban heat island (UHI), urban-related convective precipitations and flash flooding anomalies are undoubtedly an ongoing worldwide problem facing tropical cities. In rapidly urbanised cities with tropical climates such as Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, climate change impact is aggravated by multiple factors that interplay simultaneously, leading to the creation of pocket areas of extreme heat, where depending of the morphology of the location of the sources and the way they interact with each other, the intensity of the abnormality can reach critical levels of danger to the population. Analysis of historical meteorological records shows that the frequency of intense (20 mm/hr) rain showers and UHI has increased in the last decade for Kuala Lumpur. The daytime heat island is often associated with the intensification of rain showers, changing precipitation patterns which often leads to surface water floods and flash flooding. Elevated temperatures within the city centre of Kuala Lumpur (KLCC) is also correlated with high usage of air-cooling and air-conditioning systems which increases volumes of hot exhaust air, surrounding the buildings and paved surfaces increasing the effects of UHI. Several buildings and multi-storey complexes across Kuala Lumpur can be retrofitted with green infrastructure to reduce the reliance of urban ventilation, decreasing the absorption and reflection patterns of solar radiation as well as managing the impacts of intense rainfall events. The paper explores the interaction and fluctuation of the sources of heat, flash floods and the interaction between stormwater management and UHI through quantitative data collection and analysis in KLCC, a densified business area, where physical mechanisms are dynamically interplaying with each other in contextual characteristics that differ from other parts of the city. The study aims to identify patterns of behaviour in this interactions in order to propose measures of mitigation by incorporating green infrastructure intervention in contemporary urban design strategies. Further investigations will review airborne pollutants which can be trapped and often remediated by nature-based solutions (NbS) for KLCC.

Organised by:

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Addressing disease vectors with SuDS: the Zika virus in favelas in NE Brazil Rebecca Lewis, Sue Charlesworth, Matthew Blackett & Frank Warwick Coventry University

As a consequence of urbanisation nearly half of the world's rapidly growing population live in urban areas. Rising global temperatures are enabling the geographical coverage of mosquito-vector disease to spread further than previously thought, with discussion now focusing on the potential for disease epidemics to spread throughout new geographical urban areas. The outbreak of Zika Virus (ZIKV) in Brazil in August 2015, bought these issues to the forefront of the international health agenda; with researchers establishing cases of neonate microcephaly to be a direct result of maternal ZIKV infection during pregnancy in May 2016. The highest density of ZIKV infections and microcephaly cases during this time were located in the northeast and southeastern regions, two of Brazil's most populated areas.

These densely populated areas typically lack infrastructure suitable for effective water management, sanitation and drainage and pose as suitable breeding environments for the Aedes aegypti ZIKV vector.

This research project aims to address the correlation between ZIKV & Microcephaly cases in the urban environment, with a specific focus on favela communities' and urban water management in the Fortaleza Metropolitan Area (Northeast Brazil). Data collection will include interviews with community members and recording observations of the favela conditions and current water management practices and infrastructure. As a result, this project will outline the potential for practical application of SuDS devices and provide appropriate guidelines as to the facilitation of community engagement in SuDs throughout favela communities."

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Session 2 – Source Control SuDS: Green roofs, Planters & Plants Improving the functionality of the “sponge” – Does plant choice matter?

Siti Nur Hannah Ismail1, Ross W. F. Cameron1 and Virginia Stovin2 1 2

Department of Landscape, University of Sheffield Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK

Green infrastructure is often seen as a key component of Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS), in that vegetation can be seen to act as a giant sponge; by capturing and detaining water, thus reducing and slowing the flow that passes into the conventional drainage system. Plants can also re-charge soil’s capacity to hold water by evapo-transpiring (ET) existing soil water back into the atmosphere, not unlike the large surface area of a sponge helping it to dry out. So plants have a significant contribution to SuDS, but the question arises as to which plants to use, and where? Does species choice matter?

This research explored the ways different ground-cover plants interact with precipitation and influence hydrological flows. In this paper, the influences of leaf trait and canopy structure on ET are investigated using six contrasting plant species. As ET rates are influenced by variables including microclimate, residual soil moisture content and plant eco-physiology, experiments were conducted under UK natural (i.e. outdoors), and also artificial semi-controlled (i.e. laboratory) conditions. For both experiments, plants ET rates were measured through weighing. Preliminary findings suggests that ET rates were generally greater with narrow leaved species (F.glauca ‘Elijah Blue’) than large broad-leaved (H.sieboldiana) and simple leaf species (P.terminalis) in both climatic scenarios, although this may be due to greater total leaf area rather than transpiration per unit leaf area. Differences in ET performance due to different canopy sizes were also observed by comparing plants with full-grown canopy with those that were half-trimmed. Data is discussed within the context of utilizing low-growing functional plants and their ability to influence stormwater runoff in urban areas.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK. Ecological enhancement from wildlife habitat on constructed green roofs.

Sophie Barron-West1, Stephen Coupe1, Liz Trenchard1 and Ben Shuttleworth2.

1

University Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, SEL Environmental Limited, Blackburn, Lancashire

2

Green roofs are commonly used SuDS devices and are known to improve onsite water management by reducing runoff and improving storage. Little however is known about the potential for green roofs to improve local biodiversity and encourage wildlife to use habitats constructed as part of green infrastructure development.

This paper reports on a new approach to green roof design, one that puts local wildlife needs and tailored habitat for ground dwelling beetles, pollinators and birds at the heart of the design process.

Shipping containers were adapted to feature full extensive green roofs alongside a lightweight wooden platform, that also had a green roof. The green roofs were designed specifically for the purpose of combating the negative effects of habitat fragmentation, with the ultimate aim of offering an ecologically beneficial alternative to conventional sedum roofs. A low nutrient soil was used, with three different depths tested to investigate the impact of substrate depths on plant development.

Locally characteristic plants were seeded onto the substrate and plant emergence, diversity and growth were measured alongside species establishment and population dynamics, looking at invertebrates specifically as indicators of ecological health. A programme of pitfall and pan trap sampling was used to measure the use of the green roofs by invertebrates and to determine if a particular depth of substrate of water regime was most beneficial for wildlife. Harvested rainwater from the roofs was re-applied to the soil, preventing drying out and providing the necessary water for the green roof plants, helping to maintain the aesthetic appeal.

