Forest N

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ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DIRECTORS Alfredo Ramirez / Eduardo Rico STUDIO MASTER Clara Oloriz Sanjuan SEMINAL TUTOR Clara Oloriz Sanjuan / Teresa Stoppani TECHNICAL TUTOR Claudio Campanille / Daniel Kiss SUBMITTED BY Qiuxi Li / Chenganran Luo / Yufei Dong

We would have not been able to complete our dissertation without the help from our tutors Clara Oloriz, Daniel Kiss, Alfredo Ramirez, and Eduardo Rico. We deeply appreciate their guidance and expertise, which shaped our perception of the relationship between people and the natural landscape.

We would like to also take this opportunity to thank AA Hooke Park staff, Zachary Mollica, Christopher Sadd and Jean-Nicolas Dackiw for guiding us in Hooke and providing us their knowledge and information about the forest. Also, we show great thanks to Elena Luciano Suastegui who helped us in soil research and inspired us to further scientific studies.

We appreciate all the external jurors, fellow researchers at the Green New Deal, who helped us build our narrative throughout the duration of our project. Last but not the least, we express great gratitude towards our technical tutors, AALU classmates, friends and family for their kind support.

LANDSCAPE URBANISM 2019 - 2020

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WHAT IS FOREST N?

The AA Landscape Urbanism programme set a 2019-2020 agenda in partnership with the Green New Deal to use the project as an experiment to secure a safe climate and fairer society. Under the topic of global warming, our project faces the possibility of future forestry transition.

Forest could be considered in a multidimensional way with multiple meanings as the Forest N, including production, biodiversity, carbon sink, but all of them only emphasize the benefits of humans, while the concept of Wood Wide Web gives us a clue to understanding the forest from the natural dimension. We are aiming to break people’s stereotype of looking at forest and giving back to the forest.

Our project is to find a way of integrating this reciprocal understanding into current forestry policies and economic grants systems as humans play an essential role in forests for reciprocal accomplishment. By doing this, we would help to reshape the UK forestry and the conventional idea about the forest or nature in the ordinary.

ABSTRACT

We first learn how forests have been used and recognized, and how they are associated with the course of time and economic change, by examining the historical political changes in metaphors for forests. The most important among all of them is the idea of Wood Wide Web. Through the study of metaphors and policies, we are able to remap it to our times, generating new definitions of the forest, which helped us better understand and imagine the possibility of British forestry transition in the future.

In the context of global warming, we are also simultaneously looking at how forests can be used as a way to slow global warming, and using AA Hooke Park campus as our experimental sites. We studied the carbon measurement techniques about canopy and soil. By calculating the annual carbon sequestration level of our site and studying the UK policy, we set a long term plan to optimize the forestry. By doing the scientific research, we compared the global forestry targets and negative effects about monoculture forest.

But we think more about forests as a whole system from the concept of Wood Wide Web. In order to guide general foresters, we developed our manual book.In the book we systematically built our models and sorted the specific methods of planting trees with its required tools, trying to improve the health of forests.

Applying our manual in Hooke Park can be used as a precedent. It is applied in 3 detailed compartments in the campus forest, which showed differences in various forest dimensions. It shows how the forest will change throughout years in the process of management operations, and how the underground network will help the trees get healthier.

At the end of the project, we have compiled the predictable result of applying our management plan and grant assessment in the policies throughout the whole UK. We hope to see a healthier state of the forest and a change in people’s stereotypes of the forest, reframing the relationship between people and nature. We hope that this project will create a deeper connection between people and nature.

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CONTENT

“

All flourishing is mutual. Soil, fungus, tree, squirrel, boy —all are the beneficiaries of RECIPROCITY .

― Peter Wohlleben, The Hidden Life of Trees: What They Feel, How They Communicate – Discoveries from a Secret World

”

INTRODUCTION OF FOREST N - BREAK STEREOTYPE & RECIPROCITY

9

CHANGING DEFINITION OF NATURE - FOREST METAPHOR

17

THE LATEST WAY OF LOOKING AT FORESTS - CARBON SINK

29

Carbon Sink Carbon Market Carbon Measurement

31 39 43

WOOD WIDE WEB - COMMUNIACTION BETWEEN PLANTS

51

Aboveground Carbon Exchange Wood Wide Web

53 55

FORESTRY POLICY - UK POLICY STUDY

65

UK Forest Transition UK Forestry Policy

67 79

FOREST N MANAGEMENT - MANUAL BOOK

87

Forest Life Cycle Management Actions Management Models Wood Wide Web Management Models Tree Species Catalogue Tools Catalogue Soil Catalogue

90 91 96 97 98 99 101

FOREST N IMPLEMENT - HOOKE PARK

105

Changes in the Definition of Forest Balance in Forest Management Hooke Park Hooke Park Condition Choose 3 Experimental Sites Hooke Park Implement Reciprocity Simulation Hooke Park Implement Hooke Park Influence

107 109 112 116 119 123 125 129 149

NEW GRANT IMPLEMENT - POTENTIAL INFLUENCE IN THE UK

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APPENDIX 161

Chapter / XX

Main Chapter

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Manual Book

Technical Reports

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Content Page

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Chapter / oo INTRODUCTION OF FOREST N - BREAK STEREOTYPE & RECIPROCITY

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

This project is part of a Green New Deal proposal to rewilding Britain and has a focus on recovering forest landscapes. The main aspect of this project is to transform the perception of forest as commodity, usually seen as factories to produce and extract wood, or a landscape that can offset carbon footprints through the creation of carbon credits.

Even though some of these aspects can be seen as desirable (extracting carbon from air) they leave behind the fact that forest are more than trees. At the same time, forest are landscapes where humans extract material (wood, carbon credits) but are never a place to bring things back to them. The project proposes an alternative model of mutualism with humans (rather than business models or models for material extraction) and see how this can be applied to Hooke Park as our site.

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

Introduction of Forest N

Forest Dimensions

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Introduction of Forest N

Forest Dimensions

FOREST METAPHOR METAPHOR FOREST CARBON CARBON WOOD WOOD WIDE WIDE WEB WEB

BIODIVERSITY

PRODUCTION FIG 3 - Forest N - Woodland Production Drawn by Qiuxi Li

The age diversity and tree species diversity of the forest will lead to a stable state for the forests.

The woodland production of forests has always been the most important part of the majority of forests.

MANUAL MANUAL BOOK BOOK HOOKE HOOKE PARK PARK UK UK INFLUENCE INFLUENCE

CARBON SINK

RECIPROCITY

FIG 2 - Forest N - Carbon Sink Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 4 - Forest N - Reciprocity Drawn by Qiuxi Li

Forest is considered to be a carbon sink in The latest metaphor, carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, that proces can be used to slow climate change.

At present, only focusing on forest productivity shows negative effects on forest health. The significance of our project is to promote the integrity and versatility of forest functions.

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POLICY POLICY STUDIES STUDIES

FIG 1 - Forest N - Biodiversity Drawn by Qiuxi Li

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Introduction of Forest N

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Forest N Website

Introduction of Forest N

Interactive Storytelling Map

Home page - https://www.forest-n.space/ FOREST METAPHOR

Dropdown Navigation Bar There is a navigation bar in the top right corner of the page that contains the home button and three main sections. Mouse over it to reveal more information, showing the structure of the page.

CARBON

Website structure HOME

BREAKING FOREST STEREOTYPES

OUR MANAGEMENT PLAN

WHAT CAN WE DO

Multidimensional forest

Implement in Hooke Par k

Giving back to the forest in different scales

Carbon cycle

Models

Carbon credit industry contribute to forest

Measurement

Actions and tools in model s

'Reciprocating' in polic y

WOOD WIDE WEB

Global giving back to the nature

Indigenous tradition of Giving Thanks

Nations giving back to the nature

Communities giving back to the nature

Communities giving back to the nature

Individuals giving back to the nature

Body page Hoverable Navigation

When the body page has many sections, the entire page will be too long to read.

Hover over it to reveal the subtitle, and click on it to jump to that section.

MANUAL BOOK

Type 2: Big image

Type 1: Interactive map

HOOKE PARK

Type 3: Informative card

Type 4: Interactive image

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

POLICY STUDIES

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

Each icon in the sidebar represents a section of the body page.

This website is about exploring the different meanings of forests. It is aimed at forestry practitioners and ordinary people interested in protecting and experiencing forests.

UK INFLUENCE

The main body of the site is divided into three sections, breaking forest stereotypes, our management plan and what can we do.

It is mainly a selective project presentation, with some additional interactive features. For example, interactive images and interactive maps make it easier for users to understand the information conveyed.

The storytelling maps are are the strongest for webpage interaction.Giving back to nature can be considered at different scales, including global, national, community, and personal.

FIG 7 - Interactive Storytelling Map Drawn by Yufei Dong

FIG 5/6 - Home Page/Body Page Introduction Drawn by Yufei Dong

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Chapter / o1 CHANGING DEFINITION OF NATURE - FOREST METAPHOR

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

The forest metaphor reveals the changes in the definition of forest and nature under different social context and periods of time. Based on texts and streams of consciousness, we could be able to deliver a timeline that provides a shifting in people’s perceptions of nature, from the earlier unbridled control of nature to the raising awareness for the health of the forest.

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Forest Metaphor

Social Meanings

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Forest Metaphor

Social Meanings

FOREST METAPHOR

580 B.C - 500 B.C

1543 - 1546

CHINA

EUROPEAN UNION

CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB

This has been described by scholars as “a kind of cosmic resonance”.

Humans were seen as embedded in a triad with heaven and earth.

Following the example of the Tao, the Tao Te Ching suggests wu-wei, nonpurposive action, as the wisest approach humans can take.

A parallel metaphor viewed man as the STEWARD OF NATURE, with an implied duty of care. The Christian conception of nature, therefore, was based on a belief that man’s authority over the natural world had once been absolute, but this condition was lost after the Fall.

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POLICY STUDIES

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MAP 1.1 - Forest Metaphor In 500B.C Drawn by Qiuxi Li

MAP 1.3 - Forest Metaphor In 1546 Drawn by Qiuxi Li

MANUAL BOOK

1543

1546

EUROPEAN UNION

EUROPEAN UNION

HOOKE PARK UK INFLUENCE

God was visualized as an engineer or architect.

It also contained the possibility of a purely mechanical universe, with humans nothing more than mechanisms. The view of nature as a property to be measured is consistent with the monotheistic presumption.

God portrays himself as nature’s commander in chief. This root metaphor provided a theological and moral justification for humanity to exploit the natural world ceaselessly without concern for any intrinsic value it might otherwise have.

MAP 1.2 - Forest Metaphor In 1543 Drawn by Qiuxi Li

MAP 1.4 - Forest Metaphor In 1546 Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Forest Metaphor

Social Meanings

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Forest Metaphor

Social Meanings

FOREST METAPHOR

17-19 Century

Present

EUROPEAN UNION

EUROPEAN UNION

CARBON

There are current alternatives to the dominant western discourses, for instance, the Chinese concept of ‘to be kind to nature is to be kind to yourself’. In 2018, China propose the community of a shared future idea and advocate protecting nature on a global scale.

WOOD WIDE WEB

Nature was their common enemy to be conquered.

Human possession and use is what activates the true nobility of any natural object. And when man has to choose between his well-being and that of nature, nature will have to accommodate.

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MAP 1.5 - Forest Metaphor In 17 -19 Century Drawn by Qiuxi Li

MAP 1.7 - Forest Metaphor At present Drawn by Qiuxi Li

MANUAL BOOK

Early 21 Century

580 B.C - Present

EUROPEAN UNION

GLOBAL

HOOKE PARK UK INFLUENCE

As European countries carved out their own geographical territories, E a s t e r n a n d We s t e r n perspectives on nature and forests began to converge, and as time went on, the demand for timber productions changed, awareness of forest conservation and forest sustainability increased.

One of today ’s most infuential science writers, Richard Dawkins, has famously written that “life is just bytes and bytes and bytes of digital information,” adding, “That is not a metaphor, it is the plain truth. It couldn’t be any plainer if it were raining foppy discs.”

MAP 1.6 - Forest Metaphor In Early 21th Drawn by Qiuxi Li

MAP 1.8 - Forest Metaphor Summary Drawn by Qiuxi Li/Yufei Dong

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Forest Metaphor

Alternative Metaphors

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Forest Metaphor

Alternative Metaphors

FOREST METAPHOR

1650

19 Century

AMERICA

AMERICA

CARBON

W h e n Wa l t W h i t m a n contemplated the wisdom of trees, he saw in them qualities “almost emotional, palpably artistic, heroic,” and found in their resolute being a counterpoint to the human charade of seeming.

WOOD WIDE WEB

The Honorable Harvest is a covenant of reciprocity between humans and the land. It is the root of a sophisticated ethical protocol that could guide us in a time when unbridled exploitation threatens the life that surrounds us.

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MAP 1.9 - Forest Metaphor - Indigenous Principles Drawn by Qiuxi Li

MAP 1.11 - Forest Metaphor - Walt Whitman Drawn by Qiuxi Li

MANUAL BOOK

Early 19 century

Present

AMERICA

AMERICA

HOOKE PARK UK INFLUENCE

Viewing nature not as a resource but like an elder relative – to recognise kinship with plants, mountains and lakes. And she views demands for unlimited economic growth and resource exploitation as foolish actions.

Buber illustrates the distinction between human and nature relationships — the redignifying shift of perspective at the heart of his philosophy — with the example of how one regards a tree.

MAP 1.10 - Forest Metaphor - Martin Buber Drawn by Qiuxi Li

MAP 1.12 - Forest Metaphor - Robin Wall Kimmerer Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Forest Metaphor

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Alternative Metaphors

Forest Metaphor

REGION&TIME

Metaphors In The Early Stage

METAPHOR CHARACTER

DESCRIPTION

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA 2100 BC

PERSONAL FATE

Logs will become the cadavers. The hero who dies within the city will project his own personal fate onto the forests. He wants the glory of his deed to spare him from such oblivion. A leader could derive considerable fame from a successful expedition through the forest.

THE EARTH IN ITS ENDURING TRANSCENDENCE

Forests represent the quintessence of what lies beyond the walls of the city, namely the earth in its enduring transcendence. Forests embody another, more ancient law than the law of civilization. Like forests, which cover the earth and endure through the millennia according to their own self-regenerating cycles. There is too often a deliberate rage and vengefulness at work in the assault on nature and its species, as if one would project onto the natural world the intolerable anxieties of finitude which hold humanity hostage to death.

BIRTH PLACE/ AGAINST CIVILISATION

Aboriginal men were born from the oaks.

OBSTACLES TO CONQUEST / A S Y LU M S O F C U LT U R A L INDEPENDENCE

Forests had once safeguarded the relative autonomy and diversity of the family and city states of antiquity, precisely because they of fered a margin of cultural privacy. The forests were obstacles to conquest, hegemony, homogenization. They were asylums of cultural independence.

