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Desertification

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1. Lost villiage and antient library, Chinguetti, Mauritania. 2. Las Vegas, United State 3. Young trees planted to hinder sandstorms and reverse desertification in the Xihu preservation area of the Gobi Desert, Dunhuang, China. 4. Photoshoped image, post-apocalyptic landscape.

Marginal Area

Interface

And human reaction

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Architectural Interest

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Topographical Architecture

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Topographical Architecture

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Oppenheim Architecture, description provide by the architect.

Farshid Moussavi Architects. â€œYokohama International Port Terminal: Overview.â€? Accessed 22 Sept. 2014

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Physical Construct 1

Wax representing desert topography. Wire simulating the ecological solution of planting trees/ desert plants in rolls to gather the surface soil and prevent sandstorm. Light weight collums simulating trees. The wire is permanent and the columns develop through time when more and more capacity of people is needed. This model is at this stage lack of interiorty and topographical. A canopy is added through drawings to give a sense of enclousure. Also the figure is added to reveal the scale of the building. Columns lack of consideration Canopy Patterns and geometry lack of consideration. Canopy, columns and how they meet the grounds should be taken more serious. If the canopy is a reflection of landscape, how is it design? (desert landscape changes along time as the top soil is very fine - also the cause of sandstorm)

Model photo instead of 3d scanning result - white, glossy, smooth material would not be suitable of 3d scanning and the following digital process.

Physical Construct 2

The canopy from the first drawings developed into a reflection of landscape. This model is a trunk of the boundary between desert and surrounding town. The lower part is public space linking to the desert side while the upper mega structure provide residential space. This model aim to create a dynammic spatial experience by using surface to created enclousures.

By using laser cutting method this construct is lack of construct consideration (as the method of making model is layering lasercut plywood but the related constrcut method in reality is contour crafting). Model is first designed digitally then cut in layers.

First attempt of 3d scanning is used when making the graphical construct. However, the method of 3d scanning requires vibrant colour and colour difference to focus on specific points. The model is made in single colour, and also the white photographing background is confusing the programme to digitalise it. Therefore the lighting quality is not shown in the scanned model, and only minimal topographical feature can be seen on the scanned model. Therefore the graphical constructs use 1. the digital model and 2. the photo of model to construct the atmosphere this iteration trying to create. This iteration is a topographical architecture weaving the exising towers and desert together, then forms a buffer zone between existing urban (high dense ) and desert (0 construction).

Graphical Construct 2

The idea of topography weaving towers together starts from this point. When towers present itself a vertical, more private domain, the horizontal expanding topographical interface presents a dynamic experience of public space. The drawings take reference from Paul Rudolphâ€™s drawings of LOMEX, which is a highway acrossing lower Manhattan with infrastructure rehabiting the locals. The notion of promoting a inhabitable infrastructure and connect the city with highway is obvious in his drawing.

Physical Construct 3

This physical construct compose 5 curved roof and breaks a continous topographical shell into a series of interlocking shells. Clay as a sculpted method is benefitial for making organic curvature and moving to constrcut it should reflect concrete as it is mouldable. As the physical construct forms more than one enclosure, the graphical construct chooses an individual hub and tests how curved hubs meets straight walls. Failure is obvious as the curvature is interrupted of a sudden and in construct consideration it does not work. Meanwhile the glass facade minises the effect of lighting generation brought by the curvature of roof and wall.

Physical Construct 4

This physical construct is made with clay with wire structure to hold the larger span. A double shell conversation involves as the light casting from outer shell to inner shell then to the ground reflects and diffuses for several times. The concern of this physical construct is that, the aperture is taking a large percentage of the roof, which make the shading less obvious and parculiar to form an enclosure. In physical construct the edge of the shell is merging into the ground due to the quality of clay. This quality is minimised in the photogrametry technique, however gives the thought of whether the enclosure should be floating like a hub or merging into the ground.