Discerning the value of green roofs to local ecological value, could allow green roofs to be deployed in a tailored site-specific way, to bring extra benefits when retrofitting green infrastructure.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Seasonal variations in green roof hydrology Simon De-Ville1 and Virginia Stovin2 1

Loughborough University University of Sheffield

2

Green roofs can potentially contribute to urban stormwater management through two key hydrological processes, the retention of rainfall and the detention of runoff. In temperate climates it is well known that green roofs tend to retain a higher proportion of rainfall in summer, when there is typically less rainfall and warmer conditions are more favourable for plant growth and evapotranspiration. What is not clear from existing studies, however, is whether seasonal changes may affect the roof’s fundamental hydrological properties such that the same storm falling on a roof with the same initial moisture content might produce a different runoff response in summer compared with winter.

As part of a broader study (De-Ville et al., 2018) we have identified both long-term evolutions and subannual (seasonal) variations in potential hydrological performance. Monitoring of nine differentlyconfigured extensive green roof test beds took place over a period of 6 years in Sheffield, UK. Temporal variations in maximum potential retention were identified through physical monitoring of substrate field capacity over time. An independent evaluation of temporal variations in detention performance was undertaken through the fitting of reservoir-routing model parameters.

Sub-annual (seasonal) variation was found to be significantly greater than long-term evolution. The maximum sub-annual variation in potential retention was 27%. For vegetated roof configurations, subannual variation in detention performance was up to 63%. Conventional roof configurations exhibit stable long-term hydrological performance, but are nonetheless subject to sub-annual variation. The observed annual cycles are believed to relate to seasonal changes in plant root activity and soil faunal activity, which impact on the substrate’s physical properties (e.g. pore size distribution and hydraulic conductivity).

De-Ville, S., Menon, M. and Stovin, V., 2018, Temporal variations in the potential hydrological performance of extensive green roof systems, Journal of Hydrology, 558, 564-578, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.01.055

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK. Reduction of CSO discharges and improved surface water runoff quality through the use of rainwater planters Alex Stephenson1 & Lorna Davis2 1

H2o Intelligence Ltd and SuDSPlanter Ltd Lorna Davis Designs and SuDSPlanter Ltd

2

Most people accept the benefits that blue-green infrastructure can provide by mimicking the natural water cycle and improving the amenity of an area through the combination of vegetation and water management.

This presentation will provide a review and early feedback from the retro-fit installation of rainwater planters selected from a new innovative range of ‘standardised’ rainwater planters positioned in the rear yards of a housing regeneration project in NE England which provides a cost-effective solution to reduce the volume of water entering the combined sewer system.

It will also provide an update on the initial stages of monitoring of a retro-fit installation positioned at the rear of a typical detached property in SW England.

The planters have been developed to aim to provide a range of features and benefits as an alternative to constructing in-situ planters and avoid the variability in performance and longevity of poorly designed and assembled planters.

The concept of rainwater planters is not new, and many different installations have been constructed in recent years, particularly in school redevelopment projects for instance, but it is well known that performance standards and build quality can be extremely variable leading to uncertainties in hydraulic performance and aesthetic appearance.

The planters have been designed and constructed to ensure a known level of performance, structural stability and a high-quality appearance and finish. They incorporate a very high-volume storage void below the growing/filtration medium as well as integral, specifiable flow controls providing the hydraulic needs required for any project.

The planters are also supplied with correctly designed growing/filtration media and the plants selected by the end-user providing an ideal opportunity for customer/public engagement and buy-in from the property owners.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Greener Gardens – Raingardens and attenuation units in residential gardens Rebecca Wade1, James Travers2, Neil Berwick1 & Bob Peter1.

1

Abertay University, Dundee, UK Lovell Homes

2

Gardens are an integral part of the green infrastructure resource of a housing development. The Greener Gardens project seeks to demonstrate how developers, home owners and the wider community can get more out of their gardens and realise co-benefits for managing surface water and increasing biodiversity to create good places and sustainable communities (O’Neill 2018).

As plot level drainage increases the size of site level SUDS ponds can reduce, freeing up more land for housing. Enhanced green infrastructure elements in residential gardens can provide additional climate resilience, biodiversity and societal benefits too. Taylor Wimpey worked with Abertay University, the Scottish Government, C&D Associates and the Central Scotland Green Network (CSGN) to introduce a number of plot level sustainable drainage measures at its Torrance Park show home in Holytown, North Lanarkshire. Measures installed include a natural rain garden, a raised rain garden, water butts and a ‘SUDSBox’ attenuation unit.

Taylor Wimpey is the first large volume housebuilder in Scotland to develop plot level raingardens at their show home for use in research, marketing and engagement activities. Taylor Wimpey stated a particular interest in using the demonstration site to gather ‘insights into how the housing industry will adapt and plan for the challenges brought about by climate change’ (Scottish Housing News, 2016).

The Central Scotland Green Network Trust has published a 'Greener Gardens' guide for developers to demonstrate how gardens can become an economical selling point within a development and gives practical tips on incorporating green infrastructure to deliver policy objectives on housing, sustainable drainage, place-making, and environmental impact. This has been endorsed by the Scottish Government and industry body Homes for Scotland, and complements the Scottish Government's own Green Infrastructure: Design and Placemaking Guidance. ClimateXchange have used the site as a case study for incorporating climate change adaptation in housing policy delivery (O’Neill, 2018).

Abertay University have been monitoring the site for over 2 years, this presentation will provide an overview of the whole project and will introduce data which show the effectiveness of houseplot attenuation. Results indicate a marked reduction of peak flow and changing rainfall intensities, thereby reducing pressure on residential drainage systems from stormwater flows.

Michelagh O’Neill. 2018, ClimateXchange report: Incorporating climate change adaptation in housing policy delivery – lessons from three case studies. https://www.climatexchange.org.uk/media/3073/incorporating-climate-change-adaptation-inhousing-policy-delivery-lessons-from-three-case-studies.pdf Scottish Housing News. 2016.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Session 3 - Water Quality and Pollution Control Simulation of the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from storm water using a model swale mesocosm.

Janine Robinson, Fay Couceiro, Joy Watts and John Williams University of Portsmouth Developing consistent models of the fate of PAHs in Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) is difficult due to deviations in storm strength, variability between SuDS sites and heterogeneity within sites. To better understand the fate and transport of PAHs in swales this study developed a 10m long model vegetated swale system in a greenhouse. Ten simulated storm events were undertaken (1000 l/30 mins) and polluted with PAHs, using artificially contaminated road runoff dust. Tests of the storm flow produced a consistent hydrograph, showing that the model is an effective simulation of environmental systems, allowing the ability to run simulations in controlled conditions. Analysis of the water samples from the outflow, show that significant proportions of the six PAHs analysed (naphthalene, fluorene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene and benzo(a)pyrene) were removed from the water as it passed through the swale. The most likely mechanism for this is adsorption onto particulates, which increases the likelihood of PAHs being filtered out of the water column. Breakthrough was seen for lighter, more soluble PAHs that passed through the soil and underdrain layer.