SHELTER / ASYLUM

In the myth of Arcadia, Evander’s original homeland, and is made of Rome’s site an Arcadian forest whose woodlands offered cover and shelter to Saturn after Jove had replaced him as leader of the gods.

OBSTACLE TO VISIBILITY

The forests remained an obstacle to human knowledge and science.

ARTEMIS’S ROBE: DARK AND INACCESSIBLE REGIONS

This is how Artemis appears, or refuses to appear, in the mythologies: invisible, intangible, enigmatic, cruel, reigning over the nonhuman reaches of the wilderness. As virgin of the woodlands, she withdraws behind the forest’s shadows into her noumenal realm where human beings cannot, or must not, have access. Artemis’s robe is none other than the forest’s umbrae, its protective shadows.

CIVIC BOUNDARIES / PLACE OF NO ONE

Those who entered the civic boundaries took refuge there from the forests, which became a frontier or margin against which the civic, strictly institutional space was defined. Historically the natural boundaries of the Roman republica were drawn by the margins of the undomesticated forests

FOREST METAPHOR

Present GERMANY

‘Epic of Gilgamesh’ CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB

Trees are advantages to w o r k i n g t o g e t h e r. O n its own, a tree cannot establish a consistent local climate. But together, many trees create an ecosystem that moderates extremes of heat and cold, stores a great deal of water, and generates a great deal of humidity. Every tree is valuable to the community and worth keeping around for as long as possible.

ANCIENT ROME 29 and 19 BC

‘Aeneid, Latin epic poem’ ‘Myth of Arcadia,Giambattista Vico,’

ANCIENT GREEK 8th century BC

MANUAL BOOK

‘Odyssey, Homer,ancient Greek epic poems’ Present AMERICA ITALY 1725

What history opens up in the midst of the forests, the forests will once again draw back into its closure,it was that of a system governed by the law of entropy: “This was the order of human institutions: first the forests, after that the huts, then the villages, next the cities, and finally the academies”.

HUMANKIND’S PERDITION/ HUMAN HISTORY

As the city disintegrates from within, the forests encroach from without.

The ancient city of Rome, was eventually reclaimed by the forests, first by analogy, then in the form of forest peoples from the north, and finally by the vegetation belt itself.

HOOKE PARK

PLACES OF SPIRITUAL SOLITUDE / SIMILAR WITH CITIES

‘New Science, Giambattista Vico’

UK INFLUENCE

When people knows that trees experience pain and have memories and that tree parents live together with their children, then they can no longer just chop them down and disrupt their lives with large machines.

GERMAN 1842

Forests continue to symbolize Germany’s heritage - the stronghold of its cultural origins, of its ancient bonds of community, and of its collective national possession.

THE ONLY GREAT POSSESSION

It is a physical representation of poverty and wealth. Human poverty senses this kinship and deduces its right to property from this feeling of kinship Fallen wood has as little organic connection with the growing tree. Nature itself presents as it were a model of the antithesis between poverty and wealth in the shape of the dry, snapped twigs and branches separated from organic life in contrast to the trees and stems which are firmly rooted and full of sap, organically assimilating air, light, water and soil to develop their own proper form and individual life.

REPRESENTATION OF POVERTY AND WEALTH

MAP 1.14 - Forest Metaphor - Wohlleben Chronicles Drawn by Qiuxi Li

‘Wilhelm H. Riehl’ ‘1842 Karl Marx, “Proceedings of the Sixth Rhine Province Assembly. Third Article: Debates on the Law of the Thefts of Wood”’

FIG 1 - Forest Metaphor in the Early Stage Drawn by Chenganran Luo

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MAP 1.13 - Forest Metaphor - Wohlleben Chronicles Drawn by Qiuxi Li

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Chapter / o2

THE LATEST WAY OF LOOKING AT FORESTS - CARBON SINK

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Since the Industrial Revolution, greenhouse gas concentrations have continued to rise, and global average temperatures have increased. There is increased concern about the impact of future climate change on humans and ecosystems. In the latest metaphor, forests are considered to be a carbon sink.

By absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, this process can be used to mitigate climate change.

This chapter lists methods for measuring the amount of carbon sequestered in forests, and the inventory method was applied in Hooke Park as our prototype. These measurements reflect how people see forests - as wood for production, or as a tool to mitigate climate change. These are used for the benefit of humans and ignore forest health and long-term development.

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Carbon Sink

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Global Warming

Carbon Sink

Global Warming

FOREST METAPHOR CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB

2010 South [Orthographic Projection]

2020 South [Orthographic Projection]

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MANUAL BOOK

2020 North [Orthographic Projection]

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POLICY STUDIES

2010 North [Orthographic Projection]

-50°

50°

HOOKE PARK

The irreversible global warming

Carbon emission and absorption

Global warming is the ongoing rise of the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming. It is a major aspect of climate change which, in addition to rising global surface temperatures, glacial melting, also includes its effects, such as changes in precipitation. While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented in rate and scale.

Before the Industrial Era, circa 1750, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration was 280 ± 10 ppm for several thousand years. It has risen continuously since then, echoing the increasing pace of global agricultural and industrial development (Figure 2.3).

UK INFLUENCE

Figure 1.1 illustrates the observed temperature from 2010 to 2020. The primary driver for increased global temperatures in the industrial era is human activity, with natural forces adding variability. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that, "human influence on climate has been the dominant cause of observed warming since the mid-20th century". The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases, with over 90% of the impact from carbon dioxide and methane.

The recent and continuing increase of atmospheric CO2 content is caused by anthropogenic CO2 emissions most importantly fossil fuel burning(Figure 2.4). Atmospheric CO2 is, however, increasing only at about half the rate of fossil fuel emissions; the rest of the CO2 emitted either dissolves in sea water and mixes into the deep ocean, or is taken up by terrestrial ecosystems. Uptake by terrestrial ecosystems is due to an excess of primary production (photosynthesis) over respiration and other oxidative processes (decomposition or combustion of organic material).

FIG 2.2 - Global Strategies in Different Industry Drawn by Chenganran Luo FIG 2.3 - The Cumulative Contributions to the Global Carbon Budget Drawn by Chenganran Luo

FIG 2.1 - Comparison of Global Warming Atlas Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Carbon Sink

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Carbon Cycle

FOREST METAPHOR CO2 Sources

CARBON

Respiration RA ABG*= 27.2B

CO2 Sinks

Tree C stocks Total TG ≈ 494 TAG = 353 TBG = 141

CO2 Photosynthesis GPPC * = 76.4

Branches 1.8

Total ecosystem respiration RT C *= 57.9

Decomposition Rsoil D = 30.7

Forest growth NPPF * ≈ 31.2 N2O

CH2

Stem 9.9

Burned for energy

Recycling

Roundwood

Products

Landfill

Biodeterioration (Termites,fungi)

Decay or burned to waste

CO2

Litterfall stockA ≈ 62

LitterfallE 13.7

WOOD WIDE WEB

Dissolved Organic Carbon DOCA = 0.005 Roots 1.8

Soil Organic Carbon SOCA = 576

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POLICY STUDIES MANUAL BOOK HOOKE PARK

The carbon cycle in and out of forest Basically, the forest structure is formed from 3 layers, including canopy, understory, and soil microbiome. There are several main components of the forestry ’s carbon cycle: In the forest, the components are trees and other vegetation.

Outside the forest, the components are the harvested wood products. The C stock in forestry at any moment is the sum of the quantities in these components.

UK INFLUENCE

Above shows the main organic C stock components and C fluxes between components in forestry. The green arrow indicates C flux into the forest; red arrows indicate fluxes out of the forest. On the right shows that the carbon stored in the harvesting wood will go back to the atmosphere by burning for energy, Biodeterioration, and decay.

In the understory, a similar carbon exchange process happens. The understory typically consists of trees stunted through lack of light, other small trees with low light requirements. The carbon exchange happens through the process of photosynthesis plant respiration, and the diagrams show this process.

FIG 2.4 -

Carbon Fluxes between Components in and out of Forest Drawn by Yufei Dong/Qiuxi Li

FIG 2.5/2.6 -

Carbon Fluxes of Bryophyte/Herbaceous Plant and Bush Drawn by Chenganran Luo

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INTRODUCTION

Carbon Sink

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Measuring Aboveground Carbon Storage

FOREST METAPHOR

Temporal Scale: Annual and decades; Spatial Scale: Regional; Data used: Canopy height; Vegetaton density; DBH; Basal area: Species.

Remote sensing methods

Temporal Scale: Daily to annual; Spatial Scale: Regional and Global; Data used: Point cloud; DEM.

CO2 flux method

Temporal Scale: Hours to years; Spatial Scale: Regional to Continental Data used: 3D wind speed;CO2 concentration over a forest; canopy; CO2 flux

CARBON

Inventory methods

WOOD WIDE WEB AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

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POLICY STUDIES MANUAL BOOK HOOKE PARK

Measuring aboveground carbon storage Inventory methods quantify biomass accumulation within forests, and are characterized by their long history and adequate data coverage (particularly in developed nations). However, they have low time resolution (years) and variable standards of measurement.

Remote sensing methods are most reliable if remote sensing information is jointly used with forest carbon inventories and ecosystem models. However, incomplete information limited by remote sensing techniques and uncertainties in the models require further development.

UK INFLUENCE

The eddy covariance method is advanced in its high accuracy and fine temporal resolution (hours), and is a good method for direct measurement of CO2 flux at the ecosystem scale. However, it is restricted in use by its systematic biases and limited number of observation sites.

FIG 2.7 -

3 Methods of Measuring Aboveground Carbon Storage Drawn by Yufei Dong

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INTRODUCTION

Carbon Sink

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Perceptions Reflected by Carbon Measurement

Carbon Sink

Perceptions Reflected by Carbon Measurement

FOREST METAPHOR CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB

Aboveground Biomass

Soil organic carbon

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POLICY STUDIES

Inventory methods

Remote sensing methods

Dry combustion

Laser induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

MANUAL BOOK HOOKE PARK UK INFLUENCE

Abovegorund

Underground

Measures of carbon sequestration in forests, while based on scientific research, also reflect biases in how forests are viewed.

The inventory method considers forests as valuable timber and takes into account the differences between tree species. This method is used to measure the increase in the economic value of forests.

It ignores small trees and shrubs that have little economic value.

Soil carbon is an important component of the ecosystem. However, there are many difficulties in quantifying forest soil carbon pools and fluxes. Therefore, soil carbon stocks are often overlooked.Bacteria and fungi, as well as overall animal community composition, have a significant influence on soil carbon dynamics, which is a side confirmation of the forest as a whole and the existence of interspecies networks. However, this relationship was not reflected in the measurements.

The remote sensing method monitors forests at different temporal, spatial, and spectral resolutions. The remote sensing method, which looks at the forest as a whole, weakens the distinction between tree species but also takes into account the amount of carbon sequestered by small saplings and shrubs.

Dry combustion method measure the weight loss of the sample to different temperatures. First, all the weight loss at 100C is water and the weight loss around 450C is organic carbon. As for the second method, LIBS are more specific and they provide more detail on the structure of the organic matter.

FIG 2.9 - Perspective Reflects on SOC Measurement Drawn by Yufei Dong

FIG 2.8 - Perspective Reflects on Biomass Measurement Drawn by Yufei Dong

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INTRODUCTION

Carbon Market

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Carbon Market and Wood Transfer

FOREST METAPHOR CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

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The carbon and timber import

UK INFLUENCE

We consider carbon exchange into carbon absorption, and carbon emission, that is to say, the absorption and release of greenhouse gases. Forest N visualize the import route of sawn wood and the import and export of carbon and timber products to understand the amount of carbon released in the United Kingdom. The main use of wood in the UK is paper-making, and this process consumes a lot of energy and leads to produce carbon emissions, which means that a large proportion of wood imported into the UK is converted into carbon emissions.

The graph marks the changes of carbon credit from 1900 to 2019. Countries participating in the “cap-and-trade” program are increasing, and the increase in the price of carbon credit also relates to the countries which gradually pay attention to the global environment and by taking part in the “cap-and-trade” program, each country limits their domestic carbon emissions.

FIG 2.10 - UK Timber Import

MAP 2.1 - The Global Carbon Credit Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Carbon Market

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

CO2 Emissions & Global Forest Conditions

Carbon Market

UK Forest & Carbon Budget

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UNITED STATES

CANADA

CHINA

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

Climate Action Report: National Communication of the United States of America (2010, 2014) Voluntary National Report to the 11th Session of the UNFF (2014) Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program 5-Year Report (2015)

United Nation Forum on Forests (UNFF) National Reports (2010, 2012, 2014) Fifth National Report (2015)Fifth National Communication to the UNFCCC (2010) Sixth National Communication to the UNFCCC (2014)

China Forestry Action Plan to Deal with Climate Change (2009) China's Twelfth Five Year Plan (2011-2015) Sustainable Forest Management to Enhance the Resilience of Forests to Climate Change (2013) China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2011-2030)

DRC 2nd National Communication (2009) Readiness Plan for REDD+ 2010-2012 (2010) Investment Plan: Democratic Republic of Congo (2011) Emission Reduction Program Idea Note (ER-PIN) – FCPF

MEXICO

RUSSIA

RUSSIA

INDIA

y del Programa Nacional Forestal 2001- 2006 (PNF 20012006) Programa Especial de Cambio Climatico 2009 - 2012 (in Spanish) (2009) Emission Reductions Program Idea Note: Mexico (2013) Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climatico (in Spanish) (2013) Programa Especial de Cambio Climatico 2014 - 2018 (in Spanish) (2014) Programa Nacional Forestal 2014-2018 (in Spanish) (2014) Revisión del Programa Estratégico Forestal 2025 (PEF 2025)

Strategy of the Forest Sector Development in the Russian Federation 2008-2020 (2008) Environmental Protection, 2012-2020 (2012) Forestry Sector Development, 2013-2020 (2012) Environmental development of the Russian Federation 2012- 2030 (2012) Protection and reproduction of forests in the Russian Federation 2013- 2030 (2013)

On the Environmental Situation in the Russian Federation in 2014 (2014) CBD 5th National Report (2014) Sixth National Communication to the UNFCCC (2014) Voluntary National Report to the 1th Session of the United Nations Forum on Forests (2014)

National Forest Policy (1988) State of Forest Report (2013) National Agroforestry Policy (2014) National REDD+ Policy and Strategy (2014 draft) National Mission for a Green India

AUSTRALIA

NEW ZEALAND

NORWAY

BRAZIL

National Forest Policy 1992Australia’s State of the Forests Report (2008-2013) Strategy for the National Reserve System (2009-2030) NBSAP (2010 - 2030) United Nation Forum on Forests National Reports (2012) Carbon Farming Futures (2012-2016) Emissions Reduction Fund (2014) Plantations for Australia – A 2020 Vision

New Zealand National Biodiversity Strategy: 2000-2020 (2000) NZIF National Policy on Forestry (2001) Biennial Report under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2013, 2015) New Zealand's greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets (2015) Ministry for Primary Industries: Forestry (2016) Restoring Places (2016)

Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity (2014) Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment (2014) UNFCCC NC5 and NC6 (2014)

PNMC National Plan on Climate Change (2011-2020) Forest Investment Program

UK forest conditions & Greenhouse gas Map 2.2 provides 11 countries in the response of global warming, provide national decisions in policy agenda, including budgetary limits for carbon emissions and their long-term goals for forest restoration and afforestation based on their own national conditions.