Graphical Construct 4

In constrast with graphical construct 2 which weaves the buildings together, version 4 treat the enclosure as an individual hub, floating or rooting in the middle of bare land. Instead of a public space surving urban daily life, it is rather a destination. Whether is merging into the ground or floating on it has a diffence of visual expansian and accessibility. The notion of interior is stronger in the floating condition.

Graphical Construct 4 Physical Construct V4 Hailey Peixuan Zhang

Photogrametry technique is used in this drawing, lighting condition is inhanced with photoshop editing apart from the rendering light source. The opportunity of multiple layers reveals in the drawing as the digital model can be sculpted in Modo. Apertures are made more organised as well.

Summary

The physical construct has a formal consistency but no construct consistency. The method of making coming from layering shapable, elastic wax, to layering rigid material (plywood), to carving and in the end wire skeleton with mouldable clay. The definition of enclosure is lacking when only looking at the physical construct, hence with photogrametry, rhino modelling and photoshop they reveals a clearer sense of enclosure by generating light especially.

The PCs aims to discover the quality of enclousure under a topographical curvature. The complexity and quantity of curvatures reflect on the lighting condition majorly, hence cast different shadows and light in the space. With the aim of blending and expanding the boundary, the edge condition of the PCs are significant to enhance the notion of visual generating.

Arcosanti

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Cairo, Eygpt

Nouakchott, SSA

The climate of Almería in southern Spain has in the past been its greatest gift.

Since late 1960s Mauritania has been severely affected by repeated periods of drought. Desertification control has always been a national priority and a central concern of successive governments.

The driest place in Europe, the region that shares the same name of the local capital city, has become famous across the globe as the setting for hundreds of must-see films. But filming spaghetti westerns is not all the region is famous for. Along with neighbouring Andalusia, it is also one of Spain’s largest food producers, with fruit and vegetables, not to mention the Spanish national passion, olives, being grown on an industrial scale. Climate change and intensive farming methods are now threatening that existence, with vast areas of the region suffering from increased desertification. Experts warn that the region risks drying out. And the warning is stark: entire industries could disappear if the trend continues. An investigation by El País has shown just how perilous the dangers facing Almería and its environs are, with some suggesting that southern Spain could soon more closely resemble West Africa than the rest of Western Europe. While climbing temperatures have contributed to the problem, desertification is hastened by intensive farming techniques, which use vast quantities of water. Plastic cities, the 30,000 hectare plots of land covered by greenhouses producing endless tonnes of fruit and vegetables, dot the Almería countryside. Most of the intensively farmed produce is exported to other European countries. And although local farmers say that they are aware of problem and are using less water, scientists say the problem is only getting worse. That was a textbook case. A long period of rains in the 1960s created a fertile cropland that attracted many immigrants to the delta. Aggressive agricultural techniques were introduced, and farmers racked up debts. Then came a terrible drought. Business floundered, but people couldn’t leave. It was the end of paradise.

The main effect of desertification in Mauritania has been a reduction in the amount of arable land, grazing land, forests and water resources. Given the extent of the phenomenon, Mauritania has expressed a firm political will and commitment to combat this scourge. The establishment of the Nouakchott Green Belt (1975) was originally meant for agricultural purposes. The Green Belt played an important role in protecting the city and its outskirts and in providing informal employment. Along the years a rapid growth of the population and consequent urban expansion exerted an increasing pressure on the urban and peri-urban areas around the capital. Growing pressure on plantations and unsustainable use of these desertification-prone areas rapidly led to further land degradation. A botanist based in the capital Nouakchott, Abdellahi Ould Mohammed Vall, told IRIN Mauritania is at the front of the battle against the advancing desert. “The northern Saharan half of the country gets about 100mm of rain a year, while the more humid south gets about 150mm. Because of human behaviour the desert is advancing from north to south more rapidly than estimated decades ago. You see homes buried by sand in the capital.” Vall showed IRIN homes in Toujounine, a community 7km outside of Nouakchott. “This home here, even a bulldozer could not save it. This was the bedroom; this fissure is from the pressure of the sand.” Five concrete homes with crumbled walls stood empty, surrounded by a row of aluminium-covered shacks.

