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o`)koLFkk foe'kZ

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o`)koLFkk foe'kZ ¼foe'kZ@ lekt foKku½ paæekSy's oj çlkn © laiknd vkbZ,lch,u & 978&93&84068&29&5 çdk'kd ifjys[k çdk'ku okfy;k ekdsVZ ] fudV lkgw tSu dkWyt s ] dksrokyh ekxZ] uthckckn & 246763] fctukSj ¼m-ç-½ eks- & + 91 9897742814] + 919837120022 bZey s & parilekhprakashan@gmail.com forjd Jhlkfgrh çdk'ku 303] es/kk VkWolZ] jk/kk—".k uxj] vÙkkiqj fjax jksM] gSnjkckn & 500048 eks- & + 919849986346 bZey s - srisahitiprakashan@yahoo.com eqæd & vkj-oh- fçaVlZ] esjB vkoj.k fp= & xqje Z dksM a k f'kjh"k ckcw çFke laLdj.k & 2016 ewY; & 100 VRIDDHAAWASTHA VIMARSH (Discourse/ Social Studies) Author: Chandra Mauleshwar Prasad Editor: Rishabha Deo Sharma

4@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 4@o`

5@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 5@o`

o`)koLFkk foe'kZ paรฆekSy's oj รงlkn

6@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 6@o`

7@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 7@o`

i=ksRdafBr thou dk fo"k cq>k gqvk gS] vk'kk dk çnhi tyrk gS ân;&dqt a es]a va/kdkj&iFk ,d jf'e ls lq>k gqvk gS] fn³~ fu.kZ;&/kzqo ls tSls u{k=&iqt a es!a yhyk dk laoj.k&le; Qwyksa dk tSlk & Qyksa Qys ;k >js vQy] ikrksa ds Åij! fl) ;ksfx;ksa tSls ;k lk/kkj.k ekuo rkd jgk gS Hkh"e 'kjksa dh dfBu lst ij! fLuX/k gks pqdk gS funk?k] o"kkZ Hkh df"kZr dy 'kkjn dY; dh] gSe ykseksa vkPNkfnr] f'kf'kj&Hks|] ckSjk clar vkeksa vkeksfnr] chr pqdk gS fnDpqfa cr prqjxa dkO;] xfr& ;frokyk] /ofu] vyadkj] jl] jkx ca/k ds ok| Nan dsA jf.kr xf.kr NqV pqds gkFk ls& ØhM+k,¡ ozhM+k esa ifj.krA eYy eYy dh& ekjsa ewfNZr gqbAaZ fu'kkus pwd x;s gSAa >wy pqdh gS [kky <ky dh rjg ruh FkhA iqu% losjk] ,d vkSj Qsjk gS th dkA & lw;d Z kar f=ikBh ^fujkyk*

8@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 8@o`

9@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 9@o`

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ufg ufg j{kfr Mq—¥ dj.ks vfLrRooknh nk'kZfud fleksu n cqvk ¼9 tuojh] 1908 &14 vçSy] 1986½ dks L=h&foe'kZdkj ds :i esa fo'ks"k [;kfr çkIr gSA mUgksu a s miU;kl] fucaèk] thouh] vkRedFkk vkSj O;fäfp= vkfn fo/kkvksa esa nk'kZfud] jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd foe'kZey w d çHkwr ys[ku fd;kA 1949 esa çdkf'kr ^n lsdM a lsDl* ¼L=h % misf{krk½ us mUgsa oSf'od L=h eqfä vkanksyu dk iqjksèkk cuk fn;kA bl —fr ds çHkkeaMy us muds 'ks"k —frRo dks ekuks varèkkZu dj j[kk gSA vU;Fkk 1970 esa çdkf'kr mudh 'kks/kiw.kZ —fr ^yk fo,ysLls* ¼Ýsp a ½ Hkh mruh gh egRoiw.kZ gSA ^yk fo,ysLls* dk vaxt sz h vuqokn ^vksYM ,t* 1977 esa vk;kA ;g —fr oLrqr% fleksu dh Hkfo";ksUeq[kh fo'o–f"V dk çek.k gS vkSj ^o`)koLFkk foe'kZ* dh xhrk gSA blds çdkf'kr gksrs gh nk'kZfud vkSj lkekftd gydksa esa ^o`)koLFkk* ij loZFkk ubZ –f"V ls cgl fNM+ xbZA ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd fleksu n cqvk ds ys[ku esa vk;q vkSj fyax fo"k;d foe'kZ ijLij lacfa /kr gSAa vFkok ^lsdM a lsDl* vkSj ^vksYM ,t* Åij ls fHkUu çrhr gksrs gq, Hkh ewyr% fleksu ds vfLrRooknh fparu ds nks ijLij xqFa ks gq, vk;ke gSa ftudk lac/a k Øe'k% ^L=h* vkSj ^o`)* dks ifjokj vkSj lekt dh çkFkfed ukxfjdrk ls oafpr j[kus ds "kM~î= a ds çR;k[;ku ls gS tcfd ;s nksuksa gh lekt ds vfLrRo dh /kqjh gSAa bu nksuksa —fr;ksa ds ek/;e ls fleksu us Øe'k% L=h vkSj o`) ls tqMs+ feFkksa dh 'kY; ijh{kk dh gS D;ksfa d bu feFkksa ds dkj.k gh vkt Hkh cM+h lhek rd L=h vkSj o`) lkekftd ijk,iu ds f'kdkj gSAa fleksu us fo'o Hkj ds fofHkUu lektksa esa o`)koLFkk ls lacfa /kr :f<+;ksa vkSj o`)ksa dh n'kk rFkk muds çfr O;ogkj dk vyx&vyx –f"V;ksa ls v/;;u fd;kA mUgksu a s ;g Hkh ns[kk fd bu ^ofj"B ukxfjdks*a dh 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld {kerkvksa rFkk bPNkvks]¡ vkdka{kkvksa vkSj liuksa dh n'kk vkSj fn'kk D;k gksrh gSA njvly ofj"B ukxfjdksa vFkok o`)ksa ds lac/a k esa lekt dk pfj= O;kid Lrj ij nksxysiu dk f'kdkj jgk gSA ,d vksj rks fuR; mudk vk'khokZn ysus dh ckr dh tkrh gS rFkk 10@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 10@o`

nwljh vksj mUgsa cks> le>k tkrk gSA lekt] lkfgR; vkSj laL—fr esa lnk mifLFkr jgus ds ckotwn o`)ksa dh vofLFkfr dsæa dh vis{kk ifjfèk ij gh vf/kd jgh gSA cq<k+ ik vkus dk vFkZ gh gS O;fä dk dsæa ls m[kM+dj ifjf/k dh vksj tkus ds fy, foo'k gksukA dsæa ls vinLFk gksrs gh O;fä lekt dh mis{kk dk ik= cu tkrk gS vkSj ;fn mldk lgh ^iquokZl* u gks rks mls viuk vfLrRo gh vfHk'kki yxus yxrk gSA bl çdkj ifjfèk ij èkdsys x, ,d leqnk; ds :i esa o`) leqnk; nqfu;k dk cgqr cM+k misf{kr tu leqnk; gS ftldh tula[;k esa 20oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjknZ/~ k esa rhozrk ls o`f) gqbZ gS vkSj 21oha 'krkCnh esa vkSj Hkh o`f) lqfuf'pr gS D;ksfa d b/kj tUe nj vkSj e`R;q nj nksuksa gh ?kV jgh gSa rFkk fpfdRlk foKku us vkneh dh vkSlr vk;q c<+k nh gSA o`)koLFkk foe'kZ bl misf{kr leqnk; dh –f"V ls & vFkok o`)koLFkk dks dsæa esa j[krs gq, & lekt] lkfgR; vkSj laL—fr dh ubZ O;k[;k djus okyk foe'kZ gSA o`) gksus ij okuçLFk vkSj laU;kl dh O;oLFkk dh iquO;kZ[;k dh vkt cM+h t+:jr gS rkfd ofj"B ukxfjdksa ds leqnk; dks viuk vfLrRo vuqi;ksxh vkSj vfHk'kki çrhr u gksA o`)koLFkk foe'kZ oLrqr% lkekftd lac/a kksa dks bu cnyh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa u, <ax ls le>us dh t+:jr ij cy nsrk gSA 'kkjhfjd v'kD;rk] ekufld leL;k,¡] ijfuHkZjrk] ewY; ifjorZu] vkfFkZd ladksp] thoulkFkh dh e`R;q] fujkfJr gksus dh vk'kadk] Hkfo"; dh vfuf'prrk] lac/a kksa dh fujFkZdrk dk cks/k] jkx&fojkx dk }a}] ijk,iu vkSj vyxko dh fLFkfr] cpiu vkSj ;qokoLFkk dh ;knksa ls tqMk+ vrhr çse] dke vkSj Øks/k tSlh o`fÙk;ksa dk mnkÙkhdj.k u dj ikus ls tqMh+ leL;k,¡ vkSj vk/;kfRed foHkze tSls vusd i{k o`)koLFkk foe'kZ ds fopkj.kh; fcanq gSAa njvly fleksu n cqvk dh var'psruk esa dgha&u&dgha o`)koLFkk vkSj e`R;q ls tqMs+ gq, ç'u cjkcj mifLFkr FksA ;gh dkj.k gS fd os vius l`tu vkSj fparu nksuksa esa vfLrRo dh u'ojrk ij fopkj djrh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSAa 1946 esa vk, vius miU;kl ^vkWy esu vkj eksVy Z * esa mUgksu a s QksLdk uked vius dFkkuk;d dh vej gksus dh bPNk ds ek/;e ls euq"; dh u'ojrk vkSj ej.k'khyrk dh vfuok;Zrk ij vfLrRooknh utfj, ls fopkj fd;kA blds ckn 1964 esa ^, osjh bZth MsFk* esa mUgksu a s ejus dh çfØ;k dk [kqyklk rks tksj nsdj fd;k gh] viuh ek¡ dh e`R;q 11@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 11@o`

dk Hkh fp=.k fd;kA ^vksYM ,t* ¼1970½ esa rks ;g fo"k; mBk;k gh x;k gS & o`)koLFkk e`R;q dh rS;kjh dk le; gS! ;gh ugha 1981 esa vius laLej.k fy[krs gq, Hkh mUgksu a s T;k¡ iky lk=Z ds vafre nl o"kksZa dk tks ;FkkFkZ vadu fd;k gS mlesa mudh chekjh] nSfgd {kj.k vkSj o`)koLFkk dk o.kZu 'kkfey gSA vfHkçk; ;g gS fd fleksu us o`)koLFkk ij dsoy lS)kafrd fparu ugha fd;k cfYd vuqHkwfr ds xgu /kjkry ij mUgksu a s mls yacs le; rd ft;k HkhA fdlh dks Hkys gh vfo'oluh; vkSj foLe;dkjh yxs exj ;g lp gS fd ek= 36 o"kZ dh vk;q esa ;qorh fleksu n cqvk us vius vkidks o`) gksrs eglwluk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA bruk gh ugha bl laons u'khy fonq"kh us 13 o"kZ dh vk;q ls gh ;g eglwl djuk 'kq: dj fn;k Fkk fd ^le; xqtj+ jgk gS*A dky dh lkis{krk esa vk;q dk xqtj+ uk eglwl djus ds dkj.k gh os vfLrRo fo"k;d n'kZu dh vksj eqMh+ Aa cq<k+ ik 'kkjhfjd gS ;k ekufld vFkok nksuksa & euksnfS gd\ ;g ç'u viuh txg gSA ysfdu ;g lp gS fd e`R;q vkSj cq<k+ is dk lk{kkRdkj euq"; dks fdlh Hkh vk;q esa ufpdsrk] fonsg vkSj rFkkxr cukus ds fy, i;kZIr gSA mlh us fleksu dks fleksu cuk;kA gekjs ;gk¡ ;ksa rks o`)koLFkk ls tqMs+ ç'uksa ij fopkj dh iqjkuh ijaijk jgh gS ysfdu bl voLFkk ls tqMh+ leL;k dk tks :i vkt gekjs lkeus gS og igys dHkh ,slk u FkkA Hkkjr esa tjk&fpfdRlk ¼tsfj;kfVªDl½ ds vè;;u dk bfrgkl vHkh vkjafHkd voLFkk esa gSA v/;srk ok/kZD; vkSj vk;q lac/a kh leL;kvksa ds igyqvksa dks vk/kqfud] mÙkjvk/kqfud] L=hoknh] jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd –f"V;ksa ls le>us&le>kus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gSAa vkt gekjh fpark dk fo"k; fo'kky o`) tu leqnk; ds thou dks lq[ke; cukus ls lacfa /kr gS & pkgs os iq#"k gksa ;k L=hA ;gh dkj.k gS fd o`)koLFkk ls tqMs+ lsokeqfä ls ysdj o`)kJe rd ds] vFkok nsg ls ysdj vk;q rd ds {kh.k gksus ds] eqís fparu vkSj l`tu ds fofo/k eapksa ij Nk, gq, gSAa ;fn ;g dgk tk, fd vkt dk euq"; cq<k+ is vkSj ekSr ls dqN T;knk gh vkrafdr gS rks Hkh 'kk;n x+yr u gksxkA fleksu n cqvk —r ^vksYM ,t* dks igyh ckj ns[kus&i<+us dk ekSdk+ eq>s 2010 esa feyk vkSj eSa nhokuksa dh rjg vius lc nksLrksa ls bl 12@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 12@o`

fdrkc dk ft+Ø djus yxkA esjs vfHkHkkodrqY; ofj"B fe= Jh paæekSy's oj çlkn ¼7 vçSy] 1942 & 13 flracj] 2012½ us esjh ;g nhokuxh ns[kh rks ^vksYM ,t* mBk ys x,A mu fnuksa os CykWx ys[ku dh nqfu;k esa cgqr lfØ; FksA eq>ls ppkZ djus ds ckn mUgksu a s vius CykWx ^dye* ¼cmpershad.blogspot.in½ ij ml iqLrd dk lkj&la{ksi fy[kuk vkjaHk fd;kA bl lkj&la{ksi dh igyh fdLr 18 vxLr] 2010 dks rFkk vafre ¼nloha½ fdLr 30 fnlacj] 2010 dks çdkf'kr gqbAZ ^dye* CykWx ds ikBdksa us bls cgqr ilan fd;k( ljkgkA vHkh ge yksx bls iqLrdkdkj çdkf'kr djus dh ;kstuk cuk gh jgs Fks fd dky us vdky gh paæekSy's oj th dks gels Nhu fy;k! bl iqLrd dks dbZ o"kZ iwoZ çdkf'kr gks tkuk Fkk] ij ;g vc vk ik jgh gSA blds fy, esjk çekn gh mÙkjnk;h gSA vc Hkh ;fn Jh veu dqekj R;kxh ¼ifjys[k çdk'ku½ vkSj MkW- xqje Z dksM a k uhjtk us u txk;k gksrk] rks eSa rks lksrk gh jgrkA fleksu dh rks ge ugha tkurs] ysfdu paæekSy's oj çlkn vkRek dh vejrk esa fo'okl j[krs FksA ;g iqLrd & mudh viuh iqLrd & J)katfy ds :i esa mUgsa lefiZr gSA 1 tuojh] 2016

& _"kHknso 'kekZ

13@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 13@o`

i';se 'kjn% 'kre~ AA those 'kjn% 'kre~ AA J.kq;ke 'kjn% 'kre~ AA รงczoke 'kjn% 'kre~ AA vnhu% L;ke 'kjn% 'kre~ AA Hkw;'p 'kjn% 'krkr~ AA & ;tqonZs 36@24

14@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 14@o`

15@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 15@o`

vuqØe 1- o`)koLFkk foe'kZ dh ihfBdk 2- o`)koLFkk vkSj thofoKku 3- o`)koLFkk % ekuotkfr foKku 4- o`)koLFkk % ,sfrgkfld lektksa esa 5- o`)koLFkk % vk/kqfud lektksa esa 6- o`)koLFkk dk Hkze vkSj lp 7- o`)koLFkk % le;] fØ;k'khyrk] bfrgkl 8- o`)koLFkk vkSj nSufa nu thou 9- o`)koLFkk % dqN mnkgj.k 10- ^o`)koLFkk uhfr* dh vksj

16@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 16@o`

17 21 25 33 45 53 63 73 83 93

17@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 17@o`

o`)koLFkk foe'kZ dh ihfBdk vfHkoknu 'khyL; fuR;a o`)ksilsfou% A pRokfj rL; o/kZUrs vk;qfoZ|k ;'kks cye~AA çfrfnu cqtxq+ ksZa dks ç.kke djus vkSj mudh lsok djus okys O;fä dh vk;q] fo|k] dhfrZ vkSj 'kfä dh o`f) dh ?kks"k.kk djus okys bl lqHkkf"kr ls irk pyrk gS fd Hkkjrh; laL—fr esa o`)ksa dks fo'ks"k lEeku dk vf/kdkjh vkSj iwtuh; ekuk tkrk jgk gSA le; ds lkFk ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cny xbZa vkSj vkt ;g fLFkfr gks xbZ gS fd O;fä vkSj lekt nksuksa ds fy, cq<k+ ik vfHk'kki çrhr gksus yxk gSA oSKkfud çxfr ds lkFk tgk¡ ekuo dh vkSlr vk;q c<+rh tk jgh gS] ogha cq<k+ is dh leL;k,¡ Hkh c<+ jgh gSAa vkt dgk tkrk gS fd Hkkjr ;qokvksa dk ns'k gS] ysfdu og fnu nwj ugha tc Hkkjr lokZf/kd ofj"B ukxfjdksa ls Hkjk vFkkZr cw<k+ ns'k gksxkA bu cw<k+ as ds iquokZl ds ckjs esa vHkh ls u lkspk x;k rks fLFkfr Hk;kog Hkh gks ldrh gSA dHkh o`)ksa dks lekt vkSj ifjokj esa lEeku feyrk Fkk] rc o`)koLFkk dks fdlh leL;k ds :i esa ugha ns[kk tkrk FkkA fiNyh 'krkCnh ds ,d Ý+kl a hlh efgyk fpard ,oa lkfgR;dkj fleksu n cqvk us bl fo"k; ij fparu djus ds fy, dye mBkbZ FkhA tc bl fo"k; ij mUgksu a s vius dqN lkfFk;ksa ls ckr dh rks ;g dgrs gq, mudk et+kd mM+k;k x;k fd ;g Hkh dksbZ fo"k; gS D;k! fleksu dks yksx le>kus esa yxs jgs fd cq<k+ ik dksbZ ;FkkFkZ ugha gS % yksx ;qok gksrs gSa & dqN vf/kd ;qok ;k dqN de] ij dksbZ cw<k+ ugha gksrkA mUgksu a s ns[kk fd fofoèk Hkk"kkvksa esa efgykvks]a cPpksa vkSj ;qokvksa dks dsæa esa j[k dj dkQh lkfgR; jpk x;k gS ijarq o`)ksa ij ;nk&dnk gh dgha ppkZ gqbZ gS mudh leL;kvksa ij dgha çdk'k ugha Mkyk x;k gSA fleksu us bl fo"k; ij lekt dks >d>ksjus ds fy, viuh dye mBkus dk fu'p; fd;k vkSj mlds ifj.kkeLo:i lkeus vkbZ & mudh Ýsp a —fr ^yk fo,ysLls* ¼1970½ ftldk vuqokn vaxt sz h esa iSfVªd vks czu S us ^vksYM ,t* uke ls fd;k gSA 18@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 18@o`

viuh bl iqLrd esa fleksu dgrh gSa fd ^cw<s+ yksxksa ds ekeys esa ;g lekt u dsoy nks"kh gS cfYd vijk/kh Hkh gSA Ý+kl a dh ckjg çfr'kr turk iSl a B o"kZ ikj dj pqdh gS vkSj bruh cM+h la[;k x+jhch] mis{kk vkSj fujk'kk >sy jgh gSA vesfjdk esa Hkh yxHkx ;gh fLFkfr gSA ekuoh; laons ukvksa ds lkFk bl vkcknh ls crkZo dk dksbZ çko/kku mu jktusrkvksa ds ikl ugha gS tks ;g ekudj pyrs gSa fd budk otwn gh ugha gS] D;ksfa d mudh dksbZ jktuhfrd vkokt++ ugha gSA ;fn os bl vkokt++ dks lqurs rks bu usrkvksa dks irk pyrk fd ;g Hkh ekuoh; Loj gh gSA eSa bl vkokt++ dks vius ikBdksa rd ys tkÅ¡xhA eSa ;g crkÅ¡xh fd os fdl rjg th jgs gS]a eSa ;g crkÅ¡xh fd muds eu&efLr"d esa D;k fopkj vk jgs gS]a vkSj tks dqN eSa dgwx¡ h og fdlh feFkd ;k cqtv Z+q k laL—fr ls fyIr ugha gksxkA* cq<k+ is dks lekt esa ,d gh rjg ls ugha ns[kk tkrkA çk;% cpiu ls ;qokoLFkk esa dne j[kus dh vk;q 18 ls 21 o"kZ dh ekuh tkrh gS tcfd cq<k+ is esa dne dksbZ fdl vk;q esa j[krk gS] bldh ydhj dgha Hkh ugha [khaph xbZ gSA thou Hkj mlds jktuhfrd gd ,oa dkuwuh nkf;Ro ogh jgrs gSAa dkuwu Hkh pkyhl vkSj lkS o"kZ dh vk;q okys esa dksbZ varj ugha djrkA vkt Hkh dkuwu ogh gS] ftlds va/ksiu ds mnkgj.k çk;% rc ns[kus dks feyrs gSa tc uCcs dh vk;q ikj djus ds ckotwn fdlh vfHk;qä dks dkuwuh dV?kjs esa [kM+k djus dh ckr lkeus vkrh gSA fleksu ;gh vglkl fnykuk pkgrh gSa fd ^;qokoLFkk esa dh xbZ x+yrh dh lt+k D;k cq<k+ ik <ks ldrk gS\* vkt dk ;qok lekt ;g le>rk gS fd og cw<k+ as dk cks> <ks jgk gS vkSj ;g Hkwy tkrk gS fd bUgha o`)ksa us viuh ;qokoLFkk esa mu cPpksa dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djds mUgsa ;qok cuk;k gSA ;qok ;g Hkwy tkrs gSa fd muds 'kjhj esa Hkh cq<k+ ik fNik gSA ;qok ;g Hkh Hkwy tkrs gSa fd cw<k+ as esa Hkh ogh vk'kk,¡ o vkdka{kk,¡ gksrh gS]a ogh t+:jrsa gksrh gSa vkSj ogh laons uk,¡ gksrh gSa tks mu ;qokvksa esa gSAa vkt ds et+njw laxBu Hkh vius dkexjksa dh ek¡xksa dks ysdj yM+rs gSa ij dksbZ mu o`)ksa dh fpark ugha djrk tks dHkh dkexj Fks vkSj u og ekfyd gh lksprk gS fd bUgha 19@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 19@o`

o`)ksa us bl laLFkk ds fy, viuk [kwu&ilhuk cgk;k FkkA fleksu iwNrh gSa fd ^tc bu o`)ksa esa ogh [okfg'ks]a ogh laons uk,¡ vkSj ogh vko';drk,¡ gSa tks ;qokvksa dh gSa rks fQj D;ksa nqfu;k budks ?k`.kk dh utj ls ns[krh gS\ buesa ogh çse] ogh bZ";kZ] ogh vPNkbZ vkSj ogh dkesPNk] ogh vkØks'k] ogh ekuoh; xq.k gSa rks fQj bu cw<k+ as dks vyx djds D;ksa ns[kk tkrk gS\ muls ;g vk'kk D;ksa dh tkrh gS fd os lTturk dh gh çfrewfrZ cus jgs\a muds lQ+ns cky ns[k dj D;ksa ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd os lk/kq gh gks\a * çk;% ;g lksp gksrh gS fd cw<k+ dksbZ ,slh gjdr u djs tks ;qok djds Hkh cp fudyrk gSA ^cw<k+ gksdj Hkh mls 'keZ ugha vkrh ,slh gjdr djrs gq,* & vdlj ,sls rkus lquus esa vkrs gSAa dHkh&dHkh cPps Hkh cw<k+ as dks fp<+krs] et+kd mM+krs ns[ks tkrs gSAa tks gks] lekt cq<k+ is dks ,d vyx gh –f"V ls ns[krk gSA rHkh rks Q+kLW V us dgk Fkk & ^lHkh ;FkkFkksZa esa 'kk;n cq<k+ ik gh ,d ,slk Hkze gS tks gekjs thou esa lcls yacs le; rd jgrk gSA* ge ml le; rd bl Hkze esa jgrs gSa fd ge dHkh cw<s+ ugha gksxa s tc rd gesa [kqn cq<k+ is dk vglkl ugha gks tkrkA ;g Hkze mu deZpkfj;ksa esa lkQ >ydrk gS tks vodk'k çkIr djus tk jgs gSAa ;|fi os vPNh rjg ls tkurs gSa fd mUgsa ,d fuf'pr fnu vodk'k xzg.k djuk gS( fQj Hkh tc vodk'k dk le; vkrk gS rks os mnkl gks tkrs gSA cq<k+ is dh =klnh ns[kdj ;qok ;g dgrs lqus x, gSa fd ^blls rks ekSr vPNh*A ijarq cq<k+ is ds nLrd nsus ij dksbZ vkRegR;k ugha djrkA og cq<k+ is dh =klnh dks >syrk gSA cpiu ls ;qokoLFkk esa dne j[kus ij ;g Mj jgrk gS fd muls [ksy&f[kykSus NwV tk,¡xs ijarq ;kSou ds ykHk ,sls gksrs gSa fd vk;q ds lkFk os bl Mj dks Hkwy tkrs gSAa ;kSou esa cq<k+ is dh lksp Hkh ,d foifÙk yxrh gS ijarq D;k ge bl fu;fr dks Vky ldrs gS\a fdlh o`) dks ns[kdj ge vius vki dks ;fn mldh fLFkfr esa j[kdj ns[kuk 'kq: dj nsa rks 'kk;n cq<k+ is dh =klnh dks >syus dh eu%fLFkfr esa vk ldrs gSAa rc cq<k+ is esa frjLdkj dh ekufldrk ls vkgr gksus dh ço`fÙk ls cpk tk ldrk gS vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls le>kSrk djuk ljy gks tkrk gSA 20@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 20@o`

cw<k+ as dks frjL—r djds ?kj ds fdlh dksus esa ^Qsd a us* dh vis{kk mUgsa mfpr lEeku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ;fn ,slk u gqvk rks ,slk le; Hkh vk ldrk gS tc lekt dh tM+as gh fgy tk,¡A fleksu dk ekuuk gS fd ^ftl çdkj xka/kh th us vNwr çFkk dks lekIr djus dk vkanksyu pyk;k] phu us tehankjh çFkk dks u"V fd;k vkSj if'pe us ukjh dks vktkn fd;k] mlh çdkj O;fä dks vius vafre thou dky esa Hkh euq"; cuk jgus ds fy, lekt dks f>a>ksMu + s dh vko';drk gSA o`)koLFkk dh =klnh dk fuokj.k dqN dkuwu cuk nsus ls ugha gksxk] og Hkh ,sls lekt esa tgk¡ et+njw ksa dk 'kks"k.k gS] tgk¡ lekt esa laLdkj vkSj uSfrdrk dk iru gks jgk gS vkSj eqëh Hkj /kuh x+jhcksa dk 'kks"k.k dj jgs gSAa * cq<k+ is dks ,d ubZ –f"V ls ns[kus dh vko';drk gS] ,d ,slh –f"V ls ftlesa laons uk gks vkSj cw<k+ as ds fy, vknj o lEeku dk thou nsus dh vkdka{kk gksA D;k ge blds fy, rS;kj gS\a