Map 2.3 shows the UK forest conditions and the policies about the carbon budget. From 2013 to 2018, 80% of tree cover loss in United Kingdom occurred within plantations. The total loss within natural forest was equivalent to 9.42Mt of CO2 emissions.

MAP 2.3 - UK Forest Conditions and Carbon Budget Drawn by Qiuxi Li

MAP 2.2 - Global Forestry Strategies Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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INTRODUCTION

Carbon Measurement

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Hooke Park

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Railway

Forest

Major Cities

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An overview of Hooke Park Hooke Park is the Architectural Association’s woodland site in Dorset, southwest England. Hooke Park forest is a 150 hectare ancient woodland set in the West Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty sitting high on the coastal hills looking out over the sea.

UK INFLUENCE

Hooke Park is located about 3 miles south-east of the town of Beaminster, close to the village of Hooke.Road access is via the main entrance gate on the north-east side of the site, close to Hooke village. Approach from Crewkerne via the A303 and A3066, from Beaminster via the B3163, or from Dorchester via the A37 and A356. The most convenient route for travel from London is to Crewkerne (2.5 hours). Dorchester, Yeovil and Maiden Newton stations are also near by.

Map 2.5 shows the spatial relationship between forest area and the Carbon sequestration. Area around Hooke Park has higher amount of Carbon storage than the rest area.

1000 *1000 m Railway

FIG 2.11 - Woodchip Barn & Westminster Lodge in Hooke Park Photo by Yufei Dong MAP 2.4/2.5 -

Road

Hooke Park Location Source from Digimap; Drawn by Yufei Dong

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Forest

Major Cities

Soil C

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Carbon Measurement

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Aboveground

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FIG 2.13 - Measurement of dbh in each component Photo by Yufei Dong

HOOKE PARK

Field work

UK INFLUENCE

We contacted a local teacher and obtained basic information about the Hooke Park, like spatial distribution of tree species and the year planted, which gave us a general idea of Hooke Park. Hooke Park forest is a 150 hectare ancient woodland set in the West Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty sitting high on the coastal hills looking out over the sea. From the entrance gate a long drive winds through the woodland to 3 hectare clearing within which the campus is based. The campus is divided into a working zone of workshops and a living zone divided by green fingers of woodland which pass through the clearing.

In addition to the densely planted forest is a rich variety of woodland landscape, including recently felled clearings, hidden river valleys, an ancient willow coppice and a broadleaf groves of ash, hazel, alder and poplar.

Having the basic data of Hooke Park, We went there in March to gather more information. For the field work, We measured the Diameter at breast height and tree height of each component.

FIG 2.12 - Measurement of DBH Photo by Yufei Dong

MAP 2.6 -

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Information of Hooke Park Components Drawn by Yufei Dong

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Carbon Measurement

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Aboveground

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Office work After measuring the diameter at breast height and tree height of each component on the site, it is also necessary to know the density of trees.

The method of remote sensing is to calculate the density of trees in each conpinent from satellite maps.

UK INFLUENCE

Then we can start cauculation step by step.

Step 1: Using Tariff number and tree basal area with Equation 5 (below) to estimate the mean merchantable tree volume. Step 2: Calculate the mean total stem volume by multiplying the mean merchantable tree volume by the appropriate value. Step 3: To find the total estimated stem volume in the stratum, multiply the unrounded estimated mean volume by the estimated total number of trees in the same stratum. Step 4: The total volume and quadratic mean diameter for each species in the stratum should be carried forward in order to estimate the biomass allocation for those trees.

FIG 2.13 -

MAP 2.7 -

Counting the Average Number of Trees Per Hectare Drawn by Yufei Dong

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Carbon Sequestration Ability Drawn by Yufei Dong

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Chapter / o3 WOOD WIDE WEB - COMMUNIACTION BETWEEN PLANTS

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

But Is it all about carbon? What does carbon mean to the forest? Carbon is also a form of communication that builds a reciprocal relationship between plants. Carbon exchange is commonly known as the phase of breeding and fruit transition. Reciprocal connections also happen between neighboring plants; Www is the scientific way of reciprocity. This symbolic metaphor has existed for hundreds of years.

Individual plants are connected to each other through underground mycorrhizal networks, a complex collaborative structure that has come to be known as the “Wood Wide Web.� The relationships between these mycorrhizal fungi and the plants they connect to are now known to be ancient and predominantly interactive in which both organisms benefit from their association.

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Aboveground Carbon Exchange

Phase of Breeding

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Aboveground Carbon Exchange

Fruit Transition

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FIG 3.1 -

Carbon Exchange - Breeding Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 3.2 -

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Carbon Exchange - Fruit Transition Drawn by Qiuxi Li

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Wood Wide Web

Dominant Role Of Mother Tree

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Wood Wide Web

Dominant Role Of Mother Tree

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FIG 3.3 -

Carbon Exchange - Mother Tree Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 3.4 -

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Carbon Exchange - Mycorrhiza Drawn by Qiuxi Li

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Underground Network Diseases Warning

Wood WideWeb Web Wood Wide

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Wood Wide Web

Dying Trees

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FIG 3.5 -

Wood Wide Web - Diseases Warning Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 3.6 -

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Wood Wide Web - Dying Tree Drawn by Qiuxi Li

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Wood Wide Web

Trees - Mycorrhiza Network

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Wood Wide Web

Mycorrhiza Network

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FIG 3.7 -

FIG 3.8 -

Trees - Mycorrhiza Network Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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Mycorrhiza Network Drawn by Qiuxi Li

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Wood Wide Web

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Human - Underground Network

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‘Mother Trees’ as the metaphor meaning of veteran trees, provide carbon to its seedlings to give them a head start; The seedlings ensure their species have a more dominant role in the ecosystem, and the dying tree will donate all their nutrients and sugar to their surroundings. Some plants which unable to do photosynthesize, relying on receiving carbon from the networks. At the same time, Mycorrhizal networks can exchange not only carbon but also more resources. Plants under attack can send out warnings to others. And mother trees can help the diseased one get it through.

HOOKE PARK

Through our understanding of the Wood Wide Web, we discover that trees are as social as humans. They cannot wholly survive on their own like humans in our society; People socialize in our community, while trees communicate with each other underground through Wood Wide Web. The idea is that trees are not in competition with each other in the forest; rather, they rely on each other all the time. Our next step is to find a way of integrating Wood Wide Web understanding into current forestry policies and grants as human plays an essential role in forests for the reciprocal accomplishment.

UK INFLUENCE FIG 3.9 -

FIG 3.10 -

Human - Underground Society Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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Human - Underground Network Drawn by Qiuxi Li

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Chapter / o4 FORESTRY POLICY - UK POLICY STUDY

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

This chapter explains the evolution of forest policies throughout UK history and the impact of these policies on the forests of Britain and Hook Park - from uncontrolled felling where profit was paramount to planned tree planting and a greater emphasis on biodiversity and recreational functions.

It also criticizes the current policy of subsidy for forest management and proposes new grant assessment methods to enable forest managers to be supported and undertake forest-friendly management activities.

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

UK Forest Transition

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Ice Age

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After the last ice age (about 12,000 years ago), the glaciers’ retreat allowed trees to cover 70-80% of the land. During this period, the forest took on its most pristine appearance, without any human intervention.

When the melting waters flooded Doggerland, and the low-lying marshes became the English Channel, they cut off the British Isles and created a group of tree species now considered “native”.

UK INFLUENCE MAP 4.1 - UK Map in Ice Age Drawn by Qiuxi Li

Fig 4.1 - Forest Under the Ice Layer

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

UK Forest Transition

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

50BC

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Expansion of human communities led to largeclearances of trees for settlements, wood products and hunting grounds, leading to roughly 30% cover by the time of the Roman invasion in 50 BC.

UK INFLUENCE

During this period we can speculate that the trail of deforestation is consistent with early human migration as shown in MAP 4.2. At this stage, humans began to intervene in the forest, and the forest was defined by the indigenous people as a tool to help them settled down

MAP 4.2 - UK Map in 50BC Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 4.2 - Felled Timber for Human Settlement

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INTRODUCTION

UK Forest Transition

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Medieval

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In 1086 AD, the Domesday Book suggested there was 15% tree cover in England. Norman aristocracy used new land rights to close off lands to the public, the origin of the term ‘forest’, meaning exclusive hunting land for aristocratic use only.

UK INFLUENCE

This is the earliest period that British people began to define forest as entertainment tools (FIG 4.3). At that time, the forest was exclusively used for noble people, thus the forest became a medium to help define different classes, which led to significant class conflict.

MAP 4.3 provides the Roman road which we can trace the timber transfer route in the 20th century, and the sites of noble forests present a relatively high density.

FIG 4.3 - Forest for Noble

Map 4.3 - Forest with Previous Road Network Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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INTRODUCTION

UK Forest Transition

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

16 Century

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During the period when the British army eager to expand its territory, timber for shipbuilding became key from the 1500s onwards, and forest can be seen as a tool for their military ambitions.

MAP 4.4 shows a part of the noble forest have been used as wood material factories to meet British needs in 16th century. And timbers were transferred to their adjacent shipyard.

UK INFLUENCE FIG 4.4 - Forest for Shipbuilding

Map 4.4 - Forest in 16th Century Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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INTRODUCTION

UK Forest Transition

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

World War I and After

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By 1900, forest cover had been depleted to only 5%. The use of timber from trenches and coal pit props in the First World War nearly depleted the domestic timber supply, leaving Northern Ireland with only 1% forest cover and England with 4%. After the First World War, the Forestry Commission was set up to prevent the future depletion of domestic timber supplies, particularly during the war. The Forestry Commission acquired 48,000 hectares of Crown Estate woodland. In the first ten years, it purchased 240,000 hectares, planted 56,000 hectares, and paid grants to support 22,000 hectares planted on private land.

MAP 4.5 visualized the military domains and the sites of the forest, we could be possible to make an assumption of the timber transfer routes based on the railway network.

FIG 4.5 - Forest for Trenches Building

Map 4.5 - Forest in WW1 Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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INTRODUCTION

UK Forest Transition

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

1960 to Present

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New machinery and greater use of tax credits have led to massive and ecologically inappropriate tree planting. It eliminated tax loopholes and a dramatic drop in planting rates, and a shift by the Forestry Commission towards amenity woodlands.

UK INFLUENCE

The 1990s and 2000s saw a dramatic drop in planting rates, particularly in Scotland. Thirty years later, the supply of timber is outstripping demand, and there is a perceived shortage of planting. Subsequently, the UK has increased the planting of marketable broadleaf woodland, much of which now lacks management. At the same time, the UK Woodland Assurance Standard was introduced, providing wood product manufacturers with assurances about the sustainability of the wood they bought.

In 2011, the coalition government launched an independent forestry panel and created a ‘woodland culture’ for the UK.

Map 4.6 - The Growing Tree Cover Range 1990-2010 Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 4.6 - Forest Protected under Committees

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INTRODUCTION

UK Forestry Policy

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Policy Reflected on Hooke Park.

UK Forestry Policy Hooke Park management sequence Before

2018

FOREST METAPHOR

2010 Species Conservation & Woodfuel

1919 Forestry Commission founded CARBON

The Forestry Commission was founded in 1919 to deal with the chronic timber shortage after the First World War by buying land for afforestation and reforestation.

Hooke Park was being managed for productive forestry in the period.

Clear felling of Hooke Park.

Start replanting.

Managing ancient and native woodland in England includes guidance on species conservation and harvesting woodfuel from native woodland in ways that will enhance biodiversity and heritage.

AA took over Hooke Park

WOOD WIDE WEB

Under the presumptions of the Forestry Act (1967), there was no free cutting unless a Felling Licence was obtained.The Countryside Act 1968 forced the Commission to focus on conservation and recreation.

Design + Make Programee started

MANUAL BOOK

-

Fourth masterplan

In UKWAS 3.0, a latest guidance on deadwood management has been added. Woodland Carbon Code can be useful for managing the levels of carbon sequestration from managed woodland and for mitigating climate change.

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2011 Deadwood & Carbon

1967 Felling Licence & Conservation

-

1994 Wildlife & Priority Habitats 2012 Biodiversity Conservation

HOOKE PARK

Habitat regulations include as an offence any damage or destruction of a breeding site or resting place.

The UK Biodiversity Action Plan calls for the development of national strategic plans to identify, conserve and protect existing biodiversity and to enhance it.

Enquiry into purchase of Hooke Park by Parnham Trust.

1999 Sustainable & Public Access UK INFLUENCE

-

In the UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework, approaches to biodiversity conservation have become more devolved, and several new concepts relating to biodiversity conservation have emerged.

Building a campus on a vacant lot damaged by a storm.

2017 Sustainable & Regeneration

The UK Woodland Assurance Standard (UKWAS) is an independent certification standard for verifying sustainable woodland management in the United Kingdom.

The Countryside and Rights of Way Act improved public rights of way giving people access to mountain, heath and registered common land.

The UK Forestry Standard (UKFS) is the reference standard for sustainable forest management across the UK, and it support priority habitats and priority species. covering Biodiversity, Climate Change, Historic Environment, Landscape, People, Soil and Water.

Enquiry into purchase of Hooke Park by Parnham Trust.

FIG 4.7 - Hooke Park Management Sequence Drawn by Yufei Dong

FIG 4.8 - Hooke Park Management Sequence Drawn by Yufei Dong

-

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INTRODUCTION

UK Forestry Policy

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Grants for Woodland

UK Forestry Policy

Grants for Woodland

FOREST METAPHOR CARBON

Environmental Stewardship (ES) 2005-2014

Woodland Grant Scheme (WGS) English Woodland Grant Scheme (EWGS)

Countryside Stewardship grants (CS) 2014-2020

Woodland creation grant Woodland tree health grant Woodland management plan (WMP) grant

WOOD WIDE WEB

Application Process

MANUAL BOOK

Development of management objectives Analysis of interests or ‘stakeholder analysis’

02 Survey

Collection of information

03 Analysis

Assessment of survey information

04 Synthesis

Development of a design concept Development of a draft management plan Finalisation of the plan and submission for approval

05 Implementation

Development and implementation of work programmes

06 Monitoring

Evaluation of progress

07 Review

Periodic updates of the forest management plan

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01 Scoping

HOOKE PARK

Woodland management plan (WMP) grant Policies can help to shape the woodland and change its relationship with human beings by giving subsidies. Until 2014, woodland management subsidies were allocated from the Environmental Stewardship, known as the Woodland Grant Scheme. Afterward, the forest grant was integrated into the Countryside Stewardship grants and divided into three projects.