Soil samples were collected at designated locations along the swale and analysed for indicator PAHs at increasing depth (0-5cm, 5-10cm and 10-15cm). Levels of the PAHs were greater in the top 5cm, and reduced with depth. Surface soil analysis showed significant reductions in pyrene and fluorene levels, from 1m to 8m sample points. Along the length of the swale the highest levels of PAHs were seen in the first 3m on the surface. Surface transport and partitioning profiles on soil varied for each PAH. The profiles of the PAHs in the controlled greenhouse environment provide a reference point for field studies and will allow the fates of PAHs to be more precisely predicted for designs on sites where PAH discharges are sensitive.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK. Pollutant removal efficacies of permeable pavements comprising recycled concrete aggregates J. Monrose1,2 K. Tota-Maharaj1 and A. Mwasha3 1

University of the West of England, (UWE Bristol), UK AECOM, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago 3 University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago 2

Permeable pavements are engineered as source control measures to absorb a large volume of surface runoff and to reduce flooding and pollutant loads. The utilisation of permeable pavements is vividly scarce in Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Over the last few decades, urban development across these SIDS have resulted in a vast increase in impervious to pervious surface ratios.

The consequence has been yearly floods as the existing conventional drainage systems continue to function inadequately, plaguing many towns and cities. This project investigates the performance of pilot-scale permeable pavement systems (PPS) comprising crushed recycled concrete aggregates (CRCA). The structure of the pilot-PPS consisted of permeable concrete block pavers at the surface, virgin aggregate bedding and base course layers and a sub-base layer comprising of CRCA. These PPS were considered primarily as a natural resource conservation attempt, whereby construction and demolition materials could be utilised as possible construction aggregates in PPS. Stormwater was collected from various locations across Trinidad, Tobago and St. Lucia, West Indies, and applied uniformly over the pilot-PPS using a custom built rainfall simulator. The permeable pavement’s stormwater treatment efficiencies were evaluated for the removal and retention of nitrates, phosphates, sulphates, heavy metals (zinc, lead, copper, iron and manganese), suspended solids, turbidity and dissolved oxygen. The results showed that the pilot-PPS significantly reduced numerous pollutant concentrations. However, pH and total dissolved solids generally increased. This was attributed mainly to the presence of cement within the sub-base structure.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK. Validating a SUDS treepit for the Scottish Climate A.M. Duffy1, D. Bowie J2. Dalrymple2, J. Akunna1 1

Urban Water Technology Centre, Abertay University, Dundee, UK GreenBlue URBAN, Hastings, East Sussex, UK

2

According to Warwick and Charlesworth (2013), one urban tree sequesters approximately 100 kg of carbon per year. Armson et al. (2013) claim that tree pits reduce runoff by 60% when compared to asphalt. Sustainable drainage systems (SUDS) are common in Scotland. However, it is argued that many have not resulted in quality of place (TDAG, 2014). The general position of the Scottish Environment Protection Agency is that whilst SUDS are required for new developments, the use of proprietary SUDS is not recommended unless the functions of water treatment, infiltration and flow attenuation are fulfilled.

Several storm events for a large species proprietary tree pit were monitored in Dundee from 2012-2017.

The system was retrofitted to a busy leisure centre car park and was adapted to enable water sample collection and had various underground components including SUDS troughs, membrane and strata cells. Flow loggers and automatic samplers were installed. A control tree enabled comparable health monitoring in the form of tree height, crown and girth.

Mean concentrations for all parameters discharged from the system were within Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for Priority and Dangerous Substances (Directive 2006/11/EC) except chromium.

Average pollutant concentration reduction from inlet to outlet (inlet n = 18, outlet n = 6): BOD 40%, P 16%, N 76%, Oil (TPH) 100%, arsenic 100%, copper 26%, nickel 66%, lead 31% and zinc 10%. Cadmium concentration were below limits of detection. Analysis of settled sediments in the trough water and membrane verify pollutant retention in these components. Tree health measurements indicated that the tree pit tree height and crown grew at a faster rate than the control tree. Hydrological results indicated an average volume reduction of 94% through the system and average flow rate reduction of 90%.

1.

2.

3.

Armson, D., Stringer, P. and Ennos, A.R. (2013). The effect of street trees and amenity grass on urban surface water runoff in Manchester, UK. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 12, 282–286.

Trees & Design Action Group (TDAG) (2014). Trees in Hard Landscapes A Guide for Delivery - Consultation Draft. May 28. www.tdag.org.uk Warwick, F., Charlesworth, S. (2013). Sustainable drainage devices for carbon mitigation. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 24(1), 123–136

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Session 4 - SuDS Education and Articulation Articulation of Stormwater in Cities Bruce K. Ferguson Urban design researcher, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

The SUDS agenda encourages the creation of human amenity alongside water quantity and quality. This paper draws on insights from environmental psychology, stormwater technology, and public art to support a model of the production of amenity in the experience of urban spaces where stormwater is managed. A key link in the model is the articulation of stormwater management features. In urban design, ‘articulation’ is making something — a process, a function, or a form — readable so people can interact with it through their perceptions. In cities’ dense sensory environments, people are frustrated by features that are hidden or unexplained. They seek interpretation, meaning, identity and attachment, among which environmental health and care are comforting civic values. In the ‘perimeter’ and ‘downstream’ areas of urban watersheds, research and practice in the ‘restorative nature’ type of amenity are common, because in those areas open land is available for restorative parklike landscape in which stormwater swales and ponds are fitting and naturally visible components. In watersheds’ ‘source areas’, where urban runoff and pollution originate on densely built-up surfaces, the exciting affects of busy, popular environments produce different but equally attractive types of amenity experiences. These spaces require SUDS amenity attention equal to that given to restorative open landscapes, because they are a co-equal half of human experience, they are public spaces where people learn social skills of civility and cooperation, and they require SUDS intervention for water quantity and quality. In this type of setting, space is limited and SUDS practice calls upon a different mixture of stormwater features. Here rain gardens have been successful because their visible vegetation and flow routes bring restorative nature into small pockets of urban space. In contrast permeable pavements have been ignored as amenity components, although pavements are ubiquitous in people’s urban experience and the cumulative stormwater effects of permeable pavements is potentially immense. To make their SUDS process readable, it is suggested that permeable pavements could be functionally and perceptually associated with trees and directly imprinted with meaningful symbolic images. Future amenity research should emphasize the source area and its exciting ambience at least as much as restorative perimeter and downstream landscapes; to do so it must employ both artistic and technical thinking.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

SuDS and Raingarden Education in Schools Alison Duffy1, Rebecca Wade1, Neil Berwick,1 James Travers2 & Patsy Dello Sterpaio1 1

Urban Water Technology Centre, Abertay University, Dundee, UK Lovell Homes

2

This talk will present examples of education and engagement activities related to SuDS in schools in Scotland. The Scottish Government is developing Scotland as the world’s first Hydro Nation, a country that places great emphasis on water as central to its national identity. Legislative and policy reform have been responsible for SUDS becoming commonplace in Scotland. However, there is a lack of understanding of the multiple benefits SUDS provide to communities. Increasing this understanding helps foster acceptance towards them as innovative green technologies that are replacing traditional forms of drainage. The Scottish Government funded an outreach strategy to engage the public in the sciences. In the first case study we show how the strategy was developed for primary school children Dundee where there are excellent examples of SUDS. The key objective was to raise awareness of the Hydro Nation agenda with a scope that was twofold: explain the urban water cycle; promote awareness and understanding of the local SUDS and related benefits.