21@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 21@o`

o`)koLFkk vkSj thofoKku foKku dh çxfr tc ls gqbZ gS] oSKkfudksa dk ,d /;s; ;g Hkh jgk gS fd vk;q dks o'k esa djds cq<k+ is ij thr gkfly dh tk,A çkphu dky esa fofHkUu jksxksa ds fy, vkS"kf/k;ksa dh [kkst dh tkrh jgh vkSj tc vkS"kf/k dke u vkrh rks tknwxjh] Vksuk&VksVdk vkfn dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk FkkA fpfdRlk ds bl bfrgkl esa cq<k+ is ij –f"V Mkyrs gq, fleksu n cqvk dgrh gSa fd ^fgiksØVs l us ekuo thou dh rqyuk ç—fr ds pkj ekSleksa ls djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd cq<k+ ik 'khrdky dh rjg gksrk gSA cq<k+ is esa de vUu dh vko';drk gksrh gS] lk¡l Qwyus yxrh gSA lnhZ&[kk¡lh] y?kq'kadk dh dfBukbZ] ?kqVuksa esa nnZ] xqnksZa dh chekjh] [kkt&[kqtyh] vkarks]a vka[kksa vkSj dkuksa ls ty çokg & bu lcds ckotwn os dgrs gSa fd cw<k+ as dks viuk dk;Z fujarj djrs jguk pkfg,A* fpfdRlk ds bfrgkl dks mdsjrs gq, fleksu vkxs crkrh gS]a ^nwljh lnh esa xsyu us cq<k+ is dks chekjh vkSj LokLF; ds chp dh dM+h dgk FkkA rsjgoha 'krkCnh esa jkstj+ csdu us cq<k+ is dks chekjh dh rjg ns[kk FkkA –f"V dh det+kjs h dks nwj djus ds fy, mUgksu a s esfXuQ+kbax ysl a dh bZtkn dh FkhA e/; ;qx esa udyh nkar yxkus ds fy, i'kqvksa ds 'kjhj dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA iaægoha lnh ds var esa fpfdRld t+c s hZ us cq<k+ is ij igyk fofuca/k ^tsjUs Vksdksfe;k* uke ls çLrqr fd;k FkkA* 'kjhj dks tkuus ds fy, 'kjhj ds Hkhrj ds vaxksa dks tkuuk t+:jh gSA iaægoh 'krkCnh rd rks ekuo 'kjhj dks fpfdRld tkudkjh ds fy, Hkh oftZr ekurs FksA çfl) dykdkj fy;ksukMksZ MkW- foaph vk/kqfud 'kkjhj ds çorZd ekus tkrs gSAa mUgksu a s Lohdkjk Fkk fd ekuo 'kjhj dh lgh tkudkjh ds fy, nl 'ko dkVs Fks vkSj vius thou ds var rd mUgksu a s rhl 'kjhjksa dks dkVk ftuesa dqN o`) Hkh FksA muds psgjksa dk js[kkadu djds mUgksu a s Hkhrj dh ulksa o vkarks]a varfM+;ksa dk [kkdk [khapk FkkA bl fo"k; ij fy[kh mudh fVIif.k;k¡ muds ej.kksijkar feyhaA vBkjgoha lnh esa xsyu ds vuq;k;h tsjkYM okWu LohVu us cq<k+ is dks 22@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 22@o`

vlkè; jksx ekuk vkSj bl voLFkk esa gks jgs 'kkjhfjd ifjorZuksa dk o.kZu fd;kA og le; ,slk Fkk tc fpfdRlk ds {ks= esa dkQh mFky iqFky gks jgh FkhA :l esa fQLpj us o`)koLFkk esa gks jgs vaxksa ds {kj.k rFkk ekufld eanrk ij foLrkj ls fopkj çLrqr fd,A bVyh ds eksjxuh] vesfjdk ds j'k] teZuh ds gQ+yM aS us o`)koLFkk ds dkj.kksa dh iM+rky dh FkhA mUuhloha 'krkCnh esa 'kjhj&fØ;k foKku ¼fQ+ft+;ksykWth½ ds 'kks/k esa dkQh çxfr gqbAZ 1817 esa jksLVu us cw<k+ as esa vLFkek vkSj mlls tqMs+ efLr"d ij iM+rs çHkko ij fuca/k çdkf'kr fd;kA 1840 esa çwl us o`)ksa dh chekjh ij 'kks/kçca/k çLrqr fd;kA 1850 rd igqp ¡ rs&igqp ¡ rs tjk&fpfdRlk ¼tsfj;kfVªDl½ dk vkjaHk gqvk] ;|fi bldk ;g ukedj.k ugha fd;k x;k FkkA Ý+kl a esa o`)ksa ds fy, cM+h laLFkk,a [kksyh xbZAa lkyisVhª j esa vkB gt+kj chekj j[ks x, ftuesa nks&rhu gt+kj o`) FksA ;gha ij 'kkjdksV us cq<k+ is ij vius çfl) O;k[;ku fn, Fks ftudk çdk'ku 1886 esa fd;k x;k FkkA blh le; ls cw<k+ as dh fpfdRlk dk xaHkhj ç;Ru çkjaHk gqvkA bldk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh Fkk fd Ý+kl a esa cw<k+ as dh rknkn c<+rh tk jgh FkhA vU; ns'kksa dh Hkh yxHkx ;gh fLFkfr FkhA chloha lnh ds vkjaHk ls 'kks/kdk;Z esa vkSj rsth+ vkbZA 1908 esa jkSft;j vkSj 1912 esa fid ,oa cekeks us Ý+kl a esa o`)koLFkk ls lacfa /kr 'kks/ki= çdkf'kr fd,A mèkj teZuh esa cqtjZ ] vesfjdk esa feuksV ,oa espfudksQ+ us Hkh o`)ksa dh fLFkfr ij 'kksèkdk;Z fd;kA dqN oSKkfudksa dk ekuuk gS fd cq<k+ is dk ,d gh dkj.k gks ldrk gSA mUuhloha lnh ds var rd Hkh ;gh le>k tkrk Fkk fd ySfa xd xzfa Fk;ksa dh det+kjs h ds dkj.k vk;q ds lkFk LokLF; esa fxjkoV vkrh tkrh gSA chloha 'krkCnh ds vkrs&vkrs dtkfyl us ;g LFkkfir djus dk ç;kl fd;k fd O;fä /kefu;ksa ds ftruk cw<k+ gksrk gSA muds fopkj esa gfì;ksa dk gfLriV [artherosclerosis] vk;q dk fuèkkZfjr dkjd gksrk gSA tsfj;kfVªDl ds firk dgs tkus okys vesfjdk ds us'kj dks ,d o`)k viuh chekjh ds ckjs esa crkus yxh rks mUgksu a s iwNk &^D;k fd;k tk ldrk gS\* rks ml cqf<+;k dk mÙkj Fkk & ^dqN Hkh ughaA* bl mÙkj ls vokd~ us'kj us cq<k+ is ij v/;;u djuk 'kq: fd;kA blds fy, os 23@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 23@o`

fo;uk ds o`)kJe esa x, rks ns[kk fd ogk¡ ds cw<s+ LoLFk thou th jgs gSAa bldk dkj.k iwNus ij crk;k x;k fd ^ge bu o`)ksa dh cPpksa dh rjg ns[kHkky djrs gSAa * bls ns[k us'kj us fpfdRlk dh ,d vyx 'kk[kk [kksyh ftls mUgksu a s tsfj;kfVªDl uke fn;kA 1912 esa mUgksu a s U;w;kdZ esa lkslkbVh vkWQ+ tsfj;kVªh dh LFkkiuk dhA tc mUgksu a s bl fo"k; ij ,d iqLrd fudkyus dh ;kstuk cukbZ rks dksbZ Hkh çdk'kd bls çdkf'kr djus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gqvkA dkj.k Fkk fd ;g fo"k; jkspd ugha gS!! vc ,d vkSj 'kk[kk dh LFkkiuk gqbZ ftls tsfjUVksyksth dgk x;k gSA blesa vk;q ds c<+us ds dkj.k 'kjhj esa gks jgs cnykoksa ij 'kks/k gks jgk gSA vesfjdk esa o`)ksa dh rknkn 1900 ls 1930 ds chp nqxuh gks xbZ vkSj 1930 ls 1950 rd igqp ¡ rs&igqp ¡ rs fQj nqxuh gks xbZA vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds dkj.k o`)ksa dh la[;k 'kgjksa esa rst+h ls c<+us yxhA blls cw<k+ as dh leL;kvksa dh vksj fpfdRldksa vkSj lekt lsfo;ksa dk /;ku vf/kd dsfa ær gksus yxkA tsfjUVksyksth dk foLrkj rhu Lrjksa ij gksus yxk& tSfod] ekufld vkSj lkekftdA vk/kqfud foKku ;g ekurk gS fd o`)koLFkk dk dksbZ ,d dkj.k ugha gS] ;g tho&çfØ;k dk fgLlk gSA blfy, gj tho viuh&viuh voLFkk ds dkj.k y?kq ;k nh?kZ vk;q ikrk gSA vk;q dk vkdyu mlds vkdkj&çdkj ls çrhr gksrk gS( lQ+ns cky] de cky] >qfjZ;k¡] nk¡rksa dk fxjuk] efgykvksa dh Bqìh ij ckyksa dk mxuk vkfn ,sls fpà gSa tks vk;q dk irk nsrs gSAa ckgjh cnyko ds lkFk 'kjhj esa Hkhrjh cnyko Hkh gksrs gSAa jä&pki] ekufld eanrk] gfì;ksa vkSj ekaly fgLlksa esa cnyko] Jo.k vkSj –f"V'kfä esa {kh.krk & dqN ,sls y{k.k gSa tks o`)koLFkk dks çekf.kr djrs gSAa cq<k+ is ds lkFk det+kjs h vkSj chekjh vk gh tkrh gS tSlk fd dHkh tkWulu us dgk Fkk ^esjh chekjh vLFkek vkSj MªkIlh ¼tyksnj½ gS vkSj tks vlk/; gS og gS esjh ipgÙkj o"kZ dh vk;qA* ekufld {kh.krk vkSj det+kjs h ds dkj.k cw<k+ as esa nq?kZVukvksa dh vf/kdrk ikbZ tkrh gSA bu lcds chp ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk fd dksbZ fdl vk;q esa o`) dgyk,xkA vk/kqfud foKku dk ekuuk gS fd tc rd ekufld cy vkSj lary q u 24@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 24@o`

gS] rc rd O;fä o`)koLFkk dks ugha igqp ¡ rkA tSlk fd vesfjdh ftLV gksoy s us dgk gS ^cq<k+ ik ,slh <yku ugha ftl ij lHkh leku :i ls fQlyrs tkrs gSAa og ,slh ÅcM+&[kkcM+ lhf<+;k¡ gSa ftUgsa p<+dj dksbZ tYnh igqp ¡ rk gS rks dksbZ nsj lsA* fleksu us o`)koLFkk ds bfrgkl ij tks Jelk/;] xaHkhj 'kks/k çLrqr fd;k] og ljkguh; ,oa LrqR; gSA

25@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 25@o`

o`)koLFkk % ekuotkfr foKku vukfn dky ls ekuo ,d >qM a esa jgrk vk;k gSA >qM a esa jgus ds dbZ dkj.k gks ldrs gSa ijarq ,d eq[; dkj.k Fkk vius vki dks [kw[a kkj tho&tarv q ksa ls cpk, j[kukA >qM a esa jgrs&jgrs ekuo tkfr dh LFkkiuk gqbZ vkSj fofHkUu çdkj dh tkfr;k¡ lalkj esa iuius yxhaA gj tkfr dh viuh vyx igpku cuh vkSj viuh viuh lqfo/kkuqlkj çFkk,¡ Hkh cuus yxhaA bu tkfr;ksa esa o`)ksa dh D;k ifjfLFkfr Fkh] blds [kkstiw.kZ bfrgkl dks çLrqr fd;k gS fleksu n cqvk us viuh iqLrd ^vksYM ,t* esAa viuh bl iqLrd esa os crkrh gSa fd ^lHkh çkf.k;ksa esa ¼ftuesa i'kqvksa dh tkfr;k¡ Hkh vkrh gS½a o`)ksa dk fo'ks"k LFkku jgk gSA x+kjS djus okyh ckr ;g gS fd çk;% gj tkfr ds thoksa esa iq#"k dk çeq[k LFkku jgk gSA tgk¡ o`)ksa dh eq[; Hkwfedk jgh] ogha yM+kbZ&>xM+s ugha gksrs Fks D;ksfa d os vuqHkoh vkSj 'kkar gksrs gSAa okuj tkfr ds v/;;u esa ;g ik;k x;k fd muds cPps o`)ksa dh djuh dk vuqlj.k djrs gSa tcfd gemez dh djrwrksa dks vuns[kk dj nsrs gSAa ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k fd tc dksbZ canj le> tkrk fd usrk cw<k+ gks x;k gS vkSj mlesa vc mruh 'kfä ugha jg xbZ gS fd og vius >qM a dks laHkky lds rks og lÙkk çkIr djus ds fy, ml o`) dh gR;k dj nsrkA ekuo tkfr;ksa ds bfrgkl esa Hkh bl çdkj dh ço`fÙk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA* ekuo tkfr;ksa esa vius Kku vkSj vuqHko ds dkj.k o`) dks fo'ks"k LFkku Hkys gh fn;k x;k gks ij volj ikdj mls ?kj vkSj lekt ds bl fo'ks"k LFkku ls gVk Hkh fn;k tkrk gS( ;k fQj] ifjfLFkfr Hkkai dj o`) [kqn gh gV tkrk gSA ekuo lektksa esa cq<k+ is dks ,d çk—frd vfHk'kki ekuk x;k gSA o`) dks ;qok ih<+h ,d çdkj ls ?k`f.kr –f"V ls ns[krh gS vkSj dHkh&dHkh mudk e[kkSy Hkh mM+k;k tkrk gSA o`)ksa ds çfr fofHkUu tkfr;ksa esa fdl çdkj dk O;ogkj gksrk gS] bls foLrkj ls ns[kk tk,A vÝhdk ds dksxa ks {ks= dh fpVqes tkfr ds yksx tc ;g le> tkrs fd mudk eq[; iqjksfgr det+kjs gks x;k gS vkSj mldk LokLF; fxjus yxk 26@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 26@o`

gS rks os mls ekj nsrs FksA os ;g ekurs Fks fd ;fn og viuh iwjh vk;q thdj çk—frd e`R;q dks çkIr gksxk rks vius lkFk og viuh nSfod 'kfä Hkh ys tk,xkA Ý+t s j+ ;g tkudkjh nsrs gSa fd fQ+th ds o`) Hkh LosPNk ls blfy, vkRegR;k dj ysrs Fks fd bl vk;q dks vkxs ysdj ft,axs vkSj Hkfo"; esa tjk{kh.krk ls lnk ds fy, cp tk,¡xAs dbZ ys[kdksa us lwMku dh fMadk tkfr esa Hkh blh çdkj dh çFkkvksa dk ft+Ø fd;k gSA bl tkfr esa ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd dqN yksx o"kkZ ykus ;k eNyh ds Hkkys cukus dh {kerk j[krs gSaA ,sls yksx o`) gksus ij LosPNk ls dgrs gSa fd mUgsa thfor xkM+ fn;k tk,A bl tkfr dk ;g ekuuk gS fd ,sls O;fä;ksa dh ;fn LokHkkfod e`R;q gksrh gS rks muds lkFk leLr tkfr Hkh u"V gks tkrh gSA ,slh tkfr;ksa dk thou vk/kqfud lH;rk ls nwj gS vkSj vkS|ksfxd çxfr muds fy, dksbZ vFkZ ugha j[krh gSA gj tkfr dh viuh ekU;rk,¡ gksrh gSAa iSflfQ+d leqæ ds Nksj ij clus okyh tkfr;ksa dk ;g fo'okl gS fd çFkk dh pwd ds dkj.k gh tyçy; gqbZ FkhA uhy unh ds rV ij clus okyh tkfr vkslhfjl esa J)k j[krh gS ftls os [ksr dk nsork ekurs gSa vkSj ;g fo'okl djrs gSa fd gj o"kZ Qly dh dVkbZ ds ckn og ej tkrk gS vkSj vxys o"kZ fQj thfor gks tkrk gSA phu ds jktk ds jkT;kfHk"ksd ls u, laoRlj dk çkjaHk gksrk gS vkSj ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ml fnu ls iqjkuk ;qx lekIr gks x;k gSA tkiku dh f'kUrks çFkk esa eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh le; le; ij u, fljs ls fd;k tkrk gSA ^bls* nsork dk egku eafnj rks gj chl o"kZ esa uofufeZr gksrk gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd bl çdkj ds uofuekZ.k ls euq"; vkSj bZ'oj ds chp dk xBca/ku dHkh iqjkuk ugha gksrkA bu feFkdksa ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd euq"; Hkfo"; dh vksj ns[kus dh ctk, vius vrhr dh vf/kd lqj{kk djuk pkgrk gSA leL;k rc gksrh gS tc cq<k+ is dks ?k`.kk ls ns[kk tkrk gS D;ksfa d lkjk lekt ,d lkFk cw<k+ ugha gksrkA ;qok ih<+h o`)ksa dks cks> le>rh gSA ijarq ,slh lksp gj dgha ns[kus esa ugha vkrhA ;fn dksbZ o`) fo}ku vkSj laiUu gksrk gS rks mls vknj ls ns[kk tkrk gSA viuh o`)koLFkk ds dkj.k og ejus ds djhc gksrk gS] blfy, mls ^bl* nqfu;k vkSj ^ml* 27@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 27@o`

nqfu;k ds chp dh dM+h ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA mÙkjh /kzqo ds ,fLdeks lekt esa ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ^usfodZ nsoh* leqæ ds uhps jgrh gS vkSj ejusokyksa ds çsr mlds lkFk okl djrs gSAa tc rd dksbZ vks>k mlds flj ds cky ugha laokjrk rc rd og vka/kh] rwQk+ u ls laj{k.k ugha nsrhA ekSle vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh ekj dks >syusokyh ,slh tkfr;ksa ds o`)ksa dk thou tkuojksa dh rjg gksrk gSA lkbcsfj;k dh tutkfr esa tknw&Vksus dh vf/kd ekU;rk gSA blfy, ;gk¡ vks>kvksa dks vknj ls ns[kk tkrk gS Hkys gh os cw<s+ gksAa bl tkfr esa fir`lÙkk dh çFkk gSA firk dks iw.kZ vf/kdkj gS fd og viuh larku dks csps ;k ekj nsA ;fn dksbZ larku vius firk dh vkKk dk fujknj djrh gS rks mls laifÙk ls oafpr djus dk vfèkdkj firk dks gksrk gSA blds pyrs firk vius ifjokj ij l[rh ls jkt djrk gSA tc og cw<k+ vkSj vlgk; gks tkrk gS rks mÙkjkf/kdkjh Hkh mls vuknj dh –f"V ls ns[krs gSAa ,sls o`) dks ;k rks mldh fdLer ij dgha NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS ;k og Hkw[k vkSj BaM ls rM+i&rM+i dj ej tkrk gSA blh çdkj dh çFkk tkiku dh ,suq tkfr esa Hkh ns[kh tkrh gSA ,d nwljk igyw cksyhfo;k ds taxyksa esa jgusokyh x+jhc flfj;ksuks tkfr esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bl tkfr ds yksx vius cPpksa ls vf/kd çse djrs gSa ;|fi ;s cPps taxyksa dh fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iSnk gksrs gSAa ;s yksx vius o`)ksa dks vknj vkSj lEeku ls ns[krs gSAa xcwu esa clus okyh Q+xas tkfr flfj;ksuks ds ftruh vHkkoxzLr rks ugha gSA ;gk¡ ds ;qok f'kdkj djrs vkSj eNyh idM+rs gSa vkSj dqN [ksrh Hkh djrs gSAa x+kjS ksa ds vkxeu ls vf/kdrj yksx bZlkbZ cu x, gSa vkSj vius iwot Z ksa ds nsorkvksa dks Hkwy x, gSAa bl tkfr esa Hkh o`)ksa dks lEeku ls j[kk tkrk gS ij efgykvksa dks dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha feyrkA bZlkb;r viukus ds ckn Hkh efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ugha gqvk gSA o`) efgyk,¡ nq[kh o frjL—r jgrh gSa vkSj taxyksa esa NksM+ nh tkrh gSAa nf{k.k vÝhdk dh Fkksxa k tkfr ds iq#"k dbZ efgykvksa dks viuh iRuh cukdj j[krs gSAa mudk dke [ksrh djuk] HksM&+ cdjh pjkuk vkSj dek dj iq#"kksa o cPpksa dk ikyu&iks"k.k djuk gksrk gSA igys os vius ifr dks] fQj cPpksa dks f[kyk,¡xh vkSj var esa [kqn [kk,¡xhA cw<k+ as vkSj chekjksa 28@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 28@o`

