Waste to Wealth AA Landscape Urbanism Thesis 2020-21

WASTE TO WEALTH

[

C O M M U N I T Y WEALTH BUILDING

BY Wen LIU + Junxuan LI

]

WASTE TO WEALTH ( COMMUNITY WEALTH BUILDING ) SUBMITTED BY Wen LIU Junxuan LI HELPED BY Yutong QIU (MArch) DIRECTORS Alfredo Ramirez Eduardo Rico

STUDIO MASTER Clara Oloriz Sanjuan HISTORY AND THEORY Clara Oloriz Sanjuan Teresa Stoppani TECHNICAL TUTORS Claudio Campanille Daniel Kiss

ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

LANDSCAPE URBANISM MSc

2020-2021

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to take this opportunity to express our deep gratitude to our thesis advisors Alfredo Ramirez, Eduardo Rico and Clara Oloriz Sanjuan. Without their expertise and patient guidance, we may not be able to construct the whole thesis and dissertation.

We appreciate all the external jurors and fellow researchers at Common Wealth, CLES and ReLondon.

We are grateful for the help of Isaac Stanley at the CLES, Andrea Charlson at ReLondon and Liam lmouritz at Hassell. Thank them for helping us build our narrative.

We would also like to also thank Camila Arretche and Elena Luciano Suastegui in the SHR Tool Team, who helped us develop our Policy Decision Making Tool.

We are grateful for the software and technical support from Xinrui Wang and Cenyu Wang. Thanks to our friends and families for their help and support.

Last but not least, many thanks to our teammate, Yutong Qiu from MArch. All the external figures have been sourced and the diagrams and maps within the team have been credited.

[

C O M M U N I T Y WEALTH BUILDING

]

WHAT IS WASTE TO WEALTH? HOW DO WE DEFINE COMMUNITY WEALTH BUILDING?

Waste to Wealth was developed at the AA Landscape Urbanism under the framework of Community Wealth Building for Economic and Environmental Justice policies, which is based on the implementation of the policy framework of Green New Deal in the UK and globally proposed by Common Wealth, a Think Tank based in London and committed to develop progressive policies to decarbonize the economy. The Centre for Local Economic Strategies (CLES) has laid out a plan for local Green New Deals, which aims to offer economic autonomy for local people, places and economics.

CLES states, since 2006, Community Wealth Building has emerged as a powerful approach to local economic development. Through this approach, local economies are reorganized, so that wealth is not extracted but broadly held and income is recirculated. Preston City Council began conversations with CLES about harnessing their spending and supply chains for greater local economic benefit since 2011. The recirculation of over £200m being spent with local suppliers has had a positive multiplier effect on local jobs, wellbeing, health, and economic growth. This is partially reflected by the fact that in 2018 Preston moved out of the top 20% most deprived local authority areas in the UK. (By Centre for Local Economic Strategies) Based on these cooperative backgrounds, our research started from the local community of Preston. After analyzing the procurement of local anchor institutions (local councils, universities, etc.), we found that the building industry has great potential in the building of community wealth, but this conventional industry is also facing collective problems. Meanwhile, the problem of construction and demolition waste extends from local communities to the UK and around the world. Taking that into account, our project creates a critical policy framework for the retrofitting of the whole building industry system, which in short, turns waste into wealth.

ABSTRACT With the decline of conventional industries based on fossil fuels, many environmental, economic and social inequities and injustices have arisen in local communities. In the conventional building industry, the life cycle of buildings should be calculated from the extraction stage of natural resources, and ends with being discarded in landfills. Conventional cycles need to be reversed into local cycles.

We take inspiration from the famous Preston Model, which is the cooperation of local anchor institutions and adopting progressive procurement policies to redirect wealth to the local community.

Our research proposes the translation of the radical procurement policies to the building industry.

Meanwhile, our project is answering three main urgent issues. First is Fuel Inequity, where the energy produced was transported to other cities, bills for locals were too heavy. Second is the Landfill Crisis. Building materials often end up in landfills, which leads to global landfill crises. The Global North generated the most construction waste while the Global South had the largest landfill sites. Landfill Zero is our ambition. Instead of being discarded to the landfill, the construction waste should be transformed into wealth. Third is the Retrofitting Industry. Up to now, many small companies and organizations in the UK have been committed to exploring retrofitting techniques from the perspective of architectural professionals, but they haven’t been able to address systematic cooperation through multi-stakeholders. We aim to retrofit the whole system, redefine wealth not only in the economy but also in environmental and social value.

We call this method Waste to Wealth, which is to increase the longevity of building materials, reduce global material chains and carbon emissions while improving inhabitants’ experiences. Keep the collective wealth in the local community.

WASTE TO WEALTH

01.

01.1.

01.2.

01.3.

01.4.

02.

02.1.

02.2.

02.3.

02.4.

02.5.

02.6.

03.

03.1.

03.2.

03.3.

03.4.

04.

04.1.

04.2.

04.3.

04.4.

04.5.

04.6.

04.7.

CLIMATE CRISIS AND DOUGHNUT ECONOMY UK DOUGHNUT UK CIRCAULARITY GAP CIRCULAR ECONOMY REFERENCES

HOUSING AND ENERGY INEQUITY HOUSING INEQUITY IN THE UK HOUSING INEQUITY IN PRESTON (HOUSE PRICE : INCOME) HOUSING OWNERSHIP TRANSITION (GLOBAL) ENERGY INEQUITY ENERGY OWNERSHIP TRANSITION REFERENCES

WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS GLOBAL WASTE ATLAS LANDFILL CRISIS IN THE UK THE RETROFITTIGN CASE STUDY REFERENCES

POLICY FRAMEWORK CURRENT RETROFITTING POLICIES BRIEF OF COMMUNITY WEALTH BUILDING THE PRESTON MODEL CURRENT PROCUREMENT POLICY IN PRESTON CURRENT PROCUREMENT CATEGORIES IN PRESTON PROCUREMENT COMPARISON OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY REFERENCES

05.

DECISION MAKING: RETROFITTING PRIORITY

05.1.

VISUAL DECISION MAKING TOOLS AND ENGAGEMENT 05.2.

METHODOLOGY: RETROFITTING PRIORITY INDEX 05.3.

MEASUREMENT: INTERACTIVE MAP 05.4.

MEASUREMENT: COST AND BENEFIT (ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC VALUE) 05.5.

TECHNICAL REPORT - 1: DATA PROCESSING AND WEB DEVELOPMENT 05.6.

REFERENCES

06.

06.1.

06.2.

06.3.

06.4.

06.5.

06.6.

06.7.

06.8.

06.9.

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07.1.

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07.8.

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08.1.

08.2.

08.3.

08.4.

LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT LANCASHIRE LANDFILL CRISIS BRICK JOURNEY: CONVENTIONAL CYCLES BRICK JOURNEY: PROPOSED LOCAL CYCLES BRICK RETRO-PROCUREMENT: LOCAL SAKEHOLDERS’ NETWORK LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT VISION TECHNICAL REPORT - 2: MODELLING OF URBAN FABRIC PRESTON RETRO-PROCUREMENT SYSTEM PRESTON RETRO-PROCUREMENT CATALOGUE REFERENCES

CIRCULAR HOUSING RESIDENTIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGY IN PRESTON RETROFITTING SITE SPECULATION COOPERATION IN THE MICRO COMMUNITY SCENARIO IN RETROFITTING A SOCIAL RENTAL HOUSE SCENARIO IN COMMUNITY RECYCLING WORKSHOP SCENARIO IN COMMUNITY POCKET PARK HOW-TO MANUAL BOOK REFERENCES

APPENDIX TABLE OF DIAGRAMS TABLE OF FIGURES TABLE OF MAPS BIBLIOGRAPHY

01.

01.1.

01.2.

01.3.

01.4.

CLIMATE CRISIS AND DOUGHNUT ECONOMY UK DOUGHNUT UK CIRCAULARITY GAP CIRCULAR ECONOMY REFERENCES

CLIMATE CRISIS AND DOUGHNUT ECONOMY

01.1. UK DOUGHNUT The Doughnut Economics

Connectivity

Crime

Female Crime

Male Crime

Education

7% of households lack an internet connection due to barriers (GB 2014)

17% of adults were victims of crime within the past 12 months(England and Wales 2013–2014)

16.7% of adult women were victims of crime within the past 12 months(England and Wales 2013–2014)

17.4% of adult men were victims of crime within the past 12 months (England and Wales 2013–2014)

23% of adult p formal qualifica

Connectivity

Crime

7% of households lack an internet connection due to barriers (GB 2014)

The doughnut economy is a visual framework combining the planetary boundaries with the complementary concept of social boundaries. The framework was proposed to regard the performance of an economy by the extent to which the needs of people are met without overshooting Earth’s ecological ceiling.

17% of adults were victims of crime within the past 12 months(England and Wales Education Male 2013–2014)

Female

25% of adult women population lack any formal qualification (UK 2011)

The UK Doughnut The Diagram shows that the UK are facing serious Climate Change, which exceeded the CO2 boundary by 410%. Meanwhile, 26% of households are in fuel poverty, and 19% owner occupied homes failed to meet the Decent Homes Standart.

eC

59% of people in what the go 2012)

25% of adult women population lack any formal qualification (UK 2011)

20% of adult men population lack any formal qualification (UK 2011)

26% of households are in fuel poverty (GB 2013)

7% of people cannot afford an adequate diet (UK 2012)

59% of people feel they have no say in what the government does (GB 2012)

Health: Physical

Health: Physical (Women)

20% of adults had recently experi22% of adult women had recently enced a high level of anxiety experienced a high level of anxi(women 22%, men 18%) (UK 2013–2014) Health: Physical (Women) ety (UK Health: Physical (Men) 2013–2014)

20% of adults had recently experienced a high level of anxiety (women 22%, men 18%) (UK 2013–2014)

22% of adult women had recently experienced a high level of anxiety (UK 2013–2014)

Local Environment

18% of adult men had recently experienced a high level of anxiety (UK 2013–2014)

Sense of Support

22% of households are Environment in Local relative poverty (UK 2013)

22% of households are in relative poverty (UK 2013)

52% of people access the natural 10% of people have little or no Sense of Support Work environment less than once per support in times of need (UK 19% of people lack satisfying 52% of people access the natural 10% of people have little or no week (England 2013–2014) 2012) environment less than once per week (England 2013–2014)

support in times of need (UK 2012)

work (UK 2014 Q3)

Health: Physical (Men)

Housing

18% of adult men had recently experienced a high level of anxiety (UK 2013–2014) Housing

19% owner oc failed to meet Standard (UK 2

19% owner occupied homes failed to meet the Decent Homes Standard (UK 2017)

Work

Air Quality

19% of people lack satisfying Air Quality work (UK 2014 Q3)

Average annua roadside sites a WHO upper li

Average annual PM10 levels at roadside sites are 5% higher than WHO upper limits (UK 2013)

Cli maC telim C at

ss

Chemical Pollution Climate Change

Climate Change

Land-use Change 20%good of rivers failMtCO2/year to achieve good 650 MtCO2/year of farmland species have 20% of rivers fail to achieve 650 55% of farmland55% bird species have bird 0.7 ha/capita chemical quality (England 2009) quality chemical (England 2009) Exceeded boundary by 410% (UK declined since 1970 (UK 2013) Exceeded boundary byby410% declined since 1970 (UK 2013) Exceeded boundary 250%(UK (UK 2011) 2011)2007)

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Ocea

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Social Foundations

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1 Raworth K, 2020. What is the Doughnut?

Retrieved March 10, Available at: https://doughnuteconomics.org/tools-and-stories/11 [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 Advocacy C, 2021. The UK Doughnut: A framework for environmental sustainability and social justice. Retrieved April 10, 2021, Available at: https:// policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/the-uk-doughnut-a-framework-for-environmental-sustainability-and-social-justice-344550/ [Accessed Sep 2021]

D

le ep

Land-useCycle Change Nitrogen ha/capita 10.7 MtN/year Exceeded boundary by 214 % (UK (UK Exceeded boundary by 250% 2012) 2007)

ti o

n

Ocean Health

Ozone Depletion

Ocean 64% of UK fish harvested unsustainably (UK 2012)

Health

Phosphorous Cycle

Zero emissions of ODS Ozone Boundary not exceeded

64% of UK fish harvested unsustainably (UK 2012)

Social Foundations Shortfall

Depletion Phosphorous Cycle 11% of UK river testing sites classi-

fied as having poor or bad loads Zero emissions of ODS 11% of UK river testing sites classi(UK 2013)

Boundary not exceeded

fied as having poor or bad loads (UK 2013)

Diagram.02/ Social Foundations and Environmental Ceilings by: Yutong Qiu

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HS

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Biodiversity LossChemical Pollution Biodiversity Loss

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THE THSEA SO SA

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UK UK

ity Qual Air

W

nd Use Cha LLaand Use Chnagne ge

7% of people cannot afford an adequate diet (UK 2012) Governance

People in the most deprived areas have 15% less than the average number of years of HLE (England 2012)

u ir QIT AAN UM

NS CR YIA

:

gCe reon Nroigt

Diagram.01/ UK Doughnut Economy by: Yutong Qiu

Governance

ss

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IT WAN UM

CR:M

ED

NS CR

CIED: M

Nit

10

26% of households are in fuel poverty (GB 2013)

Food

Food

Income

yc

20% of adult men population lack any formal qualification (UK 2011)

23% of adult population lack any formal qualification (UK 2011)

Energy

People in the most deprived areas have 15% less than the average number of years of HLE (England Health: Physical Health: Physical 2012)

Bio

16.7% of adult women were 17.4% of adult men were victims victims of crime within the past 12 of crime within the past 12 months months(England and Wales (England and Wales 2013–2014) Education Energy 2013–2014)

Education

Male Education

Health: Physical

ENTAL CE divers lution e PolM lN a c i ILIN ity L O g m n CheIR Bio div V ha GS o ers L N MENTA C S P N E T A e S i C E ILINE F ty L O JU ng VIR ha GS ORo ND N A S P T A S C E U H E FN ED J L FOU OD A F N R T E D A A D: WD CR:H M IO CFI OMUEN FE CR AL E:DW: ED AT

Male Crime

Female Education

Income mical Pollution Che

Female Crime

Nitrogen Cyc

1 MtN/year Exceeded boun 2012)

Social Found

Environmental Ceiling

Social Found

Environmental Ceiling Overshoot

Environmenta

Environmenta

11

CLIMATE CRISIS AND DOUGHNUT ECONOMY

01.2. UK CIRCAULARITY GAP Circularity Gap The circular economy is a promise for the systemic transformation of society. As a multi-stakeholder model, its approach boosts capacity and capability to serve societal needs.

Based on the research of circularity gaps, the majority (70%) of emissions are associated with material handling and use (at the provide level).

Mind the Gap(s)

Fig.01/ UK Circularity Gaps https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MP7EhRU-N8n1S3zpzqlshNWxqFR2hznd/edit

Diagram.03/ UK Circularity Gaps by: Yutong Qiu

The circular economy has to do not only look at material flows alone, but also review the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and value-created through different key societal needs and wants with materials.

12

This figure shows the roadmap of interventions across six scenarios that can mitigate climate impact by curbing GHG emissions. The sheer difference from the housing industry to the communication industry shows its potential in the emissions- and material-reduction power between interventions.

3 The Circularity Gap Report, 2021. Accessed at: https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/research/ circularity-gap-report-2021 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

In temperature terms, if we implement the housing segment, and then all of them in the roadmap, it’s possible to reduce the emissions at more or less the same pace to reach net-zero by 2050.