UK INFLUENCE

The current scheme of the woodland management plan is used for creating a 10-year plan to meet the UK forestry standard. Applicants will not be scored, and if they qualify, they will be allocated funds based on the forest area.

The current Woodland’s Condition assessment considered aspects including woodland damage, habitant types, regeneration, and woodland structure. However, none of these has anything to do with how much grant the forester will get.

FIG 4.9 -

FIG 4.10 - Current Woodland Grant Drawn by Yufei Dong

Forestry Commission Main Responsbilities Drawn by Qiuxi Li/Yufei Dong

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INTRODUCTION

UK Forestry Policy

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Grant Assessment Refined

UK Forestry Policy

Grant Assessment Refined

FOREST METAPHOR

Woodland Condition and Biodiversity Indicators

CARBON

GENERAL INFORMATION WOODLAND DAMAGE/ DISTURBANCE

Woodland area by type

Evidence of browsing (deer) Invasive non‐native plants present

GENERAL INFORMATION

Woodland area by type

WOODLAND DAMAGE/ DISTURBANCE

Evidence of browsing (deer)

0%

100%

Invasive non‐native plants present

No

Yes

Signs of nutrient enrichment

No

Yes

Evidence of damaged ground

0%

100%

Temporary open space

0%

100%

Wetland habitat loss

No

Yes

Veteran trees loss

No

Yes

Standing deadwood

0%

100%

Fallen large dead branches/stems and/or stumps

0%

100%

REGENERATION

Regeneration stages

0%

100%

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

Canopy cover – upper storey

0%

100%

Canopy cover – understorey

0%

100%

Number of tree size classes

1

3

Native tree/ shrub species richness

0

3

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

Signs of nutrient enrichment Evidence of damaged ground

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

Temporary open space

WOOD WIDE WEB

Wetland habitat loss Veteran trees loss Standing deadwood Fallen large dead branches/stems and/or stumps Regeneration stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

Canopy cover – upper storey Canopy cover – understorey Number of tree size classes Native tree/ shrub species richness Native tree/ shrub species abundance

B

Native tree/ shrub species abundance

0%

100%

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

Carbon capability level of the species

Low

High

FUNGUS

Evidence of fungus

No

Yes

DIMENSION

Timber usage

PROTECT ACTIONS

Bad

Good

Number of forest functions

1

3

Number of ways of giving back

0

15

Taking

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REGENERATION

C

Giving Back

MANUAL BOOK HOOKE PARK

Forest N new grant assessment plan Instead of giving subsidies to the woodland area, it is better to allocate funds according to the woodland condition assessment and encourage people to participate in activities giving back to the forest. Based on the original woodland condition assessment and integrating the UK forestry standard, we have added carbon storage capability, fungus conditions, dimension, and protective actions.

UK INFLUENCE

After categorizing each item from requesting to giving back, actions giving back to the forest like cultivating fungus, mother tree remain are emphasized.In each item, the standard of evaluation is also refined. The table above shows the current condition of Hooke Park.

FIG 4.11 - Current Woodland Condition Assessment Drawn by Yufei Dong FIG 4.13 - Grant Assessment Refined by Yufei Dong

FIG 4.12 - Woodland Management Plan Payment Rates Drawn by Yufei Dong

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Chapter / o5 FOREST N MANAGEMENT - MANUAL BOOK

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In this section, we will discuss the impact of various ways of perceiving forests on practical management from different perspectives. In order to get more grant and improve the forest health , we launched our manual book. We want to look at the forest vertically throughout the whole project with multi dimension concerns. This instruction manual will be useful for general forest managers, as well as some forest management instructions produced especially for Hooke Park.

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

FOREST LIFE CYCLE INTRODUCTION

This is titile

Part one

ACTIONS

MODELS

TOOLS

This is titile

Part one

FOREST METAPHOR

Forest Life Cycle

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MANUAL BOOK

WOOD WIDE WEB

FORESTn

MANUAL BOOK HOOKE PARK

Forest can be divided into 5 stages, from ground preparation to old forest. Here we identify the operational sign of each stage, and develop different scenarios of them, each scenario will have corresponding treatment actions. We can identify the different stages of the forest to determine how we want to proceed with the next management plan.

Young forests will need to be thinned multiple times to reach a stable age class, and old forests at the same time need some external disturbance to reach an overall systemic dynamic balance. Forest throughout all the stages needs more care about the soil and microbiological part which have great impact on both growing trees and mature trees.

UK INFLUENCE FIG 5.1 - Forest Life Cycle Drawn by Chenganran Luo

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FOREST LIFE CYCLE

ACTIONS

MODELS

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

TOOLS

INTRODUCTION

This is titile

Part one

FOREST LIFE CYCLE

ACTIONS

MODELS

TOOLS

This is titile

Part one

Management Actions

FOREST METAPHOR

Leisure Activities CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

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There are some general management actions, including thinning, pruning, and etc. Each of them related to forest values we mentioned above.

Base on our WWW concept, we adjust the actions. The point of it is to choose the least impact tools and caring more about giving back to the nature, not to use large scale machines, and care more about seedlings and understory after harvest.

We regard some leisure and working activities as part of reciprocity and classify them in 7 categories: tourism, education, work, exercise, relaxing, timber production, and secondary production. We consider its current stage and possibility in Hooke Park, weather influence, and target population. Also, we provide timber usage based on its properties. For example, the forked trees could be used to build structure, burning biochips, handicraft-making, and camping. We provide timber usage based on its properties. For example, the forked trees could use in the building structure, burning biochips, handicraft making, and camping, shown on the next page.

Fig 5.2 - General Forest Management Actions Drawn by Chenganran Luo FIG 5.3 - Wood Wide Web Forest Management Actions Drawn by Chenganran Luo

FIG 5.4 - General Forest Leisure Actions Drawn by Chenganran Luo/Qiuxi Li

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FOREST LIFE CYCLE

ACTIONS

MODELS

INTRODUCTION

This is titile

Part one

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

TOOLS

FOREST LIFE CYCLE

ACTIONS

MODELS

TOOLS

This is titile

Part one

Management Actions

FOREST METAPHOR

Timber Usage

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FIG 5.5 - General Forest Management Actions Drawn by Chenganran Luo/Qiuxi Li

FIG 5.6 - General Timber Usage Drawn by Chenganran Luo/Qiuxi Li

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FOREST LIFE CYCLE

ACTIONS

MODELS

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

TOOLS

FOREST LIFE CYCLE

ACTIONS

INTRODUCTION

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Part one

MODELS

TOOLS

This is titile

Part one

General Management Models

Taking - Giving Back Actions

Short Rotation Model

FOREST METAPHOR CARBON

Medium Rotation Model

WOOD WIDE WEB AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

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POLICY STUDIES

Long Rotation Model MANUAL BOOK HOOKE PARK UK INFLUENCE

<Forest Contribution to Climate Change Mitigation: Management Oriented to Carbon Capture and Storage, Leonel J.R. Nunes 1,* , Catarina I.R. Meireles 1 , Carlos J. Pinto Gomes 1,2 and Nuno M.C. Almeida Ribeiro 1,3 >

We found general models from <Forest Contribution to Climate Change Mitigation> to guide the actions. In this article, we extracted three models for managing forest in the medium and long term to achieve long term carbon sequestration or production goals for different tree species in different growth cycles.

FIG 5.7 - Taking - Giving Back Actions Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 5.8 - General Forest Management Models Drawn by Chenganran Luo

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FOREST LIFE CYCLE

ACTIONS

MODELS

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

TOOLS

INTRODUCTION

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Part one

FOREST LIFE CYCLE

ACTIONS

MODELS

TOOLS

This is titile

Part one

Wood Wide Web Management Models

Tree Species Catalogue FOREST METAPHOR CARBON

The most basic and commonly used short rotation model is mainly for wood production, and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s designed for trees like beech and sweet chestnut. The key point of this model is to preserve the mother tree, to grow new seedlings started from the forest edge and let the fell branches enrich the soil .

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POLICY STUDIES MANUAL BOOK

The medium model is based on the short rotation one, but containing more caring for the soil. It has medium capacity for carbon sequestration. The key to this model is to be more biodiversity in tree species and tree age groups, and regularly check the soil nutrient condition avoiding soil compaction.

HOOKE PARK UK INFLUENCE

The third long rotation model is based on the previous ones, concerning more about the wildlife and biofuels in the forest.The rotation year could be much more than 25 years, considering it as a whole ecosystem.

FIG 5.9 - Tree species catalogue

Drawn by Chenganran Luo

FIG 5.10 - Detailing models into actions and tree species Drawn by Chenganran Luo FIG 5.10 - Tree Species Catalogue Drawn by Chenganran Luo

Fig 5.9 - Wood Wide Web Forest Management Models Drawn by Chenganran Luo

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FOREST LIFE CYCLE

ACTIONS

MODELS

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

TOOLS

INTRODUCTION

This is titile

Part one

FOREST LIFE CYCLE

ACTIONS

MODELS

TOOLS

This is titile

Part one

Tools Catalogue

FOREST METAPHOR CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

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POLICY STUDIES MANUAL BOOK HOOKE PARK UK INFLUENCE

The last part of the manual book is the tools. We have analyzed five aspects at the levels of cost, efficiency, fit scale, ease of operation, and sequestration capacity. Large tools or mechanical equipment, while highly efficient, can cause erosion or soil compaction, so they need to be chosen carefully on a case-by-case basis. This catalogue can provide a reference for tool selection in various situations.

We created another catalogue of broadleaves and conifers to see how these trees as well as the forest would change due to the process of management operation. Beech from young one to old will have different shapes and structure after thinning, coppicing, raising, topping and reduction. The corsican pine part has a similar pruning process but behaves differently in the vertical.

FIG 5.12 - Operational Catalogues[Trees] Drawn by Chenganran Luo

Fig 5.11 - Tools Catalogue Drawn by Chenganran Luo

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FOREST LIFE CYCLE

ACTIONS

MODELS

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

TOOLS

INTRODUCTION

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Part one

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Part one

FOREST METAPHOR

Soil Catalogue

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POLICY STUDIES MANUAL BOOK

Soil composition consists of loose gravel, stones and dirt, with the air component in the interstices also influencing the nutrient of the soil. Soils that are too wet or too compacted are not conducive to forest health and stability. In forest systems, changes within this part of the soil are more detailed. More changes arise from tool selection and microbial synergy. The proportion of soil components also affects the corresponding management activities.

HOOKE PARK

For the soil, we do the insects control, loosen soil, apply organic matter and residues management to see the subtle changes in the soil.

UK INFLUENCE FIG 5.13 - Operational Catalogues[Soil] Drawn by Chenganran Luo

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Chapter / o6 FOREST N IMPLEMENT - HOOKE PARK

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In chapter 6, weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll talk about Hooke Park management plan.

The first thing that needs to be established is how we and the Hooke Park stuff understand or define the role of the forest, which leads to a variety of management modes. We will apply the manual to Hooke Park and be specific to small-scale forest plots. By analyzing site environmental factors and existing management models, and combining them with Wood Wide Web as core concepts, we are able to see Hooke Park taking on a whole new look.

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INTRODUCTION

Changes in the Definition of Forest

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Viewing Forest Through Various Agencies

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POLICY STUDIES MANUAL BOOK HOOKE PARK

Trees offer wood products and valuable landscape services. Both should be supported through markets and fiscal incentives. Most of the controversies in tree policy arise from the impressive range of goods and services that trees provide. With land in short supply, there are many stakeholders, including environmental NGOs, heritage campaigners, water companies, farmers, local communities and commercial foresters. These groups often have conflicting interests, despite a general consensus that trees are a net benefit in most settings.

UK INFLUENCE

These different definition of forest applies whether the afforestation is for commercial or environmental purposes. This creates potential markets and subsidies for a range of ‘tree services’, effectively balancing this column with the ‘tree products/goods’.

FIG 6.1 - Changes in the Definition of Forest Drawn by Chenganran Luo

FIG 6.2 - Definition of Forest Drawn by Chenganran Luo

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INTRODUCTION

Balance in Forest Management

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

General Forestry Modes

FOREST METAPHOR CARBON

The management mode for timber production will pay more attention to the quality of wood and improve the frequency of thinning. The quality of soil is more important in this mode. This mode will neglect the protection of the natural environment, and the decrease of water and air quality will also lead to the decline of livestock, and the overall ecological environment and stable state are decreasing, but it has a high economic value.

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This is a management mode which is the closest to the forest state of the natural environment. This mode pays more attention to the restoration and improvement of the ecological environment. Increasing the richness of species can increase the amount of carbon sequestration in the soil and improve the visual appreciation. But because it is more ecologically sound, the model takes little account of the economic benefits and the amount of carbon sequestration in the timber.

HOOKE PARK UK INFLUENCE

Here we are talking about plantations with a single carbon sequester species.

This mode focuses only on growing the best carbon sequester species at high efficiency. While ignoring the economic benefits of wood production and the protection of water or air quality. Moreover, the ecosystem of monoculture plantations is unstable and vulnerable to diseases and insect pests, leading to mass death.

FIG 6.3 - 3 Forest Management Modes Drawn by Chenganran Luo

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INTRODUCTION

Balance in Forest Management

Hooke Park Mode

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Hooke Park

Construction Analysis

FOREST METAPHOR

Big Shed

CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB

Timber Shelter

As a robotic developer, Jean had more of a general understanding of Hooke Park's management model, more like a member of the team rather than a professional forestry practitioner. So his graph is more like our expected one, which is more balanced and comprehensive, but it also doesn't take into account the economic value of the forest.

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As forester, Chris paid more attention to the management and production of timber. His management mode diagram was closer to the one of timber production. At the same time, he would pay attention to the carbon sequestration amount in the wood and the amount in the biomass.

Workshop

MANUAL BOOK HOOKE PARK

South Lodge

UK INFLUENCE

Based on our observation, Hooke Park's existing management mode takes little account of external market economics, composting capacity, and little attention to the protection of the abiotic natural environment.

They mainly considered wood production and carbon sequestration as their targets.

In order to develop a coherent policy approach, it helps to rationalise the value of trees, splitting them into two broad value categories of ‘goods’ and ‘services’. Our management modes have tried to achieve a balance between these competing demands through regulation.

Hooke Park as the campus of AA Design & Make, the management mode (FIG 6.4) will attach great importance to the teaching nature of the forest, which can be used as the foundation for later tourism use for the nearby residents. With a vision for the Hooke Park woodland, we first analyzed the existing buildings on the site to enhance the future woodland activity dimensions. We find that most of the current buildings and pieces of equipment are only used by Hooke Park faculties, staff, and AA students.

Functionality ranging from equipment and wood storage, dormitories for AA students and staff, teaching and experimental spaces, and dining and recreational facilities.