dk mruk vknj ugha gksrk gSA ikS= Hkh nknk dh bTtr ugha djrs vkSj mUgsa fp<+krs jgrs gSAa Fkksxa k tkfr dh dksbZ lkekftd ,oa lk¡l—frd èkjksgj ugha gSA vehj cuus ds fy, iq#"k dbZ fookg djrs gSa D;ksfa d ftruh vf/kd ifRu;k¡ gksxa h] mruh vf/kd laiUurk gksxhA 1945 esa lkbeal us 39 tkfr;ksa dk ,d los{Z k.k fd;k FkkA bu 39 tkfr;ksa esa ls 18 ,slh gSa ftuesa cw<k+ as dks frjL—r djds muds gky ij NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA mÙkj lkbcsfj;k ds dks;kZd esa ;g çFkk gS fd cw<k+ as dh lgefr ¼tcjnLrh ls gh lgh½ ysdj mUgsa ,d lekjksg esa ekj fn;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ dh pqDph tkfr esa Hkh blh çdkj dh çFkk gS ftlesa o`) dk csVk ;k HkkbZ mls jsr nsrk gSA nf{k.k vÝhdk ds gksih] Øhd] cq'keSu tkfr ds yksx xzke ds ckgj ,d >ksia M+h cukdj mlesa o`) dks mlds HkkX; ij NksM+ nsrs gSAa ,fLdeks vius o`)ksa dks cQ+Z ds uhps xkM+ nsrs gSa rkfd os BaM ls ej tk,¡ tcfd xzhuySM a ds o`) ,fLdeks tc ;g tku ysrs gSa fd os lekt ds fdlh dke ds ugha jgs rks os cks> cuus dh ctk, vkRegR;k dj ysrs gSAa fofUuisx ds mÙkjh vksftoos ds yksx x+kjS ksa dh laL—fr ls çHkkfor gksdj o`)ksa dk lEeku djus yxs gSAa firk vius iq= ds lkFk jgrk gS vkSj ikS=&ikS=h o`) dk lEeku djrs gSAa o`) Hkh mUgsa çse ls vPNs laLdkj fl[kkrk gSA vY;w'ku Vkiw ds vY;wV tkfr ds eaxksy esgurd'k gksrs gSa vkSj eNyh idM+us dk dke djrs gSAa buesa o`)ksa dks lEeku ls ns[kk tkrk gS vkSj cPps vius ekrk&firk ls çse djrs gSAa cw<h+ efgyk,¡ chekjksa dh ns[kjs[k djrh gSAa dbZ vkfnokfl;ksa esa Kku vkSj tknwVksuk ,d gh flDds ds nks igyw ekus tkrs gSa vkSj buds chp js[kk [khapuk dfBu gSA o`)ksa ds Kku vkSj mudh tknqbZ 'kfä dk vknj gksrk gSA ;g le>k tkrk gS fd tks ftruk o`) gS mlds ikl mruk vf/kd Kku vkSj tknqbZ 'kfä gSA bl vk;q ds O;fä dks nksuksa tgku ds e/; dh ,d dM+h ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ,sls o`) vxyh ih<+h dks Kku ck¡Vrs gS ijarq mu yksxksa dks bl Kku ls oafpr j[krs gSa tks x+kjS ksa ds laidZ esa jgrs gSAa lwMku dh t+Us Ms tkfr esa tknw dks çkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA blh çdkj pkdks] pksjVh] eVkdks vkSj Vksck tkfr;ksa esa Hkh tknw dk çHkko vf/kd 29@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 29@o`

gSA vjkstk+ u s k dh uoktks tkfr ,d laiUu lekt gSA bl lekt esa Kku vkSj tknw dks vyx –f"V ls ns[kk tkrk gSA blesa o`)ks]a det+kjs ksa vkSj chekjksa dh vPNh ns[kHkky gksrh gSA vusd tkfr;ksa esa ;g vke lksp gS fd cw<s+ ejus ds ckn çsr cu tkrs gSAa bu tkfr;ksa ds yksx vf/kd esgur blfy, ugha djrs fd iM+kl s h muls tyus u yxsa vkSj mu ij tknw&Vksuk u djk nsAa cw<k+ as dk ml le; rd vknj ugha gksrk tc rd os vius Kku vkSj tknw dks ugha n'kkZrAs ,sls o`)ksa dks vknj ls ns[kk tkrk gS ftldk çek.k phu vkSj FkkbZyM aS esa clus okyh fe;kvks tkfr gSA fe;kvks ;g le>rs gSa fd e`rd dh vkRek ?kj esa okl djrh gS vkSj j[kokyh djrh gS vkSj fQj uotkr f'k'kq esa vkdj cl tkrh gSA ftl {ks= dh tkfr;k¡ vf/kd vk/kqfud gks xbZ gS]a ogk¡ tknw&Vksus dks vfèkd egRo ugha fn;k tkrk] tSls fgeky; ds ysipkA ysipk tkfr ds yksx fy[kuk i<+uk tkurs gSa vkSj ykekokn esa vkLFkk j[krs gSAa mUgsa vius cPpksa ls çse gksrk gS vkSj cPps Hkh cM+&s cqtxq+ ksZa dk vknj djrs gSAa ckyh ds yksx /kkfeZd gksrs gSAa mUgksu a s Hkkjr] phu vkSj tkok ls /keZ dks viuk;k FkkA muesa ,d nardFkk çpfyr gSA-- cgqr le; igys ,d igkM+h xk¡o esa ;g çFkk Fkh fd jkst+ ,d o`) dh cfy nh tkrh FkhA var esa fLFkfr ;g gks xbZ fd dksbZ o`) gh ugha cpkA mUgsa dfBukbZ dk lkeuk ml le; djuk iM+k tc lHkkx`g ds fy, ydM+h dkVh xbZA lHkh ;qok Fks vkSj os ;g ugha crk ik jgs Fks fd isM+ dk Åijh Hkkx dkSu lk gS vkSj fupyk dkSu lk! rc ,d ;qod us bl leL;k dk lek/kku bl 'krZ ij nsus dk oknk fy;k fd Hkfo"; esa fdlh o`) dh cfy ugha nh tk,xhA lc us gkeh Hkjh rks ;qod ,d o`) dks ys vk;k ftls mlus Nqik dj j[kk FkkA dgrs gSa fd ml jkst+ ls cw<k+ as dks vknj ls ns[kk tkus yxkA mi;qä Z lkjh tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij dqN fu"d"kZ fudkys tk ldrs gS(a ;|fi ,slk djuk fo"k; dk ljyhdj.k gksxkA ;g lkQ ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd le`) vkSj laiUu tkfr;ksa esa o`)ksa dk thou lqfo/kktud ,oa lEekuiw.kZ jgkA ftu cPpksa dks çseiwod Z ikyk&ikslk x;k] os cM+s gksus ij vius cqtxq+ ksZa dk vknj&lEeku djrs gS(a tcfd ,slh tkfr;ksa esa o`)ksa ds 30@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 30@o`

çfr frjLdkj Hkko gksrk gS ftUgksu a s vius cPpksa dks frjL—r fd;kA ftu cPpksa dk thou Hk; vkSj Hkw[k esa chrk] os cM+s gksdj vkØked vkSj Øwj fudys vkSj vius o`)ksa dh gR;k ls Hkh ugha fgpfdpk,A mu cw<k+ as dk lEeku gksrk gS ftuds ikl viuh laifÙk gS vkSj tks viuh ns[kHkky [kqn dj ldrs gSAa ftl lekt esa lqj{kk dh Hkkouk gS] ogk¡ ds o`) lEekuiwod Z jgrs gSa D;ksfa d ;gk¡ ds ;qok muesa viuk Hkfo"; ns[krs gSAa ftl lekt us laLdkj NksMs+ vkSj o`)ksa dk frjLdkj fd;k] mldk Hkfo"; Hkh va/kdkje; gh jgsxkA o`) lekt dh vko';drk gS]a ftldk çek.k cfyçFkk dh iwoksä Z nardFkk esa feyrk gSA cw<k+ as dk vknj mu tkfr;ksa esa Hkh gksrk gS tgk¡ Kku vkSj tknw dk ?kkyesy gSA ;gk¡ Hk; ds dkj.k o`)ksa dk vknj gksrk gS rkfd mudh laifÙk dk ykHk feys ;k fQj ejus ds ckn os Hkwrçsr cudj tkfr dks gkfu u igqp ¡ k,¡A bls ân; ls fd;k lEeku ugha cfYd LokFkZi.w kZ gh ekuk tk,xkA vk/kqfud fopkjksa okys lektksa esa cw<k+ as dk lEeku ?kVrk gS D;ksfa d ,sls lektksa dh tknwVksuk tSlh pht+kas esa vkLFkk ugha gksrh vkSj u gh mUgsa ej.kksijkar Hkwrçsr cuus dk Hk; lrkrk gSA cw<k+ as dh laifÙk dk ykyp Hkh mruk ugha gksrkA o`)koLFkk ds ek;us L=h vkSj iq#"k ds fy, ,d tSls ugha gksrs vkSj u gh mudh ifjfLFkfr ,d tSlh gksrh gSA jtksfuo`fÙk ds ckn efgykvksa dh fLFkfr yM+fd;ksa tSlh gks tkrh gSA vc os fuf'par o LoPNan gksdj ukp&xk ldrh gSa vkSj iq#"kksa ds lax cSB dj u'kk] [ksy vkfn dj ldrh gSAa dbZ lektksa esa o`)ksa vkSj cPpksa esa vf/kd ?kfu"Brk gksrh gSA cPpksa dh ns[kHkky ls ysdj mudh f'k{kk nh{kk dh ft+Eesnkjh bu o`)ksa ij jgrh gSA bl çdkj mudk lekt esa ,d vko';d LFkku cuk jgrk gSA ijarq cgqr vf/kd x+jhc tkfr;ksa esa cPpksa vkSj cw<k+ as dk dksbZ ewY; ugha gksrkA blhfy, ukoktks tSlh tkfr;ksa esa mUgsa ekj nsus esa dksbZ fgpd ugha gksrhA lcls eq[; rF; ;g mHkj dj vkrk gS fd o`) lEeku vftZr ugha 31@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 31@o`

djrs cfYd lEeku mUgsa fn;k tkrk gSA o`)koLFkk dh ;g tSfod lPpkbZ gS fd tks O;fä vkfFkZd –f"V ls vuqRiknd vkSj vuqi;ksxh gks tkrk gS og lekt esa dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha ns ikrkA ,slh voLFkk esa o`)ksa dh fLFkfr D;k gksrh gS] ogh lekt dk lPpk niZ.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA dfri; vkfnokfl;ksa dh rjg o`)ksa dks ekj fn;k tkrk gS] ;k mUgsa ejus ds fy, NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS ;k mUgsa lEekuiwod Z vius vafre fnu rd thfor j[kk tkrk gS] blh ij vk/kkfjr gksxk fdlh lekt dh lH;rk dk ekinaMA fleksu ds bl fu"d"kZ dks ns[krs gq, vkt ds vk/kqfud vkSj lH; dgs tkus okys ;qx esa Hkh gesa dHkh&dHkh ,sls lekpkj feyrs gSa fd yxrk gS fd vHkh ge vkfnokfl;ksa ds ;qx esa th jgs gS!a ! D;k ;g ifjfLFkfr cnysxh---- ;g rks Hkfo"; gh crk,xkA

32@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 32@o`

33@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 33@o`

o`)koLFkk % ,sfrgkfld lektksa esa çkphu lektksa esa cw<k+ as dh D;k fLFkfr Fkh] bldh dksbZ >yd bfrgkl ds iUuksa esa ugha feyrhA o`)koLFkk ds ckjs esa tkuus dk nwljk jkLrk gS fd ml le; ds lkfgR; dks [kaxkysa D;ksfa d lkfgR; gh og niZ.k gS ftlesa ml le; ds fofHkUu lektksa dh vfHkO;fä fey ldrh gSA lkfgR; dks lh<+h cukdj o`)koLFkk dh tk¡p djus ds fy, fleksu n cqvk us xzhd] jkseu] teZu] Ýsp a rFkk vaxt sz h lkfgR; dks [kaxkykA bldk fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gq, fleksu crkrh gS]a ^U;k;fonksa vkSj dfo;ksa dk ,d cM+k fgLlk mu /kfu;ksa dk Fkk tks lekt esa viuk Å¡pk LFkku j[krs FksA blfy, ewY;kadu djrs le; gesa bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk t+:jh gS fd muds ys[ku esa lekt dh oLrqfLFkfr dk vk/kk lp gh mtkxj gqvk gksxkA bl vkèkkj ij o`)ksa dk bfrgkl fy[kuk vlaHko gh dgk tk,xkA o`)ksa vkSj efgykvksa dks blfy, Hkh bfrgkl o lkfgR; esa vf/kd LFkku ugha feyk D;ksfa d os ,d ,slh tekr gSa ftudk jktuhfr vkSj bfrgkl jpus esa dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha jgk] flok dqN vioknksa dsA lekt esa tc rd O;fä dk ;ksxnku jgk] rc rd og lekt dk vfHkUu vax cuk jgk vkSj tSls gh cw<k+ gks x;k] og lekt ls dV x;k vkSj dsoy ,d ^oLrq* cu dj jg x;k( ,slh oLrq ftldk u dksbZ eksy gS] tks u fdlh dke dh gS vkSj u gh dqN iSnk dj ldus ;ksX;! ;g dgk tkrk gS fd v'osr x+kjS ksa dh leL;k gSa vkSj L=h iq#"kksa dh leL;k gS( blfy, fd v'osr vius vf/kdkjksa ds fy, yM+ jgs gSa vkSj efgyk,¡ viusA ijarq cw<k+ as ds ikl yM+us ds fy, dksbZ gfFk;kj Hkh ugha gSA o`)koLFkk ds dkj.k mUgsa vfèkdkjksa ls oafpr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj os fojks/k djrs gSa ij mudh ckr dks vulquk djds ;qok ih<+h lÙkk gfFk;k ysrh gS & ;g lÙkk ?kj dh gks ;k jkT; dhA bldk mnkgj.k gesa dbZ /kkfeZd xzFa kksa vkSj lkfgR; esa feyrk gSA ;g rks gqbZ èkfu;ksa vkSj jktkvksa dh ckr ij x+jhc cw<k+ as dk dgha dksbZ ft+Ø ugha feyrkA ,d lPpkbZ t+:j ;gk¡ >k¡drh gS fd dsoy iq#"kksa ds ckjs esa gh dgk x;k 34@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 34@o`

gS tcfd efgykvksa ds ckjs esa dqN ugha fy[kk x;k ;|fi os vf/kd yack thou thrh gS]a tks ,d ;FkkFkZ gSA tc o`)koLFkk dh ckr pyrh gS rks dsoy iq#"kksa dks gh /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gS & 'kk;n blfy, fd lÙkk dk ;q) dsoy iq#"kksa esa gh jgk gSA ;g ckr tkuojksa esa & [kkl dj okujksa esa & Hkh ns[kh tkrh gSA tho'kkL= vkSj ekuotkfr foKku ds vk/kkj ij ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd o`)ksa dh Lej.k'kfä vkSj vuqHko ds dkj.k mudk lekt esa ;ksxnku jgk gSA LokLF; vkSj 'kfä ds vHkko esa bl fjä LFkku dks efLr"d vkSj vuqHko us iw.kZ fd;kA ijarq ftl cnyrs lekt esa fiNys vuqHko dh vko';drk ugha gksrh] ogk¡ o`)ksa dh Hkh iwN ugha gksrhA* vk/kqfud ;qx esa u, rduhdh ifjorZu vkSj fur u, oSKkfud o rduhdh uohdj.k bldh lVhd felky gSAa daI;wVjhdj.k ds dkj.k vc rks fiNyk vuqHko mUufr o çxfr ds fy, ,d jksMk+ curk tk jgk gSA bl fo"k; ij nqfu;k ds fofHkUu lektksa ds rF;ksa dks ysdj foe'kZ çLrqr djrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa & ^phu ,d viokn gS tgk¡ ds o`)ksa dks fo'ks"k ntkZ çkIr gSA bldk dkj.k gS fd phu dh lH;rk lfn;ksa ls ,d gh <jsZ ij py jgh gS vkSj tgk¡ dsæa h; lÙkk dk pyu jgkA HkkSxksfyd ,oa vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k ;gk¡ ds yksx çxfr ls vfèkd thus dh vkik/kkih esa gh yxs jgsA du¶+;fw 'k;l us ;g fu;e cuk;k Fkk fd ?kj lekt dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gksxk vkSj cqtxq Z dh vkKk dk ikyu ifjokj dk gj lnL; djsxkA —f"k thouksiktZu dk eq[; lzkr s FkkA o`)ksa dk vuqHko vkSj ;qokvksa dh 'kfä & nksuksa gh [ksrh ds eq[; vk/kkj jgsA efgykvksa esa Hkh lcls vfèkd o`)k dh vkKk dk ikyu gksrk FkkA ykvks Rlq ds vuqlkj euq"; ds dke djus ds fy, lkB o"kZ dh le; lhek j[kh xbZ ftlds ckn og ca/kueqä gks tkrk gS vkSj ,d ifo= O;fä cu tkrk gSA* 2]500 bZ-iw- ds felz esa nk'kZfud IVkg&gksVis us dgk Fkk fd ^fdruk dfBu vkSj d"Vnk;d gksrk gS cq<k+ ik & ^chukbZ ef)e] dku cgjs] 'kfä {kh.k] fny cspu S ] eqg¡ ls cksy can] dy dh ckr ;kn ugha] gfì;k¡ pjejkrh gS-a -- fdruk nqHkkZX; ys vkrk gS cq<k+ ikA* cq<k+ is dks nwj j[kus ds uqL[ks crkus okyh ,d iqLrd ds çFke rkezi= ij fy[kk Fkk & ^cq<k+ is 35@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 35@o`

dks tokuh esa cnyus ds fy,*A ;gwfn;ksa esa Hkh vius ekrk&firk dh vkKk dk ikyu djus dh ulhgr nh xbZ gSA ;gksok us ewlk ls dgk Fkk & ^rqe bt+jkby ds lÙkj o`)ksa dks tek djks vkSj os yksx turk dks vius lkFk ys ysxa ]s rqe vdsys ;g cks> er <ksukA fQ+fyLrhu esa Hkh ifjokj dk lcls o`) gh fu.kZ; ysrk gS vkSj lekt esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkrk jgk gSA dbZ ikSjkf.kd xkFkkvksa esa fiNyh ih<+h vkSj vxyh ih<+h dh jLlkd'kh dh dFkk,¡ ns[kus dks feyrh gSAa bu feFkdksa ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd tSl&s tSls nsork o`) gksrs tkrs Fks] oSl&s oSls os vlguh; Hkh gks tkrs Fks vkSj bl dkj.k mUgsa vinLFk Hkh dj fn;k tkrk FkkA ;g Hkh ns[kus esa vkrk gS fd lHkh nsork tks jkt djrs Fks] os ijkØeh ;qod gh jgsA ;wuku dh okLrfodrk ;g Fkh fd viax cPpksa dh gR;k dh tkrh Fkh ij fucZy o`)ksa dk lEeku fd;k tkrk FkkA bl lEeku dk ;g vFkZ ugha Fkk fd muds ikl vkKk&'kfä Hkh FkhA ;qok ih<+h 'kjkc vkSj 'kckc dk vkuan mBkrh vkSj o`)koLFkk ls drjkrhA mUgsa yxrk fd cw<s+ gksus dk vFkZ gS lkjh ekSt&eLrh [kks nsuk tks thou dk lkj gSA lksyksu tSls fpard viokn Fks tks ;g dgrs Fks fd ^thou ekSt eLrh ds fy, ugha gSA eSa bl vLlh o"kZ dh vk;q esa Hkh lh[krk jgrk gw]¡ lh[kuk blfy, rks ugha NksMk+ tkrk fd vkneh cw<k+ gks x;kA cw<k+ as ds lEeku dk fj'rk laifÙk ls Hkh tqMk+ gqvk gSA vfjLVksQUs+ l ds mÙkjkf/kdkjh eusM a j dk ekuuk gS fd cq<k+ is dk thou d"Vnk;h vkSj vFkZghu yxrk gS vkSj blfy, og ejus dh dkeuk djrk gSA ,d cw<k+ çseh ;kSu thou Hkh ugha th ldrk] rks fQj dSls og çlUu jg ldrk gS vkSj D;ksa og e`R;q dh dkeuk ugha djsxkA IysVks us o`)ksa dks lekt dh vko';drk crkrs gq, dgk Fkk & ^o`) vkKk nsxa s vkSj ;qok vkKk dk ikyu djsxa As tc ge e`r iwot Z ksa dh iwtk djrs gSa rks ;g gekjk drZO; curk gS fd ge gekjs firk vkSj firkeg] ekrk vkSj nknh&ukuh dh vk;q ds le{k ureLrd gksAa ijarq vjLrq ds fopkj dqN vkSj gh gSAa os ekurs gSa fd o`) vius yacs thoudky esa 36@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 36@o`

vdlj /kks[kk [kkrs jgs gS]a xyfr;k¡ djrs jgs gS]a mudh lkekftd xfrfof/k;ka [kjkc jgh gS]a mUgsa fdlh ij fo'okl ugha gksrk gS] os vYiHkk"kh] Hk;Hkhr vkSj fgpfdpkgV Hkjs gksrs gS]a os vius vrhr vkSj Lej.k&'kfä ij vf/kd fo'okl djrs gS]a Hkfo"; ds çfr vk'kkoku ugha gksr(s blhfy, mUgsa fdlh Hkh lÙkk ds LFkku ls gVk nsuk pkfg,A bZlk ds ,d lnh ckn Hkh ;wukfu;ksa dh ;gh eu%fLFkfr IywVkpZ ds fparu esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA o`)koLFkk dks os mnkl ir>M+ ekurs gSAa nwljh 'krkCnh esa ywfl;u us o`) efgykvksa dks lacksf/kr djrs gq, dgk Fkk&^rqe vius ckyksa dks jax ldrh gks ij viuh >qfjZ;ksa dks ugha feVk ldrhaA esgna h yxk dj gsdc q k dks gsyu ¼xzhl dh lcls lqna j L=h ftlds fy, ;q) gqvk Fkk½ ugha cuk ldrhaA* bfrgkl ls irk pyrk gS fd jkse esa o`)ksa ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, mUgsa Mqcks fn;k tkrk FkkA fQj Hkh] jkse dh lhusV esa o`)ksa dk vknj gksrk Fkk vkSj mUgsa Å¡pk ntkZ fn;k tkrk FkkA ifjokj esa Hkh firk dk LFkku loksiZ fj Fkk] og vius cPpksa ds lkFk fdlh Hkh çdkj dk O;ogkj dj ldrk Fkk & mUgsa csp]as fo—r djsa ;k tku Hkh ys ys!a ;fn dksbZ iq= vius firk dks ekjrk rks mls e`R;qnM a Hkh fey ldrk FkkA fookg ds fy, vius firk vkSj firkeg dh vkKk ysuk vfuok;Z FkkA ijarq jkse esa fNM+s ;q)ksa ds dkj.k /khjs&/khjs jktuhfrd 'kfä tc ;qok lsuk ds v/khu vk xbZ rks o`)ksa dk frjLdkj fd;k tkus yxkA flljks dk ekuuk Fkk fd o`) gj dkeqdrk rFkk gj O;lu ls eqä gksrk gS] blfy, og lHkh cqjkb;ksa ls nwj jgrk gSA blh lksp dks vkxs c<+krs gq, dsVks dgrs gSa fd o`) vkil esa laokn] lkfgR; vkSj v/;;u esa viuk le; fcrkrs gSa vkSj vius fparu ls lekt dks ekxZn'kZu nsrs gSAa jkse ds ckn'kkg uhjks ds xq# lsud s k] IysVks] lksyksu vkSj flljks tSls fpardksa us cq<k+ is dks lekt ds fgr esa crk;k gSA buds foijhr o;kso) ` IySuh dk dguk Fkk fd ;qokoLFkk ç—fr dh lcls cM+h nsu gS tcfd nh?kZ vk;qokyksa ds efLr"d {kh.k gks tkrs gS]a gkFk vdM+ tkrs gS]a vk¡[k] dku vkSj iSj det+kjs gks tkrs gSa vkSj nk¡r >M+us ds dkj.k ikpu 'kfä {kh.k gks tkrh gS & ftlds dkj.k os 'kh?kz gh e`R;q ds djhc vk [kM+s gksrs gSAa 37@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 37@o`