To realise these objectives, alignment of the science, environmental, engineering, and social aspects of SUDS with the Scottish curriculum for excellence was crucial. This was undertaken via the delivery of a Water and SUDS learning package that included: classroom lessons involving animated graphics, talks and discussions; interactive activities, a laboratory experiment; and show-and-tell walks to the local SUDS. The learning package was delivered to 106 children. Based on feedback, the outreach programme was deemed an unquestionable success by the Local Authority, teachers and school children alike.

A second case study, focussed on houseplot SuDS, particularly raingardens. Award-winning project partners (Scottish Government, Taylor Wimpey Homes, C&D Associates, Central Scotland Green network and Abertay University) invited pupils from Holytown primary school near Motherwell to the launch of a show home to learn about sustainable water management. This initial engagement inspired the partners to work with teachers to develop another learning package for primary 5 pupils.

As with the first case study, the package is aligned with the Curriculum for Excellence. The collaboration has been so successful that in 2018 the primary school is working towards installing its own raingarden within the school grounds, designed with the help of students and their parents. Building on the success of working with one local school, North Lanarkshire Council has agreed to work with project partners to roll out the learning package across the local authority area. Funding has been secured to work directly with 7 more schools and the project team hope to eventually inspire every school in Scotland to install its own raingarden.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK. Inspiring the New Generations: Introducing SUDS at Undergraduate and Postgraduate Studies Luis A. SaĂąudo-Fontaneda1,2, Felipe P. Alvarez-Rabanal1, Angel Martin-Rodriguez1, Mar AlonsoMartinez1, Zenaida A. Hernandez-Garrastacho1, & Juan J. del Coz-Diaz1 1

Department of Construction and Manufacturing Engineering, Polytechnic School of Mieres, University of Oviedo. Spain 2

Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Coventry, UK

The design and implementation of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) such as Green Infrastructure (GI) has been targeted by the European Union (EU) as a main goal for new developments and retrofitting strategies in urban environments. Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) are the main GI asset when designing and developing stormwater management, playing a vital role both in urban and territorial planning. Therefore, there is a real and increasing demand by our society to introduce SUDS at different levels in Higher Education. Nonetheless, there is a lack of a comprehensive educational programme that covers this demand at Universities, especially in studies such as architecture, civil engineering, environmental science, and geography, amongst others, which represent the centre core of the professionals working in SUDS. The University of Oviedo, Spain, has pioneered the development of a multidisciplinary programme to respond to this need. With this aim, this programme encompasses the Civil Engineering Degree, the Mining Resources and Energy Engineering Degree, the Master in Civil Engineering and the Doctorate Programme in Natural Resources Engineering. The programme is completed through the development of Extension Courses for specialists and professionals which need to learn about SUDS for their day-to-day activities. In addition, research is used to add value to the teaching, developing an innovative natural process where the student is involved in the latest findings and the newest techniques. This paper presents the main experiences, results and impacts of this Program and the high interest aroused by the students to work in SUDS. Students have developed real competences to design, construct and maintain SUDS, responding to the societal challenge described by the EU. Finally, future lines for development of this programme are presented, highlighting the development of an internationalisation scheme where universities from several countries can contribute to a common goal of higher education in SUDS.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

SUDSnet 2018 - KEYNOTE PRESENTATION - Day 2: SuDS as sewers: A changed approach to surface water sewers Brain Smith1 and Lian Lundy2 1 2

Drainage Strategy Manager, Yorkshire Water Services Professor of Environmental Science, Middlesex University

Following the 2007 UK floods, a national review of strategic flood risk management contributed to the introduction of the Flood and Water Management Act in England and Wales. Schedule 3 of the Act requires the use of sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) in new developments and identified local authorities as being responsible for their approval, adoption and maintenance. Whilst the Welsh Government will implement Schedule 3 in early 2019, consultation with house builders and local authorities led policy-makers in England to select amendment to the planning system as the preferred option for enhancing SuDS delivery. However, this alternative, non-mandatory approach has resulted in limited implementation and uptake of SuDS; and a lack of clarity over long-term adoption and maintenance issues persists. Recognising the approach has not led to the systematic implementation of SuDS, discussions between Defra, Water UK and WaSCs resulted in Water UK proactively exploring the role of WaSCs in the effective control and management of stormwater. Led by Water UK, WaSCs in England reviewed the legislation applicable to sewerage law. WaSCs can only adopt “sewers” - a term which is contained in but not explained in legislation. Having reviewed certain SuDS’ characteristics WaSCs have concluded that some common SuDS features could potentially be regarded as sewers for the purposes of the Water Industry Act 1991, provided they fulfil a sewerage function. A consistent national set of criteria have been agreed to which developers can work, safe in the knowledge that the ultimate responsibility for the drainage system will be transferred to the relevant local water company.

These criteria are included in the latest edition of Sewers for Adoption 8 (due for publication in 2019).

This presentation will give an overview of the review of sewerage law and the process of developing agreed criteria, together with examples of what may and may not be adoptable by WaSCs under this new, industry-led approach. The implications of implementing this approach within Yorkshire Water, in terms of legacy SuDS, operation and maintenance requirements and costs - and associated uncertainties - are also discussed.

Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the support of Water UK and Yorkshire Water.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Session 5 - Permeable Pavements and Filter Media Optimising Pervious Pavement Systems: A laboratory-based investigation of novel materials as water barrier/treatment systems Natasa Tziampou1, Stephen J. Coupe1, Luis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda2, Alan P. Newman3, Daniel CastroFresno4 1

Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, UK GICONSIME Research Group, Polytechnic School of Mieres, University of Oviedo, Spain 3 The Centre for Low Impact Buildings (LIB), Coventry University, Coventry, UK 4 GITECO Research Group, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain 2

Pervious Pavement Systems (PPS) are an established stormwater control measure and provide an alternative to impervious surfaces due to their ability to control stormwater at the source. PPS treat pollutants and provide extra benefits such as water harvesting and mitigation of urban heat island effect (UHI), amongst others. However, the variability of rainfall patterns and the inability of pavement subsurface characteristics to deal with increasing rainfall volumes and intensities, underline the necessity for continuous optimisation. The significance of barrier/treatment systems, such as geotextiles in PPS, has been repeatedly reported with benefits such as increased structural integrity and pollutant retention, being particularly significant. However, the full impact of such barrier systems on peak flow delay and water retention in PPS is yet to be fully explored. The use of OASIS® flower foam in permeable paving for water management is a Coventry University invention designed to act as a barrier/treatment system, showing the potential to provide a significant hydraulic benefit. This enhancement is partly by an improvement in the water storage capacity of PPS due to its three-dimensional structure. This research fills a gap on optimisation and design of barrier systems utilised in PPS, with the main focus being on investigating the potential of OASIS® as an alternative to conventional geotextiles. This research has been done by examining the physical, mechanical, and hydraulic properties of the OASIS® material and by investigating any additional hydrologic benefit in PPS. This paper presents a laboratory study on PPS designs utilising OASIS and Inbitex geotextile® against a variety of simulated climatic conditions with the aim being a contribution to flood prevention. Data acquired from the laboratory experiments showed higher water storage capacity and peak flow delay from PPS with OASIS® which supposes a hydrologic advantage, compared with a fluctuating hydraulic performance by Inbitex®.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK. The Hydrological “end-of-life” concept for Permeable Pavement Systems: A Case Study from Northern Spain Luis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda1,4, Valerio C. Andres-Valeri2, Jorge Rodriguez-Hernandez3, Carlos CostalesCampa1, Fernando Cadenas-Fernandez1 1

Department of Construction and Manufacturing Engineering, Polytechnic School of Mieres, University of Oviedo. Spain 2 Instituto de Obras Civiles, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile.

3 GITECO Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, University of Cantabria, Spain 4 Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University. Coventry, UK

Permeable Pavement Systems (PPS) have been studied from many different views, highlighting their hydrological performance. Special attention has been paid to the surface layer where Porous Mixtures and Interlocking Concrete Block Pavements (ICBP) have been the most used surfaces worldwide.

However, there is a gap when analysing long-term hydrological performance, especially when PPS surfaces reach the end of their operational life by not allowing runoff to infiltrate. This concept has been defined recently as the “end-of-life” of a PPS from a hydrological prism. A field study has been developed for more than 10 years in an experimental car park in Northern Spain in order to fill this gap and to find long-term infiltration capacity trends. With this aim, 37 car park bays have been monitored, comprising 9 bays made out of Polymer Modified Porous Concrete (PMPC), 9 Porous Asphalt and 17 ICBP with 2 different designs (rectangular and elliptical slots). No maintenance was applied to the car park allowing a rigorous monitoring of the reduction of the infiltration capacity over the years due to silt accumulation and also the degradation of the construction materials. A comparison was established between surfaces and standardised permeability methods, analysing the resilience to sediment clogging, whilst trends for the hydrological performance were developed. This study shows that maintenance is needed in order to extend the PPS operational life under the specific climatic conditions in Northern Spain after 6 years since the car park was opened to traffic. Furthermore, advantages and limitations found on the standardised methods used to obtain the permeability and infiltration capacity are presented through a critical analysis.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Filter drains redesigned for the 21st Century Jo Bradley SDS Water Infrastructure Systems Filter drains have been around since Roman Times and they are simple and magnificent in equal measure. But they are often misunderstood and undervalued! This presentation will investigate the benefits of filter drains for developments and discuss the opportunities to incorporate them into an excellent site-wide SuDS scheme. Jo will introduce conference to a new method for improving the performance of filter drains. But she will also consider the opportunities for flood risk mitigation, pollution control and source control that a good filter drain can provide. Jo will discuss the British Water Test protocol that allows treatment media to be tested for its capability to remove soluble Copper and Zinc from stormwater so that we can be assured of the performance of filter drains and so be confident to include them in SuDS designs. She will get delegates thinking about the role that filter drains can play in modern SuDS schemes, protecting downstream features and preventing pollution of treatment ponds & wetlands. The presentation will finish by offering some examples of developments where filter drains are currently being considered or designed so that delegates can see some real-life situations and understand some of the design considerations that are important.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK. Permeable Pavements with Low-Carbon Manufactured Carbonated Aggregates: Environmental and Economic Perspectives Colin D Hills1,2, John Monrose3,4, Kiran Tota-Maharaj2,4 and Paula Carrey2,5 1*

University of Greenwich, UK Indo:UK Centre for Environment Research and Innovation.

3 AECOM, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies.

4 University of the West of England, Bristol (UWE Bristol) UK 5 Carbon8 Systems Ltd, Kent, UK. 2

Carbonated manufactured aggregates made from the by-products of waste-to-energy plants have been available commercially since 2012. The technology employed, Accelerated carbonation technology (ACT), utilises waste CO2 emissions to carbonate-cement waste to form carbon-negative construction products with value. The combination of solid and gaseous wastes offers unique environmental and economic benefits and is a circular economic activity. Benefits include the avoidance of landfill disposal, the near permanent mineralisation of CO2 gas otherwise emitted to atmosphere and the protection of natural resource. To date manufactured carbonated aggregates have been primarily used in bound systems, such as concrete construction blocks but new applications are now being explored and developed. The application of permeable pavements in the Caribbean includes concrete blocks with layers of unbound aggregates sourced from the quarrying of virgin stone. The replacement of natural materials by manufactured carbonated aggregates that are carbon-negative, has obvious potential advantages when incorporated in the structures of permeable pavements used across the Caribbean islands of St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies. Permeable pavements are designed to reduce the seasonal impact of surface water flooding in towns and cities across Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Novel pavement systems consisting of permeable pavement blocks using low-carbon manufactured aggregates within the subbase are currently being investigated for pedestrianised and lightweight transportation infrastructure, whilst allowing urban stormwater runoff to infiltrate into the pavements for urban runoff attenuation and a reduction in stormwater discharges. This focus of the present work is the combination of carbon-negative aggregates within pavement systems to reduce the overall carbon footprint on the construction, implementation and maintenance of pavements. Research activities are at an early stage and the preliminary results will be presented and discussed. The programme of work investigates hydraulic and hydrologic performance, water quality and the structural integrity of both porous and permeable pavements utilising carbon-negative aggregates. The data obtained will enable the potential environmental and economic benefits to the Caribbean construction sector from low-carbon recycled materials to be elucidated.