Of these, this overshooting can be reduced by solving the housing-related problem of excessive consumption of construction material and household energy. 25.2Gt Carbon Dioxide eq can be reduced.

13

CLIMATE CRISIS AND DOUGHNUT ECONOMY

01.3. CIRCULAR ECONOMY

14

Diagram.06/ Circular economy in built environment by: Junxuan Li

MAKE

WASTE

E TUR C A UF

SOURCE

RIB UT

ION

Circular Economy The circular economy is concentrated on the usage of products as resources. The method used by the circular economy is actually the 3R principle: reduce, reuse, and recycle.

4 Government of the Netherlands, 2021. From a linear to a circular economy, Accessed at: https://www. government.nl/topics/circular-economy/from-a-linear-to-a-circular-economy [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 5 Government of the Netherlands, 2017. Circular economy in the built environment, Accessed at: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Circular_ economy_in_the_built_environment [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

Circular Economy in Built Environment

Raw material

RECOVER

M AN

Linear Economy The traditional linear economy pattern follows the take-make-dispose scheme.

This method of production is maximizing the uses of collected raw materials before it transforms them into products, eventually disposing of unusable material.

ST DI

Diagram.05/ Process of circular economy and linear economy by: Junxuan Li

Diagram.04/ Process of linear economy by: Junxuan Li

TAKE

USE

The engineering and construction industry has been identified as the world’s largest consumer of raw materials, consuming over 3 billion tonnes of raw materials and accounting for nearly 50% of global steel production. In the UK alone, the construction industry consumes over 400 million tonnes of material each year. A circular approach can help minimise the environmental footprint of the built environment sector, potentially reduce the lifecycle costs, and avoid construction delays due to the volatility of commodity markets in procuring virgin materials.

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01.4. REFERENCES 1 Raworth K, 2020. What is the Doughnut? Retrieved March 10, Available at: https:// doughnuteconomics.org/tools-and-stories/11 [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 Advocacy C, 2021. The UK Doughnut: A framework for environmental sustainability and social justice. Retrieved April 10, 2021, Available at: https://policy-practice.oxfam. org/resources/the-uk-doughnut-a-framework-for-environmental-sustainability-and-social-justice-344550/ [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 The Circularity Gap Report, 2021. Accessed at: https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/research/circularity-gap-report-2021 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 Government of the Netherlands, 2021.

From a linear to a circular economy, Accessed at: https://www.government.nl/topics/circular-economy/from-a-linear-to-a-circular-economy [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 5 Government of the Netherlands, 2017.

Circular economy in the built environment, Accessed at: https://www.designingbuildings. co.uk/wiki/Circular_economy_in_the_built_ environment [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

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02.

02.1.

02.2.

02.3.

02.4.

02.5.

02.6.

HOUSING AND ENERGY INEQUITY HOUSING INEQUITY IN THE UK HOUSING INEQUITY IN PRESTON (HOUSE PRICE : INCOME) HOUSING OWNERSHIP TRANSITION (GLOBAL) ENERGY INEQUITY ENERGY OWNERSHIP TRANSITION REFERENCES

HOUSING AND ENERGY INEQUITY

02.1. HOUSING INEQUITY IN THE UK Housing Inequity in the UK: Houses in the UK are largely occupied by overseas companies as investment commodities. However, a large number of houses are vacant. Housing Inequity is common in the UK and the world, and Preston, a traditional city once famous for its textile industry, also faces uniform housing injustice.

The name of 11 biggest groups owns UK land: BARRATT DEVELOPMENTS PLC BELLWAY PLC BOVIS HOMES LIMITED COUNTRYSIDE PROPERTIES PLC CREST NICHOLSON HOLDINGS PLC GALLIFORD TRY PLC MCCARTHY & STONE PLC PERSIMMON PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY REDROW PLC TAYLOR WIMPEY PLC THE BERKELEY GROUP HOLDINGS PLC

Newcastle upon Tyne vacancy 10362

Preston vacancy 2707 Manchester vacancy 3732

Leeds vacancy 10362

Birmingham vacancy 10333

Map.01/ Housing Inequity in The UK by: Wen Liu

London vacancy 67055

20

1 MHCLG. Live Tables on dwelling stock, Table 615 & Table 100 2 Ordnance Survey, 2014. Who owns England?, Accessed at: https://private-eye.co.uk/registry [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

21

28

10362

vacant housing

land owned by 11 biggest Business groups

HOUSING AND ENERGY INEQUITY

02.2. HOUSING INEQUITY IN PRESTON (HOUSE PRICE TO INCOME) Housing Inequity In Preston:

Housing Inequity in Preston in 2010 (Energy Privitization Era)

Housing Inequity in Preston in 2018 (Energy Renewablization Era)

Map.03/ Housing Inequity in Preston in 2018 by: Wen Liu

Map.02/ Housing Inequity in Preston in 2010 by: Wen Liu

Housing and energy bills (mainly household heating costs) have plagued the dwellers of both The UK and Preston. For those on low incomes, the double bill adds to the burden.

Between 2010 and 2018, the ratio of house prices to income almost doubled. Meanwhile, the growing popularity of renewable energy has had little impact on households' energy bills.

1.9

22

3 GOV.UK. 2014. Price Paid Data - GOV.UK, Accessed at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/price-paid-data-downloads [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 GOV.UK. 2020. Regional and local authority electricity consumption statistics, Accessed at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/ regional-and-local-authority-electricity-consumptionstatistics [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

......

ratio = house price/ income ratio = energy cost/ income ...... (by household) (by household) 13.0 8.6% 22.5%

2.0

......

23.6

ratio = house price/ income (by household)

......

7%

19.8%

ratio = energy cost/ income (by household)

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HOUSING AND ENERGY INEQUITY

02.3. HOUSING OWNERSHIP TRANSITION (GLOBAL) Land and Property Ownership

Map.04/ Housing Ownership Transition by: Yutong Qiu

Approximately 100,000 land titles in England and Wales are held by 11 major overseas companies, most of which are held for tax avoidance purposes.

24

25

HOUSING AND ENERGY INEQUITY

02.4. ENERGY INEQUITY

Fig.01/ UK Electricity Generation https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-how-the-ukgenerates-its-electricity

UK Electricity Generation In 2014, the UK electricity mix was 31% coal, 31% gas, 19% renewable and 18% nuclear.

Chart by Carbon Brief using DECC data. In 2015, UK coal use fell by a quarter last year, as overall electricity use fell back to mid-1990s levels. Meanwhile, some of new renewables have been built, accounting for four-fifths of new capacity in that period. Gas made up the remainder, though only renewables have been added since the start of 2013.

Fuel Poverty

The 2018 fuel poverty statistics indicate that 12.6% of households (81,462) were fuel poor in the Lancashire-14 area, and 12% (62,339) in the Lancashire-12 area; both are higher than the England average (10.9%) but both saw a small reduction in households in poverty in comparison to 2017.

26

5 Carbon Brief, 2015. Mapped: How the UK generates its electricity, Accessed at: https://www. carbonbrief.org/mapped-how-the-uk-generates-itselectricity [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

Map.05/ UK Fuel Poverty: before 1990 by: Yutong Qiu

A household is considered to be fuel poor if it has higher than typical energy costs and would be left with a disposable income below the poverty line if it met those energy costs.

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HOUSING AND ENERGY INEQUITY

02.4. ENERGY INEQUITY Energy Inequity Where the energy produced was transported to other cities, bills for locals were too heavy.

12.1% of the North West was living in fuel poverty before 1990. This situation worsened to 15.2% in 2010.

Map.06/ UK Fuel Poverty: after 1990 by: Yutong Qiu

As the main energy source has shifted from coal to gas and renewable, and the ownership has shifted from government to privatized sectors, this issue hasn’t been addressed.

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HOUSING AND ENERGY INEQUITY

The decline of industry in the 1970s had contributed to rising rates of poverty.

For much of our modern history, the energy industry was owned by the UK government.

The coal mines were closing down

coal mine closure

Between 1986 and 1990

Privatized energy

Energy started to be privatized

Margaret Thatcher’s conservative government privatised the energy sector, opening it up to the free market. The logic behind this was that privatisation would lead to a more dynamic, competitive and innovative energy industry. Because consumers had more choice, suppliers would have to be able to deliver better value for money, or risk losing their customers to a competitor.

1990-2010 Energy Privitization Era

In the decades that followed, a host of new energy suppliers have arisen, and at the turn of the millennium the energy industry regulator Ofgem was established to ensure that suppliers operate in the best interests of energy consumers.

"Big 6 suppliers"

2018Energy Renewablization Era

30

According to Ofgem, there are currently around 60 active energy suppliers in the UK. Six of these companies are significantly bigger than the others. They’re known as the ‘Big Six’ and have a combined market share of around 70%.

renewable energy

Fig.02/ Energy Ownership Transition From: https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/

1970 Energy was owned by the UK government

Diagram.01/ Energy Ownership Transition By: Wen Liu

02.5. ENERGY OWNERSHIP TRANSITION

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02.6. REFERENCES 1 MHCLG. Live Tables on dwelling stock, Table 615 & Table 100 2 Ordnance Survey, 2014. Who owns England?, Accessed at: https://private-eye.co.uk/ registry [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 GOV.UK. 2014. Price Paid Data - GOV. UK, Accessed at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/price-paid-datadownloads [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 GOV.UK. 2020. Regional and local authority electricity consumption statistics, Accessed at: https://www.gov.uk/government/ statistical-data-sets/regional-and-localauthority-electricity-consumption-statistics [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 5 Carbon Brief, 2015. Mapped: How the UK generates its electricity, Accessed at: https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-how-theuk-generates-its-electricity [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

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03.

03.1.

03.2.

03.3.

03.4.

WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS GLOBAL WASTE ATLAS LANDFILL CRISIS IN THE UK THE RETROFITTIGN CASE STUDY REFERENCES

WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS

03.1. GLOBAL WASTE ATLAS Global Waste Atlas 20 Biggest C&DW Generation Countries (ha)

20 Biggest C&DW Generation Countries (tons/year)

Population

Similar to the UK, in the conventional cycle, building materials often end up in landfills, which leads to global landfill crises. The Global North generated the most construction waste. Instead of burying it in their own land, they transported it into the Global South.

That’s why the Global South has the largest and most dangerous landfills.

50 Biggest Dumpsites Size (ha)

50 Biggest Dumpsites Waste in Place (tons)

36

Fig.01/ Landfill Sites in Global South from: Waste Atlas: The World’s 50 Biggest Dumpsites 2014 Report

Map.01/ Global Waste Atlas by: Yutong Qiu in cooperation with Wen Liu

Population within 10 km

1 Waste Atlas Team, 2014. Waste Atlas: The World’s 50 Biggest Dumpsites 2014 Report, Accessed at: http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/Documents/WasteAtlas-report-2014-webEdition.pdf [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

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WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS

03.2. LANDFILL CRISIS IN THE UK Landfill Crisis in The UK

2019 Remaining Landfill Capacity

Every year, 45.4 million tons of waste are dumped in landfills, leaving only 175.1 million tons of wasted space, resulting in increasingly shortening capacity gaps.

2015 Remaining Landfill Capacity

Diagram.01/ UK Landfill Crisis Series by: Yutong Qiu in cooperation with Wen Liu

Legislation is needed to prevent linear products from entering landfills.

But legislation cannot prohibit people from buying goods. However, the housing industry is one of the largest emitters of carbon dioxide, and it also contributes a large amount of construction waste. How to reuse this construction waste through the circular economy is a breakthrough to solve the landfill crisis.

2016 Remaining Landfill Capacity

“England’s landfill sites will be overflowing by 2022, according to research from The Furniture Recycling Group.”

The landfill crisis is particularly serious in Lancashire and around London.

2017 Remaining Landfill Capacity

38

2 Environment Agency, 2020. Remaining Landfill Capacity, Accessed at: https://data.gov.uk/ dataset/237825cb-dc10-4c53-8446-1bcd35614c12/remaining-landfill-capacity [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 Environment Journal, 2018. Waste crisis ‘imminent’ as landfills could overflow by 2022, Accessed at: https://environmentjournal.online/articles/wastecrisis-imminent-as-landfills-could-overflow-by-2022/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

2018 Remaining Landfill Capacity

39

WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS

Fig.03/ Whole House Reuse Catalogue by: Atiq Zaman and Tahmina Ahsan

Fig.02/ Christchurch Community after earthquake by: Martin Hunter/Getty Images

03.3. THE RETROFITTIGN CASE STUDY

‘Whole House Reuse’ Christchurch, New Zealand A magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck the Canterbury Region of New Zealand at 4:35 am on 4 September 2010.

The devastating earthquakes resulted in 10,000 homes being declared unfit for further occupation and requiring demolition.

The Whole House Project was initiated within the context of Christchurch City’s post earthquake response, as the antithesis of the prevailing ‘frenzy’ of destructive demolition and wastage. As such, the project celebrates a thoughtful and resourceful alternative and demonstrates the careful nature of which enables high quality products to be upcycled from salvaged resources.

40

4 Nic Moon, Centuri Chan, David Haig, 2015.

WHOLE HOUSE REUSE, Accessed at: https://www. instituteforpublicart.org/case-studies/whole-housereuse/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 5 Jay, 2014. Home is where the heart is: the Whole House Reuse project,Accessed at: https:// sustainable.org.nz/sustainable-business-news/homeis-where-the-heart-is-the-whole-house-reuse-project/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

6 Atiq Zaman, Tahmina Ahsan, 2019.

The Whole House Reuse Projects, Accessed at: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/ mono/10.4324/9781315436296-8/whole-house-reuse-project-atiq-zaman-tahmina-ahsan?context=ubx&refId=216424a5-efe9-4885-b41c-ca835d779ed2 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

Lessons Learnt from the WHR A professional team of salvagers from Silvan Salvage and a team of dedicated volunteers undertook the work of careful, ‘piece by piece ’ dismantling of the house. The recovered items were identified, categorized, quantified, and appropriately stored in preparation for the reuse phase of the project.

The WHR project was sequenced in three distinct phases: 1—deconstruction of the house; 2—the creation of innovative products; and 3—a public exhibition, education, awareness raising, and auction of the products manufactured from recovered materials.

This project highlighted the significant difference between conventional demolition and the alternative option of deconstructing and reusing the material resources contained in residential houses. Most of the materials recovered in the WHR would have ended up in landfills, had the conventional destructive mechanical demolition methods been applied. The WHR project not only harvested materials from houses but also conserved resources by producing new products and partially preserved the emotional attachment of the house through the artworks.

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Diagram.02/ Construction & Demolition waste type by: Junxuan Li

WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS

Classify different types of waste The latest statistics from Defra show the UK’s construction, demolition, and excavation industries produce 61% of all waste generated, three times higher than industrial and commercial waste and five times higher than household waste.

42

7 The Green Construction Board, Construction Leadership Council, 2020. Zero Avoidable Waste in Construction: What do we mean by it and how best to interpret it, Accessed at: https://www.constructionleadershipcouncil.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/ ZAW-Report-Final-Draft-25-February-2020.pdf [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 8 Rubbish Prohibited, 2019. Common Types of Construction Waste, Accessed at: https://landfill-site. com/34-types-of-construction-waste.html [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 9 data.gov.uk, 2021. Construction Waste Recycling, Accessed at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/882186e7-97b0-4ad0-b253-e28607252f42/uk-statistics-on-waste [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

Diagram.03/ CD Waste Catalogue by: Junxuan Li

Construction, demolition, and excavation sites all generate various types of waste. Inert waste, which includes concrete, bricks, asphalt, stones, and soils, makes up the bulk of the construction, demolition, and excavation waste.