jkse esa bZlkb;r ds vkxeu ds ckn ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cnyus yxha vkSj çfrcèkksa esa <hy vkus yxh ijarq cw<k+ as dh ifjfLFkfr ;Fkkor cuh jghA bldk ,d eq[; dkj.k ;g Fkk fd bZlkbZ /keZ dks QSykus ds fy, èkekZpk;ksZa us LFkkuh; çFkkvksa dks cnyus dk ç;kl ugha fd;kA blfy, va/kfo'okl vkSj dqçFkkvksa esa dksbZ cnyko ugha vk;kA ikfjokfjd O;oLFkk esa Hkh dksbZ lq/kkj ugha gqvk( ijarq buds dkj.k pkSFkh 'krkCnh ls vLirky vkSj o`)kJe dk fuekZ.k gksus yxk] jkse vkSj vysDtkafMª;k ds vukFk o chekjksa dh ns[kHkky gksus yxhA nloha vkSj X;kjgoha 'krkCnh esa thou dfBu gks x;kA baXySM a ds vjktd ekgkSy esa uxj mtM+us yxsA cyoku cyghuksa ij vR;kpkj djus yxsA yksx xk¡o dh vksj nkSM+ iMsA bl nkSM+ esa cw<s+ fiNM+ x,A mUgsa muds gky ij NksM+ fn;k x;kA vke thou dfBu gks x;kA iq= vius firk dh txg ysus yxk vkSj cgw lkl dhA o`)ksa dks ,d dejs rd lhfer j[kk x;kA teZuh ds fxze crkrs gSa fd ,sls cw<s+ ftuds dksbZ larku ugha Fkh ;k fujkfJr Fks] mUgsa eBksa esa j[kk tkrk] fHk{kq mudh lsok&lqJq"kk djrsA cpiu rks dgha fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk Fkk vkSj cPps Hkh cM+kas dh rjg vkthfodk ds fy, dke djrs FksA bZlkbZ /keZ dk foLrkj gksus yxkA ^firk* ¼bZ'oj½ dks Hkwy dj yksx ^csV*s ¼bZlk½ dh vkjk/kuk djus yxsA fxjtk?kjksa esa pjokgs ds :i esa ;k lqna j ;qok ds :i esa bZlk ds fp= yxus yxsA o`)ksa ij ;qok ds opZLo dk ;g ,d çrhd cu x;kA ckjgoha vkSj rsjgoha 'krkCnh esa o`)ksa dh fn'kk ds ckjs esa vf/kd tkudkjh miyCèk ugha gSA lu 1265 bZ- esa fQfyi n uksok us dgk Fkk fd thou ds pkj iM+ko gSa vkSj gj iM+ko chl o"kZ dk gksrk gSA bUgsa pkj ekSleksa dh rjg Hkh ns[kk x;k gSA vafre iM+ko ds ckn vFkkZr vLlh o"kZ ds ckn euq"; dsoy e`R;q dh dkeuk esa thrk gSA teZuh ds fxze ca/kqvksa us yksddFkkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd o`) vuqHkoksa ls Hkjk gS vkSj mls thou ds jgL;ksa dk irk gksrk gSA fQj Hkh] o`)ksa dh fLFkfr vf/kdrj ,slh jgh fd os gkL; ds ik= cus jgsA blds fy, mUgksu a s ,d yksddFkk dks m)`r fd;k gS % ^bZ'oj us lHkh thoksa dks rhl o"kZ dh vk;q çnku dhA x/kk] dqÙkk vkSj canj bruh yach vk;q ds 38@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 38@o`

fo#) Fks rks bZ'oj us mudh fourh eku dj ;g vk;q euq"; dks ns nh ftls rhl o"kZ de yx jgs FksA bl çdkj euq"; dh vk;q lÙkj o"kZ dh gks xbZA vc mlds igys rhl o"kZ ¼tks bZ'oj us LosPNk ls fn, Fks½ et+s esa xqtj+ tkrs gS]a fQj x/ks ds vBkjg o"kZ ikfjokfjd cks> <ksus es]a dqÙks ds ckjg o"kZ b/kj&mèkj nkSMu + s esa vkSj var ds canj ds nl o"kZ ,slh gjdrsa djus esa chr tkrs gSa fd cPps mldh g¡lh mMkrs gSAa ** ,slh dFkkvksa esa efgykvksa dk dksbZ ft+Ø ugha gSA efgyk,¡ ;k rks lqna j ;qok ifj;k¡ gSa ;k cw<h+ pqMy S+ Aas o"kZ ds var esa uoo"kZ ds Lokxr esa tks fp= curs gSa muesa Hkh yach nk<+h okys cw<s+ dks njk¡rh gkFk esa fy, tkrs gq, vkSj vkus okys o"kZ ij ,d â"Viq"V ;qod dks vkrs gq, n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA pkSngoha lnh esa euq"; dks tYnh gh cw<k+ ekuk tkrk FkkA lu 1380 bZesa tc iape pkYlZ dh e`R;q c;kyhl o"kZ dh vk;q esa gqbZ rks ;g dgk x;k fd cqf)eku o`) dh e`R;q gks xbZA bl lnh esa yksxksa dk uxjkxeu iqu% çkjaHk gks x;k FkkA çfl) fpard nkars us euq"; dh thoujs[kk [khaprs gq, crk;k Fkk fd ;g /kjrh ls Åij mBdj vkdk'k dh vksj iSr a hl o"kZ esa igqp ¡ rh gS vkSj fQj <yku 'kq: gks tkrh gSA lÙkj o"kZ dh vk;q okys euq"; dh fLFkfr ml ukfod dh Hkk¡fr gksrh gS tks leqæ ls t+ehu ns[kdj /khjs&/khjs tgkt+ dk >aMk mrkjrk tkrk gSA blfy, bl vk;q esa euq"; dks ;g gd+hdr Lohdkj ysuh pkfg, fd mldh ;k=k dk vafre iM+ko vk x;k gSA pkSngoha lnh ekuo tkfr ds fy, ,d dfBu lnh jgh ftlesa ;q)] Iysx dh egkekjh] vdky vkSj tula[;k dh c<+kr s jh tSlh leL;k,¡ vkbZAa bu leL;kvksa ls tw>rk lekt cq<k+ is dh leL;k dks tSls Hkwy gh x;kA lksygoha 'krkCnh uotkxj.k dk ;qx Fkk ftlesa ukjh lkSna ;Z dh ljkguk gqbZ rks vlqna jrk dks uQ+jr ls ns[kk x;kA tgk¡ ;qorh dh lqna jrk dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS] ogha o`)k viuh voLFkk ij 'kksd O;ä djrs gq, dgrh gS & ^gs cq<k+ is] rqeus eq>s dgha dk u j[kk --- xqnZs esa iFkjh] ?kqVuksa esa xfB;k vkSj gkFkksa esa lwtu--A* #t+kVa s us rqyuk djrs gq, dgk gS fd ;qokoLFkk ml isM+ dh rjg gS ftlesa lqxèa k Hkjs iq"i f[kys gS]a ftl ij cSBh fpfM+;k¡ pgd jgh gSa vkSj cq<k+ ik ml efj;y dqÙks dh rjg gS ftl 39@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 39@o`

ij efD[k;ka fHkufHkukrs gq, mlds dku dqrj jgh gSAa blh çdkj] tkDosl os] iks;lsu] jksUlkbZ vkSj vfxzIik n vkWfcu us Hkh cq<k+ is dks dkslk gS( ijarq eksUVsu us vyx fopkj O;ä fd, gSAa mudk ekuuk Fkk fd Kku vkSj vuqHko vk;q dks c<+krs gSa ysfdu lfØ;rk] –<+rk vkSj piyrk tSls xq.k cq<k+ is esa {kh.k gksrs tkrs gSAa lksygoha lnh esa cq<k+ is ds çfr ?k`.kk dk dkj.k Fkk fd o`)ksa vkSj ;qokvksa esa çfrLièkkZ gksus yxh FkhA cw<s+ uo&/kuifr vius /ku dk çn'kZu dj ;qofr;ksa dks fj>k jgs Fks vkSj x+jhc ;qok mUgsa bZ";kZ dh –f"V ls ns[krs jgus dks foo'k FksA muds /ku ls vkdf"kZr ;qofr;ksa dks ns[kdj ;qodksa dh bZ";kZ LokHkkfod Hkh FkhA mez Hkj esgur djds uo&laiUu cus cw<k+ as dks datl w dgk tkrk FkkA ge ns[krs gSa fd çkphu felz ls ysdj uotkxj.k ;qx rd o`)ksa dks ysdj lksp esa dksbZ cnyko ugha vk;k FkkA o`) dks 'khr ls tksMk tkrk] lQ+ns cky] lQ+ns nk<+h dk o.kZu BaMs cQ+Z dh ;kn fnykrk gSA fdlh us Hkh o`)koLFkk ij xaHkhjrk ls ugha lkspk vkSj u gh bl fo"k; ij xaHkhj v/ ;;u fd;kA o`) dks ,d lPps O;fä dh rjg ugha cfYd O;fä dh vkf[kjh ljgn dh rjg ns[kk x;kA lrjgoha 'krkCnh esa 'ksDlih;j us vius ukVd ^fdax yh;j* esa le; ds xqtj+ tkus dk vkSj cq<k+ is dh foo'krk dk lqna j fp=.k fd;k gSA os jktk ds eq[k ls dgykrs gSa & ^cl---- D;k vkneh blls vf/kd dqN ugha-- x+jhc] uaxk] QVs phFkM+kas okyk*\* 'kk;n mUgksu a s vius ns'k ds xk¡oksa vkSj uxjksa esa O;kIr x+jhch dks djhc ls ns[kk FkkA cw<k+ as dks Hkw[k vkSj Hkh[k esa f?kjs ns[kdj gh mUgsa ^fdax yh;j* tSlk ukVd jpus dh çsj.kk feyh FkhA Ý+kl a esa Hkh x+jhc cw<k+ as vkSj cPpksa ds fy, lekt esa LFkku ugha FkkA cPpksa dh vkèkh vkcknh ,d o"kZ ds Hkhrj gh ej tkrh vkSj cM+s rhl&pkyhl o"kZ cM+h dfBukbZ ls ikj dj ikrs FksA çfrfnu dbZ ?kaVksa dk ifjJe] Hkkstu dk vHkko vkSj xank ifjos'k mUgsa chekj dj Mkyrk FkkA mudk thou laxkz e l=g o"kZ dh vk;q ls çkjaHk gksrk vkSj pkyhl rd igqp ¡ rs&igqp ¡ rs os cw<s+ gks tkrs vkSj ipkl dh vk;q esa xk¡o dk #[k djrsA x+jhc o`)ksa dks fxjtk?kj esa vkJ; fn;k tkrkA l=goha 'krkCnh 40@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 40@o`

esa cPpksa dks laçnk; ls vyx j[kk tkrk vkSj muls l[rh ls crkZo gksrk] x+yrh ij dksMs+ ls Hkh ihVk tkrkA cM+s gksus ij firk dh vkKk ls fookg fd;k tkrk vkSj voKk djus ij iq= dks laifÙk ls csn[ky djus dk vfèkdkj firk dks FkkA baXySM a esa jkuh ,fyt+kcFk us lu 1603 bZ- esa ,d dkuwu cuk;k ftlds varxZr ljdkj dh ;g ft+Eesnkjh Fkh fd og x+jhcksa dh ns[kjs[k djs vkSj blds fy, og vko';d iwt a h VSDl ds ek/;e ls bdëk djsA l=goha 'krkCnh esa o`)kJe vkSj vLirky cuok, x,A bZlkbZ /kekZpk;Z x+jhcksa dk vknj djus dh lh[k nsus yxsA dkexjksa dks dke ds fy, çsfjr fd;k x;kA ^tks dke ugha djsxk] og [kk,xk Hkh ugha* dk ukjk fn;k x;kA Hkh[k ekaxus dks vuSfrd djkj fn;k x;kA vBkgjoha 'krkCnh esa i;kZoj.k dh LoPNrk vkSj LokLF; ij vf/kd /;ku fn;k x;kA lkjs ;wjksi esa e`R;qnj fxjus yxhA blds dkj.k vkSlr vk;qnj c<+us yxhA ljdkj us ;g Lohdkjk fd gj ,d dks thus dk vf/kdkj gSA et+njw oxZ dh vk;q Hkh yach gksus yxh( ijarq muds vafre fnu x+jhch vkSj Hkh[k esa xqtj+ rs FksA cPpksa dk 'kks"k.k Hkh de ugha gqvkA cky Jfedksa ij jksd ugha FkhA laiUu cw<s+ ukVd vkSj lkekftd dk;ZØeksa esa lfØ;rk ls Hkkx ysrs FksA thou ds vafre fnuksa esa Hkh os lfØ; FksA Ý+kl a esa Hkh ekuoh; laons ukvksa ij fparu gksus yxkA cPpksa dks I;kj ls ns[kk tkus yxkA ek¡,a viuh larku dks Lruiku djkus yxhaA cPpksa dks ifjokj esa vfHkUu vax dk ntkZ feykA o`)ksa dks lekt vkSj ifjokj esa mudk mfpr LFkku fn;k tkus yxkA ifjokj dk /ku lcls ofj"B lnL; ds gkFk esa gksrk ftlls laiUurk c<+rh jghA ;g iwt a hokn dk vk/kkj cuhA okWYVs;j tSls o`) ys[kdksa dks ys[kuh ds vykok viuh vk;q ds dkj.k [;kfr o lEeku feyus yxkA cw<k+ as vkSj cPpksa ij vf/kd /;ku vkSj çse n'kkZ;k tkus yxkA laiUurk us nku&/keZ dks Hkh c<+kok fn;kA ^nwljksa dks lq[k nsus ls lq[k feyrk gS* dk ukjk nksgjk;k tkus yxkA ifjokj vkSj lekt ds esy&tksy ls lq[k dh vuqHkwfr dk vglkl gksus yxkA bl nkSj esa cq<k+ is dk lEeku c<+k] [kkl rkSj ij laiUu ?kjkuksa es]a tgk¡ ifjokj ds ofj"B lnL; ds 41@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 41@o`

gkFk esa laifÙk dh lÙkk gksrh FkhA bVyh ds lekt esa Hkh ifjorZu ns[ks x,A lksygoha lnh esa tgk¡ cw<s+ dks oS"kE;] yaiV] vkokjk dgk tkrk Fkk ogha l=goha lnh esa ;g fopkj cny x;kA 1728 esa fjDdkscksuh us o`) dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgk gS fd vc og ,d lEekfur firk Fkk ftldh vkKk dk ikyu ifjokj dk cPpk&cPpk djrk FkkA osful ds xksYMksuh us Hkh e/;e oxZ ds ifjokjksa esa vk jgs cnykoksa dk ft+Ø djrs gq, crk;k gS fd muds m|ksx vkSj vU; vkS|ksfxd çxfr ds dkj.k yksx laiUu gksus yxsA vBkjgoha lnh esa dqyhu 'kklu ra= ds gkFkksa esa jktuhfrd 'kfä FkhA vke vkneh bZekunkj vkSj esgurh Fkk ftlds dkj.k m|ksx /ka/kksa esa ykHk dh c<+kr s jh gksrh jghA pkWlj ds le; esa O;kikjh dks bZ";kZ dh –f"V ls ns[kk tkrk Fkk tcfd xksYMksuh ds le; esa mls lEeku feykA ^xqfyolZ Vªos Ys l* ds ys[kd fLo¶+V us cq<k+ is dks djhc ls ns[kk vkSj dkslk gSA ipiu o"kZ dh vk;q esa muds lac/a k ousLlk ls VwV x, Fks vkSj cq<k+ is esa {kh.k 'kjhj] chekjh o det+kjs efLr"d ds ifj.kke dh ekuks os vius ml miU;kl esa Hkfo";ok.kh dj pqds FksA o`) Hkh ubZ ih<+h vkSj ubZ lksp ds vkxs mlh fLFkfr esa gksrk gS D;ksfa d mldh lksp chrs ;qx dh gh gksrh gSA og le; ds lkFk ugha cny ikrkA muds miU;kl esa mu ik=ksa dk n;uh; o.kZu Hkh gS tks ckgjh yksxksa ds vkdj clus ls mlh ns'k ds oklh vçoklh dk thou thrs gSAa mUuhloha 'krkCnh esa ;wjksi dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cny xbZAa lcls vf/kd çHkko c<+rh vkcknh dk jgk ftlds dkj.k ;qok ih<+h dh la[;k cgqr c<+ xbZA lkFk gh u, oSKkfud vfo"dkj vkSj Kku dh çxfr ds dkj.k o`) viuh lksp esa fiNM+ pqds FksA Ý+kl a ] baXySM a vkSj :l ds ys[kdksa us bl cnyrh nqfu;k dh rLohj [khapus dk Hkjld ç;kl fd;kA bl ç;kl esa cq<k+ is dk eqík yxHkx NwV x;kA vkcknh dh o`f) ds rhu eq[; dkj.k jgs & vkS|ksfxd çxfr] xk¡o ls 'kgj dh vksj yksxksa dk iyk;u vkSj ,d ubZ Jfed tekr dk lekt esa inkiZ.k gks tkukA bl cnyko ds dkj.k cw<k+ as ij ,d ckj fQj foink vk xbZA jkstx+ kj dh vfuf'prrk vkSj efgykvksa o cPpksa dk et+njw h 'kks"k.k ,sls dkj.k Fks fd cw<k+ as dks dksbZ dke ugha feyrk Fkk D;ksfa d muesa bruk ifjJe 42@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 42@o`

djus dh {kerk ugha cph FkhA 1880 vkSj 1900 ds chp Vsyj dk fparu ¼VsyfjT+e½ us vesfjdk ds et+njw ksa dks le; ls igys gh cw<k+ dj fn;kA Ý+kl a esa Hkh ;gh fLFkfr jghA o`)ksa dh lgk;rk ds fy, 1804 esa tc ,d laLFkk & gksLikbl n eksfUVª'kkMZ & us o`)ksa dh lgk;rk ds fy, }kj [kksys vkSj vkºoku fd;k fd o`) vius futh lkeku ds lkFk ;gk¡ vk ldrs gSa rks ifjtuksa us mudks diM+kas rd ls oafpr djds Hkst fn;kA ljdkj us o`)ksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, dqN dkuwu cuk,A o`) us vius ftl iq= dks laifÙk nh gS] mldk ;g drZO; Fkk fd ml o`) dks okf"kZd o`fÙk dks nsA ijarq ;g dkuwu Hkh mu o`)ksa dh tku ds fy, vkQ+r cu x;kA okf"kZd o`fÙk ls cpus ds fy, o`)ksa dh gR;k dh tkus yxhA bu gR;kvksa dh tkudkjh Hkh fdlh dks ugha gksrh Fkh D;ksfa d ;s o`) fdlh nwj&njkt+ xk¡o esa tk clrsA bu o`)ksa dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu cksUusejs us fgLVks;j Ms islUs l [1874] esa bl çdkj fd;k & ^vius vafre fnuksa esa og nj&c&nj HkVdrk fQjrk] vius ifjokj ds fy, vtuch dh rjg vkSj var esa og ej tkrk--- dHkh&dHkh rks ejus ls igys gh nQ+u dj fn;k tkrkA* 1866 ls 1870 ds chp djk, x, ,d los{Z k.k ds ckn vf/kdkjh ikWy rqjksV us o`)ksa dks lq>ko fn;k fd thrs th os viuh laifÙk larku ds uke u djsAa bl rjg os vius thou dh lqj{kk dj ik,¡xAs 1845 ds ckn m|ksx vkSj cSd a ksa ds gkFk esa jktuhfrd lÙkk vk xbZA vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds ckn jsy] diM+k] yksgk] 'kDdj vkSj [kuu m|ksx vius pje ij FksA bu m|ksxksa dks vkfFkZd 'kfä cSdksa ls fey jgh FkhA bl çdkj m|ksx vkSj cSd a ksa dk opZLo c<+rk x;kA fur u, rduhdh cnykoksa ds dkj.k o`) ubZ ih<+h ls fiNM+ x, vkSj vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa firk dk LFkku iq= ysus yxkA ij yM+kbZ dk {ks= ;qok vkSj o`) ih<+h ds chp ugha cfYd cqtoZq+ k vkSj et+njw ds chp dk gks x;kA firk vius iq= dh lkekftd mUufr ij xoZ djus yxkA 'kkisugkoj dk ekuuk Fkk fd cpiu gh lcls lq[knk;h thou gksrk gSA ;qokoLFkk lcls 'kfä'kkyh le; gksrk gS ij ml le; O;fä cqf)eku ugha gksrk] og lq[k ikus dh ykylk esa tíkstgn djrk jgrk gS ij mls lq[k ugha feyrk D;ksfa d lq[k rks ,d e`xr`".kk gSA blhfy, og vius cpiu esa ykSV vkuk pkgrk gS tks lcls lq[ke; FkkA ijarq vlyh lq[k 43@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 43@o`

dk le; rks o`)koLFkk dk gksrk gS] c'krsZ fd vkids ikl vPNk LokLF; vkSj [kwc lkjk /ku gksA x+jhc gksuk gh o`)koLFkk dh lcls nqHkkZX;iw.kZ fLFkfr gksrh gSA 'kkisugkoj dh rjg vesfjdk ds ,elZu ekurs gSa fd cq<k+ is esa O;fä fuf'par gksrk gS] mls ykHk&gkfu dh dksbZ fpark ugha jgrh] og vius vrhr esa vftZr ykHk dk lq[k Hkksxrk gSA 1880 esa teZuh ds tsdc fxze us vius ,d Hkk"k.k ds var esa dgk Fkk fd ^eSu a s cq<k+ is esa euq"; dh 'kfä ds {kh.k gksus ds lkFk ;g Hkh tkuk gS fd ;g ,slk 'kkafr vkSj lqdu w dk le; gksrk gS tks O;fä dks igys dHkh ugha feyk gksrkA* cq<k+ is ds ckjs esa çfl) miU;kldkj foDVj áwxks ;g dgrs gSa fd bl voLFkk esa ,slk yxrk gS tSls rqe lkjs NksVs cPpksa ds firkeg gksA ;kSou vkSj cq<k+ is dk o.kZu djrs gq, os crkrs gSa fd o`) dh nk<+h >jus esa pedrs ikuh dh rjg 'osr gksrh gS--- ;qod lqna j gS rks o`) HkO;--;qod dh vk¡[kksa esa vkx gS rks cw<s+ dh vk¡[k esa çdk'kA chloha 'krkCnh esa 'kgjhdj.k dks vkSj c<+kok feyk vkSj ,dy ifjokjksa dh c<+kr s jh ls la;ä q ifjokj fc[kj x,A fiNys ipkl o"kksZa esa o`)ksa dh c<+rh vkcknh vkSj ,dy ifjokjksa ds pyu ls vc ifjokj dk LFkku laçnk; us ys fy;k gSA ;|fi cw<k+ as dh gR;k ugha gksrh ;k mudks muds HkkX; ij ugha NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA ijarq Hkwe/;lkxj ds {ks=ksa esa vc Hkh iSrd ` O;oLFkk gksus ds ckotwn firk dks mldh vkKk ls ml le; ekj fn;k tkrk gS tc og det+kjs gks tkrk gSA ,slk djds iq= Hkh vius firk dh vjktdrk ls eqä gks tkrk gSA Ý+kl a esa firk ds :[ks crkZo ls vlar"q V iq= ?kj NksMd + j pyk tkrk gSA bVyh] flflyh vkSj xzhl ds nf{k.kh Hkkxksa esa vius lEeku ds fy, iq=h dks ekSr ds ?kkV mrkj fn;k tkrk gS tcfd dkuwu bldh bt+kt+r ugha nsrkA bl lnh ds lkjs jktuhfrd vkanksyu& pkgs og :lh] brkyoh] ukth] phuh ;k D;wckbZ gks ;k vYthfj;k dk vkt+knh vkanksyu] lHkh esa ;qokoxZ dk usrR` o jgkA fiNyh lnh esa o`)ksa us jktuhfrd {ks= esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;k Fkk tSls Ý+kl a ds jk"Vªifr tqyl s xzos h] jsus dksVh] ikWy MkSej] ,fM uksvj] LVkfyu] ekvks] gks ph feUg & lHkh o`)koLFkk rd jktuhfr esa lfØ; jgsA 44@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 44@o`

vk/kqfud rduhdh lekt ;g le>rk gS fd vc Kku vkSj tkudkjh vk;q ds lkFk ugha c<+rs cfYd vlkef;d gks tkrs gSAa blfy, vk/kqfud tkudkjh ds fy, vk;q vkSj fiNyh tkudkjh fo?u Hkh cu tkrs gSAa var esa fleksu us mu dkj.kksa dks [kkstus dk ç;kl fd;k gS ftuds pyrs o`)ksa ij vf/kd ys[ku ugha gqvkA os crkrh gSa fd ^bl v/;;u esa geus cq<k+ is dk bfrgkl ugha mdsjk cfYd ;g tkuus dk ç;kl fd;k gS fd çkphu lektksa esa o`)ksa dk thou fdl çdkj chrk gksxk vkSj buds çfr lekt dh lksp dSlh jgh gksxhA fu"d"kZ ;gh fudyrk gS fd lHkh lektksa esa nks oxZ ds yksx Fks & 'kks"kd vkSj 'kksf"krA o`) ftl oxZ esa Fks] mudh fLFkfr Hkh mlh ds vuqlkj jghA 'kksf"kr dh dksbZ vkokt++ gh ugha Fkh vkSj tks dqN fy[kk x;k og 'kks"kdksa ds le`) lekt dh gh vkokt++ FkhA o`) rks ml Js.kh ds gSa ftudh dksbZ mi;ksfxrk lekt ds fy, ugha Fkh vkSj mudk Hkfo"; mlh oxZ ls tqMk+ jgk ftlesa os th jgs FksA dHkh os 'kfä dk dsæa jgs rks dHkh cgql[a ;d ds lkFk jgs ;k dHkh ux.;A çkLV dk ekuuk gS fd cw<s+ fy[kuk can dj nsrs gSa vkSj ;qok o`)ksa dh fpark ugha djrsA cq<k+ ik ir>M+ dh rjg gS ;k ml 'khrdky dh rjg ftlesa cQ+Z dh lQ+ns pknj fcNh gksrh gSA tc o`)ksa ds gkFk esa lÙkk gksrh rks mudk Lrqfrxku gksrk] muds pfj= vkSj Kku ds dlhns i<+s tkrsA e/; ;qx ls ysdj vBkjgoha lnh rd xk¡oksa vkSj dLcksa esa cw<k+ as dh la[;k ux.; Fkh D;ksfa d O;fä 'kks"k.k vkSj dqiks"k.k ds dkj.k ;qokoLFkk esa gh ej tkrk FkkA tks dqN o`)koLFkk dks igqp ¡ rs] thou ;kiu ds fy, mUgsa ;k rks ;qok ih<+h dk eqg¡ ns[kuk iM+rk ;k fQj lektlsoh laLFkkvksa dkA mUgsa lekt dk ,d ,slk csdkj vax ekuk tkrk tks cks> cudj ifjokj esa th jgk gSA dqN ifjokj lekt ds Mj ls o`)ksa dks ekuoh; –f"V ls ns[krs Fks rks vusd o`) n;uh; fLFkfr esa fnu xqtkj jgs FksA budh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks jktuhfrK ekSu o fufoZdkj –f"V ls ns[krs jgsA