Schematic of Permeable pavement rig

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Carbon-Negative Aggregates

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Session 6 – International SuDS and Stormwater Case Studies

Stormwater management in United Kingdom, Denmark, Poland, Germany, Sweden and Netherlands: A comparative study of legislation, methods and systems utilised.

Lukasz Koziel, Sara Egemose

Stormwater management is one of the core concepts with regard to water quality improvement. With increasing urbanisation and climate change, the need for proper stormwater management increases.

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) introduces limits and goals for water quality but it does not specify how to achieve them.

Reasons like geological and weather differences, traditions in

management approaches alongside with lack of specific guidance from the EU cause almost every country in the European Union (EU) to utilise different systems and approaches to reach the goals. In our review study, we study the practice in 6 countries (Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Poland, the Netherlands and United Kingdom) which have almost similar climate conditions but different approaches to stormwater management.

The analysis of the legislative systems in the countries uncovered multitude challenges with stormwater management. E.g. how to qualify stormwater (stormwater is qualified as waste in some bills and not in others) and lack of assigned legal subject responsible for water management. The methods commonly used for stormwater treatment also differs among the analysed countries. Traditions in stormwater management cause the Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) are to still be a rarity while ponds and ditches are utilised without comparing to other methods. The results show that stormwater management can and should be developed further. The countries could gain by obtaining knowledge about method efficiency from each other and implement more methods depending on the specific case and also the communication between the involve partners are very varying but important for efficient management. We hope that this paper could act as a guideline for countries and institutions involved in stormwater management by reviewing current state of the art.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK. A catchment scale analysis of green roofs retrofit potential to mitigate hydrological risk in a Mediterranean environment Mirka Mobilia and Antonia Longobardi Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy

The increase of impervious surfaces in an urban basin raises a number of environmental issues.

Increasing impervious areas radically changes the hydrological response of a catchment to rainfall events by reducing infiltration and increasing surface runoff which result in more severe and frequent flooding and associated deterioration of the urban water environment. In order to face this criticality, adaptation measures are foreseen for conventional drainage systems with limited capacity and flexibility, in order to improve their resilience against the adverse impact of land use changes in urban environments. Among adaptations approaches, techniques of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) for stormwater management such as green roofs (GRs) represent a very attractive approach because of the variety of benefits associated to the vegetated roof covers.

The presented work aims at illustrating the potential of GRs retrofitting to mitigate hydrological risk in a Mediterranean catchment, the Sarno peri-urban basin (Southern Italy), selected as case study since it represents a hydrogeological hazard prone system where flooding and landslides events occurred rather frequently, especially during the last decade. The evolution of urban cover has been mapped by the use and the elaboration of remote sensing images (COSMO-SkyMed sensor), showing that from 1995 to 2016 the catchment built up index has doubled. The investigation has concerned a greening scenario with 20% of impervious surfaces converted into GRs and distributed according to the current land use in the catchment and a baseline scenario without green roof infrastructures. The hydrological simulations have been performed using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) of the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the hydrological impact of GRs roofing scenario has been evaluated in terms of changes in runoff flooding volume and flooded urban drainage nodes. The results prove indeed only a moderate hydrological effectiveness of the eco-roofs at the basin scale.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK. A new freely-available geospatial data-based methodology for the implementation and assessment of SUDS: linking GIS tools and SWMM Beatriz I. Mendez-Fernandez1, Cristina Allende-Prieto2, Susanne M. Charlesworth3, & Luis A. SaĂąudoFontaneda1,3 1

Department of Construction and Manufacturing Engineering, Polytechnic School of Mieres, University of Oviedo. Spain 2 Department of Mining Exploitation and Prospecting, Polytechnic School of Mieres, University of Oviedo. Spain 3 Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University. Coventry, UK Abstract: Climate change and intense urbanisation processes have worsened Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) events in countries across the globe, developing a sense of insecurity amongst citizens.

Stormwater management tools are increasingly required to be implemented in urban planning strategies whilst Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) have growth in popularity as a new paradigm to manage urban runoff. Despite the fact that there are a wide range of software to work in practice, many of them have a high economic cost or present problems to work with other complementary tools available. Flood management strategies and urban drainage design requires a high level of accuracy to produce positive impacts in urban watersheds. Furthermore, SUDS have not been always designed and installed in the right place due to a lack of an accurate hydrological calculations.

These challenges and limitations identified over the years are the main reasons to develop a new freelyavailable geospatial data-based methodology. This methodology is based upon the combination of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools such as GISWATER, which identify runoff flow direction with accuracy, and also define small-size urban catchments, and stormwater management design tools such as the U.S. EPA SWMM. Other GIS tools utilised in this research to be combined together with SWMM were: QGis, PostgreSQL, PostGIS, SagaGIS and GrassGIS. Only freely-available data and software, and open platforms were used to develop this new methodology in order to incorporate hydraulic and hydrological calculations, including the design of SUDS, into the design of urban areas. A case study was developed in the city of GijĂłn, Northern Spain, in order to apply this methodology and to assess the potential impact of SUDS at the design level.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Session 7 – Natural Flood Management and Rural SuDS

An Approach for Identifying Opportunities and Assessing Performance of Natural Flood Risk Management techniques: A case-study in the headwaters of the Warwickshire-Avon Lavers T.1, Charlesworth S. 1, Fried J. 1, Warwick F. 2 and Lashford C. 2 1

Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience. Coventry University

2

School of Energy, Construction and Environment. Coventry University

Natural Flood Risk Management (NFRM) is a novel approach to flood risk that differs to traditional flood defence engineering by attempting to work with natutal processes (WwNP) to encourage the hydrological regulatory ability of a catchment. In regards to downstream flood risk reduction, this is commonly referred to as ‘slowing the flow’ and ‘attenuating the peak’; increasing the time-to-peak and re-distributing flood volumes across the hyrdograph from the rising limb to the receding. This paper outlines the method used to identify distributed upstream interventions across a large catchment (187sq.km), above Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire, United Kingdom, and how these interventions were modelled to determine their benefits and disadvantages to downstream flood risk. NFRM poses fundamental challenges for practioners and researchers. Flood modellers find obtaining evidence highly uncertain due to the interventions highly spatially diffuse application and complex influences on multiple catchment processes. Agencies delivering NFRM find obtaining landowner and farmer support difficult due to the concerns these critical stakeholders have around land loss, liabilities and long-term maintenance costs. This project demonstrates an approach to co-design NFRM interventions (tree planting, woodland management, distributed runoff attenutation features and wider river and floodplain management techniques) with farmers and landowers, that were tested using an xpswmm ©, fast running, fully-distributed hydrodynamic model. These models identified delineations to target the deployment of interventions, and others to avoid the enhancement of risk via peak coupling and backwater effects to multiple flood risk scenarios.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Investigating the role of tree planting on sub-catchment level runoff in Warwickshire, England Craig Lashford & Thomas Lavers School of Energy, Construction & Environment, Coventry University, UK

This research is part of an ongoing project, preliminary results will be available by the time of the conference. Flood risk is increasing in a changing environment, therefore natural approaches to flood management are required. Natural flood management (NFM) provides a catchment-based approach to reducing fluvial risk upstream of urban areas by holding water back in greenbelt land. This project aims to provide evidence-based research regarding the influence of large-scale planting of trees across the Heart of England Catchment in Warwickshire, England.