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WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS

Physical rating of various harvested materials

Amount of Harvested materials in WHR project (by weight) < 0.01% Rating5

Brass

Rating7

Steel

Rating6

Rating10

Ceramic

10 - 30%

2 - 9% <1%

Glass

Masonry

Textile

PVC

0.1-1%

19%

Rating3

Copper

Concrete

Plastic

24.97%

Aluminium

Rating2

Rating4

Rating9

14.16%

Timber

Rating1

Hazardou se item

Plywood

Bricks

58.18 % Rating8

Melamine

Diagram.05/ Amount of harvsted material in WHR project by: Junxuan Li

Diagram.04/ Physical rating of various harvested materials by: junxuan Li

20-30%

Embodied energy through harvested materials

The scores used to characterize cataloged materials

Aluminium

Fig.04/ The scores used to characterize cataloged materials. from Atiq U. Zaman, etc.

22.34% Timber

Bricks

1.80%

0.96%

Plastic

Other

80.75%

15.05% Timber

Characterization of Harverssted Materials 2.67%

The physical classification and assessment of materials and the potential of materials recovery were determined using the catalogue based on the following criteria presented below.

Scores from 1 to 10 were used to rate the materials in the context of reusability, reparability, recyclability, and disposal to landfill. A score of 10 means the item could be reused as is without compromising any material value or aesthetic and a lower score means low efficiency in reusability and recyclability.

Most of the materials were scored between 5-7 (around 70%), while approximately 9% of cataloged material were scored from 8-10. It indicates that a significant amount of construction materials (79%) can be harvested through deconstruction process and can potentially be recirculated in the consumption supply chain by the demonstrated reuse, repair, and recycle practices.

10 Atiq U. Zaman, Juliet Arnott, Kate Mclntyre and Jonathon Hannon, 2018. Resource Harvesting through a Systematic Deconstruction of the Residential House: A Case Study of the ‘Whole House Reuse’ Project in Christchurch, New Zealand

Bricks

0.51% Other

Diagram.07/ Carbon emission reduction through harvested materials by: Junxuan Li

Carbon emission reduction through harvested materials

Aluminium

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0.81%

Diagram.06/ Emboded energy through harvested materials by: Junxuan Li

74.09%

Environmental Benefits of Harvested Materials There are diagrams showing the various types of materials easily recycled instead of being disposed of in landfill. The pie charts above show the various types of materials recovered through deconstruction, which can be considered as having relatively high recycling and recovered through deconstruction, which can be considered as having a relatively high recycling and material value. A total of 12,053.5 kilograms of various materials (scored above 5) were harvested. The study found that timber was the highest contributor in terms of material savings (58.2%) followed by bricks (25%), and aluminium (14.2%).

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03.4. REFERENCES 1 Waste Atlas Team, 2014. Waste Atlas: The World’s 50 Biggest Dumpsites 2014 Report, Accessed at: http://www. atlas.d-waste.com/Documents/Waste-Atlas-report-2014-webEdition.pdf [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 Environment Agency, 2020. Remaining Landfill Capacity, Accessed at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/237825cbdc10-4c53-8446-1bcd35614c12/remaining-landfill-capacity [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 Environment Journal, 2018. Waste crisis ‘imminent’ as landfills could overflow by 2022, Accessed at: https:// environmentjournal.online/articles/ waste-crisis-imminent-as-landfills-couldoverflow-by-2022/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 Nic Moon, Centuri Chan, David Haig, 2015. WHOLE HOUSE REUSE, Accessed at: https://www. instituteforpublicart.org/case-studies/ whole-house-reuse/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 5 Jay, 2014. Home is where the heart is: the Whole House Reuse project,Accessed at: https://sustainable. org.nz/sustainable-business-news/homeis-where-the-heart-is-the-whole-housereuse-project/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 6 Atiq Zaman, Tahmina Ahsan, 2019.

The Whole House Reuse Projects, Accessed at: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/ chapters/mono/10.4324/97813154362968/whole-house-reuse-project-atiq-zaman-tahmina-ahsan?context=ubx&refId=21 6424a5-efe9-4885-b41c-ca835d779ed2 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 7 The Green Construction Board, Construction Leadership Council, 2020.

Zero Avoidable Waste in Construction: What do we mean by it and how best to interpret it, Accessed at: https://www.constructionleadershipcouncil.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/ZAW-Report-Final-Draft-25-February-2020.pdf [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

46

8 Rubbish Prohibited, 2019. Common Types of Construction Waste, Accessed at: https://landfill-site.com/34-types-ofconstruction-waste.html [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 9 data.gov.uk, 2021. Construction Waste Recycling, Accessed at: https:// data.gov.uk/dataset/882186e7-97b04ad0-b253-e28607252f42/uk-statisticson-waste [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 10 Atiq U. Zaman, Juliet Arnott, Kate Mclntyre and Jonathon Hannon, 2018.

Resource Harvesting through a Systematic Deconstruction of the Residential House: A Case Study of the ‘Whole House Reuse’ Project in Christchurch, New Zealand

04.

04.1.

04.2.

04.3.

04.4.

04.5.

04.6.

04.7.

POLICY FRAMEWORK CURRENT RETROFITTING POLICIES BRIEF OF COMMUNITY WEALTH BUILDING THE PRESTON MODEL CURRENT PROCUREMENT POLICY IN PRESTON CURRENT PROCUREMENT CATEGORIES IN PRESTON PROCUREMENT COMPARISON OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY REFERENCES

POLICY FRAMEWORK

Fig.02/ Case-study: Rotor from: https://rotordb.org/en

04.1.1 Case-study: Deconstruction Company

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Savannah is a pioneering deconstruction company saving and sharing historic buildings at the end of their life cycle based in the USA. They provide total deconstruction services as well as partial deconstruction services.

Before they deconstruct, documentation of the thorough heritage information and material preservation of the structure is their way to strengthen the sense of place and keep the memories of what was lived inside its walls.

1 WILL HURST, 2019. Introducing RetroFirst: a new AJ campaign championing reuse in the built environment, Accessed at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/introducing-retrofirst-a-new-aj-campaign-championing-reuse-in-the-built-environment [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 WILL HURST, 2021. Halt demolition now, powerful business group tells government, Accessed at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/halt-demolition-now-powerful-business-group-tells-government [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

Rotor Deconstruction is a company in the field of salvaged building components. They dismantle, condition and sell materials from quality buildings undergoing transformation or demolition. They also provides assistance to building owners, contractors and architects on how to integrate these elements in their projects.

RetroFirst is a campaign to prioritise retrofitting existing buildings over demolition and rebuild, Will Hurst introduced. More than 200 architecture practices, organisations and individuals have declared their support for this campaign.

So, if the case of building renovation is so clear-cut, why is it not the default option? Obstacles include the lack of policies in this area and the challenge of increasing the density of urban and suburban areas while preserving existing buildings.

“According to the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), of the 200 million tonnes of waste generated in Britain annually, 63 per cent is construction debris. We lose more than 50,000 buildings through demolition every year and, while more than 90 per cent of the resulting waste material is recovered, much of this is recycled into a less valuable product or material, rather than being reused.”

One of the most important obstacles is a distorted VAT system, which supports the status quo of the industry.

We pay 20% VAT for most forms of renovations and renovations, and for newly constructed buildings with high embodied carbon consumption, we usually pay 0% to 5% VAT. Now, things are different, a systemic circular economy approach across the economy plus an urgent strengthen of cross-government collaboration. On VAT in construction, a reduced VAT rate of 5 percent on residential construction under certain conditions, including conversion of buildings from one use to another and the renovation of properties that have been empty for two years or more before the renovation work.

Fig.04/ VAT Reduction from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/rates-of-vat-on-different-goods-and-services#building-and-construction-landand-property

Fig.01/ Case-study: Savannah from: https://www.repurposesavannah.org/

Fig.03/ Case-study: Retrofirst from: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/retrofirst

04.1. CURRENT RETROFITTING POLICIES

51

POLICY FRAMEWORK

04.2. BRIEF OF COMMUNITY WEALTH BUILDING “Community wealth building for economic and environmental justice”

Fig.05/ Green New Deal Poster by: James McInvale

In recent centuries, the economic growth built by extracting resources from our natural systems has been mainly in the form of fossil fuels. Continual growth, relying on the accumulation of capital and the extraction of profit, is impossible on a finite planet with finite resources. Extractive fossil capitalism has caused serious damage to the ecosystem and caused huge economic and environmental inequality.

“Green New Deal” “ The Green New Deal has the potential to be much more than a programme of centralised economic planning. With effective Community Wealth Building policy, a just transition can help to empower the towns and villages of the UK, offering economic autonomy and stability for local communities.”

Fig.06/ Community Wealth Building Poster by: Ricardo Levins Morales, 2006

By Common Wealth

“Our economy is not working well for people, places or the planet. Wages are low and work is insecure. Poverty is on the rise. Inequality between rich and poor is growing. Our fossil fuel based economy is threatening the planet. Community wealth building is a people-centred approach to local economic development. It reorganises local economies to be fairer. It stops wealth flowing out of our communities, towns and cities. Instead, it places control of this wealth into the hands of local people, communities, businesses and organisations.”

By Centre for Local Economic Strategies (CLES)

52

3 Preston City Council, Accessed at: https:// www.preston.gov.uk/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 Common Wealth, Green New Deal, Accessed at: https://www.common-wealth.co.uk/project-streams/green-new-deal [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 5 Community-Wealth.Org, Accessed at: https:// community-wealth.org/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

“Community Wealth Building”

53

POLICY FRAMEWORK

04.3. THE PRESTON MODEL Anchor Institutions:

The term ‘anchor institutions’ is used to refer to organisations which have an important presence in a place, usually by virtue of being large scale employers, the largest purchasers of goods and services in the locality, overseeing large areas of land and having relatively fixed assets.

Anchor institutions are often tied to a place by their mission, histories, physical assets and local relationships. Examples include local authorities, NHS trusts, universities, trade unions, large local businesses, housing associations and the combined activities of the community and voluntary sector.

Digram.01/ The Preston Model by: Junxuan Li from: https://thenextsystem.org/

Collaboration on influencing supply chains has been a consistent focus for all six of the anchor institutions and has realised lasting benefit for the local economy.

54

6 Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic, 2018. Infographic: The Preston Model, Accessed at: https://thenextsystem.org/learn/stories/ infographic-preston-model [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

55

POLICY FRAMEWORK

04.4. CURRENT PROCUREMENT POLICY IN PRESTON

The recirculation of over £200m being spent with local suppliers as a result of the changes in procurement behaviour across anchor institutions has had a positive multiplier effect on local jobs, wellbeing, health, and economic growth. This is partially refected by the fact that in 2018 Preston was named the ‘Most Improved City in the UK.

PRESTON MODEL - TIMELINE

ANCHOR INSTITUTIONS

The early-18th century Preston was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, becoming a densely populated textile manufacturing centre.

The 1970s The decline of industry in the 1970s had contributed to rising rates of poverty.

Prestonwas a city with economic and social issues but also unrealised opportunities.

PRESTON CITY COUNCIL

LANCASHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL

OPCC OFFICE OF POLICE AND CRIME COMMISSIONER FOR LANCASHIRE

PRESTON’S COLLEGE

COMMUNITY GATEWAY

CARDINAL NEWMAN COLLEGE

UCLAN UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL LANCASHIRE

The early 2010s

2011 Preston City Council began conversations with CLES about harnessing their spending and supply chains for greater local economic benefit.

2012 Preston City Council becomes the first local authority in the north of England to become accredited by the Living Wage Foundation as a Living Wage Employer.

2013 City Council engages CLES to collaborate to apply community wealth building principles in Preston. Initial focus is on looking at the proportion of anchor institution spending that is local to Preston and Lancashire.

Anchor institution spend analysis finds that of £750m spent, only 5% is spent in Preston, and 39% in Lancashire, meaning a £450m leakage out of the Lancashire economy.

The proportion of local procurement spend increased from 14% in 2012/13 to 30% in 2016/17.

The Council has developed a social value procurement framework to encourage suppliers to promote local training and employment

The City Council pays all staff at or above the Living Wage, andalso helped develop CLEVR Money, a credit union, through which City Council employees are able to make payroll savings.

The OPCC’s local spend went up from 52% in 2012/13 to 71% in 2017/18.

To drive forward progressive changes to employment practices.

For example, championing the Living Wage and encouraging Lancashire Constabulary to become an accredited Living Wage employer.

Community Gateway has secured funding for the Preston Vocational Centre.

The Centre provides training for up to 200 students from local schools

In August 2014 the College introduced a Living Wage for all of its staff. This policy was extended at a later date to include all staff provided by the College’s catering contractor.

Community Gateway is a tenantled cooperative business which has pioneered a governance model which promotes local pride, tenant democracy, and community engagement.

Preston City Council worked with UCLan, local people and organisations to develop a healthy local co-operative sector.

For developments of more than 30 houses and / or 1000m² commercial foorspace, developers applying for planning permission are required to attach a skills and employment plan demonstrating how they will look to provide training / skills and employment opportunities for local people.

The County Council partnered with Preston City Council to maximise the social return to public pensions through the Lancashire Local Government Pension Fund.

£38.3m £112.3m

2016/17

£200m invested into the wider Lancashire economy.

2012/13

£288.7m

2016/17

£488.7m

Preston moves out of top 20% most deprived local authority areas in the UK. 10% rise in 16-24 year olds in Preston receiving at least an NVQ Level 3 qualification 2014 to 2017.

2017 Anchor institution spending in Preston economy had increased from £38m to £111m.

City Council undertakes further community wealth building work, including ideas for a community bank; developing the cooperative sector; and investing pensions in locally developed student housing.

6.5%

3.1%

2020+ The ‘Preston model’ achieves widespread recognition in the British press as an example of a city taking back control, inspiring a wave of local authorities to take action.

5% - 18.2% Procurement in preston

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7 CLES, Community Wealth Building Centre of Excellence (CfX), Accessed at: https://cles.org.uk/ the-community-wealth-building-centre-of-excellence/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

OWNERSHIP OF THE ECONOMY

LAND, PROPERTY AND ASSETS

Community Gateway has worked with the City Council on its Empty Homes programme, buying and renovating empty properties so they can be rented out to people in need of social housing.

£74m redirected back into the Preston economy through procurement.

2012/13

WORKFORCE

It has supported the development of the cooperative sector in the city through facilitating shared learnings with Spain; leading to the creation of the Preston Co-operative Network; and contributing to research on areas such municipal energy.

2015 CLES and anchor institutions explore the £450m which is leaking out of local economy.

Preston successfully applies to lead the EU URBACT III Procure network, with funding to explore progressive procurement across Europe until May 2018.

U C L a n h a s d r i v e n PROPORTION OF LOCAL social value through its PROCUREMENT procurement process, for example by requiring non- (GOODS& SERVICES) local contractors to subcontract to local frms to develop its its £200m campus masterplan.

Preston’s College has been applying social value principles to its procurement activities, this has particularly focused on providing employment opportunities for local suppliers to work on re-developing part of the College’s site.

39% - 79.2% Procurement in lancashire

Reduction in unemployment from 6.5% in 2014 to 3.1% in 2017.

Diagram.02/ Current Procurement Policy in Preston By: Wen Liu

These issues were being compounded, by public sector austerity and the post-financial crash recession.