45@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 45@o`

o`)koLFkk % vk/kqfud lektksa esa vk/kqfud lekt lqf'kf{kr lekt dgykrk gSA f'k{kk dk çHkko lekt ds cw<k+ as dh ifjfLFkfr cnyus esa fdruk l{ke jgk] ;k fQj] f'k{kk ds dkj.k la;ä q ifjokj ds VwVus vkSj ,dy ifjokj ds foLrkj ls o`)ksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr ;Fkkor cuh jgh] bldh iM+rky fleksu n cqvk viuh iqLrd ^vksYM ,t* esa djrh gSAa os crkrh gSa fd & ^çk;% ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd lHkh rjg dh nq[kn ?kVukvks]a foijhr fVIif.k;ksa vkfn dk laKku rc rd ugha fy;k tkrk tc rd lekt ds lary q u esa dksbZ cnyko ds vklkj ugha fn[kkbZ nsrAs ra= pykus okys gksa ;k ?kj ds NksV&s cM+]s o`)ksa ds ckjs esa rc rd ugha lksprs tc rd dksbZ rhoz Loj muds çfr u mBsAa * o`) brus det+kjs vkSj fujkfJr gksrs gSa fd mudh vkokt++ lekt ds rqey q dksykgy esa lqukbZ Hkh ugha iM+rhA ,sls esa o`)ksa ds ikl 'kk;n ,d gh fodYi jgrk gS--- ekSr dh çrh{kk! bl foo'krk ds ckjs esa fleksu dk dguk gS & le; o`) dks ekSr ds djhc ys tkrk gS tks u rks mldh fu;fr gS vkSj u bPNkA og lekt ds lfØ; lnL;ksa dks ^vU; çtkfr* dh rjg ns[kus yxrk gSA ,d gn rd o`) cPps ds leku gksrk gS ftl ij ;qok ih<+h blfy, vf/kd /;ku ugha nsrh fd og vHkh cPpk gSA mlh çdkj ;qok ;g le>rs gSa fd o`) rks pqd xbZ ih<+h gSa ftUgsa vkt ds lekt ds ckjs esa dqN Kku ugha gSA ijarq ;gk¡ Hkh ,d varj gS & ckyd vius firk dk vknj djrk gS] muds uD'ks&dne ij pyuk pkgrk gS] tcfd ;qod vius o`) firk dks og lEeku ugha nsrk ftldh og vius iq= ls vis{kk djrk gSA fdlh gn rd ;qod vius o`)ksa dk vknj djrk Hkh gS rks lekt ds Mj ls] vkSj ml lhek ds ikj og o`) dks u dsoy derj djds vkadrk gS cfYd mls ;g vglkl Hkh djkus dk ç;kl djrk gSA ;qod o`) dks lh/ks funs'Z k ugha nsrk cfYd ijks{k :i ls trkrk gS fd mlds dgs dks ekuus esa gh o`) dh HkykbZ gSA bldk ,d mnkgj.k gS o`)kJe dks Hkstus dk çLrkoA dqN fnu ogk¡ jgdj ns[kus dk lq>ko fn;k 46@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 46@o`

tk,xk] fQj ;g vk'oklu fn;k tk,xk fd ;fn mls vPNk u yxs rks okfil ?kj yk fy;k tk,xk( tcfd lHkh tkurs gSa fd ;g fnu dHkh ugha vk,xkA o`) fujk'kk dh ekufldrk esa Mwcrk tkrk gSA vc og ,d oLrq ek= cu dj jg tkrk gS & ,slh oLrq ftldk dksbZ ewY; ugha gSA o`) dh eu%fLFkfr dks le>us dk dksbZ ç;kl ;qok ih<+h ugha djrhA ;g Hkh ugha lkspk tkrk fd mldh Hkh dqN bPNk,¡ gksrh gS]a og Hkh euq"; gSA vxj dksbZ çkS<+ viuk ,dkdhiu feVkus ds fy, iqufoZokg djuk pkgs rks ;qok ih<+h bldk fojksèk djrh gSA fo'ks"k :i ls efgykvksa ds fy, ;g cM+h leL;k cu tkrh gSA bl leL;k ds ckjs esa fleksu crkrh gSa fd iqf=;k¡ Hkh ek¡ ds iqufoZokg dk fojks/k mlh çdkj djrh gSa ftl çdkj iq= vius firk dk] vkSj ;fn ;s o`) fookg dj Hkh ysrs gSa rks mudh larkusa muls ,slk BaMk O;ogkj djrh gSa fd ;s o`) x+yrh djus ds vijk/kcks/k esa fnu fcrkrs gSAa O;olk;hdj.k ds bl ;qx esa o`)ksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr dk Hkh ykHk vkèkqfud lekt /kM+Yys ls mBk jgk gSA fleksu us viuh bl iqLrd esa bl fLFkfr dk Hkh inkZQk+ 'k fd;k gSA vktdy vesfjdk vkSj Ý+kl a tSls ns'kksa esa Hkh o`)ksa dk vkokl ,d O;olk; cu x;k gSA uflaxZ gkse] jsLV gkmt+] jsflMsUlh] foyst tSls ukeksa ls vusd laLFkku [kqy x, gSa tgk¡ o`)ksa dks iSlk ysdj j[kk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ vkdj ;s o`) Bxk eglwl djrs gSAa igys rks jaxhu [+okc fn[kk dj mudh tek iwt ¡ h ,sB a yh tkrh gSA fQj dqN le; dh lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa ds ckn ,slk nkSj 'kq: gksrk gS ftlesa o`) viekfur eglwl djus yxrk gSA mldk th.kZ 'kjhj vkSj Fkdk efLr"d bl vk?kkr dks lgu ugha dj ikrkA /khjs&/khjs og fujk'kk dh ekufldrk esa pyk tkrk gS vkSj ekSr dh çrh{kk djrk jgrk gSA tSls gh og ejk ugha fd nwljk o`) bl fjä LFkku dks Hkj nsrk gSA bl çdkj] o`)ksa dh lsok ds uke ij ;s laLFkk,¡ mUgsa e`R;q ds vf/kd fudV yk [kM+k djrh gSAa foKku dh çxfr ds lkFk ekuo dh vkSlr vk;q c<+rh tk jgh gSA jkseu dky esa ;g nj vBkjg o"kZ Fkh vkSj l=goha lnh rd vkrs&vkrs c<+ dj iPphl o"kZ gks xbZA vLlh o"khZ; cw<k ,d vtwck gqvk djrk Fkk ftls lekt lkS o"kZ dk o`) dg dj xoZ djrk FkkA vBkjgoha 'krkCnh 47@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 47@o`

esa Ý+kl a dh vkSlr vk;q rhl o"kZ FkhA 1980 esa o`)ksa dh la[;k dqy tula[;k dk 19 çfr'kr gks xbZA blh çdkj] cPpksa dh e`R;qnj ,d 'krkCnh esa 40 çfr'kr ls ?kVdj 2-2 çfr'kr gks xbZA bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd cw<k+ as dh la[;k ;qokvksa ls vf/kd gks xbZA blds foijhr] vfodflr ns'kksa esa ;qokvksa dh la[;k vf/kd gksrh gS D;ksfa d ;gk¡ dh e`R;qnj vf/kd gS ftlds dkj.k gSa dqiks"k.k] xanh vkoklh; ifjfLFkfr;k¡ rFkk fpfdRlk o nokb;ksa dk vHkkoA Hkkjr esa 36] czkt+hy esa 2-45 vkSj VksxksyM aS esa 1-46 çfr'kr tula[;k cw<k+ as dh Js.kh esa vkrh gSA o`)ksa dh lcls cM+h leL;k vkfFkZd vHkko gSA th.kZ 'kjhj vkSj 'kkjhfjd 'kfä dh deh ds dkj.k os igys dh rjg dq'kyrk ls dk;Z ugha dj ikrs ftldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd os csjkstx+ kj gks tkrs gSAa tks O;fä csjkstx+ kj gS mldh iwN u ?kj esa gksrh gS u lekt esAa o`)ksa dh vkfFkZd lqj{kk dk ,d mik; gS is'a ku ;kstuk ftldk çHkko vkèkqfud lekt ij fdl çdkj iM+k] blds ckjs esa fleksu crkrh gSa & ^1796 bZ- esa VkWe isu us o`) et+njw ksa dks is'a ku nsus dk lq>ko j[kk FkkA ipkl o"kZ dh vk;q igqp ¡ us ij gj et+njw dks is'a ku nsus dk çLrko FkkA csfYt;e vkSj gkWyM aS esa ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dks is'a ku nsus dk çko/kku 1844 bZ- esa vk;kA 19 oha 'krkCnh esa Ý+kl a ds lSfudksa vkSj ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa dks is'a ku çkIr gksus yxhA ckn esa is'a ku ç.kkyh dk foLrkj Ý+kl a ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa gksus yxkA [kku et+njw ] jsy et+njw ] ukfod vkfn Hkh bl Js.kh esa yk, x,A blh dky esa teZuh esa iwt ¡ hokn rst+ çxfr ij FkkA vkS|ksfxd {ks= us j¶+rkj idM+h rks et+njw ksa dh nq?kZVuk,a jkste + jkZ dh ckr gks xbZA et+njw la?kksa ds vkØks'k ls cpus ds fy, fcLekdZ us 1883 vkSj 1889 bZ- ds chp lkekftd chek dk çko/kku cuk;k ftlds varxZr gknls ds f'kdkj gq, v{ke et+njw dh vkfFkZd lqj{kk dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA ckn esa yDt+e s cxZ] jksekfu;k] LohMu] vkfLVª;k] gaxjh vkSj ukosZ tSls ns'kksa esa Hkh bl çdkj dh chek ;kstuk,¡ ykxw gqbAaZ 1956 bZ- rd Ý+kl a ds 80 çfr'kr yksx lsokfuo`fÙk ij is'a ku ikus yxsA iwt ¡ hoknh ns'kksa esa MsUekdZ] LohMu vkSj ukosZ gh ,sls ns'k gSa tgk¡ ukxfjdksa 48@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 48@o`

ds fy, LoPN i;kZoj.k vkSj vPNh thou lqfo/kkvksa dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gSA bldk ,d eq[; dkj.k ;gk¡ dh cgqr de tula[;k gSA lkFk gh ;gk¡ jktuhfrd thou mnkj ,oa fcuk fdlh ykxyisV dk gSA ;gk¡ vehj lcls vf/kd VSDl nsrs gSa vkSj foykflrk dh oLrqvksa ij cgqr vf/kd VSDl yxk;k tkrk gSA bl ç.kkyh dk lcls vf/kd ykHk o`)ksa dks feyrk gSA LohMu dh vkSlr vk;q 76 o"kZ gS] tks leLr ;wjksi esa lcls Å¡ph nj gS( ;|fi is'a ku blfy, nh tkrh gS fd o`) dke djus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gSa ij okLro esa ,d frgkbZ cw<s+ tks lkB o"kZ ikj dj pqds gS]a dqN u dqN dke djrs gSa vkSj vfrfjä vk; dek ysrs gSAa 1951 bZ- esa U;w;kdZ ds ,d los{Z k.k esa 94 laLFkkvksa us dgk fd os o`) dkexjksa dks viuk nq"Vre 'k=q ekurh gSa D;ksfa d os ckr vf/kd djrs gS]a mUgsa dqN ugha lqgkrk gS] os viuh dk;Z ç.kkyh ugha cnyrs vkSj u gh vuq'kklu dk ikyu djrs gSAa rHkh rks] 97 çfr'kr vesfjdh foKkiuksa esa ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd ukSdjh ds fy, pkyhl o"kZ dh lhek j[kh gksrh gSA ftruk cM+k m|ksx gksxk] ogk¡ mruh gh rsth+ ls dke gksrk gS( blfy, ;gk¡ o`)ksa dks ftruk 'kh?kz vodk'k ns ik,¡ mruk mÙke le>k tkrk gSA vkS|ksfxd çxfr dh lcls cM+h gkfu ;gh jgh fd e'khu dks euq"; ij rjthg nh xbZA e'khuksa ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ls euq"; dh mi;ksfxrk ?kVrh xbZ vkSj og vkfFkZd ladV esa f?kjrk x;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd O;fä ds dke djus dh {kerk vkSj csjkstx+ kjh ds chp dksbZ lac/a k ugha gksrkA bldh iM+rky djrs gq, fleksu crkrh gS & ^1955 bZ- esa vkbZ ,y vks ¼baVjus'kuy yscj vksxkZukbt+'s ku½ dh ,d fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k fd csjkstx+ kjksa dh vkSlr vk;q ipkl o"kZ gSA dbZ yksx ,sls gksrs gSa tks dk;Z djus dh {kerk j[krs gSa ij mUgsa ?kj Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA dkj.k ;g crk;k tkrk gS fd bu yksxksa esa 'kkjhfjd 'kfä de gksrh tkrh gS] lquus vkSj ns[kus dh 'kfä {kh.k iM+ tkrh gS] Fkdku] BaM] xehZ] ueh] /ofu ls tqMs+ dkj.k budh dk;Z{kerk dks de dj nsrs gSAa dgk tkrk gS fd Å¡ps inksa ij cSBs çkS<+ vf/kdkfj;ksa esa Hkh ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk esa vfuf'prrk vk tkrh gS vkSj dksbZ u;k dne mBkus ls os drjkrs gSa tcfd ;qok vf/kdkjh fu.kZ; ysus vkSj mUgsa dk;kZfUor djus 49@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 49@o`

esa pqLrh fn[kkrs gSAa ijarq bl fopkj dks foKku ds vuql/a kku us udkj fn;k gSA baXySM a dh U;wQh+ YM Q+kmaM's ku dk dguk gS fd c<+rh mez dh dfe;ksa dks os dbZ vU; mik;ksa ls nwj dj ysrs gSAa ;kdZ'kk;j ds diM+k fey dh o`) efgyk,¡ vf/kd {kerk ls /kkxk fijks ysrh gSa Hkys gh mudh vk¡[ksa det+kjs iM+ xbZ gksAa 1947 bZ- dh baXySM a dh ,d fjiksVZ esa 11]154 dkexjksa ij fd, x, 'kks/k dk fu"d"kZ ;g fudyk fd [kku et+njw ksa esa mez ds dkj.k {kerk esa dksbZ varj ugha vk;kA U;wQh+ YM Q+kmaM's ku us ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd tgk¡ vfèkd 'kfä ds ç;ksx ;k gj le; gjdr djrs jgus ds dk;Z gS]a ogk¡ cw<s+ dkexjksa dks FkksMk+ vf/kd le; yxrk gS] ijarq dk;Zd'q kyrk esa dksbZ varj ugha vkrkA o`)ksa dks dk;Z nsus ds ykHk&gkfu dk tk,t+k ysrs gq, crk;k x;k gS fd dke esa çlUurk] fu;ferrk] lrdZrk] le; dh ikcanh] bPNk'kfä] vuq'kklu] /kS;Z vkSj varfoZod s tSls ykHk gS(a rks –f"V vkSj Jo.k 'kfä dh deh] 'kkjhfjd o Lej.k 'kfä esa deh] piyrk esa deh] dYiuk ,oa l`tu'khyrk dk vHkko( vuqdy w u'khyrk] 'kkjhfjd cy rFkk vkilh leUo; tSls rRoksa dk vHkko o`)ksa ds i{k esa ugha tkrkA fQj Hkh] fo'o;q) ds le; dukMk] vesfjdk vkSj baXySM a ds o`) deZpkfj;ksa ds dk;Z dks ns[krs gq, 1950 bZdh tk¡p us ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd o`) dkexj Hkh dk;Zd'q ky gksrs gSAa * ,sls fu"d"kksZa ds ckotwn ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd o`)ksa vkSj efgykvksa dks dke ij yxkus ls ekfyd drjkrs gSa vkSj ;fn dke ij ysrs Hkh gSa rks mUgsa de nke nsrs gSAa bls 'kks"k.k gh dgk tk,xkA ijarq ekfyd rks viuk ykHk gh ns[ksxa !s bl ;qx esa Hkh o`)ksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa fd eklsfZ yl vkSj lsVa ,aVhu ds o`)ksa ij gq, 'kks/k ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyk gS fd nl çfr'kr iq#"k vkSj mUuhl çfr'kr efgyk,¡ Hkq[kejh esa th jgs gSAa çks- cksyhZ dgrs gSa fd isfjl ds {ks= esa dbZ gt+kj o`) gj o"kZ Hkw[k ls ej tkrs gS(a vkSj gj o"kZ dbZ i=&if=dkvksa esa o`)ksa ds BaM ls ejus ds lekpkj Nirs jgrs gSAa baXySM a ] csfYt;e] teZuh rFkk bVyh esa Hkh yxHkx ;gh fLFkfr gSA ,d x+jhc is'a ku/kkjd us viuh ifjfLFkfr dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd is'a ku dk iSlk ejus ds fy, vf/kd gS vkSj thus ds fy, deA fQj Hkh] fdlh Hkh o`) dks o`)kJe tkus dh bPNk ugha gksrhA og ogha ejuk pkgrk gS tgk¡ og jg jgk gSA 50@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 50@o`

ç'u ;g gS fd ;s o`) tk,¡ rks tk,¡ dgk¡\ ?kj okys j[kuk ugha pkgrs] ç'kklu is'a ku ds vfrfjä dqN vkSj djrk ugha fn[kkbZ nsrkA bldk lek/kku o`)kJe gks ldrk gS( ijarq o`)ksa dh ekufldrk rFkk bu LFkkuksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr 'kk;n leL;k dks gy ugha dj ikrhA bl leL;k ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, fleksu dgrh gSa fd baXySM a esa ;g pyu gS fd LoLFk o`)ksa dh ns[kHkky ifjokj djs] chekj o`)ksa dks vLirky Hkstk tk, vkSj v{ke cw<k+ as dks o`)kJe@vukFkkJe esa j[kk tk,A vesfjdk us Hkh baXySM a dh ;gh çFkk tkjh j[khA 1883 bZ- esa dsfyQ+kfs uZ;k jkT; esa mu yksxksa dks ljdkjh lgk;rk nh tkus yxh tks o`)kJe pyk jgs gS(a ijarq ;g lqfo/kk 1895 bZ- esa lekIr dj nh xbZ D;ksfa d ;s laLFkk,¡ o`)ksa ds uke ij iSlk ywVrh gSAa blds cnys ljdkj us [kqn laLFkk,¡ LFkkfir dha tgk¡ o`)ksa dh ns[kHkky gks ldsA fQj Hkh] o`)ksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr esa dksbZ varj ugha vk;kA ,d o`) us lsfuVksfj;y deh'ku esa vius fopkj j[krs gq, dgk Fkk fd o`)ksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr ds rhu dkj.k gSa & [kjkc LokLF;] x+jhch vkSj ,dkdhiuA ,dy ifjokj] 'kgjhdj.k] de vk; vkSj ?kjksa dh deh & dqN ,sls dkj.k gSa ftUgsa ysdj baXySM a ] vesfjdk] tkiku] teZuh] dukM+k tSls ns'k Hkh tw> jgs gSAa pwf¡ d tkiku vkSj teZuh esa vc Hkh cw<s+ ekrk&firk ds viuh larku ds lkFk jgus dh çFkk gS] leL;k dqN gn rd fLFkj gSA ijarq tgk¡ ;qod xk¡o ;k uxj NksMd + j 'kgj tk jgs gS]a ifjfLFkfr xaHkhj cuh gqbZ gSA ,sls xk¡o vkSj uxj dsoy cw<k+ as ls Hkjs gq, gSAa o`)ksa ds ?kj dh leL;k gy djus esa fLoVtjySM a ] teZuh vkSj baXySM a us dkQh ljkguh; dk;Z fd;k gSA blh çdkj dksiu s gsxu o LohMu us Hkh o`)ksa vkSj x+jhcksa ds ?kj dh leL;k gy dh gSA vesfjdk tSls ns'kksa esa o`)kJe ;k o`)ksa dk xzke ,d O;olk; cu x;k gSA Ý+kl a esa ^gksLikbl* laLFkk,¡ o`)ksa ds fy, cukbZ xbZ gSAa ;s laLFkk,¡ o`)ksa dk vk[kjh /kke cu tkrh gSAa vc rd buesa 2]75]000 fcLrj gSa tks iwjh rjg Hkj pqds gSa vkSj yxHkx nks yk[k o`) çrh{kkjr gSAa bu laLFkkvksa esa txg ikus ds bPNqd yksxksa ds pkj eq[; dkj.k gSa & lalk/kuksa dh deh] vkJ; dh vko';drk] larku dk vius ikl j[kus ls badkj vkSj fpfdRlk dh vko';drkA 51@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 51@o`

efgykvksa dks bu laLFkkvksa esa lkeatL; fcBkus esa vf/kd dfBukbZ blfy, gksrh gS fd os ifjokj esa dke djus dh vknh gksrh gSa vkSj ifjokjokyksa ls ca/ks yxko ds dkj.k mUgsa vf/kd ekufld d"V gksrk gSA bu laLFkkvksa esa vkdj jgus okyksa dks ,slk yxrk gS fd mUgsa tM+ ls m[kkM+ fn;k x;k gksA ,sls ekufld ruko dks >syrs gq, cgqr ls o`) ,d o"kZ ds Hkhrj gh ej tkrs gSAa bu laLFkkvksa ds dkuwu Hkh dBksj gksrs gSa ftuds dkj.k ml vk;q ds yksx ekufld rkSj ij VwV tkrs gSAa mudks lkjk fnu le; fcrkus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gS vkSj thou esa 'kwU;rk Nk tkrh gSA lkekftd thou ls nwj mnkl vkSj fu#ís'; thou mUgsa èkhjs&èkhjs ekSr dh vksj ys tkrk gSA mUgsa eglwl gksus yxrk gS fd os thoarrk ls nwj gksrs tk jgs gSa vkSj Hkfo"; esa muds fy, e`R;q ds flok; dksbZ vkSj pkjk ugha gSA thou ds bl eksM+ ij L=h vkSj iq#"k dk –f"Vdks.k Hkh vyx gksrk gSA ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd efgyk,¡ lk/kkj.kr;k o`)kJe ds thou dks Hkh vklkuh ls >sy ysrh gSAa bldk dkj.k crkrs gq, fleksu dgrh gSa fd o`)kJe ds thou dks efgyk,¡ vf/kd lQyrk ls viuk ysrh gSAa efgyk,¡ vkil esa g¡l&cksy ysrh gSa vkSj lkQ&lQkbZ ls ysdj idkus rd ds dkeksa ls viuh fnup;kZ fcrk nsrh gSAa iq#"kksa ds fy, ,sls dksbZ dk;Z ugha gksrAs os fnu Hkj fcLrj ij iM+s jgrs gSa ;k ftuds ikl dqN iSls gS]a os 'kjkc ihdj le; fcrkrs gSAa lsokfuo`fÙk dk çHkko vyx&vyx oxZ ds yksxksa ij vyx&vyx <ax ls iM+rk gSA ;fn dksbZ vf/kdkjh lsokfuo`Ùk gksrk gS rks mls ,slk yxrk gS tSls mldk vfLrRo gh feV x;k gksA dqlhZ dh lÙkk dks NksMu + s ij mls thou fcuk pIiw dh uko çrhr gksrk gSA et+njw tc lsokfuo`Ùk gksrk gS rks mls /kukHkko dh fpark lrkrh gS ;|fi og bl ckr ij jkgr dh lk¡l ysrk gS fd mls vc dfBu ifjJe ugha djuk iM+xs kA nksuksa dk vyx –f"Vdks.k gksrk gSA ,d lÙkk ds pys tkus ls mnkl gS rks nwljk /kukHkko ls] ij nksuksa ds eu esa ,d gh ckr pqHkrh gS & vc mUgsa dkSu iwNxs k! lÙkk ugha rks iwN ugha] iSls ugha rks iwN ughaA lsokfuo`fÙk dk le; djhc vkus ij iRuh Hkh fpafrr jgrh gSA mls viuh x`gLFkh ij vkus okys foÙkh; ladV dh fpark lrkrh gSA lHkh 52@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 52@o`

tjkoSKkfud ¼tsjVas ksyksftLV½ bl ckr ij ,d er gSa fd thou ds vafre chl o"kksZa esa LoLFk O;fä Hkh ekufld ,oa lkekftd –f"V ls vlgt gks tkrk gS tc fd dksbZ O;LFkrk ugha jgrhA mls thus dk mís'; gh fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk vkSj ;g ifjfLFkfr e`R;q ls vfèkd d"Vnk;h fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA blhfy, tjkoSKkfudksa dk ekuuk gS fd lsokfuo`fÙk ds ckn Hkh O;fä dks O;Lr jguk pkfg, vU;Fkk og vkyL; o mnklh ds ?ksjs esa vk tk,xk vkSj mldk LokLF; fxjrk tk,xkA lsokfuo`fÙk ,d dfBu vkSj tfVy leL;k gS ftlesa O;fä dk ekufld ,oa 'kkjhfjd {kj.k gksrk gS vkSj bls jksdus ds fy, mls fujarj fdlh dk;Z esa yxs jguk pkfg,A ijarq ;fn ,slk gqvk rks o`) dke ij yxs jgsxa s vkSj ;qok ih<+h csjkstx+ kj jgsxhA ;qok ih<+h dh csjkstx+ kjh ljdkj vkSj lekt ds fy, vkSj vfèkd xaHkhj ifj.kke ysdj vk,xhA vkt ds csjkstx+ kj ;k rks vkRegR;k dj jgs gSa ;k vkradokn vkSj uDlyokn dh mxz fn'kk esa tk jgs gSAa vPNk gks fd çkS<+ ih<+h ;qok ih<+h ds fy, LFkku cuk,¡ vkSj lsokfuo`fÙk ds ckn le; dk lnqi;ksx djus dh ;kstuk igys ls gh cuk dj j[k ysAa ;g dk;Z fdlh lekt&lsoh laLFkk ls tqM+ dj Hkh iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA rc o`)ksa dk thou lq[k&'kkafr ls chrsxkA ?kj gh og LFkku gks ldrk gS tgk¡ o`) viuk vafre le; pSu ls fcrk ldrk gS & viuk ?kj] og pkgs NksVk gks ;k cM+k] lalk/kuksa ls Hkjk Hkys gh u gks] laLej.kksa ls Hkjk rks gksxk ghA