Almeria, Spain

Pardis, Tehran

The climate of Almería in southern Spain has in the past been its greatest gift.

Just the towers. In a barren landscape 50km outside of Iran’s capital city, the Mehra Mer project in Pardis has been “under construction” for many years and by all accounts, it doesn’t sound like things are going quite according to plan.

The plan was to build a readymade community equipped with public transportation, hospitals schools and even parks in the barren landscape. Little thought was given to the ecological conditions and it soon came to light that “some 200,000 units lacked access to water, heating and sewage systems”. Add in skyrocketing inflation rates in a struggling economy and it wasn’t long before the developers halted the project mid-construction. “In the past years, dozens of housing communities were built all over Iran”, says photographer Manolo Espaliú, who has been documenting Iran’s Maskan-e Mehr houses building project, once called “the finest undertaking since Adam” by former President Mahmud Ahmadinejad. “Billions were pumped into the economy to erect 17 new cities and some 1.5 million housing units. One of the main goals of building the Maskan-e Mehr communities was reversing migration to the larger cities, where living standards are deteriorating due to traffic, pollution and high rents.” “Maskan-e Mehr system offered developers free government land to build affordable housing units for first-time owners. Since most citizens have difficulty getting small bank loans, homeowners who signed up for Mehr housing were given 99-year mortgages guaranteed by the state. Banks acted as intermediaries between developers and the government, and the central bank was instructed to print more money to pay for the scheme. Maskan-e Mehr housing scheme finally resulted one of the largest hurdles to Iran’s economic recovery.”

Tehran

Iran has a water problem. The reserves in many groundwater basins there have been severely depleted. For the last forty years, the country has invested a lot in the agricultural sector and has been striving to be independent in its food supply. In order to cover the increased water demand, groundwater basins have been exploited to a considerable extent in a hardly state-regulated way.

out that the groundwater basins in certain areas were irreversibly damaged by the exploitation. In the future, they will no longer be able to store as much water as they used to. However, scientifically sound plans for water management could help defuse the situation, say the two researchers. “Science and research could support Iranian administrations and governments to revise their water management policy for a sustainable development,” says Motagh.

In addition, the government built a lot of dams to store water for specific purposes, particularly in agriculture. However, this restricted the natural inflow into the country’s groundwater basins in the downstream, in turn contributing to desertification and serious environmental issues like shrinkage of Lake Urmia, the world’s second-largest salt lake in northwest Iran, and frequent dust and sand storms in recent years in the Khuzestan province in the southwest. In the region around Tehran, the capital city of eight million inhabitants, the demand for water has also risen sharply due to the influx of many new inhabitants over the last four decades. The number of wells there rose from just under 4000 in 1968 to more than 32,000 in 2012. In addition, there was a lack of rainfall in periods of drought, which have occurred more frequently in recent years. All of this has greatly lowered the groundwater level -- in Tehran, for example, by twelve meters between 1984 and 2011.

Iran’s fresh water supplies are now under unsustainable strains. Ninety percent of the country—which is slightly smaller than Alaska—is arid or semi-arid, and an estimated two-thirds of its rainfall evaporates before it can replenish rivers. As a result, Iran provides more than half of its water needs by drawing from underground aquifers, but public usage is rapidly draining the subterranean reservoirs. At current rates of overuse, twelve of Iran’s thirty-one provinces will exhaust their groundwater reserves within the next 50 years. Iran’s economic policies have exacerbated the problem. Groundwater is free to well owners and, due to government subsidies, users pay a fraction of the actual energy costs for pumping water to the surface. Iran annually pumps 4 billion cubic meters of groundwater that nature does not replenish.