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POLICY FRAMEWORK

04.5. CURRENT PROCUREMENT CATEGORIES Current Procurement Categories in Lancashire, including Preston City Council:

Our project proposes the translation of the radical procurement policies to the building industry. This diagram shows the potential of procurement in Lancashire County, where the “Building and Facility Construction and Maintenance Services” accounts for the largest portion. Thus, the building industry has great potential to build local wealth.

￡

344 million

Total contract value:

￡ 630 million

58

8 Procatis, 2021. Contracts register, Accessed at: https://procontract.due-north.com/ ContractsRegister/Index?resetFilter=True&ap plyFilter=True&p=e0cc5631-4690-e511-80fb000c29c9ba21&v=1 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

Diagram.03/ Current Procurement Catetories By: Wen Liu

Contract value of Building and Facility Construction and Maintenance Services:

59

POLICY FRAMEWORK

04.6. PROCUREMENT COMPARISON OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

before 2013

after 2013

In 2013, Preston City Council and several other Anchor Institutions officially implemented progressive Procurement Policy with the purpose of building community wealth. The two Diagrams show the estimated cost distribution of building and construction industry contracts in the 7 Councils of Lancashire (including Preston City Council).

Map.02/ Construction Services after 2013 by: Yutong Qiu in cooperation with Wen Liu

Map.01/ Construction Services before 2013 by: Yutong Qiu in cooperation with Wen Liu

Procurement comparison of construction industry

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61

04.7. REFERENCES 1 WILL HURST, 2019. Introducing RetroFirst: a new AJ campaign championing reuse in the built environment, Accessed at: https:// www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/introducing-retrofirst-a-new-aj-campaign-championing-reuse-in-the-built-environment [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 WILL HURST, 2021. Halt demolition now, powerful business group tells government, Accessed at: https://www.architectsjournal. co.uk/news/halt-demolition-now-powerful-business-group-tells-government [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 Preston City Council, Accessed at: https://www.preston.gov.uk/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 Common Wealth, Green New Deal, Accessed at: https://www.common-wealth.co.uk/ project-streams/green-new-deal [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 5 Community-Wealth.Org, Accessed at: https://community-wealth.org/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 6 Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic, 2018. Infographic: The Preston Model, Accessed at: https://thenextsystem. org/learn/stories/infographic-preston-model [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 7 CLES, Community Wealth Building Centre of Excellence (CfX), Accessed at: https:// cles.org.uk/the-community-wealth-buildingcentre-of-excellence/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 8 Procatis, 2021. Contracts register, Accessed at: https://procontract.due-north. com/ContractsRegister/Index?resetFilter=Tru e&applyFilter=True&p=e0cc5631-4690-e51180fb-000c29c9ba21&v=1 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

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05.

DECISION MAKING: RETROFIT

05.1.

VISUAL DECISION MAKING TOOLS AND ENGAGEMENT 05.2.

METHODOLOGY: RETROFITTING PRIORITY INDEX 05.3.

MEASUREMENT: INTERACTIVE MAP 05.4.

MEASUREMENT: COST AND BENEFIT (ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC VALUE) 05.5.

TECHNICAL REPORT - 1: DATA PROCESSING AND WEB DEVELOPMENT 05.6.

REFERENCES

DECISION MAKING: RETROFIT

We’ve created a multi-objective decision-making tool to involve local councils and dwellers in decisions on retrofitting policy, which is democratic and decentralized.

Diagram.03/ Costs and Benefits by: Yutong Qiu

Diagram.02/ Website: Comparison Maps by: Yutong Qiu

The Visual Decision-Making Tool will help the Preston Council evaluate which areas are in urgent need of retrofit and also retrofitting affordability so that it is easier to promote the progress of retrofitting projects to support subsidy decision-making. We adopted a retrofitting priority index approach that focused on Energy Performance of Buildings Data(EPC) and Census data.

Diagram.01/ Website: Methodology by: Yutong Qiu

05.1. VISUAL DECISION MAKING TOOLS AND ENGAGEMENT

66

67

DECISION MAKING: RETROFIT

Housing Condition (HC)

Retrofitting Affordability (RA)

Housing Condition represents the energy efficiency of residential buildings. The Housing Condition (HC) is composed of four parameters: Building Age (BA), Energy Consumption (EC), Carbon Emissions (CE) and Environmental Impact (EI). The HC index has a worst of 6 and the best is 1, with smaller value indicating greater level of Housing Condition.

Retrofitting Affordability represents the difficulty of each municipality organizing Waste-to-Wealth scheme to retrofit their homes, including policy, human resources, material supply and infrastructure. The Retrofitting Affordability (RA) is composed of four parameters: Government Incentives (GI), Human Resource ( HR), Number of Reusable Material and Number of Infrastructure. RA is divided into six levels, the best is 1 and the worst is 6.

Retrofitting Affordability (RA)

68

Map.02/ Website: Retrofitting Affordability by: Yutong Qiu

Diagram.04/ Rertrofitting Priority Framework by: Yutong Qiu

Housing Condition (HC)

Map.01/ Website: Housing Condition by: Yutong Qiu

05.2. METHODOLOGY: RETROFITTING PRIORITY INDEX

69

DECISION MAKING: RETROFIT

05.3. MEASUREMENT: INTERACTIVE MAP Landfill Crisis Landfill Crisis (2021 & 2050) without intervention

Housing Condition

Retrofitting Affordability

Retrofitting Priority

Present (2021)& Future (2050) without waste intervention

Landfill Crisis

Housing Condition Present (2021)& Future (2050) with waste intervention

70

Retrofitting Affordability

Retrofitting Priority

Map.03/ Rertrofitting Priority Interactive Maps by: Yutong Qiu

Landfill Crisis (2021 & 2050) withintervention

71

DECISION MAKING: RETROFIT

05.4. MEASUREMENT: COST AND BENEFIT (ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC VALUE) YEAR 1-10 PHASE ONE

Map.04/ First-stage Benefit by: Yutong Qiu

In phase two, the procurement policies would be implemented through larger regions and extended to other types of housing with smoother cooperation, generating related jobs for building professionals.

72

73

DECISION MAKING: RETROFIT

YEAR 11-20 PHASE TWO

Map.05/ Second-stage Benefit by: Yutong Qiu

In phase two, the procurement policies would be implemented through larger regions and extended to other types of housing with smoother cooperation, generating related jobs for building professionals.

74

75

DECISION MAKING: RETROFIT

YEAR 21-30 PHASE THREE

Map.06/ Third-stage Benefit by: Yutong Qiu

In phase three, the housing conditions could be widely improved, including their energy performance. Only regular maintenance services would be needed. By 2050, the total carbon emissions from the building industry could be reduced.

76

77

DECISION MAKING: RETROFIT

05.5. TECHNICAL REPORT - 1: DATA PROCESSING AND WEB DEVELOPMENT

The purpose:

05.5.1 Sources of data

We created a multi-objective decision-making tool to involve local councils and dwellers in decisions on retrofitting policy, which is democratic and decentralized. The Visual Decision-Making Tool will help the Preston Council evaluate which areas are in urgent need of retrofit and their retrofitting affordability so that it is easier to promote the progress of retrofitting projects and to support subsidy allocation.

Datasets are derived from Energy Performance of Buildings Data (Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government) and household composition census data (Society Digimap). The raw data comes in the format of CSV, File Geodatabase, and GeoPackage geospatial data.

The Retrofitting Priority (RP) index is divided into two criteria: Housing Condition (HC) and retrofitting affordability (RA). Housing Condition (HC) represents the energy efficiency and age of residential buildings.

It is composed of four parameters: Building Age (BA), Energy Consumption (EC), Carbon Emissions (CE), and Environmental Impact (EI). The HC index has a worst of 6 and the best is 1, with a smaller value indicating a greater level of Housing Condition.

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1 Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, 2008. Energy Performance of Buildings Data: England and Wales, Accessed at: https://epc. opendatacommunities.org/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 Will Hurst, 2021. Halt demolition now, powerful business group tells government, Accessed at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/halt-demolition-now-powerful-business-group-tells-government.

3 HM Revenue & Customs, 2020. VAT rates on different goods and services, Accessed at: https:// www.gov.uk/guidance/rates-of-vat-on-differentgoods-and-services#introduction [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 ONS Postcode Directory, Office for National Statistics, 2019. ONS Postcode Directory (May 2019), Accessed at: https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/ datasets/5194b0c9d5a042789058609a4435ec7c/about [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

Fig.01/ Energy Performance of Building Data https://epc.opendatacommunities.org/

SOFTWARE USED: ArcGIS, EXCEL, Pandas, Geopandas, HTML+CSS+JS

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DECISION MAKING: RETROFIT

ONS Postcode Directory Index

oa01

area_code

LAT

LON

A. Housing Condition Criteria First, we use Pandas to pre-process the Energy Performance Certificate data (EPC). For each residential building that has a unique “LMK_ KEY”, we take the middle value from “Construction_Age_from” and “Construction_Age_to”, then subtract it from 2021. Take the reciprocal of it as the Building Age sub-criteria, so that the older the building, the smaller the sub-criteria score, which means worse housing conditions.

The criteria of Energy Consumption (EC) and Carbon Emissions (CE) parameters use the same calculation method to find the difference between “ENERGY_CONSUMPTION_CURRENT” and “ENERGY_CONSUMPTION_POTENTIAL”, “CO2_EMISSIONS_CURRENT” and “CO2_EMISSIONS_POTENTIAL”.

And the Environmental Impact(EI) parameter needs to be “ENVIRONMENT_IMPACT_POTENTIAL” minus “ENVIRONMENT_IMPACT_CURRENT” because the larger the value of this data, the smaller the impact on the environment.

Point Cloud Index

LMK_KEY POSTCODE

LAT

LON

Polygons Index 0 ...

468

area_code

HC

RA

RP

municipality to represent. In addition, for Human Resource (HR), we use a construction-related qualification population.

The number of Reusable Materials (NRM) includes recycling centres, demolition companies, manufacturers and suppliers, garden building suppliers, roof contractors, and bricks suppliers, which we found from Google map. According to its postcode, we use Pandas to match the postcode with geographic coordinates from ONS Postcode Directory for each material source. Moreover, the number of Infrastructures (NI) includes brownfields, anchor institutions, and recycling centres.

We match the postcode with the geographic coordinates for each infrastructure.

Diagram.05/ CSV Pre-processing by: Yutong Qiu

05.5.2 CSV Pre-processing:

B. Retrofitting Affordability Criteria Government Incentives (GI) represent the probability that each municipality can receive government subsidies. The higher the score, the more capable they are to retrofit their homes. According to the policy of VAT in construction, if a house that has been vacant for two years is repaired, its VAT rate can be reduced from 20% to 5%. In this part, we use the number of vacant houses in each

80

81

Map.10/ Retrofitting Priority by: Yutong Qiu 82

05.5.5 Costs and Benefits Visualization

First, we use ArcGIS to input all pre-processed CSV data with geographic coordinates and convert them into point cloud shapefile files.

Then we used Geopandas in Spyder to read it and convert it to the WGS1984 coordinate system. Next, we calculate the average (for EPC data) or the sum of the numbers (for material or infrastructure) in each municipality range. The scores of the two criteria, HC and RA, are obtained by weighting their four sub-criteria with the same weight of 0.25. The Retrofitting Priority is measured by the average score of HC and RA.

In the EPC data, what kind of transformation can be done and the relevant cost is attached in the recommendation document. We first use Geopandas to sum up the retrofitting costs of each house based on the unique “LMK_KEY”. In addition, use “POTENTIAL_ENERGY_EFFICIENCY” minus “CURRENT_ENERGY_EFFICIENCY” to get Energy Efficiency Improvement as an environmental benefit.

05.5.4 Interactive Maps For each of the sub-criteria, we made numerical predictions of whether to intervene until 2050. For example, whether the building will be retrofitted will affect its energy performance and thus affect the Housing Condition score. Whether to construct more material processing infrastructures in the future, and whether to implement new policies to support the energy efficiency improvement of the house will affect its Retrofitting Affordability. Compare the scores of with-intervention and without-intervention for each criterion, and then compare them in pairs.

Finally, we use Geopandas to divide all the three scores of HC, RA, and RP into 6 levels, export the map containing the data to the GeoJSON file, and use the Kepler map to visualize (Figure X).

Creating interactive maps with drawings through the same process as above to display costs and benefits.

Finally, use HTML+CSS+JS to compile for all maps into the website in Visual Studio Code, making it into an interactive tool for decision-makers to make subsidy allocation based on priority. It can be engaged with residents to view the area where they are living, and material and retrofitting service suppliers to find potential customers.

Map.11/ Costs and Benefits by: Yutong Qiu

05.5.3 Match CSV data to Each Municipality

Diagram.06/ Web Development by: Yutong Qiu

Map.09/ Retrofitting Affordability Map.08/ Housing Condition by: Yutong Qiu by: Yutong Qiu

Map.07/ Data Matching by: Yutong Qiu

DECISION MAKING: RETROFIT

05.5.6 Shortcomings and prospects When summing the scores of HC and RA criteria, we used average weight currently. In the further development of this decision-making tool, different weight distributions can be considered according to the opinions of different perspectives. It can be seen how different stakeholders, such as environmentalists, residents, and policymakers, value differently.

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05.6. REFERENCES 1 Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, 2008. Energy Performance of Buildings Data: England and Wales, Accessed at: https://epc.opendatacommunities. org/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 Will Hurst, 2021. Halt demolition now, powerful business group tells government, Accessed at: https://www.architectsjournal. co.uk/news/halt-demolition-now-powerful-business-group-tells-government.

3 HM Revenue & Customs, 2020. VAT rates on different goods and services, Accessed at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/ rates-of-vat-on-different-goods-and-services#introduction [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 ONS Postcode Directory, Office for National Statistics, 2019. ONS Postcode Directory (May 2019), Accessed at: https:// geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/5194b0c9d5a042789058609a4435ec7c/about [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

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06.

06.1.

06.2.

06.3.

06.4.

06.5.

06.6.

06.7.

06.8.

06.9.

LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT LANCASHIRE LANDFILL CRISIS BRICK JOURNEY: CONVENTIONAL CYCLES BRICK JOURNEY: PROPOSED LOCAL CYCLES BRICK RETRO-PROCUREMENT: LOCAL SAKEHOLDERS’ NETWORK LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT VISION TECHNICAL REPORT - 2: MODELLING OF URBAN FABRIC PRESTON RETRO-PROCUREMENT SYSTEM PRESTON RETRO-PROCUREMENT CATALOGUE REFERENCES

LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

Fig.01/ Lancashire has only 13.2 million m3 of remaining landfill capacity https://www.lancs.live/news/lancashire-news/lancashire-waste-disaster-looming-landfills-17990094

06.1. LANCASHIRE LANDFILL CRISIS Lancashire Landfill Crisis In Lancashire, construction waste like paints and asbestos in landfills resulted in soil and water pollution. And the remaining capacity of old landfill sites is declining and some have been closed, while new ones have been generated to meet the growing demand.

Ongoing Landfill site New-built Landfill site Closed Landfill site

88

1 data.gov.uk, 2020. Remaining Landfill Capacity, Accessed at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/237825cb-dc10-4c53-8446-1bcd35614c12/remaining-landfill-capacity [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 2022. Lancashire ‘waste disaster’ looming as landfills close to tipping point, Accessed at: https://www.lancs.live/news/lancashire-news/lancashire-waste-disaster-looming-landfills-17990094 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 Preston Digital Archive, 2014. Clifton Marsh Landfill near Preston, Accessed at: https://www.flickr. com/photos/rpsmithbarney/13548943203 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

Fig.02/ Preston Clifton Marsh Landfill Siste From: https://www.flickr.com/photos/rpsmithbarney/13548943203

Diagram.01/ Landfill Remaining Capacity by: Yutong Qiu

“As England hurtles towards a predicted serious landfill crisis by 2022, Lancashire is one of the regions most at risk with only 13.2 million m3 of remaining landfill capacity.”