53@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 53@o`

o`)koLFkk dk Hkze vkSj lp vc rd geus cq<k+ is dks oLrqfu"B –f"V ls ns[kk gS ftls thou esa lHkh Hkksxrs gS]a ijarq cq<k+ is dks vkRefu"B –f"V ls ugha vkadk gSA dksbZ Hkh O;fä vius dks ml le; rd cw<k+ ugha le>rk tc rd mls ,slk eglwl ugha gksrk gSA dHkh&dHkh rks fdlh O;fä dks pkpk] ekek ;k vady dgus ij Øks/k Hkh vk tkrk gS & bldk dkj.k ;gh gS fd O;fä vk;q ls cw<k+ ugha cfYd viuh lksp ;k etcwjh ds dkj.k çFke ckj vuqHko djus yxrk gS fd c<+rh vk;q us mls ?ksj fy;k gSA thou ds bl iM+ko ds lac/a k esa fleksu n cqvk us viuh iqLrd ^vksYM ,t* esa mnkgj.k nsdj dqN fu"d"kZ fudkys gSAa os crkrh gSa fd xsVs us dHkh dgk Fkk & ^mez gesa vpkud vglkl fnykrh gSA* vkWxu Z us vk'p;Z O;ä fd;k Fkk & ^;g D;k gks x;k! ,slk dqN fd eSa cw<k+ gks x;kA* eSu a s tc vkbus ds lkeus [kM+s gksdj vius dks ns[kk rks ;g irk gh ugha pyk fd eSa pkyhl ikj dj jgh gwA¡ ge tc cpiu ls fd'kksjkoLFkk dh ngyht+ ij dne j[krs gSa rks gekjs 'kjhj esa dqN ifjorZu gksrs gSa tks gesa bl cnyko dk vglkl fnykrs gSAa ;qokoLFkk ds ckn le; xqtj+ rk tkrk gS vkSj dHkh cq<k+ is ds ckjs esa dksbZ ugha lksprkA cq<k+ is dks ,d ,slh cká oLrq le>k tkrk gS ftldk gels dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha gSA rc rd ge vius vkidks toku le>rs gSa tc rd dksbZ nwljk ge ij cw<s+ dk fo'ks"k.k ugha tM+ nsrkA igyh çfrfØ;k esa ,slk vDlj lquus dks feyrk gS fd eSa cw<k+ ugha gwA¡ ;g ,d ,slk Hkze gS tgk¡ yksx o`)koLFkk dh fLFkfr vkadus esa pwd tkrs gSAa ,slk yxrk gS fd ge nks esa c¡V x, gSa & ,d rks og ^Lo* tks vius dks toku le> jgk gS vkSj nwljk ;g ^'kjhj* tks o`)koLFkk ds y{k.k crk jgk gSA tc dksbZ dgrk gS & lkB lky dk cw<k+ ] rks gesa ,sls dksbZ y{k.k fn[kkbZ ugha nsrs ftuls gesa cw<k+ le>k tk,A ,slk O;fä vkt ls nl o"kZ iwoZ tks dk;Z og djrk vk jgk Fkk] vc Hkh mlh dq'kyrk ls mls djrk gS] mldh 'kkjhfjd 'kfä esa Hkh mls dksbZ deh ugha fn[kkbZ nsrh] rks ;g ^cw<*s+ dk fo'ks"k.k mls vthc lk yxrk gSA ;gha mls ;g tkuus dh vko';drk gksrh gS fd cw<s+ vkSj chekj esa varj gSA chekjh esa O;fä dks viuh det+kjs h vkSj 54@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 54@o`

foo'krk dk vglkl gksrk gS] ijarq cq<k+ ik pqids ls vkrk gSA fdlh Hkh çdkj dk 'kkjhfjd cnyko jkst+ ns[kus okys dks 'kk;n gh fn[kkbZ nsA chekjh ls O;fä mcj ikrk gS ij cq<k+ is ls ughaA cq<k+ is dk vglkl dksbZ dSls dj ik,\ dqN lkfgR;dkjksa ds ys[ku dks ysdj fleksu m)`r djrh gSa fd ysfuu dgk djrs Fks& ^tkurs gks lcls cM+k O;lu D;k gS\ O;fä dk ipiu ikj djukA* VªkV~Ldh ds thou dk /;s; dke vkSj la?k"kZ FkkA tc os ipiu o"kZ ds gq, rks mUgksu a s viuh iRuh dks i= esa fy[kk Fkk& ^vc eSa Fkdus yxk gw]¡ uhan Hkh ugha vkrh] HkqyDdM+ gks x;k gw-¡ --- A ;g voLFkk vLFkk;h gS ;k lnk ds fy,\ & ns[kk tk,xkA* ykjksd fjiksVZ esa ;g dgk x;k gS fd lkB o"kZ dh vk;q okyksa esa vkèks ls vf/kd ;g le>rs gSa fd os vLoLFk gSa tcfd ;g /kkj.kk dsoy Hk; ds dkj.k curh gSA ijarq baXySM a ds Vufczt o 'ksQh+ YM us tks los{Z k.k 1956 esa fd;k Fkk mlds ifj.kke foijhr FksA bl los{Z k.k esa ;g ik;k x;k fd 26% iq#"k LoLFk Fks tcfd 64% vius vki dks LoLFk le>rs FksA blh çdkj 23% efgyk,¡ LoLFk Fkha tcfd 48% LoLFk le>rh FkhaA blls ;g fu"d"kZ Hkh fudyk fd o`) ikpu 'kfä] lk¡l] efLr"d vkSj 'kjhj dh det+kjs h ls xzLr Fks ij mUgsa bldk vglkl ugha FkkA blhfy, ;s o`) vLoLFk ;qokvksa ds eqdkcys MkWDVj ds ikl de tkrs vkSj de nokb;ksa dk lsou djrs FksA cq[kkjsLV tsfj;kfVªd bafLVVîwV ds çks- ,- fl;wlk dk ekuuk Fkk fd o`)ksa dh vius LokLF; ds çfr mnklhurk ds nks dkj.k gSAa ,d rks os ;g ugha le>rs fd muds LokLF; dh gkyr n;uh; gS vkSj mUgsa fpfdRlk dh vko';drk gS vkSj nwljk ;g fd os oSjkX; dh eu%fLFkfr esa pys tkrs gSAa rHkh rks] xsyu us o`)koLFkk dks LokLF; vkSj vLoLFkrk ds chp dh voLFkk crk;k gSA ,sls ekSds gj ,d ds thou esa vkrs gSa tc ,d vlsZ ckn vki fdlh ls feyrs gSa vkSj eu esa lksprs jgrs gSa fd og fdruk cny x;k fd rHkh og dgrk gS & rqe fdrus cny x,! ge pkgsa ;k u pkgs]a nwljs dh ckr rks ekuuh gh iM+xs hA le; dh j¶+rkj dks dksbZ jksd ugha ldrkA le; ds lkFk gksrs vk'p;Ztud cnyko dh ?kVuk dh ppkZ 55@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 55@o`

djrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa & ^o`) bl ekufldrk esa gksrs gSa fd mUgsa fu—"V çtkfr dk çk.kh le>k tkrk gS] blfy, os vius vki dks o`) dgus dh vis{kk vLoLFk le>rs gSAa dqN dks viuh vk;q dk cgkuk lqyHk yxrk gSA o`)koLFkk bruh vkfgLrk ls 'kjhj dk }kj [kV[kVkrh gS fd irk gh ugha pyrk fd dc ;g fLFkfr vk xbZA enke n lsfou us 27 tuojh 1687 dks bldk lqna j o.kZu bl rjg ls fd;k Fkk & ^fu;fr ge ij bruh n;kyq gS fd gekjs thou dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa dk gesa irk gh ugha pyrkA ;g <yku bruh dkseyrk ls fQlyrh gS fd le; dh xfr dk vglkl gh ugha gksrkA fnu&c&fnu ge viuk ogh psgjk vkbZus esa ns[krs gSAa dy dk psgjk vkt fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vkSj vkt dk psgjk dy fn[kkbZ nsxkA ijarq ;fn vkt lkB o"kZ dh vk;q esa [kMs gksdj gekjs chl o"kZ dh vk;q dk fp= ns[ksxa s rks 'kjhj ds cnyko ij vk'p;Zpfdr jg tk,¡xAs * pwf¡ d ;g cnyko gekjs Hkhrj fujarj pyrk jgrk gS] blfy, bl ifjorZu dks nwljk dksbZ gh crk ldrk gS tks ,d varjky ds ckn ns[krk gSA ;fn dksbZ ;g dg ns fd ^rqe cw<s+ gks x, gks* rks ge laHkor% viekfur eglwl djrs gSAa fQj Hkh] psgjs dh >qfjZ;k¡ vk;q dk irk nsrh gSa Hkys gh 'kjhj lqxfBr gksA bls ekfj;k Mksjes us ,d ?kVuk ds ek/;e ls le>k;k gSA ,d O;fä muds lqMkSy 'kjhj dks ns[kdj ihNk djus yxkA tSls gh djhc vkdj mldh –f"V muds psgjs ij iM+h] og pqids ls vkxs fudy x;kA vius cnyko ds ,sls vuqHko çk;% lHkh ds lkFk gksrs gSa tc os fdlh ifjfpr ls ,d yacs varjky ds ckn feyrs gSAa laHkor% nksuksa ds eu esa ,d nwljs ds 'kkjhfjd cnyko ij ogh fopkj meM+rs jgrs gSAa fleksu viuk ,d laLej.k m)`r djrs gq, crkrh gSa & ^tc eSa jkse esa Fkh] ,d fnu gksVy ds Vsjl s ij cSBh dkWQh ih jgh FkhA cxy esa cSBh Njgjs cnu dh ,d lkB o"khZ; vesfjdh efgyk fdlh ls ckrsa dj jgh FkhA vpkud mldh [kudnkj g¡lh lqudj eSu a s mls x+kjS ls ns[kkA le; eq>s chl o"kZ ihNs ys x;k tc esjk ifjp; bl efgyk ls dsfyQ+kfs uZ;k esa gqvk FkkA eSu a s ml efgyk ds cnyko ds dkj.k mldks ugha igpkuk vkSj laHkor% esjs 'kkjhfjd ifjorZu ds dkj.k mlus Hkh eq>s ugha igpkuk gks!

56@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 56@o`

lÙkj o"khZ; tkSgUMks us vius vki dks dkslrs gq, dgk Fkk fd ^vk/kh lnh ls eSa vius vki dks chl o"kZ dk gh le>rk vk jgk Fkk ij le; us bls vc udkj fn;k gS vkSj vc eSa ;g x+yr /kkj.kk rtrk gwA¡ * tSlk fd lk=Z us ekuk gS] ;g og vlaHko fLFkfr gksrh gS tgk¡ ge vius vki dks ml –f"V ls ugha ns[k ikrs gSa ftlls nwljs gesa ns[krs gSAa cq<k+ ik thou ls ijs dqN ,slh pht+ gS ftldk eSa Hkhrj ls vuqHko ugha dj ik jgh gwA¡ 'kk;n esjk vga ml vareZu ds Hkhrj ugha ns[k ikrk] ;g ,slh oLrq gS ftls nwj ls gh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA fQj Hkh] dbZ ckj ge vk'oLr gksrs gSa fd geus viuh igpku ugha [kksbZ gSA ;gh çfØ;k cpiu [kksdj fd'kksjkoLFkk esa dne j[kus ij gksrh gS ij cpiu dh fLFkfr ls cnyko 'kq: gks tkrs gSa & vkokt++ cnyus yxrh gS] 'kjhj esa cnyko vkus yxrs gSa tks gesa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSAa bu cnykoksa dks euksoK S kfud ^igpku ladV* ¼vkbMsfa VVh ØkbZfll½ dgrs gSAa thou ds bu nks cnykoksa esa varj gksrk gSA fd'kksjkoLFkk esa dbZ dYiuk,¡ mM+ku Hkjrh gSa ¼vius Hkfo"; dh vksj vk'kk ls ns[kuk½]-- tcfd o`) dh dYiuk gh tokc ns pqdh gksrh gSa vkSj Hkfo"; va/kdkje; yxrk gS! ;g voLFkk ekufld volkn vkSj ekufld vk?kkr dks tUe nsrh gSA cq<k+ is dk vuqHko fdl vk;q esa gksrk gS] ;g vius&vius –f"Vdks.k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA fdlh dks ;g vuqHko tYnh gksus yxrk gS rks dksbZ thou ds vafre le; rd Hkh vius dks ;qok eglwl djrk gSA ;qok ckWMy + js us [kh> dj dgk Fkk & ^esjs thou esa brus laLej.k gSa tks ,d gt+kj o"kZ ds o`) esa gksrs gSAa * ¶ykcVZ vius ifjokj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k cpiu ls gh vius dks cw<k+ le>rs FksA fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls vfFkZd fLFkfr esa fxjkoV vkus ds ckn mUgksu a s dgk Fkk & ^thou esa dksbZ lkj ugha jg x;k gS( vc bl fujk'kkiw.kZ volkn esa cq<k+ ik vk x;kA vius vki dks eSa lkS o"kZ dk cw<k+ vuqHko djrk gwA¡ * dqN yksx ,slk le>rs gSa fd cq<k+ ik mu ds fy, ugha gS] ;g rks nwljksa ds fy, gS] Bhd mlh rjg tSls fdlh dh ekSr dks ysdj yksx lksprs gSa fd ;g vkSjksa ds fy, gS] [kqn ds fy, ugha( vkSj dqN rks ,sls Hkh gksrs gSa tks 'kkjhfjd :i ls LoLFk fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa ij vius vki dks cw<k+ eglwl djrs gSAa bl euksoK S kfud rF; ij vius fopkj j[krs gq, 57@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 57@o`

fleksu crkrh gSa & ^la?k"kZe; thou fcrkus okys yksx vius vki dks tYn gh cw<k+ eglwl djrs gSa ;|fi 'kkjhfjd rkSj ij os cw<s+ ugha fn[kkbZ nsrAs çks- cksjfy;j dh Vhe us 107 ipiu&o"khZ; Ldwyh f'k{kdksa dk los{Z k.k fd;k vkSj ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd 40% f'k{kd viuh vk;q ls vf/kd ;qok eglwl djrs gSa tcfd 3% vf/kd cw<As+ 1954 bZ- esa vesfjdk ds VdekWu ,aM yksxZs dh Vhe us 1032 yksxksa ls ç'u fd;k rks ik;k fd lkB o"kZ ds yksx vius dks cw<k+ ugha ekurs tcfd 53% vLlh o"khZ; vius dks cw<k+ eglwl djrs gSAa ,sls gh ç'u o`)kJe ds yksxksa ls iwNs x, rks mudk mÙkj Fkk& eSa cw<k+ ugha gw-¡ -- eSa cq<k+ is ds ckjs esa lksprk Hkh ugha--- eSa dHkh MkWDVj ds ikl ugha tkrk--- eSa rks vHkh chl dk eglwl djrk gw-¡ --A dqN rks ;g le>rs gSa fd os vk;q dh lhek ls ijs gS-a -- os vU; ls vyx gSAa ,sls yksx vius vki dks /kks[kk nsrs gSAa HkM+dhys diM+s igu dj] esdvi djds ;k pky&<ky ls ;g trkrs gSa fd os cw<s+ ugha gSa vkSj ,sls yksx vius vki dks vk'oLr Hkh dj ysrs gSAa dqN yksx bl çdkj ds –f"Vdks.k dks Nykok dgrs gSa vkSj cq<k+ is dks ?k`f.kr –f"V ls ns[krs gSAa enke n lsfous us cw<k+ as dh n;uh; ifjfLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, 15 vçSy 1635 dks dgk Fkk fd ^fdruk viekutud gksrk gS bl vk;q esa ekufld vkSj 'kkjhfjd cks> dks ?klhVuk] eSa rks pkgwx¡ h fd ,d lqna j Nfo yksxksa ds chp NksM+ tkÅ¡ u fd ,d iaxq vkSj vikfgt dhA fdrus vPNs gSa os ns'k tgk¡ cw<k+ as ij n;k djds mUgsa bPNke`R;q dh Loh—fr nh tkrh gSA* le; ds lkFk O;fä dk MhyMkSy Hkh cny tkrk gS vkSj ;g ifjorZu bruk èkhjs gksrk gS fd jkst+ ns[kus okys dks bldk vglkl ugha gksrk] ijarq ,d yacs le; ds ckn feyus okyk bl ifjorZu ij u dsoy vk'p;Zpfdr jgrk gS cfYd bldk bt+gkj Hkh djrk gSA og ;g Hkwy tkrk gS fd ;gh Hkko lkeus okys O;fä ds eu&efLr"d esa Hkh esjs ckjs esa ?kwe jgs gSAa bl eu%fLFkfr ds ckjs esa fleksu dk dguk gS & ^tks yksx gesa fuR; ns[krs gSa os gekjs psgjs ds cnyko ij flQZ bruk gh dg ldrs gSa fd psgjs esa xaHkhjrk vkSj çkS<i+ u vk x;k gS( ijarq tks gesa dbZ o"kksZa ckn ns[krs gS]a os eglwl djrs gSa fd ge cq<k+ is dh vksj tk jgs gSAa bl 58@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 58@o`

çfrfØ;k dks ge dHkh g¡lh esa mM+k nsrs gSa ;k dHkh Øks/k ls ;k xaHkhjrk ls ns[krs gSAa eSu a s vc rd fdlh efgyk dks thou esa ;k iqLrdksa esa Hkh eqLdqjkdj cq<k+ is dh ckr dk Lokxr djrs ugha ns[kk gSA iq#"kksa esa vkRedkeqdrk ¼ukflZfl;r½ dh >yd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA os vius vki ls bruk çse djrs gSa fd 'kjhj ij vk, dqN nkx Hkh mUgsa Lohdkj ugha gksrAs vkWjxu us fy[kk gS fd ^esjs gkFkksa ij vk, rkEckbZ /kCcs fpYykdj esjh o`)koLFkk dk irk nsrs gSAa * fy;ksukMksZ MkW- foaph tSls o`) fp=dkj us vius vkRefp= esa c<+rs lQ+ns cky] nk<+h vkSj HkkSoa s fpf=r djus ij Hkh eq[keaMy dh vkHkk ;qok dh j[kh gS( ekuks vius lÙkj o"khZ; fp= esa ipkl o"khZ; eq[k dks fpf=r fd;k gksA ge Lohdkj djsa ;k u djsa gesa rks o`)koLFkk dk thou fcrkuk gh iM+rk gSA LokLF; ds ckjs esa o`) vius d"V fNikus dk ç;kl djrs gSAa çk;% os xoZ ls ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd mUgsa MkWDVj ds ikl tkus dh vko';drk Hkh ugha iM+rhA gks ldrk gS fd os fpfdRlk ugha djokuk pkgrs] ij bldk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd os vLoLFk ugha gSAa bl eqís ij çdk'k Mkyrh gSa fleksu & ^vius LokLF; ds çfr mnklhurk o`)ksa dk ,d fn[kkok ek= gksrk gS tcfd os fpafrr jgrs gSa vkSj bl fpark ds cgkus Hkh <w< ¡ r + s gSAa dHkh&dHkh lsokfuo`fÙk dks viuh vLoLFkrk dk dkj.k crkrs gSa D;ksfa d mudk in fNu x;k ftl ij os brjkrs jgsA ,MeaM n xksudksVZ us viuh vLoLFkrk ls vf/kd fpafrr jgus dk dkj.k 10 twu 1892 ds ^tuZy* esa crk;k gS&a ^,d NksVh [kjksp a ;k fdlh foijhr dkj.k ls ekSr dk Hk; Nk tkrk gSA* fy;ksVkWM dgrs gSa fd <yku dh vksj nkSMr + h ftanxh xgjs] vkSj xgjs] mrjrh tkrh gSA <yku dh vksj tkrk thou ,d vfuok;Z çfØ;k gS( ijarq ;g fdruh /kheh ;k fdruh rst+ gksrh gS] bls thou dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ r; djrh gSAa dHkh fdlh dks ân;k?kkr ;k i{kk?kkr gks x;k rks thou dh xfr vpkud èkheh gks tkrh gSA ijarq ;g 'kkjhfjd ls vf/kd ekufld çHkko ij fuHkZj djrk gSA tSlk fd DykWMy s us dgk & ^vLlh o"kZ dk o`)! u vk¡[k] u dku] u nk¡r] u iSj--- tc ;s lc pys x, vkSj fQj Hkh vPNh rjg th jgs gSa rks fdruk vk'p;Z gksrk gS!* vLlh o"kZ dh vk;q esa okYVs;j dgrs gSa & ^ân; cw<k+ ugha gksrk ij nq[k ;g gS fd og th.kZ 'kjhj esa clrk gSA ;g lgh gS fd eSa cgjk] yxHkx vaèkk vkSj iaxq gks x;k gw]¡ fQj Hkh thus 59@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 59@o`