The Heart of England Forest (HoEF) project began in 1996, and to date has planted over 1.5 millions trees over 15 km2, and is currently the largest new native forest in England. The HoEF aims to create a connected native broadleaf forest across 122km2 of Warwickshire. The catchment is part of the River Alne, Arrow and Avon, which have a history of flooding towns such as Alcester, Evesham, Redditch and Stratford-upon-Avon.

This ongoing research project involves the installation of 10 in-situ flow meters to monitor runoff from trees of different ages, and a comparably sized test site that with no trees planted. This will enable an assessment of the hydraulic performance of planting trees by calculating the likely reduction of runoff and ultimately in-channel flow, to measured rainfall events.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK. Developing a Design and Build Guide for Rural SuDS A. Duffy1, S. Moir J2. N. Berwick1, J. Shabashow 1, B. D’Arcy1, R. Wade1, D. Blackwood1 1

Urban Water Technology Centre, Bell Street, Dundee, UK Moir Environmental Ltd, 7 Alloway Place, Ayr, Scotland, UK

2

Well-designed Rural Sustainable Drainage Systems (Rural SuDS) ensure value for money, sequester CO2 and save valuable resources (soil and Phosphate). A team was put together to deliver a Rural SUDS Design and Build Guide funded by the Scottish Government. The team had experience with sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) and dealing with farmers and environmental policy including diffuse pollution inspections, negotiation, education and enforcement. Research to identify solutions appropriate for managing different types and volumes of runoff from farm steadings and field, in relation to conditions across Scotland was undertaken. This required consideration of pollution control, biodiversity,localised flood mitigation, design, construction, management and ‘farmer fatigue’ with environmental issues. The treatment train approach analogous to SUDS in urban areas was also considered. Limited UK publications meant few case studies were available to compare performance typical on a working farm.

Design information from America (Osmand et al. 1995), Norway (Braskerud 2005) and India (Ramprasad et al. 2009) were interrogated that validated the use of sediment traps and ponds / wetlands. In the UK, 52 Rural SuDS sites were identified: 34 in Scotland (22 were constructed farm wetlands); 18 in England and Wales. This included the growing scientific base from research programmes in England that focus on in-field measures. Site visits were undertaken to applications in Scotland; most of these focused on steading measures. Findings informed the development of the Design and Build Guide.

The resultant guidance (Duffy et al. 2016) explains Rural SuDS benefits, assessment, selection and design in ‘plain English’ for a farmer / landowner that fits the type of runoff that needs to be addressed. It must be stressed that this was a first attempt for application in the Scottish setting and we strongly recommended that the guidance be re-visited (three to five years) following performance quantification.

References: Braskerud, BC (2005). Is living water possible in agricultural areas? Jordforsk book no. 48/05, As, Norway. ISBN: 82-7467-537-1.

Duffy, A. Moir, S. Berwick, N. Shabashow, J. D’Arcy, B. Wade R. (2016). Rural Sustainable Drainage Systems: A Practical Design and Build Guide for Scotland’s Farmers and Landowners. CRW2015/2.2.

Osmond D. L., Spooner, J., Line, (1995). NSCU Fact Sheet: Systems of Best Management Practices for Controlling Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution The Rural Clean Water Program Experience. NCSU Water Quality Group with support from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (Cooperative Agreement No. 93-EXCA-30241).

Ramprasad, V., Srikanthamurthy, H.S., Kakol, N., B.Nagaraju, S., Ningaraju, Shashidhara., Doddappa., Vijay, A.R., Shivanna, M., Obanna, N., Pandu, A.C., Satish, R., Madhu, S., Pacchapur, V., Srinivas, S., (2009).

‘Sustainable Agricultural Practices’ A Hand book on Practices of Sustainable Agriculture in Kannada. Green Foundation, Bangalore.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK. Rural Sustainable Drainage Systems: Experience in the Field so Far Stewart E Moir BSc(Hons) MSc Moir Environmental Ltd, Ayr, Scotland, UK

Rural Sustainable Drainage Systems (Rural SuDS) have been gaining momentum over recent years building upon experience gained in the UK over the last 25 years using SUDS (Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems).

Rural SuDS have the ability to significantly contribute to the reduction of diffuse pollution from the built environment in rural areas. They can also help with slowing down runoff within the upper & middle reaches of a catchment thereby helping to reduce flooding events lower down in the catchment. To facilitate the implementation of Rural SuDS new design guidance1 was published in Scotland to help farmers and landowners to design and build their own Rural SUDS projects.

Whilst the roots of Rural SuDS is in SUDS and field experience of Rural SuDS to date is limited there are still possibly already lessons that could be learned from Rural SuDS that would benefit many SUDS projects especially when the runoff is from urban catchments which are more heavily contaminated.

This presentation shall seek to cover the following: 

A brief history of how Rural SuDS have evolved

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The key points of Rural SuDS design

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The types of measures typically used in Rural SuDS projects

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Case Studies of Rural SuDS installed on Scottish farms

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Rural Sustainable Drainage Systems : A Practical Design and Build Guide for Scotland’s Farmers and

Landowners (Duffy A. et al, CREW, December 2016)

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Session 8 – SuDS and Stakeholder Engagement Potential for retrofitting SUDS at Houston Industrial Estate, Livingston, West Lothian Vladimir Krivtsov, Brian J. D’Arcy, Scott Arthur and Chris Semple Heriot Watt University This study looks at the potential for retrofitting SUDS at each of the three levels of provision that would apply for new situations (premises, conveyance and regional). The specific objectives of the study are: 1. Gauge awareness of SUDS technology and relevant regulations using a simple questionnaire; 2. Review literature and work with key stakeholders to identify the typical barriers to SUDS retrofit; 3. Work with businesses and the Council to understand what types of SUDS would be suitable within the constraints there; 4. Assess willingness to retrofit and potential incentives; and, 5. Produce case studies to enable project findings to be widely applicable.