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LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

Lancashire Landfill Remaining Capacity: from 2015 to 2019, and Prediction of 2030

2015 Remaining Landfill Capacity

2019 Remaining Landfill Capacity

2017 Remaining Landfill Capacity

2030 (Prediction)

Diagram.02/ Lancashire Remaining Landfill Crisis by: Yutong Qiu in cooperation with Wen Liu

By 2030, based on assumptions of current rates, the remaining capacity will be negative.

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91

LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

Waste Export to Lancashire

Waste Import from Lancashire

“Landfill Zero” is our ambition

“Waste disaster” is looming as landfills close to tipping point. Preston Clifton Marsh landfill next to the River Ribble is certainly no exception. It also has risks of pollution caused by waste exposure to water system caused by flood impact.

Map.02/ Waste Import from Lancashire by: Yutong Qiu in cooperation with Wen Liu

Fig.03/ Clifton Marsh Landfill Plan from: Goole earth view

Map.01/ Waste Export to Lancashire by: Yutong Qiu in cooperation with Wen Liu

Preston Clifton Marsh Landfill

Furthermore, these maps show waste exported to Lancashire from other places and imported waste from Lancashire. Transportation of waste not only consumes energy, but also has other risks. “Landfill Zero” is our ambition.

92

4 data.gov.uk: Environment Agency, 2021.

Permitted Waste Sites - Authorised Landfill Site Boundaries, Accessed at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/ ad695596-d71d-4cbb-8e32-99108371c0ee/permittedwaste-sites-authorised-landfill-site-boundaries [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

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LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

Conventional Cycles of Bricks: Brick is the blood of British buildings. The life cycle of bricks should be calculated from the extraction stage of natural resources. Then raw materials are transported to brickworks and construction sites. Eventually, brick buildings are always discarded in landfills.

Diagram.03/ Conventional Cycles of The Brick by. Junxuan Li

06.2. BRICK JOURNEY: CONVENTIONAL CYCLES

94

95

LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

06.2. BRICK JOURNEY: CONVENTIONAL CYCLES Conventional Cycles of Bricks in Preston History:

Most Preston buildings came from the Preston Stone Cooperative Quarry 100 years ago. That quarry boomed with the building industry at the expense of extracting natural resources.

Clay and stones were transported to the brickworks. Thomas Croft was a famous one.

It produced 100,000 bricks a week, providing local employment. Now the brickworks have been withdrawn from history.

Fig.04/ Preston Stone Quarry by: Preston Digital Archive 96

Thomas Croft Brickworks

Fig.05/ James Topping Brickwork by: Preston Digital Archive

Preston Stone Cooperative Quarry

5 Preston Digital Archive, Accessed at: https:// www.flickr.com/photos/rpsmithbarney/albums [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

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LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

Proposed Local Cycles of Bricks: Our proposed model of the localized building industry does not rely on extraction, but on local cycles.

Diagram.04/ Circular Cycles of The Brick by. Junxuan Li

06.3. BRICK JOURNEY: PROPOSED LOCAL CYCLES

98

99

LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

06.4. BRICK RETRO-PROCUREMENT: LOCAL SAKEHOLDERS’ NETWORK Proposed Local Retro-procurement Journey (Take the Brick as an example):

01.

A building originally to be demolished, we suggest that it could be dismantled rather than demolished to landfills.

Our proposed model of the localized building industry does not rely on extraction, but on local cycles. Here we show Local Retro-Procurement based on Circular Cycles step by step in Preston City Centre.

Local Companies

[ Demolition Sites ]

Map.03/ Local Retro-procurement 01 by: Wen Liu

Demoliton site

100

101

LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

02.

Local demolition companies, like Bradley Ltd, have the potential to transform into dismantling companies.

Local Companies

[ Demolition Sites ]

Demoliton site

Map.04/ Local Retro-procurement 02 by: Wen Liu

[ Demolition Companies ]

Bradley Demolition LTD

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103

LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

03.

Materials could be transported to the recycling centres nearby, which can enable them to be cleaned and inspected.

Local Companies

[ Demolition Sites ]

[ Demolition Companies ]

Demoliton site

Bradley Demolition LTD Recycling Lives Adventure Waste LTD National Recycling

[ Recycling Centres ]

[ Building Contractors ]

104

Map.05/ Local Retro-procurement 03 by: Wen Liu

[ Material Retailers ]

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LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

04.

Anchor institutions, like City Councils, can increase their budget and create local related jobs.

Local Companies

[ Demolition Sites ]

[ Demolition Companies ]

Anchor Institutions

Demoliton site

Bradley Demolition LTD Recycling Lives Adventure Waste LTD National Recycling

[ Local Councils ] [ Recycling Centres ] Preston City Council Lancashire County Council

[ Building Contractors ]

106

Map.06/ Local Retro-procurement 04 by: Wen Liu

[ Material Retailers ]

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LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

05.

Universities in Anchor institutions can conduct regular training on technologies related to dismantling and recycling.

Local Companies

[ Demolition Sites ]

[ Demolition Companies ]

Anchor Institutions

Demoliton site

Bradley Demolition LTD Recycling Lives Adventure Waste LTD National Recycling

[ Local Councils ]

University of Central Lancashire

[ Recycling Centres ] Preston City Council

[ Universities ]

Lancashire County Council

[ Material Retailers ]

[ Building Contractors ]

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Map.07/ Local Retro-procurement 05 by: Wen Liu

Cardinal Newman College

109

LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

06.

The potential buyers, or retrofitted targets could be the 5,000 social rental houses first. The business market is huge.

Local Companies

[ Demolition Sites ]

[ Demolition Companies ]

Anchor Institutions

Demoliton site

Bradley Demolition LTD Recycling Lives Adventure Waste LTD National Recycling

[ Local Councils ]

University of Central Lancashire

[ Recycling Centres ] Preston City Council

[ Universities ]

Lancashire County Council

[ Material Retailers ]

[ Building Contractors ]

[ Social Rental Houses ]

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Map.08/ Local Retro-procurement 06 by: Wen Liu

Cardinal Newman College

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LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

07.

In this new brick procurement system, suppliers are abandoned buildings or brown fields rather than natural resources.

Local Companies

[ Demolition Sites ]

PROCUREMENT POLICIES

[ Demolition Companies ]

Social Rental Houses

Social Rental Houses

Anchor Institutions

Demoliton site

Bradley Demolition LTD Recycling Lives Adventure Waste LTD National Recycling

University of Central Lancashire

[ Local Councils ] [ Recycling Centres ]

Preston City Council Lancashire County Council

[ Universities ] [ Material Retailers ] Social Rental Houses

[ Building Contractors ]

[ Social Rental Houses ]

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Social Rental Houses

Map.09/ Local Retro-procurement 07 by: Wen Liu

Cardinal Newman College

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LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

06.5. LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT VISION The Vision based on assumption (Retrofit low EPC level housing):

Potential Suppliers - Dismantled Targets in Preston Potential Buyers - Retrofitted Targets in Preston

114

Map.10/ Local Retro-procurement Vision by: Wen Liu

Total energy consumption saving per year: 527 million Kwh Total CO2 emission saving per year: 94428 Tonnes

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LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

Excel, Python, GeoPandas, Arcgis, Rhino 7 with Grasshopper

On the scale of Preston city, one of the important purposes of our project is to build a three-dimensional spatial model of the city under the processing of Rhino and Grasshopper, which mainly includes green space, water system, road network and buildings, so that the 3D model can be used to show the urban space more intuitively. (Map.11) Meanwhile, it is necessary to transform, project and correspond the raw multi-format data into 3D building models. That is, to screen and stratify the build¬ings in the city according to specific requirements, so that they can be visualized after screening according to certain attributes.

Abstract: The scale of our project ranges from the global to the micro-community in Preston city, and the main target users are assumed to be retrofitting policy-makers, building professionals and a common householder.

Meanwhile, the raw data sources we use are massive and cover various aspects, and the data formats are also different, mainly including excels and geographic ESRI shapefiles. Our aim is to integrate and project those data sources in different formats onto the targeted visualized drawings, so that different stakeholders can interact and engage with our “Waste to Wealth” project with diversified platforms and tools. Sometimes it is also necessary to have the possibility of visualizing the future in time. Eventually, relevant stakeholders can participate in our project through our interactive web pages.

FID

Shape

Finally, the processed spatial model could be used in the panoramic view, aerial view of the micro community and other analysis diagrams. The basic purpose is to combine and process various urban raw data sources in different formats in the same urban space model of Preston according to the different requirements. Therefore, we construct the application steps of technology and software according to workflow.

id

06.6.1 Modelling the environment of Preston City Main body: Overall, our raw data sources from Excel or GIS related formats are processed by Python, GeoPandas or Rhino with Grasshopper, which can be intuitively displayed in geographic maps, 3D spatial models and diagrams.

Provides an integrated, flexible, and predictive visualized results of the future over time for our research.

The visual processing results can be easily identified and benefited by different stakeholders as well. The processing and visualization of multi-format data runs through the whole process of our project. Here we will simply illustrate it with several specific examples.

In general, we use the ESRI shapefile data of the administrative boundary of Preston City as the outline for integrating other data. (Diagram.05) Preston’s urban environment data, such as green space, water system and road network, could be downloaded from different databases (e.g. Ordnance Survey), which is a GIS related format, also known as ESRI shapefile. It can then be converted from GIS to a unified coordinate system (we use WGS 84) (Diagram.06) and clip to the geographical outline of Preston. The processed data is then imported into Rhino and Grasshopper. Using the Shapefile Import Component, we can convert ESRI shapefile data of urban environment into 2D polygons, which could be first modelled in Rhino.

90 60 30 0 -30 -60 -90 -180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30

116

6 ArcGIS, Accessed at: https://www.esri.com/ en-us/arcgis/about-arcgis/overview [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 7 Heather Smith, 2020. Geographic vs Projected Coordinate Systems, Accessed at: https://www. esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/arcgis-pro/mapping/ gcs_vs_pcs/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

0

30 60

90 120 150 180

Digram.05/ Preston City ESRI Shapefile by: Wen Liu

06.6 Modelling of urban fabric

Digram.06/ WGS 84 Coordinate System by: Wen Liu

Software:

Map.11/ Preston Urban Fabric Model by: Wen Liu

06.6. TECHNICAL REPORT - 2: MODELLING OF URBAN FABRIC

117

06.6.2 Modelling of buildings in Preston City

all coordinate points of Preston’s social rental houses could be screened out, corresponding to thousands of point clouds. Meanwhile, shapefiles of all Preston’s buildings obtained from Digimap above are retained in GIS in another layer. Using the Select by Attributes command, we can set a selection radius based on research assumptions (our project uses a 30-meter radius). Shapefiles of buildings centred around those points within that radius could be selected, so those target shapefiles could be exported, which are assumed to be social rental houses. (Diagram.09)

Preston’s buildings are thousands, each with a specific height, so traditional modelling methods are obviously not applicable. Firstly, we need shapefile data of buildings with height values. Raw data with height values can be downloaded from Digimap. Second, we import the administrative boundary of Preston to download the corresponding numbered data, and then clip it to the geographical outline of Preston city through GIS, which is all unified to the same coordinate system of WGS 84.

ESRI shapefile building data could be generated. (Diagram.07) Eventually, Rhino and Grasshopper could help us generate polygons of Preston’s building plans based on this data. In Grasshopper, polygonal building plans could be extruded into 3D building models according to the height.

Therefore, the parameter setting of this radius is critical. It needs to make assumptions and make some attempts according to the particularity of each project to find the most appropriate value.

Digram.07/ Buildings’ ESRI Shapefile by: Wen Liu

LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

Then, in our 3D buildings model, building groups with specific properties should be screened out according to different requirements (e.g. social rental houses) and divided into different layers, which can be visualized as needed. Different from other data, we’ve tried some methods, but finally we could not find the accurate geographical data in ESRI shapefile format of social rental houses. Instead, we could use an Excel file, which has specific, valuable and detailed information about Preston’s building ownership, energy rating, construction materials and so on, but geographical locations are only the postcodes. Thus, we use Python to convert the building’s postcodes in Excel files into the WGS84 coordinate system’s point values, namely X and Y values.

(Diagram.08)

06.6.4 Select target buildings by point clouds (in WGS84 coordinate system) The point coordinates (X and Y values) carrying valuable details of building information are imported into GIS to generate geographic point clouds. For example,

118

...

Postcode Longitude Latitude

Then ESRI shapefiles of the target buildings (e.g. social rental houses) can be imported to Rhino and Grasshopper by following the same steps as above, and then could be baked into another layer. Repeating the same workflow when filtering out target buildings for other attributes allows buildings to be placed on separate layers in Rhino as needed for later visualization.

06.6.6 Processing and visualizing city models as required After processing the 3D spatial model according to the data and specific requirements, we can either render it into 2D drawings with V-Ray or Lumion, or make it into videos with Lumion. Drawings can be further processed in Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop as well.

Digram.09/ Assumptive Social Rental Buildings’ ESRI Shapefile by: Wen Liu

06.6.3 Building Postcodes to Point Clouds (in WGS84 coordinate system)

Digram.08/ Excel File by: Wen Liu

06.6.5 Modelling target buildings

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LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

Diagram.11/ Preston Retro-procurement System by: Wen Liu in Cooperation with Junxuan Li

06.7. PRESTON RETRO-PROCUREMENT SYSTEM Local Stakeholer Coorperative Networks

Preston Retro-procurement System Wealth needs to be created and shared by local stakeholders rather than distant corporations. Stakeholders here refer to local dwellers, local councils and local building professionals.

Local dwellers face fuel poverty, high energy bills, but wages are low. The housing is aged, and the thermal comfort is low. It is important to contact them with local suppliers and offer them support through the council.

Local councils need to guarantee a decent living for local dwellers while supporting local business. They need sup-

port to assess the situation for decision making and dialogue with local dwellers and building professionals.

Local building professionals face shrinking job prospects, exacerbated by global competition. They need support to build local networks, skills and retrofitting policies that ensure local material cycles.

By engaging the three perspectives, we aim to reverse the waste issue in Preston through a community wealth building model for the retrofitting industry.

Diagram.10/ Local Stakeholer Coorperative Networks by: Wen Liu in Cooperation with Junxuan Li

Fig.07/ Preston Market & Car Park Fig.06/ Paper Innovation Site from: Bradley Group from: I&R Demolition Ltd

Potential Material Suppliers - Demolition Sites

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8 Project: Preston Market & Car Park , 2019.

Preston Market & Car Park, Accessed at: https://www. bradley-group.co.uk/projects/preston-market-car-park/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 9 I&R Demolition and Groundworks, 2020.