Boiler House FIG 6.4 - Forest Management Modes Drawn by Chenganran Luo

FIG 6.5 - Hooke Park Construction Analysis Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Hooke Park

Construction Analysis

FOREST METAPHOR

Refectory

CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB

Westminster Lodge

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Caretaker’s House MANUAL BOOK HOOKE PARK

North Lodge

UK INFLUENCE

Hooke Park current facilities including Westminster Lodge, Caretaker’s House, South Lodge, North Lodge, Workshop, Big Shed, Wakeford Hall, Dark Room, Foundry, Refectory, Outdoor Cooking, Timber Shelter, Woodchip Barn, Sawmill Shelter, Biomass Boiler House. The total area of all buildings is 2530 square meters. Due to the lack of some recreational and experiential spaces for surrounding residents and potential visitors, we have incorporated some functionality, mainly for recreational use. In our next step, our woodland development plans include the construction of some tourism spaces and woodland teaching spaces.

Wakeford Hall FIG 6.6 - Hooke Park Construction Analysis Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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INTRODUCTION

Hooke Park

Woodland Conditions

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Hooke Park Condition

6 Main Issues

FOREST METAPHOR CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

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POLICY STUDIES MANUAL BOOK

Applying our manual book in HP can be an example. We look at detailed site condition of Hooke Park. We may conclude 6 main characteristics or issues of it. The section of Hooke Park shows rich soil area, old forest , high density forest, water-prone area, thinned area and young growing forest. These classifications help us better understand the specifics of Hooke Park for subsequent management projects.

HOOKE PARK UK INFLUENCE FIG 6.7 - Images From DIP18-1 Hooke Cookbook Photo by Nicole NG/Connie Lynn Tang

FIG 6.8 - Hooke Park Condition Section Drawn by Chenganran Luo

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INTRODUCTION

Hooke Park Condition

6 Main Issues

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Hooke Park Condition

6 Main Issues

FOREST METAPHOR CARBON

We use a more detailed profile to showcase the features of hoke park. Here are the detailed 6 sections from the whole Hooke Park site. In the current line, we linked the present management actions with plots, showing what the foresterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s doing now. And the after sections shows our additional suggestions of these zones, based on Wood Wide Web, including insects control, ground water control and so on.

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POLICY STUDIES

We can take the old forest section as example to show the difference between before and after. The current mode are pruning, selective thinning, wildlife control and let the dead trees decay. The most important in our additional suggestion are preserving mother trees and cultivate more fungi.

MANUAL BOOK HOOKE PARK UK INFLUENCE

We developed a model map of the management of hoke park based on the survey of available information and current site condition. And we also developed a model map based on tree species information in the lense of Wood Wide Web. By compareing those two maps we can see some turning compartments of the whole sites, in which we can start our first management experiments.

FIG 6.9 - Hooke Park Condition Section Drawn by Chenganran Luo

FIG 6.10 - Hooke Park Model Maps Drawn by Chenganran Luo

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INTRODUCTION

Choose 3 Experimental Sites

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Intervention Priority Map

Choose 3 Experimental Sites

Site Analysis

FOREST METAPHOR

Operational Map

Operations

Sites

CARBON

Forest Functional Map

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POLICY STUDIES MANUAL BOOK HOOKE PARK UK INFLUENCE

These factors includes tree ages, root carbon, soil type, hydrology, current tree growth rate, tree density and rotation year to get the management plan. We assigned and weighted the different categories separately, with higher scores meaning the plot was more likely in need of being managed.

The map provides 7 types of plots from urgently in need of management to non urgently plots and we divided our management plan into 4 phases. We prefer to choose those in the first two phase, which are urgently in need to be managed.

Fig 6.12/6.13/6.14/6.15 - Forest Functional Map/Operational Map/Operations/Sites Drawn by Chenganran Luo/Yufei Dong

FIG 6.11 - Intervention Priority Flowchart Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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INTRODUCTION

Choose 3 Experimental Sites

Forestry Operations

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Choose 3 Experimental Sites

Steps to Chose Our Site

FOREST METAPHOR

Forest Dimensions

CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB

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POLICY STUDIES

Increase the resistance of the stand to environmental stress such as drought, insect infestation, extreme temperature, or wildfire.

Coppicing MANUAL BOOK

After we create a complete management manual book we need to apply it to a specific site to see exactly how the plan changes and improves the health of the forest.

Promoting vigorous re-growth and a sustainable supply of timber for future generations.

HOOKE PARK

Clear-fell

Firstly, we know that forests are made up of many dimensions. From aerial photographs, known circulation maps and field surveys, we analysis the accessibility, forest density and visual aesthetics of each compartment. After that, we assigned a value analysis to each plot of land and ended up with a map of the functional dimensions. Although each plot had diversity and multiple possibilities, we selected three of them: tourism, timber production and pre-seedlings.We will propose different strategies and management options for these specific sites.

Secondly, we are informed that original Hooke Park has three types of operation, including clear-fell, thinning and unmanaged. Our site should include all of these operations. In order to distinguish the functionality and purpose of these different operations, we are aware of the specific patterns of these operations and the corresponding practical application scenarios.

Thirdly, we overlap 7 main influential factors,to get a Intervention priorities.

UK INFLUENCE

For relatively high growth rates and short rotations trees to increase timber production.

Finally, after all the analysis above, we can come to our result of 3 testing sites: 13E, 12C and 9F.

FIG 6.16/6.17 - Difference in Operations Drawn by Chenganran Luo

FIG 6.18 - Choosing Sites Drawn by Chenganran Luo

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INTRODUCTION

Hooke Park Implement

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

9 F - Wood Production

Hooke Park Implement

9 F - Assessment Table

FOREST METAPHOR

(9F)

Before

After

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POLICY STUDIES

Age classes

Timber usage

MANUAL BOOK C

Single age structure

Diverse age structure

Carbon emission

C

Timber production

HOOKE PARK

Thinning site 9F will work as a wood production area and continuous providing fine timber. Our simulation result suggests that thinning 30% is the most suitable way. We apply the result in the whole compartment, which shows a sustainable and productive progress.

UK INFLUENCE FIG 6.19 - 9F Main Improvements Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 6.20 - 9F Assessment Table Drawn by Yufei Dong

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INTRODUCTION

Reciprocity Simulation

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Designing a Simulation Scenario

Reciprocity Simulation

Parameters and Legends

FOREST METAPHOR CARBON

INTERVENTION

SIMULATION

DECISION MAKING

Newborn tree carbon

Tree species

Origin tree carbon

Planted year

Tree species : Beech Planted year : 1955

Scenario 1 : 10% WOOD WIDE WEB

Taking from Forest

Thinning

Scenario 2 : 30% Scenario 3 : 50%

Simulation time span : 100 years

Taking from Forest Total Carbon Wood Production

Rotation year : 20 years

Old tree carbon

Simulation ti

Mother tree [protected tree] carbon

Rotation yea

Newborn tree carbon

Giving Back to the Forest Cultivating Fungi

Growth rate*125% Growth rate *150% Connection radius *125%

Wood produ

Origin tree carbon Old tree carbon

Giving Back to the Forest Number of Connections Age Diversity

Mother tree [protected tree] Newborn carbon tree connection

Newborn tree connection

Parent tree connection

Parent tree connection

IMPORT

SEPARATE 3 TREE GROUPS

THINNING YEAR

AFTER THINNING YEAR

OUTPUT DATA

Giving back to the forest

Taking form the forest

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POLICY STUDIES

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

Preserving Mother Tree

Keep 10% mother tree

iç ç 》 é Trees Locations

Protected trees (mother tree) [Top 10% carbon]

Trees Total Carbon Thinning Percentage

Loop

MANUAL BOOK

Rotation Year

Newborn trees [90% carbon ＜ 0.15 tons] Common trees [90% carbon ＞ 0.15 tons]

Growth Rate Connection Radius

Growing naturally

Number of Connections

Growing naturally Loop

X% Common tree thinning [10%, 30%, 50%]

Newborn trees [Input : 0.0001 ton carbon]

Age Diversity Total Carbon Wood Production

i ç ç 《é

HOOKE PARK

In previous forest management models, wood production and carbon sequestration were used as the main indicators. However, indicators of forest healthy, such as Wood Wide Web connections and age diversity, are equally important. In order to maintain a balance between giving and taking, a model was built to simulate the evolution of forest succession in response to human intervention and record the dynamics of the processes.

UK INFLUENCE

As shown in the diagram above, trees are cut down as adults, the above-ground portion (e.g., 80% biomass) is used as wood, and the roots (e.g., 20% biomass) remain in the ground. At the same time, the forester will plant small saplings in the same place.

The flowchart illustrates the logic of the circular simulation. The trees are divided into three types, some are cut down, some are protected, and some do nothing. The final comparison of giving and taking decide which option to take.

The simulation is set for 100 years, of which every 20 years is a thinning rotation.There are four types of circles to present carbon sequestration. For the protected trees, we will remain it during thinning years as we do not want to break the main connections in Wood Wide Web, which is the connection between the trees in the diagram. There are two charts. One shows the effective of giving back by the number of Wood Wide Web connections and age diversity in the woodland, and the other is how much we taking from the forest by total carbon sequestration and wood production.

FIG 6.23 - Understand thinning in simulation Drawn by Qiuxi Li FIG 6.21 - Reciprocal Simulation Principal Drawn by Qiuxi Li/Yufei Dong

FIG 6.24 - Simulation legends Drawn by Qiuxi Li/Yufei Dong

FIG 6.22 - Grasshopper Workflow Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 6.25/6.26 - Giving back to the forest/Taking form the forest Drawn by Yufei Dong

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c

Root carbon

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Reciprocity Simulation

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Simulation Test Result

Reciprocity Simulation

Simulation Test Result

FOREST METAPHOR CARBON

10 % Thinning

30 % Thinning

30 % Thinning

50 % Thinning

50 % Thinning

WOOD WIDE WEB

10 % Thinning

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POLICY STUDIES MANUAL BOOK HOOKE PARK UK INFLUENCE

A mother tree is the tallest or has the widest girth of its kind in a specific area. She has the most links to the surrounding trees, making the Wood wide web more complex. She also sends nutrients to the surrounding saplings through the network, making them grow faster. In our simulation, we assume that protecting 10% of the mother tree from felling will add up to 125% of the other young treesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; growth rate, causing a significant increase in the number of connections.

Cultivating fungi in the forest will increase the biodiversity of the forest and make the Wood Wide Web connections stronger. In the simulation, we assume that the growth rate increases to 1.5 times and that the radius of connection of the www will be 125% as more fungi will connect plants further apart. Faster growth rates will sequester more carbon in the atmosphere while increasing the productivity of the woodland.

FIG 6.27 - Reciprocity Simulation - Preserving Mother Tree(10%,30%,50%) Drawn by Yufei Dong

FIG 6.28 - Reciprocity Simulation - Cultivating Fungus(10%,30%,50%) Drawn by Yufei Dong

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INTRODUCTION

Hooke Park Implement

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

9 F - Wood Production

Hooke Park Implement

9 F - Wood Production 9F - Phase 1 [ Summer ]

9F - Origin

GENERAL INFORMATION

GENERAL INFORMATION Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

FOREST METAPHOR

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

REGENERATION

REGENERATION

Regeneration Stages

Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

FUNGUS

FUNGUS

Evidence Of Fungus

Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION

DIMENSION

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS

PROTECT ACTIONS

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

9F - Phase 1 [ Winter ]

9F - Phase 1 [ Autumn ]

GENERAL INFORMATION

GENERAL INFORMATION

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

Boardleaf

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

REGENERATION

REGENERATION

Regeneration Stages

Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

FUNGUS

FUNGUS

Evidence Of Fungus

Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION

DIMENSION

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS

PROTECT ACTIONS

MANUAL BOOK

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

9F - Phase 1 [ Spring ]

9F - Phase 2 [ Winter ]

GENERAL INFORMATION

GENERAL INFORMATION Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

Boardleaf

HOOKE PARK

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

REGENERATION

REGENERATION

Regeneration Stages

Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

UK INFLUENCE

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

FUNGUS

FUNGUS

Evidence Of Fungus

Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION

DIMENSION

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POLICY STUDIES

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS

PROTECT ACTIONS Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

In 9 F, we select the mother tree and remain it throughout the thinning phases in the first phase. The actions and tools shown in sections are related to our manual book. Foresters could use Forest N - Manual book as a reference to help them manage their woodlands.

Boardleaf

We advocate forest protective actions, like soil erosion control, insect control, planting fungus, new seedlings would replace the thinned trees to maximize protecting the underground connection.

FIG 6.29 - 9F Implement Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 6.30 - 9F Implement Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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INTRODUCTION

Hooke Park Implement

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

9 F - Wood Production

Hooke Park Implement

9 F - Wood Production

9F - Phase 2 [ Spring ] Phase 1

Phase 1 GENERAL INFORMATION Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Mother tree

Boardleaf

Mother tree

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

Mother tree

Mother tree

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Mother tree Mother tree

FOREST METAPHOR

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

Mother tree Mother tree

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches Mother tree

REGENERATION

Mother tree

Mother tree

Mother tree

Mother tree

Regeneration Stages

Mother tree

WOODLAND STRUCTURE Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Phase 1

Phase 1

[0 YEAR]

[5 YEAR]

Wood production

Growing tree

FUNGUS Evidence Of Fungus

CARBON

DIMENSION Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS

Phase 2

Phase 1

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

9F - Phase 2 [ Summer ] WOOD WIDE WEB

GENERAL INFORMATION Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Phase 2

[5 YEAR]

[5 YEARS]

Selective thinning

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

Selective thinning

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POLICY STUDIES

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HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

Phase 1

REGENERATION Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

Phase 2

Phase 1

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

FUNGUS Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

MANUAL BOOK

9F - Phase 2 [ Autumn ]

Phase 1

Phase 2

[5 YEARS]

Intensive seedlings

Intensive seedlings

GENERAL INFORMATION Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE HOOKE PARK

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

Phase 2

Phase 1

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

REGENERATION Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

UK INFLUENCE

FUNGUS Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

Phase 1

Phase 2

PROTECT ACTIONS

[5 YEAR]

[5 YEARS]

Growing tree

Growing tree

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

All of Forest N - Hooke Park implementation strategies are based on the current state of the site, and the diagrams above shown the 9F management plan.

In the third phase, we can see that with 30% thinning, the woodland maintains a balance between taking and giving back, while incorporating activities related to viewing, recreating, and educating.

FIG 6.32 - 9F Transition Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 6.31 - 9F Implement Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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132

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Hooke Park Implement

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

12C - Replanting

Hooke Park Implement

12C - Assessment Table

FOREST METAPHOR

(12C)

Before

After

CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

POLICY STUDIES

Age classes

Tree species selection

MANUAL BOOK Single age structure

Diverse age structure

Conifer

Native boardleaf

HOOKE PARK

Clear-fell process

UK INFLUENCE

12C is supposed to have a clear-fell and replanting broadleaves. With simulation, we firstly tested the conventional way of clear-fell (FIG 6.39 - senario 1) , which is 1/3 side clear-fell. The result shows that it may lost underground connections and will stop providing nutrient to the young ones.