In parts of Tehran, the surface has sunk by several meters This poses another problem: the ground above the groundwater basins is sinking. Mahdi Motagh and Mahmud Haghshenas Haghighi from the Remote Sensing Section of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam report on the magnitude of this effect in a study published in the journal Remote Sensing of Environment. Using data from four different radar satellite systems, the two researchers measured the subsidence of the Earth’s surface in the Tehran region. They found out that between 2003 and 2017 three areas sank there with rates of sometimes more than 25 centimetres per year, and several meters in total. For the first time, this study traces in detail and with precise measurements the temporal course of the subsidence in the region over a longer period of time. Crevices in the ground and cracks in building walls are, for example, consequences of the deformations, say Haghshenas Haghighi and Motagh. They also found

Haghshenas Haghighi, M. & Motagh M. Ground surface response to continuous compaction of aquifer system in Tehran, Iran: Results from a long-term multi-sensor InSAR analysis. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2018 DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2018.11.003

“Maskan-e Mehr system offered developers free government land to build affordable housing units for first-time owners. Since most citizens have difficulty getting small bank loans, homeowners who signed up for Mehr housing were given 99-year mortgages guaranteed by the state. Banks acted as intermediaries between developers and the government, and the central bank was instructed to print more money to pay for the scheme. Maskan-e Mehr housing scheme finally resulted one of the largest hurdles to Iran’s economic recovery.”

Summary

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Almeria, Spain

Pardis, Tehran

20 Nov 2019, week 9

The climate of Almería in southern Spain has in the past been its greatest gift.

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House hold of an Iranian family; two bedroom; open kitchen (unusual); semi-open balcony; narrow hall ways.

8 units on 1 floor.

Comparably big communal space - residential not only for sleeping.

110 sqm

Semi-open plan kitchen - unusual design as traditional Iranian families suggest â€œmen in common room and women in kitchenâ€?

Bare sunlight in shared space.

However the kitchen and the communal room are separated from the entrance hall way.

75 sqm

15-storey-height apartment block, with minimum Mosque, market, educational space, playground and hospital for basic living community. Legos inserted on the mountain; the higher it located, the more difficult for electricity, water and gas to get in.

On the outskirts of Parand, a makeshift fruit stall sits next to a billboard depicting Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of Iran. Economic pressures have forced some residents to work as street venders to supplement their income.

Construction going on site. Worker barely could afford the so-called affordable housing they build.

Due to the local climate the thickness of the wall is thicker than NA, EU and EA.

Highway leading to Pardis Technology Park

Highway leading to Tehran and Pardis Old Town.

Oasis

Pardis Old Town- Street

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Metropolitan Tehran, Iran Urban Lifestyle and Space Orientation

1- Public Space Public Parks/ Markets/ Streets Religious buildings are gender segregated based on religious rules, however, public recreational spaces like parks, swimming pools and traditional hamams, or baths, are segregated based on time of use. Typically, ladies are allowed during daytime hours, and men in the evening. 2- Semi-Public Space Cafe The rise of coffee shop culture is providing opportunity for gender integration and safe private space for political discussion as it seems to offer both a liberal enclave within a larger Islamic public space—offering intellectual security and unrestricted relationships otherwise in short supply —as well as a space to reinforce socioeconomic distinctions in ways that seem typically Western. “The politicized nature of public space in Iran introduces both greater risk and greater reward for those companies willing to commit to converting “spaces into places”—but the immense popularity of sites like Palladium Mall (an upscale shopping center) or the Tabiat Bridge (a pedestrian overpass connecting two public parks in Tehran) underscores the potential.” 3- Domestic Space Private apartment Image showing women smoking on a balcony. Domestic space is the only space women can take off the Hijab and show their body and smoke.

Fig.1: Tabiat Bridge. Fig 2: 30 Tir Street Food Market, August 2017, Tehran. (Saba Jaberolansar) Fig 3: Females in cafe Fig 4: description shown above

Metropolitan Tehran, Iran Urban Lifestyle and Space Orientation

Fig.1: Tabiat Bridge. Fig 2: 30 Tir Street Food Market, August 2017, Tehran. (Saba Jaberolansar) Fig 3: Females in cafe Fig 4: description shown above

Metropolitan Tehran, Iran Urban Lifestyle and Space Orientation

Fig.1: Tabiat Bridge. Fig 2: 30 Tir Street Food Market, August 2017, Tehran. (Saba Jaberolansar) Fig 3: Females in cafe Fig 4: description shown above

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