Paper Innovations - Preston, Accessed at: http://www. irdemolitionltd.co.uk/paper-innovations-preston/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

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LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

06.8. PRESTON RETRO-PROCUREMENT CATALOGUE

Digram.12/ Material Catalogue: Reclaimed Bricks By: Wen Liu

Fig.08/ Reclaimed Bricks from: Recyclinglives& Jewson Preston

Preston Material Catalogue: Reclaimed Bricks

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10 recyclinglives, 2021. WE BUY SCRAP METAL, SCRAP CARS, WEEE, TV’S AND IT EQUIPMENT FOR THE BEST PRICES IN PRESTON, accessed at: https://www.recyclinglives.com/locations/ preston-recycling-park [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 11 C&W Berry LTD, 2021. BRICKS, Accessed at: https://www.cwberry.com/Building-Materials/ Bricks/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

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LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT

Gutster

124

12 MyToolShed, 2021. Building&Demolition Tools, Accessed at: https://www.mytoolshed.co.uk/ hand-tools/building-demolition-tools [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 13 Amazon, 2021. Accessed at: https://www. amazon.com/Demolition-Tools/s?k=Demolition+Tools [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

Digram.13/ Tool Catalogue: Hand Tools for Dismantling and Retrofitting By: Wen Liu

Fig.09/ Dismantling Tools from: Amazon and MyTollShed UK

Preston Tool Catalogue: Hand Tools for Dismantling and Retrofitting

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06.9. REFERENCES 1 data.gov.uk, 2020. Remaining Landfill Capacity, Accessed at: https:// data.gov.uk/dataset/237825cb-dc104c53-8446-1bcd35614c12/remaining-landfill-capacity [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 2022. Lancashire ‘waste disaster’ looming as landfills close to tipping point, Accessed at: https://www. lancs.live/news/lancashire-news/lancashire-waste-disaster-looming-landfills-17990094 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 Preston Digital Archive, 2014.

Clifton Marsh Landfill near Preston, Accessed at: https://www.flickr.com/ photos/rpsmithbarney/13548943203 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 data.gov.uk: Environment Agency, 2021. Permitted Waste Sites - Authorised Landfill Site Boundaries, Accessed at: https://data.gov.uk/ dataset/ad695596-d71d-4cbb-8e3299108371c0ee/permitted-waste-sitesauthorised-landfill-site-boundaries [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 5 Preston Digital Archive, Accessed at: https://www.flickr.com/ photos/rpsmithbarney/albums [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 6 ArcGIS, Accessed at: https:// www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/aboutarcgis/overview [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 7 Heather Smith, 2020. Geographic vs Projected Coordinate Systems, Accessed at: https://www.esri.com/ arcgis-blog/products/arcgis-pro/mapping/gcs_vs_pcs/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 8 Project: Preston Market & Car Park , 2019. Preston Market & Car Park, Accessed at: https://www.bradleygroup.co.uk/projects/preston-marketcar-park/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 9 I&R Demolition and Groundworks, 2020. Paper Innovations - Preston, Accessed at: http:// www.irdemolitionltd.co.uk/paper-

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innovations-preston/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 10 recyclinglives, 2021. WE BUY SCRAP METAL, SCRAP CARS, WEEE, TV’S AND IT EQUIPMENT FOR THE BEST PRICES IN PRESTON, accessed at: https://www.recyclinglives.com/ locations/preston-recycling-park [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 11 C&W Berry LTD, 2021. BRICKS, Accessed at: https://www.cwberry.com/ Building-Materials/Bricks/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 12 MyToolShed, 2021. Building&Demolition Tools, Accessed at: https://www.mytoolshed.co.uk/handtools/building-demolition-tools [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 13 Amazon, 2021. Accessed at: https://www.amazon.com/DemolitionTools/s?k=Demolition+Tools [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

07.

07.1.

07.2.

07.3.

07.4.

07.5.

07.6.

07.7.

07.8.

CIRCULAR HOUSING RESIDENTIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGY IN PRESTON RETROFITTING SITE SPECULATION COOPERATION IN THE MICRO COMMUNITY SCENARIO IN RETROFITTING A SOCIAL RENTAL HOUSE SCENARIO IN COMMUNITY RECYCLING WORKSHOP SCENARIO IN COMMUNITY POCKET PARK HOW-TO MANUAL BOOK REFERENCES

CIRCULAR HOUSING

House

07.1. RESIDENTIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGY IN PRESTON

Flat

Bungalow

Maisonette

A

133, Preston Road, Grimsargh

52b, Village Drive, Ribbleton

42, Pedders Lane, Ashton-on-Ribble

2680

14, Kingsfold Avenue

136, Thorn Street

80, Holme Slack Lane

4, Cotty Brook Close, Lea Town

292, Eldon Street, Ashton-on-Ribble

26, Grimshaw Place

12, Eskdale Close, Fulwood

21, Colman Court

82, Brackenbury Road

45, Langton Street

39, Sandsdale Avenue, Fulwood

63 The Room, Lawson Street

187, Skeffington Road

15, Cannon Hill, Ashton-on-Ribble

27, Stoney Butts, Lea

87a Friargate

426, Tag Lane, Ingol

Globe Beauty, 115 New Hall Lane

36, Ronaldsway

111a, Plungington Road

13, Sulby Grove

2nd Floor Flat, 31 West Cliff

20, Green Drive, Fulwood

3 East View

7037

C

3003

9358

16959

6942

1611

Residential Building Typology & EPC in Preston, Lancashire The 2020 results indicate a total dwelling stock of 64,847 for Preston, Lancashire, of which, 81.7% was owner-occupied or privately rented. This was above the whole England average. The registered social landlords and other public sector took account 18.3%. There are 7 types of property that exist in the UK. This project analyzed 55,306 residential properties in Preston, and mainly focused on types of Flat, House, Bungalow, and Maisonette in the social housing sector.

As part of the wider ambition to meet the ‘net-zero carbon’ challenge by 2050, social housing providers have been set a target to attain a C rating on Energy Performance Certificates by 2035. According to the 2019 English House Condition Survey, the average Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) rating of the existing social housing stock in Preston is 65.0, and 60.3% of dwellings have an energy efficiency rating below EPC C (SAP 69).

D

E

F

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1 Lancashire County Council, 2020. Dwelling stock by tenure, Accessed at: https://www.lancashire. gov.uk/lancashire-insight/population-and-households/ households-and-housing/dwelling-stock-by-tenure/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 Office for National Statistics, 2020. Energy efficiency of housing in England and Wales, Accessed at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/articles/energyefficiencyofhousinginenglandandwales/2020-09-23 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

Fig.01/ House rated as C&D in Preston,Lancashire from: Google Street-view

B

G

Diagram 02/ Housing Classification in Preston,Lancashire by: Junxuan Li

Diagram 01/ Residential Building Typology&EPC by: Junxuan Li

unit

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CIRCULAR HOUSING

RENTAL (PRIVATE)

PROPERTY TYPE

HOUSE

FLAT

MID-TERRACE

D

C

D

C

FLAT

END-TERRACE

BUNGALOW

DETACHED

END-TERRACE MID-TERRACE SEMI-DETACHED

SEMI-DETACHED MID-TERRACE

D C

ENERGY RATING

C

132

HOUSE

END-TERRACE MID-TERRACE

SEMI-DETACHEDEND-TERRACE MID-TERRACE

C

OWNER-OCCUPIED

HOUSE

FLAT

END-TERRACE

BUILD FORM

RENTAL (SOCIAL)

D

D

C

E

D

C

C

D

D

E

Diagram.03/ Housing Typology in Prston by: Yutong Qiu

OWNERSHIP

Fig.02/ Typical House Type in Preston from: Google Street-view

Typical House Type in Preston EPC Level: C 292, Eldon Street, Ashton-on-Ribble

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CIRCULAR HOUSING

Diagram.04/ User Interface Window- Decision Making Tool by: Junxuan Li

07.2. RETROFITTING SITE SPECULATION

[ Moor park]

[ B&M Recycling]

[ Bradley Demolition Ltd] [ Advantage Waste Ltd ]

[ GTA Recycling]

[ Recycling Lives ]

[ Natonal Recycling Center]

Background information of research site To simulate the possible scenarios in retrofitting process, we used ‘Decision Making Tool’ to randomly selecte a residential social house in Preston, Lancashire.

Map.01/ Site Analysis - Central Preston, Lancashire by: Junxuan Li

Address Construction Time Area Type Ward House Type Current EPC Pottential EPC Floor Description Wall Description

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12 Beckett Court, Preston, PR1 1YD 1967s Urban Central Preston House C B No insulation Cavity wall, no insulation, Poor energy efficiency

[ University of Central Lancashire]

[ Preston city council ]

The house is located in Central Preston and surrounded by different anchor institutions, such as the University of Central Lancashire and Preston city council. Further, there is a derelict house and an unregistered brownfield beside the house, which influences the local living quality. In the meantime, the green coverage of this area is also relatively low. In October 2014 Preston was officially ranked “the wettest and gloomiest city in England”. Thus, many residents complain about the issues of leaking.

3 Kate de Selincourt, 2018. Disastrous Preston retrofit scheme remains unresolved, Accessed at: https://passivehouseplus.ie/news/health/disastrous-preston-retrofit-scheme-remains-unresolved [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 Ed Walker, 2014. Preston is officially the third WETTEST city or town in Britain, Accessed at: https://www.blogpreston.co.uk/2014/10/preston-isofficially-the-third-wettest-place-in-britain/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

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CIRCULAR HOUSING

01. Retrofit-needed House

The type of this property is a two-story house. Even the current EPC level is rated as C, but the energy efficiency of the wall and floor is poor, as it lacks insulation.

02. Derelict Building

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The derelict building is a modern Thwaite’s pub named Spindlemaker’s Arms, and is permanently closed. It appeared in the first Good Beer Guide in 1974. The pub closed in 1994 and has been boarded up for over 20 years.

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The brown field belongs to the former pub area. It was used for storage facilities and goods from pub but is full of weeds and trash for now.

Diagram.06/ Land Use of The Study Site by: Junxuan Li

Diagram.05/ Site analysis - Central Preston, Lancashire by: Junxuan Li

03. Brown-flied

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CIRCULAR HOUSING

Pre-dismantling audits:

07.3. COOPERATION SCENARIO IN THE MICRO COMMUNITY

Local enterprises and budling professionals taking an example of the ROTOR expertise analyze the potential of building features and create documentation on predeconstruction technics. It is based on the Decision Making Tool and factors such as their condition and heritage value.

Support from anchor institution Reclamied material from abandoned construction can used for building community park

Deconstruction:

Diagram.07 Community Cooperation by: Junxuan Li

Use C&D waste to retrofit House

The materials deconstructed from buildings can be sent to the nearby recycling center, such as Preston national recycling, and be processed locally.

Brownfiled

Renovated for Relaxing and Recycling market

Retrofit-needed House

Derelict construction

Attend building renavation

Recycling& Upcycling practices:

Key stakeholders referred to in the Waste - Wealth scheme include local dwellers, city council, and building professionals. Each aspect faces different issues.

The local recycling center conducts community recycle workshop involving the community and residents to raise awareness on the possibilities offered by re-use practice.

Local dwellers face fuel poverty, high energy bills, but wages are low.

The housing is aged, and the thermal comfort is low. It is important to contact them with local suppliers and offer them support through the council.

Local building professionals face shrinking job prospects, exacerbated by global competition. They need support to build local networks, skills, and retrofitting policies that ensure local material cycles.

By engaging the three perspectives, we aim to reverse the waste issue in Preston through a community wealth building model for the retrofitting industry.

138

Retrofit & Construction: The reclaimed materials can be reimplemented on the retrofit-needed house or community facilities.

Construction and facilities with new materials will be guided by the design for disassembly principle and reversibility adapted to the possible changes in the use of the structure or public space.

Diagram.08/ Eeconstruction and Retrofit by: Junxuan Li

Local councils need to guarantee a decent living for local dwellers while supporting local businesses. They need support to assess the situation for decision making and dialogue with local dwellers and building professionals.

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CIRCULAR HOUSING

Diagram.09/ Scenario in The Community by: Junxuan Li

The community could be able to run the Waste-to-Wealth model. Many local companies and individuals could be offered jobs. All stakeholders could participate in this process and are the ultimate beneficiaries!

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141

CIRCULAR HOUSING

Fig.03/ 12 Beckett, Preston, Lancashire from: Google Street-viewle

07.4. SCENARIO IN RETROFITTING A SOCIAL RENTAL HOUSE

The 'Retrofitting' referred in the Waste to Wealth scheme is a more intense intervention, aiming to achieve deeper levels of carbon savings per home than standard retrofit. It proposed to takes a holistic approach to the property, planning to improve the ‘building fabric’ (walls, windows, floors, and roofs), the heating system and to install renewable energy where possible (such as heat pumps and solar panels). Further, to build community wealth and address the resource inequality, the households with fuel poverty will be the priority. Meanwhile, the local anchor institutions will also be engaged to involve in retrofitting revolution and enhance the local procurement.

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5 Kate de Selincourt, 2018. The story of the failed retrofits in Preston, Accessed at: http://www. katedeselincourt.co.uk/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

Diagram.10/ Retrofitting in The UK by: Junxuan Li

Normally, most retrofitting in the UK to date has involved only minimal intervention. The incomplete retrofit services effort little help for low-income households and waste the resources.

"As humid climate in Preston, a low-income lady in her 70s has had to spend £200/month to rent a dehumidifier. Wallpaper and plaster in her house are damaged, water runs out of her electrical sockets, and she has had periods with no electricity. She has tried to claim on her insurance, but has been told they will only pay if the external wall insulation is removed and re-fitted. Her husband is trying to find the money to have this done, but it is unclear if they can afford this."

- Kate de Selincourt (freelance researcher)

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CIRCULAR HOUSING

Diagram.11/ Scenario in The Community by: Junxuan Li

The retrofit revolution plans to make the poorest performing and potetial homes warmer and greener through improvements such as loft, external walls and underfloor insulations, solar panels, single-room ventilation and ground source heating. The budget is supported by the council and put in contact with the local professional retrofitting network. The utilization of recycled materials can reduce the financial burden for local residents.

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145

CIRCULAR HOUSING

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- Highly energy-efficient appliances.

- Airtightness membrane installed in the roof for insulation.

- Roof windows allow more natural light

- Roof gutter prevents rainwater soak into the wall.

- Continuous drainage installations with insulation system.

- Reclaimed furnitures creates less waste and fewer watershed toxins.

- Natural wooden floors.

- Insulation in lofts and walls - Air bricks to allow air flow and keep ventilation.

- Draught proofing of floors, windows and doors.

- Double or triple glazing with shading (e.g. tinted window film, blinds, curtains, shutters).

- Green Space to help reduce the risks and impacts of overheating.

- Outdoor restroom extends living space.

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The delivery of local retrofit programs can not only improve resident’s quality of life through upgrading the energy efficiency of their homes and tackling the danger of cold and damp homes, but it can also act as a catalyst for creating green jobs and upskilling the supply chain.

146

Diagram.13/ Details of Retroftting by: Junxuan Li

Diagram.12/ Detail of Target House by. Junxuan Li

cd Upv

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CIRCULAR HOUSING

The Derelict Pub would be transformed into a community recycling & upcycling workshop once be deconstructed. The workshop could bring together a set of recycled materials, equipment and tools for community members to use, such as producing the reclaimed furniture and repairing home appliances. By recycling the waste collected from households and deconstructed buildings and reprocess them, the community would become more sustainable. The profits can be funneled back into supporting staff, financing remediation, education, and research projects. This new space allows the residents and community volunteers to work together and develop different activities, such as the recycling of plastic or construction waste to create new building materials, the collection and redistribution of construction materials, and the organization of lectures by local schools and anchor institutions.

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Diagram.14/ Community Recycling & Upcycling Workshop acroos The Word by: Junxuan Li

Fig.04/ Derelict Building from: Googlemap-street view

07.5. SCENARIO IN COMMUNITY RECYCLING WORKSHOP

149

CIRCULAR HOUSING

Diagram.15/ Scenario in Retrofitting Centre by: Junxuan Li

Making the residents heavily involved in every step of the recycling and re-using, allow them to shape the project in their image, learning at the same time a new set of skills.