For another scenario, we chose to test selective thinning and devide the process into three steps. Selective thinning (FIG 6.39 - senario 2) might prevent soil erosion and help replanted seedlings get more nutrient from mature trees, making the whole replanting process more gentle and gradual. By compareing the results of senario 1 and 2, we chose to do the selective thinning to minimize the harm.

FIG 6.33 - 12C Main Improvements Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 6.34 - 12C Assessment Table Drawn by Yufei Dong

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134

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Hooke Park Implement

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

12C - Replanting

Hooke Park Implement

12C - Replanting

12C - Origin

12C - Phase 1 [ Summer ]

GENERAL INFORMATION Woodland Area By Type Conifer

GENERAL INFORMATION Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

REGENERATION

REGENERATION

Regeneration Stages

Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

FUNGUS

FUNGUS

Evidence Of Fungus

Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION

DIMENSION

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS

PROTECT ACTIONS

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

12C - Phase 1 [ Winter ]

12C - Phase 1 [ Autumn ]

GENERAL INFORMATION

GENERAL INFORMATION

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

FOREST METAPHOR

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

Boardleaf

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

REGENERATION

REGENERATION

Regeneration Stages

Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

FUNGUS

FUNGUS

Evidence Of Fungus

Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION

DIMENSION

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS

PROTECT ACTIONS

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

12C - Phase 1 [ Spring ]

12C - Phase 1 [ Winter ]

GENERAL INFORMATION

GENERAL INFORMATION

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

MANUAL BOOK

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

POLICY STUDIES

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Boardleaf

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

REGENERATION

REGENERATION

Regeneration Stages

Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

FUNGUS

FUNGUS

Evidence Of Fungus

Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION

DIMENSION

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS

PROTECT ACTIONS

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

HOOKE PARK

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

UK INFLUENCE

12C would be replanted from a conifers plot to a board leaf plot in the next five years, as the native broadleaf plays an essential role in woodland health. Firstly we do the selective thinning and planting native broadleaf seedlings. This action would repeat three times to change the tree species fully.

Boardleaf

We also retain protective actions during the transition from coniferous to broadleaf plot and Forest N advocating selective thinning to minimize the Wood Wide Web impact.

FIG 6.35 - 12C Implement Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 6.36 - 12C Implement Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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136

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Hooke Park Implement

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

12C - Replanting

Hooke Park Implement

12C - Replanting

12C - Phase 1 [ Spring ]

12C - Phase 1 [ Winter ]

GENERAL INFORMATION Woodland Area By Type Conifer

GENERAL INFORMATION Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

REGENERATION

REGENERATION

Regeneration Stages

Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

FUNGUS

FUNGUS

Evidence Of Fungus

Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION

DIMENSION

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS

PROTECT ACTIONS

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

12C - Phase 1 [ Summer ]

12C - Phase 1 [ Spring ]

GENERAL INFORMATION

GENERAL INFORMATION

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

FOREST METAPHOR

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

Boardleaf

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

REGENERATION

REGENERATION

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

MANUAL BOOK

Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

FUNGUS

FUNGUS

Evidence Of Fungus

Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION

DIMENSION

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS

PROTECT ACTIONS

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

12C - Phase 1 [ Autumn ]

12C - Phase 1 [ Summer ]

GENERAL INFORMATION

GENERAL INFORMATION Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

Boardleaf

HOOKE PARK

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

REGENERATION

REGENERATION

Regeneration Stages

Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

POLICY STUDIES

Regeneration Stages

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

UK INFLUENCE

We provide the impacts that the future woodland activities can have on the plots, based on the different phases and seasons. We reflect on the changes by visualizing those transitions on the assessment tables.

Boardleaf

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

FUNGUS

FUNGUS

Evidence Of Fungus

Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION

DIMENSION

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS

PROTECT ACTIONS

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

We can see how AA students and surrounding residents could enjoy the forest and give back simultaneously from the above sections. Activities including forest courses, wildlife tracking, tree identifying, etc.

FIG 6.37 - 12C Implement Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 6.38 - 12C Implement Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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138

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Hooke Park Implement

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

12C - Replanting

Hooke Park Implement

12C - Replanting

12C - Phase 1 [ Autumn ] Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Phase 1 -2

Phase 1 -1

GENERAL INFORMATION Boardleaf

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

FOREST METAPHOR

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

REGENERATION Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Phase 1

Phase 1

[YEAR 0]

[5 YEARS]

Replanting area

New plantings

FUNGUS Evidence Of Fungus

CARBON

DIMENSION Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS

Phase 1-3

Phase 1 -1

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

12C - Phase 1 [ Winter ] WOOD WIDE WEB

GENERAL INFORMATION Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

Phase 1

[5 YEARS]

[5 YEARS]

First time selective thinning

Third time selective thinning

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

POLICY STUDIES

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

Phase 1

REGENERATION Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Phase 1-3

Phase 1 -1

FUNGUS Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

MANUAL BOOK

Scenario 1 - Half Clear-fell Phase 1

Phase 1

[5 YEARS]

[5 YEARS]

New plantings

Third time selective thinning

HOOKE PARK

Phase 1-3

Phase 1 -2

Scenario 2 - Selective thinning (Forest N advocate)

UK INFLUENCE

Phase 1

Phase 1

[5 YEARS]

[5 YEARS]

Second time selective thinning

New plantings

All of Forest N - Hooke Park implementation strategies are based on the current state of the site, and the diagrams above shown the 12C management plan.

FIG 6.40 - 12C Implement Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 6.39 - Clear-fell Choosing Drawn by Chenganran Luo

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140

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Hooke Park Implement

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

13E - Tourism

Hooke Park Implement

13E - Assessment Table

FOREST METAPHOR

(13E)

Before

After

CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

POLICY STUDIES

Woodland openness

MANUAL BOOK Private

Public

HOOKE PARK

Unmanaged plot

UK INFLUENCE

13E is a separate long strip of land located in the northern part of the overall Hooke Park.

This is an area of natural growth that has been virtually unmanaged for the past twenty years. And because of its proximity to major roads and driving routes, we have planned it for external visitation, with the hope of creating more open space and adding more soft features to bring people into the interior of the forest.

FIG 6.41 - 12C Main Improvements Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 6.42 - 13E Assessment Table Drawn by Yufei Dong

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142

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Hooke Park Implement

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

13E - Tourism

Hooke Park Implement

13E - Tourism

13E - Origin

13E - Phase 1 [ Winter ]

GENERAL INFORMATION Woodland Area By Type Conifer

GENERAL INFORMATION Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

FOREST METAPHOR

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

REGENERATION

REGENERATION

Regeneration Stages

Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

FUNGUS

FUNGUS

Evidence Of Fungus

Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION

DIMENSION

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS

PROTECT ACTIONS

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

13E - Phase 1 [ Summer ]

13E - Phase 1 [ Spring ]

GENERAL INFORMATION

GENERAL INFORMATION

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

Boardleaf

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

REGENERATION

REGENERATION

Regeneration Stages

Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

FUNGUS

FUNGUS

Evidence Of Fungus

Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION

DIMENSION

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS

PROTECT ACTIONS

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

13E - Phase 1 [ Autumn ]

13E - Phase 2 [ Summer ]

GENERAL INFORMATION

GENERAL INFORMATION

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

MANUAL BOOK

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

Boardleaf

HOOKE PARK

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

REGENERATION

REGENERATION

Regeneration Stages

Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

POLICY STUDIES

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

UK INFLUENCE

The particular changes in 13E are in forest dimensions since more activities could happen here. For phase 1, after judging from the Satellite image, we select a possible path and thinning alongside the way preparing for phase 2. We provide possible activities, including thinning and some other protective actions like soil erosion control, fertilizing, etc.

Boardleaf

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

FUNGUS

FUNGUS

Evidence Of Fungus

Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION

DIMENSION

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS

PROTECT ACTIONS

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

By adding buildings and structures to attract and accommodate potential visitors who can have experience in the woodland and do giving back actions for forest health, woodland activities are meant to engage more people in nature and raise peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s awareness of forest health.

FIG 6.43 - 13E Implement Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 6.44 - 12C Implement Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Hooke Park Implement

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

13E - Tourism

Hooke Park Implement

13E - Tourism 13E - Phase 3 [ Summer ]

13E - Phase 2 [ Autumn ] GENERAL INFORMATION Woodland Area By Type Conifer

GENERAL INFORMATION Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

REGENERATION

REGENERATION

Regeneration Stages

Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

FUNGUS

FUNGUS

Evidence Of Fungus

Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION

DIMENSION

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS

PROTECT ACTIONS

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

13E - Phase 2 [ Winter ]

13E - Phase 3 [ Autumn ]

GENERAL INFORMATION

GENERAL INFORMATION

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

FOREST METAPHOR

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

Boardleaf

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

REGENERATION

REGENERATION

Regeneration Stages

Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

FUNGUS

FUNGUS

Evidence Of Fungus

Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION

DIMENSION

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS

PROTECT ACTIONS

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

13E - Phase 2 [ Spring ]

13E - Phase 3 [ Winter ]

GENERAL INFORMATION

GENERAL INFORMATION

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

MANUAL BOOK

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

Boardleaf

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

REGENERATION

REGENERATION

Regeneration Stages

Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

WOODLAND STRUCTURE

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

FUNGUS

FUNGUS

Evidence Of Fungus

Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION

DIMENSION

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS

PROTECT ACTIONS

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

HOOKE PARK

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

POLICY STUDIES

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

UK INFLUENCE

In phase 2, we provide possible actions along the new path after the ground pavement is prepared. The underground connection increased with the help of fungus. Visitors could go jogging and walking dogs here.

Boardleaf

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

Phase 3 is to have more open space and facilities, above images show where are the three open spaces. in 13E, more facilities required activities, and large gatherings could happen, like camping, BBQ, installation making.

FIG 6.45 - 13E Implement Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 6.46 - 13E Implement Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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146

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Hooke Park Implement

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

13E - Tourism

Hooke Park Implement

13E - Tourism

13E - Phase 3 [ Spring ] Phase 2

Phase 1 GENERAL INFORMATION Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

Walking Cycling

Jogging

FOREST METAPHOR

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

Walking dogs Tracking wildlife

REGENERATION Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

Phase 1

Phase 1

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY

Phase 2

[5 YEARS]

Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

Phase 3

[3 YEARS]

Thinning for new path

Generating for new path

FUNGUS Evidence Of Fungus

CARBON

DIMENSION Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

Phase 3

Phase 1

WOOD WIDE WEB

Phase 1

Phase 3

Phase 1

Phase 2

[5 YEARS]

Phase 3

[5 YEARS]

More open space + facilities

Phase 3

Phase 1

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

POLICY STUDIES

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

Thinning for new path

Open space 3 Open space 1

MANUAL BOOK

Phase 1

Phase 3

Phase 1

Open space 2

Phase 2

[5 YEARS]

Phase 3

[5 YEARS]

Thinning for new path

More open space + facilities

HOOKE PARK

Phase 3

Phase 2

Sketching Wildlife identifying

Open space 3

Open space 1

UK INFLUENCE

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase 1

Open space 2 Installations making

Phase 2

Camping Biology course Team building BBQ

Phase 3

[3 YEARS]

[5 YEARS]

Generating for new path

More open space + facilities

All of Forest N - Hooke Park implementation strategies are based on the current state of the site, and the diagrams above shown the 13E management plan.

FIG 6.47 - 13E Implement Drawn by Qiuxi Li

FIG 6.48 - 13E Implement Drawn by Qiuxi Li

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Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

Hooke Park Influence

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Neighbour Cities And Forests

FOREST METAPHOR CARBON WOOD WIDE WEB

Beaminster Forest

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

POLICY STUDIES

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

We envisioned Hooke Park as a whole rather than as a fragmented piece, and we projected its expected outcomes after applying our management plan. Over the years, Hooke Park will become more and more sustainable, with a network of mature trees which will gradually connect with each other. The following step will be to gradually influence the surrounding trees outside Hooke Park to form a larger underground network.

MANUAL BOOK

Birdport Footpath

HOOKE PARK

Once our management plan is in place, we will predict the impact on the neighbour cities and forests like Beaminster and Birdport forest. After Hooke Park itself establishes an underground connection between trees, starting from Hooke Park as the center, we will see veteran trees connecting and guiding people really get into the forest and experience the nature through transportation links such as highway and train tracks.

UK INFLUENCE

Once the overall park network is formed, it will form a more extensive network of transportation with other nearby forests and parks. Residents of nearby cities and villages can be attracted to the forest greenery and enjoy the nature.

FIG 6.50 - Hooke Park Influence Result Drawn by Chenganran Luo

FIG 6.49 - Hooke Images

149

150

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Chapter / o7 NEW GRANT IMPLEMENT - POTENTIAL INFLUENCE IN THE UK

153

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

In Hook Park, we determined the woodlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s characteristics and direction using the Forest Condition Assessment. The next step is to apply the modified grant assessment form to a larger scale, such as the UK, incentivizing people to undertake activities to give back to forests through a national grant policy.

Form reciprocal networks between people and nature. People living in cities come to the countryside to experience life in the deep woods and get involved in forest management. These activities both enrich lives and contribute to the forest.

154

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

New Grant Implement

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Current Condition

FOREST METAPHOR CARBON

Woodland Condition Assessment [NOW]

WOOD WIDE WEB

GENERAL INFORMATION Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

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POLICY STUDIES

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HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

REGENERATION Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

FUNGUS Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

MANUAL BOOK HOOKE PARK

Reciprocal networks are the link between people and nature. We promote the idea that humans cannot simply take from nature without restraint, such as producing wood or playing in the forest. It is also important to help the forest in any way we can, for example, by planned felling to increase age diversity, protecting mother trees so that the forest can regenerate itself, and nurturing fungi that benefit the soil and roots.

UK INFLUENCE

Currently, forestry grants in the UK are not very effective in encouraging foresters and the general population to get involved in giving back to the forests. People are not yet aware of the enormous value that these activities create, so there is plenty of room for improvement.

Major Towns and Cities

Multi-Dimensional Forest

Reciprocal Network

Regenerating Forest

Woodland Area

Veteran Trees Density MAP 7.1 - Current Reciprocal Network Drawn by Yufei Dong

155

156

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

New Grant Implement

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Reciprocal Assumptions

FOREST METAPHOR CARBON

Woodland Condition Assessment [FUTURE]

WOOD WIDE WEB

GENERAL INFORMATION Woodland Area By Type Conifer

Boardleaf

WOODLAND DAMAGE / DISTURBANCE

Nutrient Enrichment + Damaged Area + Native Plants Present + Wildlife

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

POLICY STUDIES

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

HABITAT TYPES PRESENT

Open Space + Wetland + Veteran Trees + Deadwood + Fallen Branches

REGENERATION Regeneration Stages

WOODLAND STRUCTURE Canopy Cover + Tree Age Classes + Native Tree Species Richness

CARBON STORAGE CAPABILITY Carbon Capability Level Of The Species

FUNGUS Evidence Of Fungus

DIMENSION Timber Usage + Forest Dimensions

PROTECT ACTIONS Number Of Ways Of Giving Back

MANUAL BOOK HOOKE PARK UK INFLUENCE

A revised forestry grant would give grants based on the woodland’s current status and encourage managers to do more activities that are good for the forest. In this way, we would predict that not only would the links between forests be strengthened, but also between the UK’s major towns and forests, as more ordinary people join in the action of giving back to the woods.