dh vk'kk ugha NksMr + kA* ;g O;fä dh eufldrk vkSj lksp ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd og fdl fLFkfr esa gSA ;fn og ;g lkspus yxs fd og iaxq gS ;k cgjk gS vkSj pyuk NksM+ nsrk gS ;k lquuk NksM+ ns rks og lpeqp oSlk gh gks tkrk gSA mldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ftu vaxksa dk dke euq"; NksM+ nsrk gS os det+kjs gks tkrs gSAa ,sls o`) thou dh vk'kk NksM+ nsrs gSa vkSj lkjs lalkj ij vius vlgk; gksus dk nks"k e<+ nsrs gSAa ;g fLFkfr o`)kJeksa esa çk;% ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ifjfLFkfr dk lkeuk djus okys yksx bu detksfj;ksa dks nwj djus ds mik; fudky gh ysrs gSa tSls udyh nk¡r] p'ek] lquus dh e'khu] NM+h vkfn( ftudh lgk;rk ls os jkste + jkZ ds dk;Z fu;fer dj ldsAa tks yksx viuh fparkvksa dks nwj j[krs gSa vkSj fdlh Hkh det+kjs h ds lekèkku [kkst ysrs gSa os vius cq<k+ is dks vkjkensg vkSj ljy cuk ysrs gSAa tSlk fd osful ds dksujZs ks us dgk Fkk & ^eSa vius nksLrks]a iq=ks]a ikS=ksa ls f?kjk jgrk gw]¡ lqu&i<+&fy[k ldrk gw]¡ ?kqMl + okjh vkSj f'kdkj dj ldrk gw¡ rks esjk cq<k+ ik et+s esa xqtj+ jgk gS( eSa bl cq<k+ is dks viuh tokuh ds cnys Hkh ugha cnyuk pkgwx¡ kA* mUgksu a s viuh de t+:jrksa dks Hkh bl lq[kn fLFkfr dk dkj.k crk;k vkSj lkS o"kZ dh vk;q esa muds LoLFk o lar"q V thou dk var gqvkA ,d iqjkuk eqgkojk gS & LoLFk 'kjhj esa LoLFk efLr"dA tc rd eu vkSj 'kjhj LoLFk jgrs gS]a vPNs thou dh vk'kk cuh jgrh gSA tc 'kjhj vkSj efLr"d lkFk&lkFk ugha pyrs rks thou esa fo—fr;k¡ vk tkrh gSa vkSj mUgsa dgk¡ igqp ¡ k ldrh gSa bldk mnkgj.k gsfeaXos ds thou ls fy;k tk ldrk gSA lkfgR; ds f'k[kj ij igqp ¡ dj Hkh bl miU;kldkj dks vkRegR;k djuh iM+h FkhA ,slh fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa fleksu crkrh gSa fd o`) ds thou dks ml le; fujk'kk ?ksj ysrh gS tc mldh dkeukiwfrZ esa mldk 'kjhj lkFk ugha nsrkA rc og VwV tkrk gS ij vius eu dks le>kus dk ç;kl djrk gSA IysVks us dgk Fkk & tc 'kjhj dh vk¡[ksa e)e gks tkrh gSa rks vkRek dh vk¡[ksa [kqy tkrh gSAa lsud s k dgrs gSa fd vkRek dk tc 'kjhj ls dksbZ lac/a k ugha jg tkrk rks og Qwy dh rjg f[ky mBrh gSA blh çdkj viuh 60@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 60@o`

o`)koLFkk esa eu dks cgykus ds fy, VkWYLVk; us dgk Fkk & ekuo tkfr dk mRFkku o`)ksa ls gh gks ldrk gS D;ksfa d os vPNs vkSj cqf)eku euq"; gksrs gSAa eu dks cgykus ds fy, pkgs dqN Hkh cgkus <w< ¡ + ysa ij lPpkbZ ;g gS fd cq<k+ ik e`R;q ls cl ,d dne ihNs gksrk gSA ,sls esa 'kjhj th.kZ gksus ij Hkh fopkjksa ij vad'q k ugha jgrkA dqN cqf)thoh ;g dgdj vius eu dks Hkys gh le>k ysa fd mudk 'kjhj th.kZ gqvk rks D;k cqf) rks rhoz gS] ijarq lPpkbZ ;g gS fd vfèkdrj o`) ekufld o 'kkjhfjd chekfj;ksa ls tw>rs jgrs gSAa ,slh foo'krkvksa ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa fd vk;q ds lkFk ;|fi dkeqd xzfa Fk;k¡ ukdkjk gks tkrh gSa ijarq Ýk;M us ;g LFkkfir fd;k fd ySfa xd 'kfä yqIr gksus ds ckn Hkh dkefyIlk ¼fyfcMks½ dh 'kfä c<+ ldrh gS ;k det+kjs iM+ ldrh gS ij yqIr ugha gksrh( Bhd oSls gh tSls cpiu esa ;g ço`fÙk dkeqd xzfa Fk;ksa ij vk/kkfjr ugha gksrh & ;s xzfa Fk;k¡ rks 'kjhj ds fodkl ds lkFk fodflr gksrh gSAa blfy, ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd dkexzfa Fk;ksa ij dkeqdrk vk/kkfjr ugha gksrh vkSj ;g euq"; ds var rd lkFk jgrh gS Hkys gh og uiql a d gh D;ksa u gksA lk=Z us Hkh ;gh dgk Fkk fd ;g ekufldrk euq"; ds lkFk thou Hkj jgrh gS vkSj e`R;q ds lkFk gh bldk var gksrk gSA dkeqdrk euq"; ds eu esa ,slk ruko iSnk dj nsrh gS tks fueqfZ ä ds lkFk eu dks 'kkar dj nsrk gSA ;g ekufldrk [kkldj ;qokoLFkk esa rhoz gksrh gSA ckn esa ;g iw.kZ çse o vkuan dk :i ys ysrh gS ftlesa L=h&iq#"k ,d nwljs esa lekus dh çfØ;k dks [kkstrs gSa & ;g vkuan dkeqdrk ls fHkUu gksrk gSA ;g dguk x+yr gS fd cw<k+ as dk ;g lnkpkj blfy, gS fd muesa dkeqdrk ugha gksrhA cq<k+ is esa ;fn dksbZ O;fä viuh dkeqdrk ds dkj.k dqN djrk gS rks lekt mls çrkM+rk gS vkSj og txg¡lkbZ dk ik= cu tkrk gSA ^cw<k+ gksdj Hkh ,slk djrk gS] 'kje ugha vkbZ mls*& ,slk rkuk vdlj lquus esa vkrk gSA ^yksx D;k dgsxa *s dh euksof` Ùk esa og thrk gS vkSj viuh okluk dh ço`fÙk dks nckus dk ç;kl djrk gSA ,sls esa x`gLFk thou ,d cM+k lgkjk gksrk gS tks mldh bl okluk dks pkjnhokjh esa r`Ir dj 61@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 61@o`

ldrk gSA viuh iRuh dk lg;ksx mls lekt ds e[kkSy ls cpk ldrk gS vkSj viuh 'kkjhfjd nqcy Z rk ds dkj.k vlQy gksus dh laHkkouk ls ek;wlh Hkh ugha >syuh iM+rhA ;kSu thou ds ckjs esa fofHkUu o`) lkfgR;dkjksa dh vfHkO;fä dks [kaxkyrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa fd NVkscM aSz us viuh >qfjZ;ksa ds dkj.k viuk fp= cuokus ls badkj dj fn;k FkkA mUgksu a s viuh ,d —fr esa dgk gS & ^;fn rqe ;g dgksxh fd eSa rqEgsa vius firk dh rjg I;kj djrh gw¡ rks esjk eu Hk; ls Hkj tk,xk] ;fn rqe eq>s viuk çseh dgksxh rks eSa bls ekuus ls badkj dj nwx¡ k D;ksfa d rc eSa gj ;qod dks viuk çfr}a}h ekuus yxwx¡ kA rqEgkjh mnklhurk eq>s vius cq<k+ is dh ;kn fnyk,xh vkSj rqEgkjh utnhdh tyu iSnk djsxhA cq<k+ ik O;fä dks fdruk foo'k dj nsrk gS!* ,slk ugha gS fd gj o`) dh ;gh ekufldrk gksrh gSA Mîwl n ckSyka dks 66 o"kZ dh vk;q esa iq= gqvk vkSj 1702 bZ- esa lÙkj o"kZ dh vk;q esa mUgksu a s rhljk fookg jpk;k FkkA VkYLVkW; ds ckjs esa ;g çfl) Fkk fd os lÙkj o"kZ dh vk;q esa Hkh yacs lQ+j ls ykSVdj viuh iRuh ls çse&ØhM+k djrs FksA osYl us Mksyjl ls lkB o"kZ dh vk;q esa çse fd;k Fkk vkSj mUgsa viuh ;kSu'kfä ij vk'p;Z Hkh FkkA ;g vkSj ckr gS fd 66 o"kZ dh vk;q esa mUgksu a s Mksyjl ls lac/a k foPNsn dj fy;k vkSj ,d vU; yM+dh fefYgV ls lac/a k tksM+ fy;k tks yacs le; rd pykA pkyhZ pSifyu us Åuk ls <yrh mez esa C;kg jpk;k FkkA fidklks dks lkB o"kZ ikj djus ds ckn QSd a ksl fxyksV ls nks cPps gq, FksA ikCyks dSlYl us vLlh o"kZ dh vk;q esa viuh f'k";k ls C;kg jpk;k FkkA ,sls vufxur mnkgj.k nsdj fleksu us ;g tryk;k fd o`)koLFkk esa Hkh yksx ySfa xd lac/a k cukrs gSa vkSj lfØ; jgrs gSAa efgykvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa fd iq#"kksa ds eqdkcys esa vk;q ds lkFk efgykvksa esa ;kSfud cnyko vf/kd ugha gksrk gSA fdUls dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj efgyk,¡ ;kSu fo"k;ksa esa vfèkd fLFkj jgrh gSAa jksx foKku dh –f"V ls Hkh ;g çekf.kr gqvk gS fd efgykvksa dh ;kSuPs Nk o`)koLFkk esa Hkys gh de gks tk, ij iw.kZ:i ls cq>rh ugha gSA ijarq bfrgkl vkSj lkfgR; esa o`) efgykvksa ds bl i{k ij dksbZ çkekf.kd rF; ugha feyrs( tcfd iq#"kksa us bl fo"k; ij [kqy dj fy[kk gS ftuesa cukZMZ 'kkW] 62@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 62@o`

'kksiu s gkWoj] fxns] รกwxks] fidklks vkfn ds laLej.k mYys[kuh; gSAa thou dh la/;k esa lHkh ,sls lq[ke; thou dh dkeuk djrs gSa ftlesa vU; lq[klqfo/kkvksa ds lkFk ;kSulq[k Hkh feys] tks ,d Hkze gSA ;g 'kkjhfjd foo'krk gh dgh tk,xh fd o`) bl lq[k ls vkaf'kd :i esa gh lgh] oafpr jgrs gS(a vkSj ;g ,d lR; gSA

63@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 63@o`

o`)koLFkk % le;] fØ;k'khyrk] bfrgkl ,d iqjkuh dgkor gS fd euq"; ugha le; cyoku gksrk gSA le; ds lkFk euq"; ds lac/a k] lksp vkSj lfØ;rk& lHkh esa cnyko vkrk gSA cpiu ds lac/a k fd'kksjkoLFkk esa NwV tkrs gSa vkSj lkFkh cny tkrs gSAa le; ds lkFk lkFkh fcNqM+ tkrs gSa & dksbZ LokLF; ds dkj.k rks dksbZ dky ds xky esa lekus ds dkj.kA dkj.k pkgs tks Hkh gks] le; ds lkFk lfØ;rk f'kfFky iM+ tkrh gS vkSj ;g f'kfFkyrk varr% bfrgkl esa cny tkrh gSA bu cnykoksa ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, fleksu n cqvk viuh iqLrd ^vksYM ,t* esa crkrh gSa fd ^tSl&s tSls le; chrrk gS] gekjk vrhr yack gksrk tkrk gS vkSj Hkfo"; NksVkA lk=Z us dgk Fkk fd vrhr ,slh oLrq ugha gS ftls ge gkFk esa idM+ dj j[k ldsa vkSj ?kqek&fQjk dj bldks pkjksa vksj ls ns[k ldsAa thou esa dqN Qsj&cny djuk gS rks mls vrhr esa ugha] orZeku esa djuk gksrk gS vius vrhr dks ;kn j[krs gq,A vrhr gesa dsoy niZ.k fn[kkrk gS fd ge D;k FksA rHkh rks vjLrq us o`)ksa ds ckjs esa dgk Fkk& os mEehn ls vf/kd ;knksa ds lgkjs thrs gSAa ekWfj;kd us vius cpiu dk Lej.k djrs gq, dgk Fkk & ^;|fi dksbZ cw<k+ cpiuk ugha djrk ijarq og xksiuh; rkSj ij cpiu esa ykSVuk pkgrk gS vkSj vius lacks/ku esa ^ek¡* dk ç;ksx djus yxrk gSA cw<s+ vDlj le; dks udkjrs gSa vkSj ;g le>rs gSa fd os vHkh toku gSAa ,slh lksp dbZ o`)ksa esa ns[kh xbZ gS & pkgs og I;kjh ukuh gks ;k vodk'kçkIr ukuk ;k dksbZ o`) jpukdkjA lHkh ;g Hkze ikys jgrs gSa fd os vHkh ;qok gSa vkSj mUgksu a s vk;q dks ekr ns nh gSA LokLF; vkSj Lej.k'kfä dh Hkh ,d lhek gksrh gSA ç'u ;g gS fd dksbZ O;fä vius vrhr dks dgk¡ rd ;kn j[k ldrk gS vkSj le;&le; ij mldk fdruk Lej.k djrk gS\ ,sls gh dqN ç'uksa ij fopkj O;ä djrs gq, fleksu dgrh gSa fd ^gekjs efLr"d esa dqN fp= vkSj dqN ;knsa jg tkrh gSa ijarq ;s ;knsa VqdM+k&as VqdM+kas esa clh jgrh gSAa bUgsa ,d lw= esa ck¡/kuk mlh le; laHko gksrk gS tc ;s fyf[kr :i esa lqjf{kr gksa & tSls fdlh Mk;jh esAa tc eSa lk=Z ;k viuh cgu ls ckr djrh gw¡ 64@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 64@o`

rks yxrk gS fd fiNyh dqN ,slh ckrsa Fkha tks eq>s ;kn ugha jghaA ,slh foLej.k'khyrk ds dqN dkj.k gksrs gSa tSls tjkxzLr Le`fr vkSj lsjc s y sz vkFkksLZ Dysjksfll tks o`)koLFkk dh chekfj;k¡ gSAa blfy, tc ge vius vrhr dh ?kVukvksa dk Lej.k djrs gSa rks iwjk fp= ugha ns[k ikrs] mldh ijNkbZa ek= fn[kkbZ nsrh gS( ftls lk=Z ds 'kCnksa esa ^,d çdkj dk vko';d vHkko* dgk tk ldrk gSA vrhr dk fp= tks gesa ;kn vkrk gS og O;kid Hkys gh gks ij mlesa le; vkSj LFkku dk vHkko jgrk gSA tc eSa vius laLej.k fy[kus dh lksp jgh Fkh rks eSu a s eglwl fd;k fd tks fp= efLr"d esa mHkj jgs gS]a os VqdM+k&as VqdM+kas esa gS]a blfy, eSu a s laLej.k fy[kus dk [+k;ky R;kx fn;kA* Hkwyh&fcljh ;knsa tks eu&efLr"d esa jg tkrh gS]a fdlh Hkh le; O;fä nksgjk ysrk gS ijarq dbZ ,slh ?kVuk,¡ thou esa gksrh gSa ftudks efLr"d ;kn ugha j[krkA tSl&s tSls le; chrrk tkrk gS os ekul iVy ls feV tkrh gSa vkSj ,slk yxrk gS tSls os ?kVh gh u gksAa rHkh rks ekWfj;kd us dgk Fkk & ^o`) O;fä ds laLej.k mu phafV;ksa dh rjg gSa ftudh ckach VwV xbZ gS vkSj bu phafV;ksa ij yacs le; rd –f"V fVdkbZ ugha tk ldrhA* fleksu us dbZ lkfgR;dkjksa ds dFku m)`r djrs gq, fu"d"kZ fudkyk gS fd tSl&s tSls o"kZ chrrs tkrs gSa gesa viuk orZeku gh lp yxrk gS] vrhr rks lp Fkk gh( ij mldh ;knksa dh vkt ds okrkoj.k esa dYiuk yxrh gSAa ml thou dh rkt+xh] u;kiu vkSj çQqYyrk & lHkh vrhr dh dks[k esa lek x,] jg xbZ dsoy ijNkbZAa thou dk lkjk vrhr Hkh o`) ds lkFk ugha jgrk] cl dqN ;knsa jg tkrh gSAa ge orZeku esa thrs gSa ftlesa lqugjs Hkfo"; dh vk'kk gS vkSj vrhr dk dadky ihNs NwV x;k gSA orZeku & tc LFkku le; dk LFkku ys ysrk gS] ogh LFkku tks le; ds lkFk cny tkrk gSA mlh 'kgj dh xfy;k¡ vkt cnyh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gS]a le; ds lkFk mlh LFkku dk fdruk ifjorZu gks tkrk gSA bl çdkj] vrhr dk Hkfo"; tks vkt orZeku gS] fdruk fHkUu gksrk gS ml vrhr ls vkSj ;gh LFkku Hkfo"; esa vkSj cnyko yk,xkA vkilh lac/a kksa esa Hkh cnyko ns[ks tk ldrs gSAa dy ds fe= le; ds lkFk vkt vtuch gks tkrs gSa ;k ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k nwj gks tkrs gSa 65@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 65@o`

;k 'k=q cu tkrs gSAa fdlh fç; dh e`R;q ls vpkud vrhr NwV tkrk gSA ge vk;q esa ftruk vkxs c<+rs tk,ax]s mrus gh gekjs fç;tu gels NwVrs&fcNqMr + s tk,¡xAs rHkh rks] NVkscM aSz us dgk Fkk & ^esjk yack thou jkse dh ml lM+d dh rjg gS tgk¡ e`r O;fä;ksa dh çfrek,¡ [kM+h fn[kkbZ nsrh gSAa * tc gekjk dksbZ lkFkh ejrk gS rks gekjs cpiu dh os lkjh ;knsa Hkh xqe gks tkrh gSa tks mlds lkFk lacfa /kr FkhaA mu o`)ksa dh rks vkSj n;uh; fLFkfr gksrh gS ftuds fç; ;qokoLFkk esa e`R;q ds dkj.k fcNqM+ tkrs gSAa ftlds iq= dk fu/ku gks tkrk gS] mldk thou gh [kaMgj cu tkrk gS] tc mldh lkjh vk'kk,¡ vkSj vfHkyk"kk,¡ efV;kesV gks tkrh gSAa gemez fe= dh e`R;q dk vk?kkr dnkfpr mruk rhoz ugha gksrkA thou esa dHkh ,slk Hkh le; vkrk gS tc vuk;kl gh gesa vius iwot Z ;kn vk tkrs gSAa tc uxjokfl;ksa us ,aMjlu dk Lokxr lekjksg euk;k rks mudh vk¡[ksa Nyd iM+ha vkSj eq[k ls vuk;kl gh fudyk & ^fdrus çlUu gksrs ;fn esjs ekrk&firk bl lEeku dks ns[krs!* vius vrhr esa >k¡d dj O;fä dks xoZ dk vglkl ml le; gksrk gS tc mls viuk orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; mruk mTToy ugha fn[kkbZ nsrkA ,sls esa og vius vrhr dks ;kn djrs gq, Hkfo"; dks cpkus dk ç;kl djrk gSA 5 vçSy 1729 dks fLo¶+V us ,d i= esa fy[kk Fkk & ^eq>s cgqr nq[k gksrk gS tc eSa vkt ls chl o"kZ iwoZ ds thou vkSj vkt dks ns[krk gwA¡ tc eSa lqcg mBrk gw¡ rks igys dh rjg thou esa dksbZ lkj fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk( jkst+ dk ogh thou( tks dy Fkk ogh vkt!* bl mnklh dk dkj.k [kkstuk mruk nq"dj ugha gSA O;fä ogh curk gS tks mls mldk cpiu nsrk gSA cpiu ds thou dk çHkko mlds thou ds var rd mldk lkFk ugha NksMr + kA pfj= dk fuekZ.k Hkh ckY;dky ls gksrk gSA O;fä dh lksp vkSj ekufldrk Hkh cpiu ls gh fodflr gksus yxrh gSA blfy, fdlh Hkh O;fä dk cpiu mlds Hkfo"; dh uhao dgk tkrk gSA O;fä ds thou vkSj mlds cpiu ds çHkko ij fparu djrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa fd ;g cpiu gh gS tks o`) dk ihNk ugha NksMr + kA cpiu dh Nki bruh xgjh gksrh gS fd og thou ds var rd lkFk jgrh gSA bl ckr dks Ýk;M vkSj eksVa u s us 66@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 66@o`

vius rdksZa ls çekf.kr Hkh fd;k gSA ;qokoLFkk esa O;fä dks bruk le; ugha gksrk fd og vius cpiu dh bl Nki ds ckjs esa lksps ij tSlk fd uksfM;j us dgk & ^ç—fr dh ;g lcls cM+h —ik gS fd o`)koLFkk esa O;fä vius cpiu dh Le`fr esa vklkuh ls ykSV ldrk gSA* 10 ebZ 1906 dks viuh Mk;jh esa 78 o"khZ; VkWYLVk; us fy[kk Fkk & ^lkjk fnu mnklh esa chr tkrk gSA 'kke <yrs eu esa ,d gwd mBrh gS fd dksbZ eq>s lgyk,] I;kj djs] ogh Lusg ns tks eq>s cpiu esa ek¡ dh xksn esa feyk vkSj eSa mldh ck¡g ls fpid dj jksÅ¡ mlh rjg tSls cpiu esa jksrk Fkk--- ek¡--- mBk yks eq>-s --! tkurk gw¡ fd ;g lc nhokuxh gS ysfdu ;g lp Hkh gSA* os viuh ek¡ dks ;kn djrs gSa tks mUgsa nks o"kZ dh vk;q esa NksMd + j bZ'oj dks I;kjh gks xbZ FkhA ,aMjlu Hkh o`)koLFkk esa vius cpiu ds fe=ksa dks ;kn fd;k djrs FksA uhan ls mBdj mu NksVh&NksVh ?kVukvksa dks viuh Mk;jh esa mrkjrs Fks tks muds cpiu ls tqMh+ gqbZ FkhA nksLrksa ls yM+uk] fcNM+uk--- ekuks os cpiu dks fQj ls th jgs gksAa ,d LoIu esa mUgksu a s vius fe= ehfLyax ls ckr dh tks lnk mudk e[kkSy mM+k;k djrk vkSj yM+rk jgrk FkkA ml LoIu esa mudh lkSgknZi.w kZ ckrphr ds ckn mUgksu a s Mk;jh esa fy[kk& ^vc vkSj ugha Bgj ldrk] eSa bl lw[ks iÙks ls thou ls NqVdkjk ikuk pkgrk gwA¡ * vkSj dqN gh le; ckn mudk nsgkar gks x;kA ,sls dbZ mnkgj.k nsdj fleksu us ;g çfrikfnr fd;k fd o`)koLFkk esa O;fä fQj cpiu esa ykSV vkrk gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd O;fä dh ekufldrk ij cpiu lnk gkoh jgrk gS ijarq ;qokoLFkk dh O;Lrrk ds dkj.k og ml ij /;ku ugha nsrk vkSj o`)koLFkk esa cpiu dh ;knsa iqu% ykSV vkrh gSAa os crkrh gSa fd vrhr gh esjh orZeku fLFkfr dk dkj.k gS vkSj orZeku gh esjs Hkfo"; dk dkj.k cusxk & vPNk ;k cqjk! xkWtZ dk ekuuk gS fd tc O;fä cpiu dks NksMr + k gS vkSj fd'kksjkoLFkk esa inkiZ.k djrk gS rcls mlds thou esa tks ifjorZu vkrk gS og ,d vyx O;fäRo dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA rc ls o`)koLFkk rd ,d yack thou mlds ihNs vrhr ds :i esa jgrk gS vkSj og bl vrhr dk ca/kd cu tkrk gSA og tkurk gS fd vc mlds Hkfo"; esa fxus&pqus o"kZ cps gSAa yxrk gS fd le; dh jsr rsth+ 67@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 67@o`