Working together as a team helps them enhance the community cohesion, giving them a sense of belonging and obtain more affordable materials and products.

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151

CIRCULAR HOUSING

Recycling strategy

1. Collection Materials collected from households, recycling centres and businesses are transported to our materials recycling facilities and loaded onto a conveyor. Materials that cannot be recycled and items that would harm the process or equipment are removed by hand on the conveyor.

er

d Fee

Waste collecting

Brick waste

1

Concrete waste

Sorting

Plastic waste

Separate

Wood waste

Old furniture

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2. Separation The stream of materials then passes through a trommel and ballistic separator to separate the different recyclables.

Crushing and

+

B

- Cement

2

- Alkaline activator

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4. Metals Metals are removed using a magnet for ferrous metals (like steel cans) and an eddy current separator for non-ferrous metals (like aluminium cans). These are baled, ready for recycling.

3 Air

Recycled PP/PE

Water Cement Accelarator

Repairing & Upcycling

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Wood powder

Jaw crusher

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Filtering

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Brick powder

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Paper is screened by hand and then baled, ready to be sent to a paper recycling mill.

Wood powder

drindling

Mixing

Magnetic separator

Melting and Extruding into Yarn

WPC Mixer

Mixing

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Ma ent

Paiting

Diagram.16/ Recycling Strategy by. Junxuan Li

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5. Plastics An optical sorting unit separates out different types of plastics, and plastic bottles then pass along a manual inspection line as a final quality check. The plastics are then baled for transportation to a specialist recycling facility.

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Extruding & Embossing

- Eco-friendly Fabric

- Wood plastic

Moulding & Pressing

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3. Glass Glass is passed under a magnet to remove any ferrous metals, screened to remove waste and then sent through an air classifier to remove any light paper. The glass is collected for onward transportation to a glass recycling plant.

Green Construction Brick

- Recycled fine ggregate - Recycled coarse aggregate

- Plastic pellets

composite

- Pellet

- Thermal Insulation

Well-functional Furniture

- Noise Insulation

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Type of Job

ENGINEER

MANAGEMENT

DRIVE/COLLECTOR

TRADE WORKER

SCIENCE PROFESSIONALS

DRAFTSPERONS& TECHNICIANS

Occupation

Materials engineer

Production managers

Bin worker

Machinist

Environmental chemist

Mechanical enineering Draftsperon

Yealy salary Skill & Duties

£20K - 26K

£25K - 28k

£15K - 22k

£24K - 32k

£25K - 33k

£19K - 30k

- scientific and technical knowledge - analytical skills

- plan and draw up a production schedule - set the quality standards

- remove waste and recyclables from homes and businesses for disposal or recycling.

- ability to demonstrate mechanical inspection and measurement skills using inspection equipment

- remove waste and recyclables from homes and businesses for disposal or recycling.

- produce drawings of high quality, in a timely manner utilising AutoCAD 3D, Onshape Solidworks - proficient in Microsoft Excel and Word

Occupation

Manufacturing engineer

Warehouse administrator

Waste recycling driver

Plant operator

Purification Scientist

Science Technician

Yealy salary Skill & Duties

£23K - 28K

£19K - 21K

£18- 24K

£18- 25K

£23- 34K

£19- 25K

- knowledge of a range of engineering functions and procedures - technical expertise and skill of manufacture

- oversee the management of stock within an organisation - familiar with Excel, Word and data entry programs

- driving our vehicles to collect waste wood and deliver materials - responsible for safe loading, securing and unloading

- ensuring that machine settings are correct - work to the companies standard operating procedures

- deliver a flow process, involving varied instrumentation platforms, to enable the isolation of compounds of interest from crude mixtures

- perform laboratory tests in order to produce reliable and precise data to support scientific investigations

Occupation

Machine Maintenance Engineer

Router manager

Material Process worker

Inventory Technician

Yealy salary Skill & Duties

£25K - 35K

£21K - 26K

£17- 24K

2.5K

- obtaining specialist components, fixtures or fittings - plan and organise maintenance of equipment

- monitor daily operations and routes, and ensuring operational effectiveness.

- Ensure that drivers are available and assigned on a daily basis

- measuring and classifying all raw materials in preparation for production - feeding the raw materials into the machinery

Production managersCidis eost, cusamus esciust,

Occupation

Forklift Driver

Diagram.17/ Potential Occupation through Recycling &Retrofitting by: Junxuan Li

CIRCULAR HOUSING

“Growth in the circular economy can be expected to have lasting beneficial effects on the labour market. Growth of the circular economy could make a useful contribution to moderating the projected decline in mid-level occupations.”

-- Green Alliance

Potential Occupation Yealy salary Skill & Duties

Occupation

£17- 30K - load and unload goods in warehouses - receive/process shipments

Waste sorter

The workshop would not only provide a space for holding the seminar to discuss the Circular Economy Model and Community Wealth Building Model, but also involve the community to raise awareness on the possibilities offered by re-use practice.

The local anchor insitutions such as the University of Central Lancashire and the National Recycling center could organise events to advertise re-use and house retrofit on site. This digram shows the potential occupation.

£16- 23K

154

Yealy salary Skill & Duties

- Sorting a variety of waste products that are produced on site within a engineering manufacturing environment

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CIRCULAR HOUSING Region Unemployment rate in Uk regions, June-August 2014 Net job creation in circular economy activity to 2030 at current growth rate Scotland 5.7%

0.07%

North East 9.3%

0.54%

The circular economy can create jobs where unemployment is higher

in 2013 overall employment in the rental and leasing, repair and waste and recycling sectors was around 460,000.14 Employment in waste and recycling activities amounted to 134,000, repair activities had 180,000 and rental and leasing had 148,000. Jobs in waste and recycling and reuse have been rising strongly in recent years.

This map show the current regional unemployment rates and the extent to which they may be reduced by the growth of the circular economy underestimate, with development at the current level. They show that the greatest potential to reduce regional unemployment rates is in the areas which currently have the highest unemployment rates.

Yorkshire

6.5%

0.30%

North west 6.7%

0.24%

Easte Midlands 5.5% 0.07%

Wales 6.5% 0.23% North west 7.5% 0.23% 0.01%

London 6.6%

0.12%

Map.02/ Job Create ratio by. Junxuan Li

East England 4.9%

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6 Julian Morgan and Peter Mitchell, 2015.

Employment and the circular economy Job creation in a more resource efficient Britain, Accessed at: https:// green-alliance.org.uk/resources/Employment%20 and%20the%20circular%20economy.pdf [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 7 What Jobs Contribute to the Circular Economy?, Accessed at: https://www.circle-economy.com/circular-jobs-initiative/circular-jobs [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

Unemplyment rate

Net job creation

CIRCULAR HOUSING

Figure.05/ Brownfiled beside the Target House from: Googlemap-streetview

07.6. SCENARIO IN COMMUNITY POCKET PARK

In 2019, the 338 published brownfield registers identified more than 18,200 brownfield sites covering more than 26,000 hectares that have been assessed by local planning authorities as suitable for redevelopment.

Lancashire

Map.03/ Brown-fileds in England by. Junxuan Li

The National Planning Policy Framework (2019) makes it clear that high-quality open space and accessible green infrastructure are vital for dwellings' physical and mental health. Except for house retrofitting, the project also encourages local authorities to transform neglected urban spaces, not just brownfields but other unused and unloved plots of land into green open space that the whole community can enjoy.

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8 Andrew Jong, 2020. Pocket parks get £1.35m boost to create thriving green spaces, Accessed at: https://www.pbctoday.co.uk/news/planning-construction-news/urban-green-spaces/72741/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

Brown-fileds

Protected areas

CIRCULAR HOUSING

Diagram.18/ Scenario in Community Pocket Park by: Junxuan Li

The Brown Field in this site would be transformed into a pocket park and a showcase, as its facilities and framing are made from waste materials. It also could be a place where the community buys and sells waste material products for further retrofitting projects.

Further, the inside layout can structure could easily change to better respond to the demand of the community activities and people involved.

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161

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ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL ECONOMY

Refuse Waste Purpose-built, centralized infrastructures to manage household waste offer residents a low-cost, effective, and engaging waste management system.

ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL ECONOMY

Public greenspace and workshop Greenhouse within park and outdoor planting area would provide community members both a form of community employment and communal activity.management system.

ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL ECONOMY

Community Market

Diagram.19/ Activity Analysis by. Junxuan Li

Periodic events and community market allow residents sell upcycled products or exchange second-hand items.

ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL ECONOMY

Social activity Residents can attend community activities and offer labor to improve their liveability and enhance the social impact of the community.

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163

CIRCULAR HOUSING

Diagram.20/ Scenario Rendering by: Wen Liu in cooperation with Junxuan Li

Scenario Rendering (from Video): Micro Community Retrofitting Practice

164

165

CIRCULAR HOUSING

07.7. HOW-TO MANUAL BOOK

Diagram 20/ Combination Categories by: Junxuan Li in cooperation with Yutong Qiu

How-to Manual Book This is a how-to manual book on recycling materials, provided to local councils and people, which can continue to be enriched to maximize the efficiency of recycled materials.

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07.8. REFERENCES 1 Lancashire County Council, 2020.

Dwelling stock by tenure, Accessed at: https://www.lancashire.gov.uk/lancashire-insight/population-and-households/households-and-housing/dwelling-stock-by-tenure/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 Office for National Statistics, 2020.

Energy efficiency of housing in England and Wales, Accessed at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/ peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/articles/energyefficiencyofhousinginenglandandwales/2020-09-23 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 Kate de Selincourt, 2018. Disastrous Preston retrofit scheme remains unresolved, Accessed at: https://passivehouseplus. ie/news/health/disastrous-preston-retrofit-scheme-remains-unresolved [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 Ed Walker, 2014. Preston is officially the third WETTEST city or town in Britain, Accessed at: https://www.blogpreston. co.uk/2014/10/preston-is-officially-the-thirdwettest-place-in-britain/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 5 Kate de Selincourt, 2018. The story of the failed retrofits in Preston, Accessed at: http://www.katedeselincourt.co.uk/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 6 Julian Morgan and Peter Mitchell, 2015.

Employment and the circular economy Job creation in a more resource efficient Britain, Accessed at: https://green-alliance.org.uk/resources/Employment%20and%20the%20circular%20economy.pdf [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 8 Andrew Jong, 2020. Pocket parks get £1.35m boost to create thriving green spaces, Accessed at: https://www.pbctoday. co.uk/news/planning-construction-news/urban-green-spaces/72741/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

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EPILOGUE Our project is answering three urgent issues: Fuel Inequity, Landfill Crisis, and Retrofitting Industry. However, each of these problems is complex and systematic, which requires multi-background professionals, local dwellers, local councils and institutions to work together to try to address them. On top of that is the cost of the repair project.

Up to now, many small companies and organizations in the UK have been committed to exploring retrofitting techniques from the perspective of architectural professionals, but they haven’t been able to address systematic cooperation through multi-stakeholders.

We try to propose to retrofit the whole system, redefine the wealth not only in economic but also in environmental and social value. We call this method “Waste-to-Wealth”, which is to increase the longevity of building materials, reduce global material chains and carbon emissions while improving inhabitants’ experiences. Keep the collective wealth in the local community.

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08.

08.1.

08.2.

08.3.

08.4.

APPENDIX TABLE OF DIAGRAMS TABLE OF FIGURES TABLE OF MAPS BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX

08.1. TABLE OF DIAGRAMS 01. CLIMATE CRISIS AND DOUGHNUT ECONOMY Diagram.01/ UK Doughnut Economy by: Yutong Qiu Diagram.02/ Social Foundations and Environmental Ceilings by: Yutong Qiu Diagram.03/ UK Circularity Gaps by: Yutong Qiu Diagram.04/ Process of linear economy by: Junxuan Li Diagram.05/ Process of circular economy and linear economy by: Junxuan Li Diagram.06/ Circular economy in built environment by: Junxuan Li 02. HOUSING AND ENERGY INEQUITY Diagram.01/ Energy Ownership Transition By: Wen Liu 03. WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS Diagram.01/ UK Landfill Crisis Series by: Yutong Qiu in cooperation with Wen Liu Diagram.02/ Construction & Demolition waste type by: Junxuan Li Diagram.03/ CD Waste Catalogue by: Junxuan Li Diagram.04/ Physical rating of various harvested materials by: junxuan Li Diagram.05/ Amount of harvsted material in WHR project by: Junxuan Li Diagram.06/ Emboded energy through harvested materials by: Junxuan Li Diagram.07/ Carbon emission reduction through harvested materials by: Junxuan Li 04. POLICY FRAMEWORK Digram.01/ The Preston Model by: Junxuan Li from: https://thenextsystem.org/ Diagram.02/ Current Procurement Policy in Preston By: Wen Liu Diagram.03/ Current Procurement Catetories By: Wen Liu Map.01/ Construction Services before 2013 by: Yutong Qiu in cooperation with Wen Liu Map.02/ Construction Services after 2013 by: Yutong Qiu in cooperation with Wen Liu 05. DECISION MAKING: RETROFIT

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Diagram.01/ Website: Methodology by: Yutong Qiu Diagram.02/ Website: Comparison Maps by: Yutong Qiu Diagram.03/ Costs and Benefits by: Yutong Qiu Diagram.04/ Rertrofitting Priority Framework by: Yutong Qiu Diagram.05/ CSV Pre-processing by: Yutong Qiu Diagram.06/ Web Development by: Yutong Qiu

Diagram.05/ Site analysis - Central Preston, Lancashire by: Junxuan Li Diagram.06/ Land Use of The Study Site by: Junxuan Li Diagram.07 Community Cooperation by: Junxuan Li Diagram.08/ Eeconstruction and Retrofit by: Junxuan Li Diagram.09/ Scenario in The Community by: Junxuan Li Diagram.10/ Retrofitting in The UK by: Junxuan Li Diagram.11/ Scenario in The Community by: 06. LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT Junxuan Li Diagram.12/ Detail of Target House by.