The initial awareness raising questionnaire (SUDS technology and pollution regulations) had a ‘Yes/No’ format, and contained a checklist of 10 types of common SUDS features, asking for a response to two categories of prompts – is the company familiar with the technique and is there an example of it on their premises at Houston? Colour images were used to aid recognition of specific features. This questionnaire was posted or emailed to the majority of premises on the estate, and delivered by hand when that was not possible or when there was no response. To date, more than 60 responses have been received and analysed. Preliminary analysis of the results revealed that although the majority of the companies (75%) were, unfamiliar with the term 'SUDS', 90% claimed familiarity with at least one SUDS technique.

Detailed site visits to propose specific SUDS retrofits have identified opportunities at source on several premises, (only space for drain-down vessels for flow control in the small denser rented units); two possibilities for conveyance SUDS (see Figure 1 for an example); and one opportunity for a regional detention basin. Potential drivers for retrofits include: regulatory requirements; reduced water charges; rainwater capture for use onsite; public relations. The barriers include: lack of awareness; finding the correct representatives; time and lack of incentive; public sector willingness; adequate evidence of benefits. Less than a quarter of all companies were aware of general binding rules (GBRs) regulating pollution prevention at industrial sites, and ownership of the premises did not appear to be a decisive factor influencing that knowledge.

Figure 1. An opportunity for a potential retrofit swale at Houston Industrial Estate, West Lothian.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

A communication tool for Ecosystem Services associated with Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems Roshni Jose1, Rebecca Wade2 and David Blackwood2 1

Portsmouth University; 2 Abertay University

A communication tool has been developed to assist the identification of Ecosystem Services (ES) associated with Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). The tool is developed using an integrated methodology which included physical and social science methods; used to assess the cultural and regulating services provided by SUDS. Two case study areas, Ardler, Dundee and DEX, Dunfermline with well-established residential SuDS were assessed using visual inspection, public perception survey and public participatory geographical information services. The results were collated to consolidate the data on different SuDS and to develop the communication tool. The tool consists of 3 different stages; preliminary stage, decision stage and final stage. The preliminary stage includes area and drivers; the decision stage helps to identify the multiple benefits provided by SUDS; final design stage leads to master planning of SUDS developments. The tool is developed for stakeholders such as landscape architects, engineers, planners, policy makers etc. A third case study site, Waterlooville was used to test the communication tool. The swale and pond have been used as an example to understand the scores given by public and whether the professionals agree to it or not. The tool is an as adaptive measure that can be used to new and existing developments. An early consideration of multiple benefits can provide an effectively integrated design process with green infrastructure and community design. The questionnaire results show that 85% of professionals consider ES benefits have high value in case of SuDS design and 30% respondents reported that the communication tool had got high usefulness in the case of SuDS design. The links between SUDS and ES were established with respect to cultural and regulating services.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK. Green Infrastructure survey on public perception of SuDS and the relationship with the housing market John Williams, Cletus Moobela, David Hutchinson, Mark Gaterall and Roshni Jose.

The University of Portsmouth.

The largest public opinion survey on residents perception of SuDS has been undertaken as part of the NERC funded PROSuDS (Providing Real-world Opportunities for Sustainable Drainage Systems) project.

Six residential SuDS sites in England were selected after an initial screening by site visits of 15 developments. The six case study locations selected included Berewood, Waterlooville; Barking RIverside, London; Hampton Hargate and Vale, Peterborough; North Hamilton, Leicester; Great Western Park, Didcot and Upton, Northampton. They were selected based on their prominence of the SUDS features, geographical location, house sales, drivers and the age of SuDS. A questionnaire was used to develop an understanding of public perceptions of SuDS in relation to both house prices and social and environmental benefits. The survey received 396 responses, which combine to provide clarity as to some of the barriers to SuDS use in housing developments, from a residents’ perspective. The respondents were asked about SuDS and greenspace features in their locality, the positive benefits and negative impacts of these systems and information relating to their property. Households were selected based on their view of prominent SuDS features (vegetated) and non-prominent SuDS (non-vegetated). Among other things, the findings show that SuDS awareness is the highest in areas where developers and their agents have been proactive in introducing SuDS features to potential house buyers. Residents have used the Green Infrastructure survey as a platform to highlight their opinions on SuDS as well as the issues related to maintenance costs of SuDS. The survey has also helped to better understand the effect of SuDS on property values.

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SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

SUDSnet 2018 Delegate List Delegate Name Scott Arthur Sophie Barron-West Prof Simon Beecham Jo Bradley Graham Campbell Sue Charlesworth Dr Steve Coupe Alison Duffy Eleanor Earl Bruce Ferguson Professor Colin D Hills James Howard Yuan Hu Dr Katherine Hyde Roshni Jose Lukasz Koziel Vladimir Krivtsov Craig Lashford Tom Lavers Rebecca Lewis Matthew Little Antonia Longobardi Lian Lundy

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Organisation Heriot Watt University Coventry University University of South Australia SDS Limted London Borough of Enfield Coventry University Coventry University CAWR Abertay University Arup International Development Independent University of Greenwich Cannon Consulting Engineers

Delegate Name Mark Manning

University of Reading University of Portsmouth University of Southern Denmark Heriot Watt University Coventry University Coventry University Coventry University CAWR AJH Associates University of Salerno Middlesex University

Virginia Stovin

Mitchell McTough Stewart Moir Cletus Moobela Robert Norris Matthew Poot Nathaniel Revell Janine Robinson Jack Robinson Dr Luis Sanudo Fontaneda Ben Shuttleworth Brian Smith Alex Stephenson

Dr Kiran Tota-Maharaj Rik Totman Liz Trenchard Nimisha Tripathi Natasa Tziampou Rebecca Wade Rob Ward

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Organisation SDS Limted Coventry University & UNDP Moir Environmental Ltd University of Portsmouth LINKlandskap LINKlandskap Coventry University University of Portsmouth Severn Trent Water Coventry University CAWR Cloud Water Control Yorkshire Water H2o Intelligence Ltd The University of Sheffield University of the West of England Cannon Consulting Engineers Coventry University CAWR University of Greenwich- UK Coventry University Abertay University Cannon Consulting Engineers

SUDSnet International Conference 2018 30th & 31st August 2018. Coventry University, UK.

Thank you for attending

SUDSnet International Conference 2018 Celebrating 15 years of SUDSnet 30th and 31st August 2018 Coventry University, UK

Contact SUDSnet: E-mail: sudsnet@abertay.ac.uk Web: http://sudsnet.abertay.ac.uk/ LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/groups/3903829 Social media hashtag: #sudsnet

SUDSnet Coordinator at Abertay University: Dr Rebecca Wade SUDSnet Coordinator at Coventry University: Prof Susanne Charlesworth

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