Mother trees will be exceptionally protected, creating a more complex WWW that supports small saplings’ growth and gives the forest the ability to regenerate itself. At the same time, the forest becomes richer in dimensions, not only for producing wood and mitigating climate change, but also as a place to learn about nature and exercise.

Major Towns and Cities

Multi-Dimensional Forest

Reciprocal Network

Regenerating Forest

Woodland Area

Veteran Trees Density MAP 7.2 - Future Reciprocal Network Drawn by Yufei Dong

157

158

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

INTRODUCTION

New Grant Implement

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

Reciprocal Assumptions

New Grant Implement

Reciprocal Assumptions

FOREST METAPHOR

More Native Species

CARBON A1

A2

Carbon Capture

MAP 7.3/7.4 - Distribution of Native Species Drawn by Yufei Dong

MAP 7.9/7.10 - Registered UK Woodland Carbon Drawn by Yufei Dong

A1 - Before A2 - After

D1 - Before D2 - After

The new grant assessment encourages planting native species (like beech and ash) and controlling invasive species.​

More forest will reach the standard of Woodland Carbon Code and will contribute to minimize greenhouse gas emissions.​ Carbon

Native Species rare

D1

D2

abundance

Late to Verity Under Development

Validated Verfied

WOOD WIDE WEB MANUAL BOOK B1

B2

Reciprocal Network MAP 7.11/7.12 - Links Between Forest and Cities Drawn by Yufei Dong

B1 - Before B2 - After

E1 - Before E2 - After

After maintaining the habitat around the veteran trees, Wood W i d e We b c o n n e c t i o n w o u l d become stronger.

The growing links between forest and cities are showing a better reciprocal relationship between forest and citizens.​

Veteran Trees 2

0 Tree/km

E1 20 Trees/km

E2

2

Connection Strength Weak

Strong

HOOKE PARK UK INFLUENCE

Regeneration

C1

C2

Multi-Dimensional Forest

MAP 7.7/7.8 - Distribution of Regenerating Forest Drawn by Yufei Dong

MAP 7.13/7.14 - Number of Forest Dimensions Drawn by Yufei Dong

C1 - Before C2 - After

F1 - Before F2 - After

Saplings will grow naturally in the understory. In this way, woodlands will regenerate without human intervention.

As a result, people go to woodland more often, making the woodland a multi-dimensional forest, known as forest N

Regenerating Forest

F1

F2

Forest Dimensions Less

159

160

More

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POLICY STUDIES

Preserving Veteran Trees MAP 7.5/7.6 - Distribution of Veteran Trees Drawn by Yufei Dong

Forest N | Reciprocating Nature

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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GOV.UK. ‘Managing England’s Woodlands in a Climate

Stagg, Robert, and Sheila Ward. ‘Forest Research, 231 Corstorphine Road, Edinburgh, EH12 7AT’, n.d., 24.

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Morgan, M. Granger, and Brian Wynne. ‘Rationality and Ritual: The Windscale Inquiry and Nuclear Decisions in Britain’. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 3, no.

1 (1983): 156. https://doi.org/10.2307/3324060.

Toju, Hirokazu, Paulo R. Guimarães, Jens M. Olesen, and John N. Thompson. ‘Below-Ground Plant–Fungus Network Topology Is Not Congruent with above-Ground Plant– Animal Network Topology’. Science Advances 1, no. 9 (October 2015): e1500291. https://doi.org/10.1126/ sciadv.1500291.

Popova Maria. ‘The Secret Life of Trees: The Astonishing Science of What Trees Feel and How They Communicate’.

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‘The Secret Life of Trees: The Astonishing Science of What Trees Feel and How They Communicate’. Brain Pickings (blog), 26 September 2016. https://www. brainpickings.org/2016/09/26/the-hidden-life-of-treespeter-wohlleben/.

‘The Wisdom of Trees: Walt Whitman on What Our Silent Friends Teach Us About Being Rather Than Seeming’.

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Wohlleben, Peter. The Hidden Life of Trees: What They Feel, How They Communicate—Discoveries from a Secret World. Greystone Books, 2016.

FORESTRY POLICY

Wohlleben, Peter. The Hidden Life of Trees: What They Feel, How They Communicate—Discoveries from a Secret World. Greystone Books, 2016.

Morison, James I. L, Great Britain, Forest Research, Great Britain, and

Lent, Jeremy R., and Fritjof Capra. The Patterning Instinct: A Cultural

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History of Humanity’s Search for Meaning. Prometheus Books Amherst, NY, 2017.

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Commission, Forestry. ‘Action Plan for Tree Health and Plant Biosecurity’. Forestry Commission, 2012.

THE LATEST WAY OF LOOKING AT FORESTS GFBI consortium, B. S. Steidinger, T. W. Crowther, J. Liang, M. E. Van Nuland, G. D. A. Werner, P. B. Reich, et al. ‘Climatic Controls of Decomposition Drive the Global Biogeography of Forest-Tree Symbioses’. Nature 569, no.

7756 (May 2019): 404–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41586-019-1128-0.

Hopkins, David. ‘The Timber Industry: Growing Our LowCarbon Economy’. The Timber Accord, Wood for Good, n.d.

‘The UK Forestry Standard: The Government’s Approach to Sustainable Forestry’, 1998.

GOV.UK. ‘CPET Guidance for the Growers of Timber in the UK (CPET Growers Guide)’. Accessed 2 October 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ sustainable-forest-management-for-woodland-owners-andgrowers.

Khan Tanveer, Sikander, Xingli Lu, Shamim-Ul-Sibtain Shah, Imtiaz Hussain, and Muhammad Sohail. ‘Soil Carbon Sequestration through Agronomic Management Practices’. In CO2 Sequestration, edited by Leidivan Almeida Frazão, Adriana Marcela Silva-Olaya, and Junio Cota Silva. IntechOpen, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5772/ intechopen.87107.

Defra. Biodiversity 2020: A Strategy for England’s Wildlife and Ecosystem Services. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs London, 2011.

Morison, James I. L, Great Britain, Forest Research, Great Britain, and Forestry Commission. Understanding the Carbon and Greenhouse Gas Balance of Forests in Britain.

Edinburgh: Forestry Commission, 2012.

Forest Research. ‘Forest Reproductive Material: Regulations Controlling Seed, Cuttings and Planting Stock for Forestry in Great Britain (2nd Edition)’, 16:14:09.705735+00:00. http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/research/forestreproductive-material-regulations-controlling-seed-cuttingsand-planting-stock-for-forestry-in-great-britain-2nd-edition/.

Nunes, Leonel J.R., Catarina I.R. Meireles, Carlos J. Pinto Gomes, and Nuno M.C. Almeida Ribeiro. ‘Forest Contribution to Climate Change Mitigation: Management Oriented to Carbon Capture and Storage’. Climate 8,no.

2 (27 January 2020): 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ cli8020021.

Pyatt, D. Graham, Duncan Ray, and Jane Fletcher. An

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‘Managing Ancient and Native Woodland in England’.

Bristol, UK: Forestry Commission England.[Google Scholar], 2010.

Farmer, R. A., and T. R. Nisbet. ‘An Overview of Forest Management and Change with Respect to Environmental Protection in the UK’, 2004.

Forestry Commission, Edinburgh (United Kingdom); ‘Environmental Impact Assessment of Forestry Projects’, 2001.

GOV.UK. ‘Government Forestry Policy Statement’.

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Nisbet, T. R. ‘The Role of Forest Management in Controlling Diffuse Pollution in UK Forestry’. Forest Ecology and Management 143, no. 1–3 (2001): 215–226.

GOV.UK. ‘Public Forest Estate Management Organisation: Development of Responsibilities’. Accessed 2 October 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ public-forest-estate-management-organisation-developmentof-responsibilities.

‘Re-Wilding UK’. Accessed 2 October 2020. https:// www.common-wealth.co.uk/interactive-digital-projects/rewilding-uk.

Starr, Chris. Woodland Management: A Practical Guide.

Crowood, 2013.

Stewardship, Countryside, and Woodland Creation.

‘Countryside Stewardship’. An Outline. Countryside Commission, CCP 346 (1992).

GOV.UK. ‘Timber Procurement Policy (TPP): Prove Legality and Sustainability’. Accessed 2 October 2020. https:// www.gov.uk/guidance/timber-procurement-policy-tppprove-legality-and-sustainablity.

UKWAS. UK Woodland Assurance Standard. UKWAS Support Unit Edinburgh, 2006.

FOREST N MANAGEMENT ‘Communicating Effectively about Young Forest Management to Benefit Associated Wildlife Species’.

In Proceedings of the Eleventh American Woodcock Symposium. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing, 2019. https://doi.org/10.24926/AWS.0109.

Farming for a Better Climate. ‘Improving Soil Quality: Practical Guide’, 2015.

Forestry Commission, Technical Development Branch.

‘Information Note: Forest Ground Preparation’, 13 February 2002.

Hoover, Coeli, and Susan Stout. ‘The Carbon Consequences of Thinning Techniques: Stand Structure Makes a Difference’. Journal of Forestry, 2007, 5.

Hopkins, David. ‘The Timber Industry: Growing Our LowCarbon Economy’. The Timber Accord, Wood for Good, n.d.

International Workshop Life Cycle Analysis: a Challenge for Forestry and Forest Industry, Arno Frühwald, and European Forest Institute, eds. Life-Cycle Analysis - a Challenge for Forestry and Forest Industry: Proceedings of the International Workshop 3-5 May 1995, Hamburg, Germany. EFI Proceedings, No.8. Joensuu: European Forest Institute, 1995.

Kerr, Gary, and Jens Haufe. ‘Thinning Practice - A Silvicultural Guide’, 2011, 54.

McAleenan, Benedict, and John Humphrys. ‘Bigger, Better Forests’. Policy Exchange, n.d.

Nisbet, T, J Dutch, and A Moffat. Whole-Tree Harvesting: A Guide to Good Practice. Edinburgh: Forestry Commission, 1997.

Stewart, Nancy, and Nevin Dawson. ‘Forest Thinning: A Landowner’s Tool for Healthy Woods’. The university of Maryland Extension, 2013.

Forestry Commission. ‘Managing England’s Woodlands in a Climate Emergency’. Forestry Commission, 2019.

Quintero-Méndez, Ma, and M Jerez-Rico. ‘Heuristic Forest Planning Model for Optimizing Timber Production and Carbon Sequestration in Teak Plantations’. IForest Biogeosciences and Forestry 10, no. 2 (30 April 2017): 430–39. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1733-009.

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

Wohlleben, Peter. The Secret Life of Trees: The Astonishing Science of What Trees Feel and How They Communicate.

Greystone Kids; Illustrated Edition (13 Sept. 2016), n.d.

Emergency’. Accessed 2 October 2020. https://www. gov.uk/government/publications/managing-englandswoodlands-in-a-climate-emergency.

Moffat, A. J. ‘Forestry and Soil Protection in the UK’. Soil Use and Management 7, no. 3 (1991): 145–150.

WOOD WIDE WEB

Harrison, Robert Pogue. Forests: The Shadow of Civilization. University of Chicago Press; New edition (1 Mar. 1993), n.d.

TABLE OF FIGURES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

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CHANGING DEFINITION OF NATURE

Gtowski, Jerzy M., Andrzej Bobiec, and World Wildlife Fund Poland, eds. The Afterlife of a Tree. Warszawa: WWF Poland [u.a.], 2005.

Appendix /

Ecological Site Classification for Forestry in Great Britain.

Forestry Commission Bulletin 124. Edinburgh: Forestry Commission, 2001.

TABLE OF MAP

TABLE OF FIGURE

FIG 1 - Forest N - Biodiversity

FIG 4.6 - Forest Protected under Committees

FIG 2 - Forest N - Carbon Sink

FIG 4.7/4.8 - Hooke Park Management Sequence

FIG 3 - Forest N - Woodland Production

‘History | Hooke Park’. Accessed 2 October 2020. http:// hookepark.aaschool.ac.uk/history/.

FIG 4 - Forest N - Reciprocity FIG 5/6 - Home Page/Body Page Introduction FIG 7 - Interactive Storytelling Map FIG 2.1 - Comparison of Global Warming Atlas Data source: GFS / NCEP / US National Weather Service Available at: https://earth.nullschool.net/zh-cn/#current/ wind/surface/ level/overlay=temp/orthographic=-66.96,30.17,422 FIG 2.3 - The Cumulative Contributions to the Global Carbon Budget Friedlingstein, Pierre, Matthew W. Jones, Michael O’Sullivan, Robbie M.Andrew, Judith Hauck, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, et al. ‘Global CarbonBudget 2019’. Earth System Science Data 11, no. 4 (4 December 2019): 1783–1838.

Available at: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-17832019.

FIG 2.2 - Global Strategies in Different Industry Data source: United Nations Statistics Division Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/forestarea-km Policy source: https://infoflr.org/countries FIG 2.4 - Carbon Fluxes between Components in and out of Forest Forest Research. ‘Carbon Cycle’, 08:30:00+00:00. http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/ statistics/forestry-statistics/forestry-statistics-2018/ukforests-and-climate-change/carbon-cycle/.

FIG 2.7 - 3 Methods of Measuring Aboveground Carbon Storage Zhang, Xin, Yong Zhao, Mark S. Ashton, and Xuhui Lee. ‘Measuring Carbon in Forests’. In Managing Forest Carbon in a Changing Climate, 139–164. Springer, 2012.

FIG 2.8 - Perspective Reflects on Biomass Measurement 38 Zhang, Xin, Yong Zhao, Mark S. Ashton, and Xuhui Lee. ‘Measuring Carbon in Forests’. In Managing Forest Carbon in a Changing Climate, 139–164. Springer, 2012.

FIG 2.9 - Perspective Reflects on SOC Measurement 39 Gehl, Ron, and Charles Rice. ‘Emerging Technologies for in Situ Measurement of Soil Carbon’. Climatic Change 80 (16 January 2007): 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10584-006-9150-2.

Gholizadeh, Asa, Daniel Žižala, Mohammadmehdi Saberioon, and Luboš Bor\uuvka. ‘Soil Organic Carbon and Texture Retrieving and Mapping Using Proximal, Airborne and Sentinel-2 Spectral Imaging’. Remote Sensing of Environment 218 (2018): 89–103.

MAP 1.7 - Forest Metaphor At present

MAP 7.2 - Future Reciprocal Network

FIG 6.2 - Definition of Forest

MAP 1.9 - Forest Metaphor - Indigenous principles

MAP 7.3/7.4 - Distribution of Native Species

MAP 1.10 - Forest Metaphor - Martin Buber

FIG 4.10 - Current Woodland Grant

Definitions of forest:‘Data and Statistics - Forestry and Timber - UNECE’. Accessed 20 April 2020. https://www. unece.org/forests/fpm/ onlinedata.html.