Diagram.01/ Landfill Remaining Capacity by: Junxuan Li Yutong Qiu Diagram.13/ Details of Retroftting by: JunxDiagram.02/ Lancashire Remaining Landfill uan Li Crisis by: Yutong Qiu in cooperation with Diagram.14/ Community Recycling & UpWen Liu cycling Workshop acroos The Word by: Diagram.03/ Conventional Cycles of The Junxuan Li Brick by. Junxuan Li Diagram.15/ Scenario in Retrofitting Centre Diagram.04/ Circular Cycles of The Brick by: Junxuan Li by. Junxuan Li Diagram.16/ Recycling Strategy by. Junxuan Digram.05/ Preston City ESRI Shapefile by: Li Wen Liu Diagram.17/ Potential Occupation through Digram.06/ WGS 84 Coordinate System by: Recycling &Retrofitting by: Junxuan Li Wen Liu Diagram.18/ Scenario in Community Pocket Digram.07/ Buildings’ ESRI Shapefile by: Park by: Junxuan Li Wen Liu Diagram.19/ Activity Analysis by. Junxuan Li Digram.08/ Excel File by: Wen Liu Diagram.20/ Scenario Rendering by: Wen Digram.09/ Assumptive Social Rental Build- Liu in cooperation with Junxuan Li ings’ ESRI Shapefile by: Wen Liu Diagram 20/ Combination Categories by: Diagram.10/ Local Stakeholer Coorperative Junxuan Li in cooperation with Yutong Qiu Networks by: Wen Liu in Cooperation with Junxuan Li Diagram.11/ Preston Retro-procurement System by: Wen Liu in Cooperation with Junxuan Li Digram.12/ Material Catalogue: Reclaimed Bricks By: Wen Liu Digram.13/ Tool Catalogue: Hand Tools for Dismantling and Retrofitting By: Wen Liu 07. CIRCULAR HOUSING Diagram 01/ Residential Building Typology&EPC by: Junxuan Li Diagram 02/ Housing Classification in Preston,Lancashire by: Junxuan Li Diagram.03/ Housing Typology in Prston by: Yutong Qiu Diagram.04/ User Interface Window- Decision Making Tool by: Junxuan Li

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08.2. TABLE OF FIGURES 01. CLIMATE CRISIS AND DOUGHNUT ECONOMY Fig.01/ UK Circularity Gaps https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MP7EhRU-N8n1S3zpzqlshNWxqFR2hznd/edit 02. HOUSING AND ENERGY INEQUITY Fig.01/ UK Electricity Generation https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-howthe-uk-generates-its-electricity Fig.02/ Energy Ownership Transition From: https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/ 03. WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS Fig.01/ Landfill Sites in Global South from: Waste Atlas: The World’s 50 Biggest Dumpsites 2014 Report Fig.02/ Christchurch Community after earthquake by: Martin Hunter/Getty Images Fig.03/ Whole House Reuse Catalogue by: Atiq Zaman and Tahmina Ahsan Fig.04/ The scores used to characterize cataloged materials. from Atiq U. Zaman, etc.

04. POLICY FRAMEWORK Fig.01/ Case-study: Savannah from: https://www.repurposesavannah.org/ Fig.02/ Case-study: Rotor from: https://rotordb.org/en Fig.03/ Case-study: Retrofirst from: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/ news/retrofirst Fig.04/ VAT Reduction from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/rates-ofvat-on-different-goods-and-services#building-and-construction-land-and-property Fig.05/ Green New Deal Poster by: James McInvale Fig.06/ Community Wealth Building Poster by: Ricardo Levins Morales, 2006

06. LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT Fig.01/ Lancashire has only 13.2 million m3 of remaining landfill capacity https://www.lancs.live/news/lancashire-news/lancashire-waste-disaster-looming-landfills-17990094 Fig.02/ Preston Clifton Marsh Landfill Siste From: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ rpsmithbarney/13548943203 Fig.03/ Clifton Marsh Landfill Plan from: Goole earth view Fig.04/ Preston Stone Quarry by: Preston Digital Archive Fig.05/ James Topping Brickwork by: Preston Digital Archive Fig.06/ Paper Innovation Site from: I&R Demolition Ltd Fig.07/ Preston Market & Car Park from: Bradley Group Fig.08/ Reclaimed Bricks from: Recyclinglives& Jewson Preston Fig.09/ Dismantling Tools from: Amazon and MyTollShed UK 07. CIRCULAR HOUSING Fig.01/ House rated as C&D in Preston,Lancashire from: Google Street-view Fig.02/ Typical House Type in Preston from: Google Street-view Fig.03/ 12 Beckett, Preston, Lancashire from: Google Street-viewle Fig.04/ Derelict Building from: Googlemap-street view Fig.05/ Brownfiled beside the Target House from: Googlemap-streetview

05. DECISION MAKING: RETROFIT Fig.01/ Energy Performance of Building Data https://epc.opendatacommunities.org/

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08.3. TABLE OF MAPS 01. CLIMATE CRISIS AND DOUGHNUT ECONOMY 02. HOUSING AND ENERGY INEQUITY Map.01/ Housing Inequity in The UK by: Wen Liu Map.02/ Housing Inequity in Preston in 2010 by: Wen Liu Map.03/ Housing Inequity in Preston in 2018 by: Wen Liu Map.04/ Housing Ownership Transition by: Yutong Qiu Map.05/ UK Fuel Poverty: before 1990 by: Yutong Qiu Map.06/ UK Fuel Poverty: after 1990 by: Yutong Qiu 03. WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS Map.01/ Global Waste Atlas by: Yutong Qiu in cooperation with Wen Liu

Map.05/ Local Retro-procurement 03 by: Wen Liu Map.06/ Local Retro-procurement 04 by: Wen Liu Map.07/ Local Retro-procurement 05 by: Wen Liu Map.08/ Local Retro-procurement 06 by: Wen Liu Map.09/ Local Retro-procurement 07 by: Wen Liu Map.10/ Local Retro-procurement Vision by: Wen Liu Map.11/ Preston Urban Fabric Model by: Wen Liu 07. CIRCULAR HOUSING Map.01/ Site Analysis - Central Preston, Lancashire by: Junxuan Li Map.02/ Job Create ratio by. Junxuan Li Map.03/ Brown-fileds in England by. Junxuan Li

04. POLICY FRAMEWORK 05. DECISION MAKING: RETROFIT Map.01/ Website: Housing Condition by: Yutong Qiu Map.02/ Website: Retrofitting Affordability by: Yutong Qiu Map.03/ Rertrofitting Priority Interactive Maps by: Yutong Qiu Map.04/ First-stage Benefit by: Yutong Qiu Map.05/ Second-stage Benefit by: Yutong Qiu Map.06/ Third-stage Benefit by: Yutong Qiu Map.07/ Data Matching by: Yutong Qiu Map.08/ Housing Condition by: Yutong Qiu Map.09/ Retrofitting Affordability by: Yutong Qiu Map.10/ Retrofitting Priority by: Yutong Qiu Map.11/ Costs and Benefits by: Yutong Qiu 06. LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT Map.01/ Waste Export to Lancashire by: Yutong Qiu in cooperation with Wen Liu Map.02/ Waste Import from Lancashire by: Yutong Qiu in cooperation with Wen Liu Map.03/ Local Retro-procurement 01 by: Wen Liu Map.04/ Local Retro-procurement 02 by: Wen Liu

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08.4. BIBLIOGRAPHY 01. CLIMATE CRISIS AND DOUGHNUT ECONOMY 1 Raworth K, 2020. What is the Doughnut? Retrieved March 10, Available at: https://doughnuteconomics.org/toolsand-stories/11 [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 Advocacy C, 2021. The UK Doughnut: A framework for environmental sustainability and social justice. Retrieved April 10, 2021, Available at: https:// policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/ the-uk-doughnut-a-framework-for-environmental-sustainability-and-social-justice-344550/ [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 The Circularity Gap Report, 2021.

Accessed at: https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/research/circularity-gap-report-2021 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 Government of the Netherlands, 2021. From a linear to a circular economy, Accessed at: https://www.government. nl/topics/circular-economy/from-a-linear-to-a-circular-economy [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 5 Government of the Netherlands, 2017. Circular economy in the built environment, Accessed at: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Circular_economy_in_the_built_environment [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 02. HOUSING AND ENERGY INEQUITY 1 MHCLG. Live Tables on dwelling stock, Table 615 & Table 100 2 Ordnance Survey, 2014. Who owns England?, Accessed at: https://private-eye. co.uk/registry [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 GOV.UK. 2014. Price Paid Data GOV.UK, Accessed at: https://www.gov. uk/government/statistical-data-sets/pricepaid-data-downloads [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 GOV.UK. 2020. Regional and local authority electricity consumption statistics, Accessed at: https://www.gov. uk/government/statistical-data-sets/ regional-and-local-authority-electricityconsumption-statistics [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 5 Carbon Brief, 2015. Mapped: How the UK generates its electricity, Accessed

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at: https://www.carbonbrief.org/mappedhow-the-uk-generates-its-electricity [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 03. WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS 1 Waste Atlas Team, 2014. Waste Atlas: The World’s 50 Biggest Dumpsites 2014 Report, Accessed at: http://www. atlas.d-waste.com/Documents/Waste-Atlas-report-2014-webEdition.pdf [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 Environment Agency, 2020. Remaining Landfill Capacity, Accessed at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/237825cbdc10-4c53-8446-1bcd35614c12/remaining-landfill-capacity [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 Environment Journal, 2018. Waste crisis ‘imminent’ as landfills could overflow by 2022, Accessed at: https://environmentjournal.online/articles/waste-crisisimminent-as-landfills-could-overflowby-2022/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 Nic Moon, Centuri Chan, David Haig, 2015. WHOLE HOUSE REUSE, Accessed at: https://www.instituteforpublicart.org/case-studies/whole-house-reuse/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 5 Jay, 2014. Home is where the heart is: the Whole House Reuse project,Accessed at: https://sustainable.org. nz/sustainable-business-news/home-iswhere-the-heart-is-the-whole-house-reuse-project/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 6 Atiq Zaman, Tahmina Ahsan, 2019.

The Whole House Reuse Projects, Accessed at: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/ chapters/mono/10.4324/97813154362968/whole-house-reuse-project-atiq-zaman-tahmina-ahsan?context=ubx&refId=21 6424a5-efe9-4885-b41c-ca835d779ed2 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 7 The Green Construction Board, Construction Leadership Council, 2020.

Zero Avoidable Waste in Construction: What do we mean by it and how best to interpret it, Accessed at: https://www. constructionleadershipcouncil.co.uk/ wp-content/uploads/2016/05/ZAW-ReportFinal-Draft-25-February-2020.pdf [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 8 Rubbish Prohibited, 2019. Common Types of Construction Waste, Accessed

at: https://landfill-site.com/34-types-of-construction-waste.html [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 9 data.gov.uk, 2021. Construction Waste Recycling, Accessed at: https://data. gov.uk/dataset/882186e7-97b0-4ad0b253-e28607252f42/uk-statistics-onwaste [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 10 Atiq U. Zaman, Juliet Arnott, Kate Mclntyre and Jonathon Hannon, 2018.

Resource Harvesting through a Systematic Deconstruction of the Residential House: A Case Study of the ‘Whole House Reuse’ Project in Christchurch, New Zealand 04. POLICY FRAMEWORK 1 WILL HURST, 2019. Introducing RetroFirst: a new AJ campaign championing reuse in the built environment, Accessed at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/ news/introducing-retrofirst-a-new-aj-campaign-championing-reuse-in-the-built-environment [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 WILL HURST, 2021. Halt demolition now, powerful business group tells government, Accessed at: https:// www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/ halt-demolition-now-powerful-business-group-tells-government [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 Preston City Council, Accessed at: https://www.preston.gov.uk/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 Common Wealth, Green New Deal, Accessed at: https://www.common-wealth. co.uk/project-streams/green-new-deal [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 5 Community-Wealth.Org, Accessed at: https://community-wealth.org/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 6 Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic, 2018. Infographic: The Preston Model, Accessed at: https://thenextsystem.org/learn/stories/ infographic-preston-model [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 7 CLES, Community Wealth Building Centre of Excellence (CfX), Accessed at: https://cles.org.uk/the-community-wealthbuilding-centre-of-excellence/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 8 Procatis, 2021. Contracts register, Accessed at: https://procontract.due-north.

com/ContractsRegister/Index?resetFilter=T rue&applyFilter=True&p=e0cc5631-4690e511-80fb-000c29c9ba21&v=1 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 05. DECISION MAKING: RETROFIT 1 Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, 2008. Energy Performance of Buildings Data: England and Wales, Accessed at: https://epc.opendatacommunities.org/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 Will Hurst, 2021. Halt demolition now, powerful business group tells government, Accessed at: https:// www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/ halt-demolition-now-powerful-business-group-tells-government.

3 HM Revenue & Customs, 2020.

VAT rates on different goods and services, Accessed at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/rates-of-vat-on-different-goods-andservices#introduction [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 ONS Postcode Directory, Office for National Statistics, 2019. ONS Postcode Directory (May 2019), Accessed at: https:// geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/5194b0c9d5a042789058609a4435ec7c/about [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 06. LOCAL RETRO-PROCUREMENT 1 data.gov.uk, 2020. Remaining Landfill Capacity, Accessed at: https://data.gov. uk/dataset/237825cb-dc10-4c53-84461bcd35614c12/remaining-landfill-capacity [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 2022. Lancashire ‘waste disaster’ looming as landfills close to tipping point, Accessed at: https://www.lancs.live/news/ lancashire-news/lancashire-waste-disaster-looming-landfills-17990094 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 Preston Digital Archive, 2014. Clifton Marsh Landfill near Preston, Accessed at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ rpsmithbarney/13548943203 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 data.gov.uk: Environment Agency, 2021. Permitted Waste Sites - Authorised Landfill Site Boundaries, Accessed at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/ad695596-

d71d-4cbb-8e32-99108371c0ee/permittedwaste-sites-authorised-landfill-siteboundaries [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 5 Preston Digital Archive, Accessed at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ rpsmithbarney/albums [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 6 ArcGIS, Accessed at: https://www. esri.com/en-us/arcgis/about-arcgis/overview [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 7 Heather Smith, 2020. Geographic vs Projected Coordinate Systems, Accessed at: https://www.esri.com/arcgisblog/products/arcgis-pro/mapping/gcs_ vs_pcs/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 8 Project: Preston Market & Car Park , 2019. Preston Market & Car Park, Accessed at: https://www.bradley-group. co.uk/projects/preston-market-car-park/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 9 I&R Demolition and Groundworks, 2020. Paper Innovations - Preston, Accessed at: http://www.irdemolitionltd. co.uk/paper-innovations-preston/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 10 recyclinglives, 2021. WE BUY SCRAP METAL, SCRAP CARS, WEEE, TV’S AND IT EQUIPMENT FOR THE BEST PRICES IN PRESTON, accessed at: https:// www.recyclinglives.com/locations/prestonrecycling-park [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 11 C&W Berry LTD, 2021. BRICKS, Accessed at: https://www.cwberry.com/ Building-Materials/Bricks/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 12 MyToolShed, 2021. Building&Demolition Tools, Accessed at: https://www. mytoolshed.co.uk/hand-tools/buildingdemolition-tools [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 13 Amazon, 2021. Accessed at: https:// www.amazon.com/Demolition-Tools/ s?k=Demolition+Tools [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

2 Office for National Statistics, 2020.

Energy efficiency of housing in England and Wales, Accessed at: https://www.ons. gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/ housing/articles/energyefficiencyofhousinginenglandandwales/2020-09-23 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 Kate de Selincourt, 2018. Disastrous Preston retrofit scheme remains unresolved, Accessed at: https://passivehouseplus.ie/news/health/disastrous-preston-retrofit-scheme-remains-unresolved [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 Ed Walker, 2014. Preston is officially the third WETTEST city or town in Britain, Accessed at: https://www.blogpreston. co.uk/2014/10/preston-is-officially-thethird-wettest-place-in-britain/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 5 Kate de Selincourt, 2018. The story of the failed retrofits in Preston, Accessed at: http://www.katedeselincourt.co.uk/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 6 Julian Morgan and Peter Mitchell, 2015. Employment and the circular economy Job creation in a more resource efficient Britain, Accessed at: https://green-alliance.org.uk/resources/Employment%20 and%20the%20circular%20economy.pdf [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 8 Andrew Jong, 2020. Pocket parks get £1.35m boost to create thriving green spaces, Accessed at: https://www. pbctoday.co.uk/news/planning-construction-news/urban-green-spaces/72741/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

07. CIRCULAR HOUSING 1 Lancashire County Council, 2020.

Dwelling stock by tenure, Accessed at: https://www.lancashire.gov.uk/lancashire-insight/population-and-households/ households-and-housing/dwelling-stockby-tenure/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

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