MAP 1.11 - Forest Metaphor - Walt Whitman

Agency, Environment. ‘Species Surveys - Non-Native Species’, 29 September 2020. https://data.gov.uk/ dataset/91b9fea3-f3fd-4a52-bad6-58d7cb0ef2ec/ species-surveys-non-native-species.

GOV.UK. ‘Countryside Stewardship Grants’. Accessed 2 October 2020. https://www.gov.uk/countrysidestewardship-grants.

GOV.UK. ‘Forestry Commission’. Accessed 20 April 2020. https://www.gov.uk/ government/organisations/forestrycommission.

MAP 1.13 - Forest Metaphor - Wohlleben Chronicles

MAP 7.5/7.6 - Distribution of Veteran Trees

MAP 1.14 - Forest Metaphor - Wohlleben Chronicles

FIG 4.11 - Current Woodland Condition Assessment

‘Global Forest Resources Assessments | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations’. Accessed 20 April 2020. http://www.fao.org/forest- resourcesassessment/en/.

MAP 2.1 - The Global Carbon Credit Data source: SITC

‘Tree Search - Ancient Tree Inventory’. Accessed 2 October 2020. https://ati.woodlandtrust.org.uk/tree-search/.

‘Home | Convention on Biological Diversity’. Accessed 20 April 2020. https://www.cbd.int/.

Data source: United Nations Statistics Division

‘Forestry Commission - GOV.UK’. Accessed 2 October 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ forestry-commission.

Pigott, Rich. ‘Woodland Wildlife Toolkit’. Accessed 2 October 2020. https://woodlandwildlifetoolkit.sylva.org. uk/.

FIG 4.12 - Woodland Management Plan Payment Rates GOV.UK. ‘Countryside Stewardship Grants’. Accessed 2 October 2020. https://www.gov.uk/countrysidestewardship-grants.

FIG 4.13 - Grant Assessment FIG 5.1 - Forest Life Cycle

FIG 5.2 - General Forest Management Actions

Giessen, Lukas, Pradip Kumar Sarker, and Md Saifur Rahman. ‘International and Domestic Sustainable Forest Management Policies: Distributive Effects on Power among State Agencies in Bangladesh’. Sustainability 8, no. 4 (April 2016): 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su8040335.

FIG 5.3 - Wood Wide Web Forest Management Actions 92 FIG 5.4 - General Forest Leisure Actions FIG 5.5 - General Forest Management Actions FIG 5.6 - General Timber Usage FIG 5.7 - Taking - Giving Back Actions FIG 5.8 - General Forest Management Models Nunes, Leonel J. R., Catarina I. R. Meireles, Carlos J. Pinto Gomes, and Nuno M. C. Almeida Ribeiro. ‘Forest Contribution to Climate Change Mitigation: Management Oriented to Carbon Capture and Storage’. Climate 8, no. 2 (February 2020): 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ cli8020021.

FIG 5.9 - Wood Wide Web Forest Management Models 98 FIG 5.10 - Tree Species Catalogue

FIG 2.11 - Woodchip Barn & Westminster Lodge in Hooke Park Photo

‘Forestry Tools’. Accessed 1 March 2020. https://www. forestrytools.com.au/.

FIG 2.12 - Measurement Of DBH Photo

‘Forestry Tools’. Accessed 1 March 2020. https://www. forestandarb.com/Forestry_Tools.html.

FIG 3.9 - Human - Underground Society FIG 3.10 - Human - Underground Network FIG 4.1 - Forest Under the Ice Layer FIG 4.2 - Felled Timber for Human Settlement FIG 4.3 - Forest for Noble FIG 4.4 - Forest for Shipbuilding FIG 4.5 - Forest for Trenches Building liberaldictionary.com/thinning/.

https://www.

World Agroforestry | Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees. ‘Http://Www.Worldagroforestry.Org/’.

Accessed 20 April 2020. http://www. worldagroforestry. org/.

‘UN DESA | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |’. Accessed 20 April 2020. https://www. un.org/development/desa/en/.

FIG 5.11 - Tools Catalogue

Toju, Hirokazu, Paulo R. Guimarães, Jens M. Olesen, and John N. Thompson. ‘Below-Ground Plant–Fungus Network Topology Is Not Congruent with above-Ground Plant– Animal Network Topology’. Science Advances 1, no. 9 (2015): e1500291.

‘Home | Global Partnership on Forest and Landscape Restoration’. Accessed 20 April 2020. https://www. forestlandscaperestoration.org/.

‘(PDF) Exploring the Importance of Employing Bio and Nano-Materials for Energy Efficient Buildings Construction’.

Accessed 2 October 2020. https://www.researchgate. net/publication/316611253_Exploring_the_Importance_ of_Employing_Bio_and_Nano-Materials_for_Energy_ Efficient_Buildings_Construction.

FIG 2.10 - UK Timber Import

FIG 3.8 - Mycorrhiza Network

MAP 1.4 - Forest Metaphor In 1546

MAP 1.3 - Forest Metaphor In 1546

MAP 1.8 - Forest Metaphor Summary

‘Environmental Management : Forestry - Detailed Information - GOV.UK’. Accessed 2 October 2020. https://www.gov.uk/topic/environmental-management/ forestry.

Morison, James I. L, Great Britain, Forest Research, Great Britain, and Forestry Commission. Understanding the Carbon and Greenhouse Gas Balance of Forests in Britain.

Edinburgh: Forestry Commission, 2012.

FIG 3.7 - Trees - Mycorrhiza Network

Chazdon, Robin L., Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Lars Laestadius, Aoife Bennett-Curry, Kathleen Buckingham, Chetan Kumar, Julian Moll-Rocek, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, and Sarah Jane Wilson. ‘When Is a Forest a Forest? Forest Concepts and Definitions in the Era of Forest and Landscape Restoration’. Ambio 45, no. 5 (September 2016): 538–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-0160772-y.

MAP 1.2 - Forest Metaphor In 1543

Commission, Forestry. ‘NATIONAL FOREST ESTATE RECREATION AREAS ENGLAND 2016’, 28 August 2020. https://data.gov.uk/dataset/3d279869-555d-45c2a859-d029dab1fc39/national-forest-estate-recreationareas-england-2016.

‘National Forest Inventory - Carbon in Live Woodland Trees GB 2011’, 19 March 2020. https://data.gov.uk/ dataset/0790de6f-a372-41a4-9342-bf49fa8e22f1/ national-forest-inventory-carbon-in-live-woodland-treesgb-2011.

FIG 4.9 - Forestry Commission Main Responsibilities

Wielopolski, L., I. Orion, G. Hendrey, and H. Roger. ‘Soil Carbon Measurements Using Inelastic Neutron Scattering’.

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 47, no. 3 (June 2000): 914–17. https://doi.org/10.1109/23.856717.

FIG 2.13 - Counting The Average Number oWf Trees Per Hectare

MAP 1.1 - Forest Metaphor In 500B.C

‘UNFCCC’. Accessed 20 April 2020. https://unfccc.int/.

FIG 6.3 - 3 Forest Management Modes

ResearchGate. ‘Table 2 Modes of Forest Management in Scots Pine Forests with Due...’ Accessed 2 October 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Modes-of-forestmanagement-in-Scots-pine-forests-with-due-account-of-forestgrowth_tbl2_303845292.

FIG 6.4 - Forest Management Modes FIG 6.5 - Hooke Park Construction Analysis FIG 6.6 - Hooke Park Construction Analysis FIG 6.7 - Images From DIP18-1 Hooke Cookbook Photo by Nicole NG/Connie Lynn Tang ‘DIP18-1 Hooke Cookbook by AA School - Issuu’.

Accessed 2 October 2020. https://issuu.com/aaschool/ docs/dip18_1_hooke_cookbook_high-res.

FIG 6.8 - Hooke Park Condition Section FIG 6.9 - Hooke Park Condition Section FIG 6.10 - Hooke Park Model Maps FIG 6.11 - Intervention Priority Flowchart

FIG 5.12 - Operational Catalogues[Trees] ResearchGate. ‘(PDF) Bat Communities Respond Positively to Large-Scale Thinning of Forest Regrowth’. Accessed 2 October 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/302915824_Bat_communities_respond_ positively_to_large-scale_thinning_of_forest_regrowth.

Liberal Dictionary. ‘Thinning’, 18 November 2018. https://www.liberaldictionary.com/thinning/.

FIG 5.13 - Operational Catalogues[Soil] Grovida, Florence. ‘Stages Of Soil Formation - Horticulture Guide’. Florence Grovida Gardening, 29 May 2020. https://www.grovida.us/horticulture-guide/rocks.html.

‘5.4 Weathering and the Formation of Soil – Physical Geology’. Accessed 2 October 2020. https://opentextbc. ca/geology/chapter/5-4-weathering-and-the-formation-ofsoil/.

FIG 6.1 - Changes in the Definition of Forest

163

FIG 6.12/6.13/6.14/6.15 - Forest Functional Map/ Operational Map/Operations/Sites FIG 6.16/6.17 - Intervention Priority Map FIG 6.18 - Choosing Sites FIG 6.19 - 9F Main Improvements FIG 6.20 - 9F Assessment Table FIG 6.21 - Reciprocal Simulation Principal FIG 6.22 - Grasshopper Workflow FIG 6.23 - Understand thinning in simulation FIG 6.24 - Simulation legends FIG 6.25/6.26 - Giving back to the forest/Taking form the forest FIG 6.27 - Reciprocity Simulation - Preserving Mother Tree(10%,30%,50%) FIG 6.28 - Reciprocity Simulation - Cultivating Fungus(10%,30%,50%) FIG 6.29 - 9F Implement

MAP 1.5 - Forest Metaphor In 17 -19 Century MAP 1.6 - Forest Metaphor In Early 21th

MAP 1.12 - Forest Metaphor - Robin Wall Kimmerer

Available at: https://oec.world/en/profile/hs92/4407/ MAP 2.2 - Global Forestry Strategies Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/forestarea-km Policy source: https://infoflr.org/countries MAP 2.3 - UK Forest Conditions and Carbon Budget Data source: Tree cover loss: Hansen/UMD/Google/ USGS/NASA

MAP 7.7/7.8 - Distribution of Regenerating Forest Forest Research. ‘We Are Forest Research’, 17:10:30.032416+00:00. http://www.forestresearch. gov.uk/.

MAP 7.9/7.10 - Registered UK Woodland Carbon Commission, Forestry. ‘Carbon Flux Monitoring’, 19 December 2013. https://data.gov.uk/dataset/066ba49c4d70-43e3-a6a9-75e95a3ffa2e/carbon-flux-monitoring.

‘National Forest Inventory - Carbon in Live Woodland Trees GB 2011’, 19 March 2020. https://data.gov.uk/

Available at: https://www.globalforestwatch.org/ dashboards

dataset/0790de6f-a372-41a4-9342-bf49fa8e22f1/ national-forest-inventory-carbon-in-live-woodland-treesgb-2011.

MAP 2.4/2.5 - Hooke Park Location Source from Digimap;

MAP 7.11/7.12 - Links Between Forest and Cities

Data source: Open Street map Available at: https://www.openstreetmap.org/ MAP 2.6 - Information of Hooke Park Components MAP 2.7 - Carbon Sequestration Ability MAP 4.1 - UK Map in Ice Age MAP 4.2 - UK Map in 50BC Map 4.3 - Forest with Previous Road Network Map 4.4 - Forest in 16th Century Map 4.5 - Forest in WW1 Map 4.6 - The Growing Tree Cover Range 19902010

‘National Forest Estate Recreation Routes GB 2016’.

Accessed 13 March 2020. http://data-forestry.opendata. arcgis.com/datasets/bb78d1c3d15b42b3a51fc103bfc ff105.

MAP 7.13/7.14 - Number of Forest Dimensions Commission, Forestry. ‘NATIONAL FOREST ESTATE RECREATION AREAS ENGLAND 2016’, 28 August 2020. https://data.gov.uk/dataset/3d279869-555d-45c2a859-d029dab1fc39/national-forest-estate-recreationareas-england-2016.

‘National Forest Inventory - Carbon in Live Woodland Trees GB 2011’, 19 March 2020. https://data.gov.uk/ dataset/0790de6f-a372-41a4-9342-bf49fa8e22f1/ national-forest-inventory-carbon-in-live-woodland-treesgb-2011.

‘Big Better Forest Pdf - Google Search’. Accessed 23 April 2020.

Available at: https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=A LeKk03kFcHrhFJlxYFYMJq_aWfM1Be_og%3A1587668 788154&ei=NOehXtiJCZ2W1fAPvve-yAc&q=big+bette r+forest+pdf&oq=big+better+forest+pdf&gs_lcp=CgZw c3ktYWIQAzoHCCMQ6gIQJzoECCMQJzoECAAQQz oFCAAQkQI6BQgAEIMBOgIIADoECAAQAzoECAAQ CjoGCAAQFhAeOgUIIRCgAToECCEQFToICCEQFhAdE B5QrexdWJ6dXmDUnl5oAnAAeACAAZ0BiAGGEZIBB DE1LjiYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6sAEK&sclient=psyab&ved=0ahUKEwjY842Rn__oAhUdSxUIHb67D3kQ4dU DCAw&uact=5.

MAP 7.1 - Current Reciprocal Network Agency, Environment. ‘Species Surveys - Non-Native Species’, 29 September 2020. https://data.gov.uk/ dataset/91b9fea3-f3fd-4a52-bad6-58d7cb0ef2ec/ species-surveys-non-native-species.

‘Tree Search - Ancient Tree Inventory’. Accessed 2 October 2020. https://ati.woodlandtrust.org.uk/tree-search/.

Forest Research. ‘We Are Forest Research’, 17:10:30.032416+00:00. http://www.forestresearch. gov.uk/.

Commission, Forestry. ‘Carbon Flux Monitoring’, 19 December 2013. https://data.gov.uk/dataset/066ba49c4d70-43e3-a6a9-75e95a3ffa2e/carbon-flux-monitoring.

‘National Forest Inventory - Carbon in Live Woodland Trees GB 2011’, 19 March 2020. https://data.gov.uk/ dataset/0790de6f-a372-41a4-9342-bf49fa8e22f1/ national-forest-inventory-carbon-in-live-woodland-treesgb-2011.

National Forest Estate Recreation Routes GB 2016’.

Accessed 13 March 2020. http://data-forestry.opendata. arcgis.com/datasets/bb78d1c3d15b42b3a51fc103bfc ff105.

164

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

AA Landscape Urbanism 2019-2020

FIG 2.5/2.6 - Carbon Fluxes of Bryophyte/Herbaceous Plant and Bush

Is That a Forest? That Depends on How You Define It’. Text.

Article. NASA Earth Observatory, 17 November 2015. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/86986/is-thata-forest-that-depends-on-how-you-define-it.