ls fQlyrh tk jgh gSA cpiu esa ,d ?kaVk Hkh yack le; yxrk Fkk vkSj ;qokoLFkk esa tSls le; mM+ jgk gSA le; ds bl varj dk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k ;g gS fd fo|kFkhZ d{kk dk ,d l= Hkh cspu S h ls dkVrk gS tcfd ;qokoLFkk esa fnu vkSj eghus ,sls mM+ tkrs gSa fd irk gh ugha pyrk( tSls o"kZ vHkh çkjaHk gqvk ugha fd o"kkar Z bruh tYnh vk x;k! fleksu us bl fo"k; ij dqN fo}kuksa dks m)`r fd;k gS & 'kkWiu s gkoj dgrs gSa & ^cpiu esa fnu bruk yack yxrk gS fd fcrk, ugha chrrk] ,d ?kaVs dk ikB Hkh Fkdku ns tkrk gSA ;gh vuqHkwfr lQ+j ds le; gksrh gS tc ,d eghus dk lQ+j bruk yack yxrk gS tks ?kj esa pkj ekg ds leku gksA* bl ckjs esa vkpkj'kkL=h tkWtZ dkWUMkfeukl crykrs gSa & ^gesa ;g le>uk pkfg, fd ?kj esa fcrk, fnu dh rqyuk esa ;k=k esa fcrk, fnu dk Lej.k gekjs efLr"d ds ,d cM+s Hkkx dks ?ksj ysrk gSA* v;ksuLs dks vius cpiu dks ;kn djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd ^çkbejh Ldwy ds fnuksa esa iaæg feuV dk le; Hkh bruk yack gksrk fd ge [ksy Hkh ysrs vkSj nwljs [ksy ds fy, dqN le; Hkh cpk jgrkA* tc cpiu NwV tkrk gS vkSj ge c<+us yxrs gSa rks oLrq,¡ NksVh yxus yxrh gS]a gekjs 'kjhj esa 'kfä dk lapkj gksus yxrk gS vkSj le; dh lgh igpku cuus yxrh gSA nwljh vksj] cq<k+ is esa cgqr de pht+as gesa çHkkfor djrh gS]a dqN Hkh u;k ugha fn[kkbZ nsrk vkSj ge vf/kd le; fdlh fo"k; ;k oLrq ij x+kjS ugha dj ikrsA o`)koLFkk esa O;fä le> pqdk gksrk gS fd mlus thou dks ik fy;k gS vkSj vc mlds fy, dqN 'ks"k cpk ugha gSA Hkfo"; esa dksbZ vkSj cM+h miyfC/k mlds fy, ugha gSA tSlk fd lk=Z us dgk gS& ^ekuo&lPpkbZ lnk gh lhfer jgh gS Hkys gh og vej gks D;ksfa d euq"; gksuk gh vius vki esa lhfer gSA* NVkscM aSz us dgk Fkk & ^esjh fd'kksjkoLFkk esa laHkkouk,¡ f{kfrt rd QSyh gqbZ Fkha( ij vc eSa viuh y{e.k&js[kk ls ,d dne vkxs c<+kus esa Hkh v{ke gwA¡ * gekjs lhfer Hkfo"; vkSj tM+hHkwr vrhr ds chp >wyrh ;g o`)koLFkk xfrghu gks tkrh gS ftlesa u tkus fdruh ;kstuk,¡ dk;kZfUor gqbaZ vkSj fdruh NwV xbZAa thou ds bl eksM+ ij Hkh O;fä fujk'k ugha gksrkA og vius v/kwjs dk;ksZa 68@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 68@o`

dks iwjk djus dk dke viuh Hkkoh ih<+h dks lkSia nsrk gSA bl çdkj og vius uke vkSj dke dh e'kky dks tyk, j[kus dh vk'kk dks thfor j[krk gSA varr% o`) viuk lkjk thou lesVrk gS vkSj mls lHkh dqN ykSVkuk iM+rk gSA rHkh rks ,d 'kk;j us dgk gS& ^bd gkFk ls nsrh gS nqfu;k nks gkFkksa ls ys ysrh gS* ¼lkfgj yqfèk;kuoh½A dqN bUgha Hkkoksa dks ysdj fleksu dgrh gSa & ^cq<k+ ik lkjs thou dk fupksM+ ugha gksrkA le; gesa nqfu;k Hkj dh pht+as nsrk gS ij mlh rsth+ ls gels Nhu Hkh ysrk gSA ge lh[krs gSa vkSj fQj Hkwy tkrs gS(a ge dekrs gSa vkSj mlh /ku dks yqVk Hkh nsrs gSAa * ekWfj;kd us dgk Fkk & ^u deh] u fxjkoV vkSj u vehjh & ,d leku % ,slk gksrk gS cq<k+ ikA ftruk thou Hkj latks;k] mlesa ls cgqr de jg tkrk gSA fdruk i<+k Fkk bu ipkl o"kksZa es]a vc fdruk cpk gS\* gsfj;V dgk djrs Fks & ^laL—fr gh cph gS] ckdh lc fclj x;k gSA* o`)koLFkk dk ,d ykHk gS & vuqHko] vkSj blh vuqHko ds dkj.k o`)ksa ds gkFk esa jkT; dh ckxMksj jgh gSA jktuhfr dk ykHk cw<k+ as dks ml le; gh fey ldk tc fo'o esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gq,A ifjorZu'khy fo'o esa o`) ekufldrk ;FkkfLFkfr cuk, j[krh gS tks jktuhfr esa gkfudkjd gks ldrh gSA 69 o"khZ; lkE;oknh varksy Ý+kl a dk mnkgj.k lkeus gS] ftUgksu a s 1913 esa ;g dgk Fkk fd fo'o ds lHkh ns'k 'kkafr pkgrs gSa vkSj teZuh ls ykSVus ds ckn crk;k Fkk fd og ns'k Hkh ;q) ugha pkgrkA vxLr 1914 dh ?kVukvksa ij os vokd jg x,A tuojh 1916 esa mUgksu a s fy[kk& ^thuk nwHkj gks x;k gSA eSa viuh ekufldrk [kks jgk gw¡ & eq>s yksxksa dh Øwjrk ls vf/kd mudh ew[kZrk ij nq[k gks jgk gSA* o`) dh jktuSfrd xfrfof/k Hkh mlds dke dh rjg vrhr ls ynh jgrh gSA blhfy, vDlj og vkt dh ;qok lksp dks le>us esa ukdke jgrk gSA xqgUs uks us 1940 esa fy[kk Fkk & ^gekjh vk;q ds yksxksa esa dqN flgju Hkjh ;knsa gSAa * ;gh dkj.k gS 1914 vkSj 1940 esa ^;q)* vkSj ^'kkafr* ds ogh vFkZ ugha jgsA le; ds lkFk ugha pyusokys fiNM+ tkrs gSAa Ý+kl a dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dh thusV oeks'Z k bldk mnkgj.k gSAa LVkfyu dh e`R;q ds ckn Ý+kl a dh ikVhZ dh lksp esa cnyko vk jgs Fks ij thusV 69@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 69@o`

:l ds leFkZu esa gh yxh jghaA bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd mudh lksp fiNM+ xbZ vkSj varr% mUgsa ikVhZ ls R;kxi= nsuk iM+kA tc Hkfo"; dk }kj can fn[kkbZ nsrk gS rks o`) vrhr ij viuk loZLo nk¡o ij yxk nsrk gS ftldk Qy mls fujk'kk ds :i esa feyrk gSA çk;% ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd Økafr ;qok ih<+h ds gkFkksa gksrh gS vkSj tc os o`) gks tkrs gSa rks mUgsa gVk fn;k tkrk gS ;k os [kqn gV tkrs gSAa bldk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k pfpZy gSAa ;q) ds le; 66 o"khZ; pfpZy dks ç/kkuea=h cuk;k x;k FkkA rc mUgksu a s turk ls dgk Fkk & ^rqEgsa nsus ds fy, esjs ikl dqN ugha gS flok; jä] Losn vkSj vk¡lw dsA* mUgksu a s viuh lksp vkSj çsj.kk ls lQyrk çkIr dhA ysfdu fo'o;q) dh lekfIr ds ckn tc 'kkafr LFkkfir gks xbZ rks os ,d ukdke ç/kkuea=h lkfcr gq, vkSj mUgsa inP;qr gksuk iM+kA rc mUgksu a s dgk Fkk& ^tc rqe cw<s+ gks tkrs gks rks rqe vf/kdrj vrhr esa thrs gksA* thou ds var rd xka/kh LoLFk Fks vkSj os vius ns'k dks Lora= djkus ds vkanksyu esa lQy jgsA mUgksu a s jktuhfr esa /keZ dks tksM+ dj ns'k dks Lora=rk fnykus esa lQyrk rks çkIr dj yh ij thou ds vafre fnuksa esa yksxksa dh /keka/Z krk ds dkj.k nq[k >syAs vfgalk dk iqtkjh vius pkjksa vksj fgalk dk rkaMo ns[krk jgkA rc mUgksu a s dgk Fkk & ^esjk ân; nq[k ls Hkjk gSA eq>s thus dh bPNk ugha gSA eSa vius fe=ksa dh lksp ls lger ugha gwA¡ vc esjs fy, Hkkjr esa LFkku ugha gS tgk¡ fgalk dk lSykc vk;k gqvk gSA* jktuhfrK bfrgkl cukrk gS rks bfrgkl mls feVkrk gSA pfpZy vkSj xka/kh blds çek.k gSAa os vius vrhr esa thrs jgs vkSj orZeku ds ifjorZu dks ugha le> ik,A o`)ksa esa çpfyr eqgkojk gS& ^gekjs le; es-a -A* os vius vrhr esa thrs gSa vkSj le; ds lkFk ugha pyrsA orZeku dks nsus ds fy, muds ikl dqN ugha cprk( os vlgk; vkSj 'kfäghu gks tkrs gSAa çk;% yksx yach vk;q dk vk'khokZn nsrs gSAa ;g vk'khokZn fl) gksrk gS ;k vfHk'kki] ;g mudk Hkfo"; gh crk,xkA vdlj ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd yach mez ikus okyk t+ekus ds FkisMs [kkrs gq, vf/kd nq[k >syrk gSA yach vk;q vkSj nq[k dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, fleksu crkrh gS& ^O;fä 70@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 70@o`

dh vk;q ftruh yach gksrh gS] mls mruk gh ,dkdhiu >syuk iM+rk gSA lHkh fç;tu ,d ds ckn ,d NwVrs tkrs gSa & ekrk] firk] pkpk] ekek] HkkbZ] cgu] fe= vkSj dHkh&dHkh iRuh Hkh( rc mls yxrk gS fd thou vaR;sf"V;ksa dk ,d flyflyk gSA mlds bnZfxnZ og ;qok ih<+h ?kwerh jgrh gS ftls mlus xksn esa f[kyk;k Fkk vkSj og vc ,d ^misf{kr oLrq* dh rjg ,d dksus esa iM+k gS e`R;q dh çrh{kk esAa * vk;q ds vuqlkj e`R;q dks ns[kus dk vyx&vyx –f"Vdks.k gksrk gSA cPps ds fy, e`R;q ,d dkSrgw y gS rks ;qod ds fy, ,d ,slk lR; ftl ij lkspus ds fy, mlds ikl vHkh le; ugha gS vkSj o`) ds fy, ;g mldh dkeuk gksrh gS! fofHkUu çdkj ds –f"Vdks.k çLrqr djrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa fd gj o`) tkurk gS fd e`R;q ,d lR; gS ijarq ;g ^tkuuk* fdruk vFkZ j[krk gS\ dksbZ Hkh vej ugha gSA e`R;q ,d cká rRo gS tks fdlh ds cl esa ugha gSA dksbZ e`R;q dh dkeuk djs Hkh rks ^le;* vkus rd og ugha ej ldrkA e`R;q dk iwokZue q ku Hkys gh yxk ys ij fuf'pr rkSj ij dksbZ ugha dg ldrk fd dc ekSr vk,xhA lÙkj o"khZ; osYl us dgk Fkk& ^eq>s yxrk gS fd eSa ,slk ckyd gw¡ ftls <sj lkjs lqna j f[kykSus nsdj fcLrj ij lksus ds fy, Hkst fn;k x;k gSA ijarq eSa vius f[kykSus NksM+ dj lksuk ugha pkgrkA* tc ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cny tkrh gSa vkSj thuk nwHkj gks tkrk gS rks ;qod vius dks cny ysrk gS ijarq o`) esa bu cnykoksa dk lkeuk djus dh 'kfä ugha jgrh] rc og ejus dh dkeuk djrk gSA vukrksys Ý+kl a ] osYl vkSj xka/kh blds mnkgj.k gSAa cpiu esa gekjh vk'kkvksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa dh lhek NksVh gksrh gS tks ;qokoLFkk rd igqp ¡ rs&igqp ¡ rs foLrkj ikrh gS vkSj o`)koLFkk esa iqu% ladfq pr gks tkrh gSA bu ladfq pr vkdka{kkvksa dh çkfIr ds ckn O;fä dks dqN djuk 'ks"k ugha jgrkA rc mls yxrk gS fd ^vc cl gks x;k*A ,d ckr ;g Hkh fd] o`)koLFkk esa e`R;q dk Hk; mruk ugha jgrk D;ksfa d ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd vLoLFk jgus ds ckotwn o`) MkWDVj ds ikl ugha tkrsA o`)koLFkk vkSj vLoLFkrk ds chp dh ckjhd js[kk dk ykHk mBkdj os ,slk djrs gSAa dqN 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dks ,d o`)kJe esa e`R;q ds ç'u ij tks mÙkj feys os bl çdkj Fks & fdlh fnu rks vkuk gh gS] gk¡ lksprs 71@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 71@o`

gS-a -- vDlj lksprs gS]a tc eSa lk¡l ysuk Hkwy tkÅ¡xk ml fnu---] tc eSa mnkl jgrk gw¡ rks bl ij lksprk gw]¡ nq[k&nnZ >syus ls vPNh gS e`R;q] ;g rks çk—frd çfØ;k gS] dqN yksx lksprs gSa ij eSa ugha] eSu a s dfczLrku esa vius fy, LFkku lqjf{kr djk fy;k gS] esjs fy, lq[kn eqfä gksxh] gk¡ lksprk gw-¡ - vkf[kj nwljksa ds fy, gesa LFkku tks cukuk gS] D;k lksp-as -yksx rks ej gh jgs gS]a e`R;q rks thou dh vxyh dM+h gS] jktk gks ;k jad lHkh dks tkuk gS] tcls eSa ;gk¡ vk;k gw¡ rcls lkspus yxk gwA¡ bu mÙkjksa ls ,d ckr lkeus vkrh gS fd dksbZ Hkh O;fä nq[k&nnZ >syus ls ekSr dks vf/kd ilan djrk gSA ,slk ugha gS fd e`R;q dh fpark ls o`) mnkl jgrk gS cfYd mldh fpark ds dkj.k gksrs gSa & mldk LokLF;] /ku vkSj Hkfo";A tc lHkh bPNk,¡ iwjh gks tkrh gSa rks thus dh bPNk 'ks"k ugha jgrh] rc ,dkdhiu ?ksj ysrk gS vkSj euq"; dHkh u var gksus okyh fuæk esa pyk tkuk pkgrk gSA dHkh x+kfyc us dgk Fkk & ^gt+kjksa [okfg'ksa ,slh fd gj [okfg'k is ne fudys*] vkSj tc gj [okfg'k iwjh gks tkrh gS rks ekuo ds ikl ,d gh [okfg'k 'ks"k jg tkrh gS & cl] vc rks ne fudys!!!

72@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 72@o`

73@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 73@o`

o`)koLFkk vkSj nSufa nu thou frjL—r] vHkkoxzLr] fuokZflr vkSj fujkfJr tSlk thou fcrkrk o`) Hkh euq"; gh gSA og jkste + jkZ dh ?kVukvksa dks dSls >sy jgk gS\ mlds ikl D;k fodYi cps gS\a vius cpko vkSj thou ;kiu dh D;k lqfoèkk,¡ o lalk/ku cps gS\a D;k og vius thou ds bl vafre nkSj dks lgus o viukus esa l{ke gS vkSj ;fn gS Hkh rks fdl ewY; ij\ ,sls lkjs ç'uksa dk mÙkj [kkstrh gqbZ fleksu n cqvk ^vksYM ,t* esa crkrh gSa & ^o`) dks dke djus dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gksrh vkSj u mls Hkfo"; dh dksbZ fpark gh gksrh gS] ijarq D;k mlds ikl bruh Lora=rk gS fd og gkFk ij gkFk /kjs thou fcrk lds\ 80 o"khZ; DykWMy s us fy[kk gS fd ^dqN vrhr dks ysdj vkg Hkjrs gSa rks dqN Hkfo"; dks ysdj!* dqN yksx dgrs gSa fd o`)koLFkk esa thou lq[ke; gksrk gS( tSls tqgkWUMks us dgk Fkk& eSu a s thou ls dHkh bruk eksg ugha fd;k ftruk fd vc] tcfd thou dh ;g ckjhd Mksj dHkh Hkh VwV ldrh gSA ekWfj;d Hkh yxHkx ;gh le>rs gSa tc os dgrs gS&a ^eSa fdlh oLrq ;k O;fä ls vius tqMk+ o dks vyx ugha dj ikrkA ;g gkFk tks esjs ?kqVus ij /kjk gS mlesa cg jgk jä] esjs lhus esa mB jgh Hkkoukvksa dk mQku] lHkh dks eSa eglwl djrk gw]¡ lc dqN brus vius tks eq>s thus dk vglkl fnykrs gSa vkSj trkrs gSa fd eSa ;gk¡ gwA¡ * Q+kUW Vusy dk dFku gS fd cq<k+ ik og le; gksrk gS tc vki vius cks;s isM+ dk Qy p[krs gS]a ;g le; vkuan dk gksrk gS] vkjke dk gksrk gSA ;g lgh gS fd cq<k+ ik og le; gksrk gS tc O;fä vkjke djrk gS( ijarq ,slk mlh ds fy, lkFkZd gS ftldh vkfFkZd fLFkfr fLFkj gSA og o`) D;k djs ftls th.kZ&{kh.k voLFkk esa Hkh nks twu jksVh dk tqxkM+ djuk gksrk gS\ mlds fy, çse] [kkuk] ihuk] /kweiz ku] [ksydwn & lHkh liuk gh rks gSA le; dh ekj us ftu ys[kdksa dks lq[kk fn;k gks os olar esa Hkh Qwy ds f[kyus dk lkSna ;Z D;k ns[k ldsxa s ;k fdlh lqxfa /kr Qwy dks vius lw[ks gkFkksa ls D;k rksM+ ldsxa !s ,aMjlu us vius ,d i= esa fy[kk Fkk& ^tc eSa cxhps esa xqykc ds ikS/kksa ds chp ?kwerk gw¡ rks mu 74@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 74@o`

Qwyksa dks eq>ls dgus ds fy, D;k cpk gS tks mUgksu a s vc rd ugha dgk\ dey ds iÙks ij fVdh ikuh dh cwn¡ ;k cgrh c;kj ds ikl dksbZ u;k lanl s k ugha gksrkA ihiy ;k nsonkj Hkh ogh laxhr lqukrs gSa tks eSa vc rd lqurk vk;k gwA¡ dksbZ u;k –'; ugha] dksbZ ubZ ckr ughaA eSa mnkl gks tkrk gwA¡ * cq<k+ is esa mnklh blfy, Hkh Nk tkrh gS fd O;fä vius ns[kus] le>us vkSj lquus dh 'kfä [kksrk tkrk gSA lHkh vax det+kjs iM+ tkrs gSa tcfd ;qokoLFkk LQwfrZ Hkjh gksrh gSA bl varj dk tk,t+k ysrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa & ^;qod ds fy, fo'o ,d varghu fo'okl vkSj vk'kkvksa dk iSxke fy, vkrk gS ftlesa ?kVukvksa dk laxhre; rkyesy gksrk gS( tcfd ;gh fo'o vkSj ;gh –'; o`) ds ân; esa dksbZ ubZ èkM+du iSnk ugha djrsA o`) jkslks us dgk Fkk& ^eSa ogha Fkk tgk¡ eSa gw]¡ eSa ogha tk jgk gw¡ tgk¡ eSa Fkk] dgha vkxs ughaA* o`)koLFkk esa jkste + jkZ dk dk;Z NksMu + s dk ;g vFkZ ugha gksrk fd [kqf'k;k¡ fNu xbZa vkSj Hkfo"; va/kdkje; gks x;kA bldk vFkZ ;g gksrk gS fd geesa ns[kus] lquus vkSj le>us dh 'kfä {kh.k gks xbZ gSA bu 'kfä;ksa dks ç;ksx djus dh {kerk esa fxjkoV vk xbZ gS vkSj ge dksbZ u;k ç;ksx ugha djuk pkgrs gS]a ;|fi geesa ,slk djus dh 'kfä bl vk;q esa Hkh cuh jgrh gSA dksbZ vkdka{kk ugha] dqN djuk ugha & ,slh ekufldrk o`) dks fuf"Ø; cukrh pyh tkrh gSA tks cw<s+ dqN djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj tks viuh viw.kZ bPNk,¡ iwjh djuk pkgrs gS]a muds fy, foLr`r Qyd [kqyk gksrk gSA o`)koLFkk esa pfpZy us fp=dyk dk viuk iqjkuk 'kkSd iwjk fd;k FkkA ;|fi o`)koLFkk esa dqN lh[kus dh bPNk ugha jg tkrh gS ij ;fn dksbZ pkgs rks bl vk;q esa Hkh dqN u;k lh[k ldrk gS] dqN u;k dj ldrk gSA lqdjkr dks o`)koLFkk esa Hkh dqN u;k tkuus dh mRlqdrk jgrh FkhA o`) ,oeksM Za dqN u;k tkuus ds fy, iqLrdksa dks [kaxkyrs FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd o`) dks dqN dk;Z esa O;Lr jguk pkfg, ojuk mldh mRdaBrk ej tkrh gSA fxns us Hkh thou ds vafre fnuksa esa viuh O;Lrrkvksa ds Bgjko ij 30 tqykbZ 1941 dks fy[kk Fkk & ^thou dk var --- vafre xfrfof/k /kheh 75@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 75@o`

iM+ jgh gS] vrhr dk Lej.k] iqujko`fÙk--- th pkgrk gS fd dqN u;k gks--- ij djs dkSu\* 'kkjhfjd f'kfFkyrk ds dkj.k o`) dh mRlqdrk vkSj 'kkSd det+kjs iM+rs tkrs gSAa lk¡lkfjd lksp ij dqN Fkdu dk vglkl gksrk gSA bl vk;q esa mldk xoZ vkSj vga Hkh pwj&pwj gks tkrk gSA mldh 'kkjhfjd o ekufld det+kjs h mls fu—"V cuk nsrh gS] pyuk&fQjuk Hkh nwHkj yxus yxrk gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls os o`) mcj ikrs gSa tks fHkUu dk;ksZa esa vius dks yxk, j[krs gS]a tSls fd jktuhfr ls gVus ds ckn DyseUlks ys[ku esa viuk le; fcrkus yxs vkSj pfpZy fp=dkjh esa yxs jgsA O;fä dk ,d euksHkko gksrk gS& mPpkdka{kkA cq<k+ is esa viuh igpku dks cuk, j[kus dh vkdka{kk çcy gksrh tkrh gSA rc O;fä iqjLdkjks]a vyadj.kksa vkSj vdknfed vksgnksa ds ihNs nkSMu + s yxrk gSA Mh xkWy us 1925 esa dgk Fkk & ^tjk&nqcy Z dh pkgr fdlh pht+ esa ugha jgrh ij mldh tjk&vkdka{kk lHkh pht+kas esa jgrh gSA* o`) dh Lej.k'kfä det+kjs iM+ tkrh gS vkSj mls dy dh ckr ;kn ugha jgrh ij og iqjkuh chrh ckrksa dks iwjh rjg ;kn j[krk gS vkSj mudk foLrkjiwod Z o.kZu djrk gSA bldk ,d dkj.k ;g gks ldrk gS fd mls vkt dh ?kVukvksa esa dksbZ #fp ugha gksrhA blfy, mldks thou esa dksbZ lkj ugha fn[kkbZ nsrk vkSj thou dh fjärk dk vuqHko mls [kk, tkrk gSA tSlk fd vjLrq us dgk Fkk & ^thou dk okl xfr esa gSA ttZj 'kjhj ds dkj.k o`) xfrghu gks tkrk gS rks mls ,d 'kwU;rk ?ksj ysrh gS vkSj og mnklh dh ekufldrk esa pyk tkrk gSA* dqN o`) thou dh vafre lk¡l rd vius dk;Z esa yxs jgrs gSAa ekbdy,aty s ks us vius thou ds vafre fnuksa esa dyk—fr dk cstksM+ uewuk çLrqr fd;k FkkA fu#ís'; thou o`) dks mnkl vkSj fuf"Ø; cuk nsrk gSA csdkjh esa mls fgyus&Mqyus dh vko';drk Hkh ugha jgrh vkSj ;gh xfrghurk varr% mldh mnklh dk dkj.k cu tkrh gSA tqgkWUMks us dHkh dgk Fkk fd o`)koLFkk ,d ,slh yach Nqêh tSlh gS ftlesa O;fä dks dqN djus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh & cl vkjke gh vkjke! ijarq ;g vkjke O;fä dks ml va/kdkj dh vksj Hkh ys tk ldrk gS 76@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 76@o`

tgk¡ mls dsoy nqcy Z 'kjhj] nqcy Z cqf) vkSj 'kfäghurk dk vglkl gh feyrk gSA rc o`) ;g le>us yxrk gS fd lekt dks mldh vko';drk ugha gSA fQj] og ,slh mnkl ekufldrk esa pyk tkrk gS ftlls fd mcjuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA o`) dks bl yach Nqêh dh ,d cM+h dher pqdkuh iM+rh gSA bl eqís ij lkfgR; dks [kaxkyrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa fd cYykp us fy[kk Fkk& ^;g e`R;q ugha & {kj.k gS ftl ij 'kksd gksrk gSA* ftl O;fä ds gkFk esa jktuhfr dh ckxMksj ;k 'kfä gksrh gS] og vklkuh ls o`)koLFkk dk vodk'k xzg.k djus dh ugha lksp ldrkA og fdlh&u&fdlh dk;Z esa vius dks O;Lr j[krk gSA pfpZy bldk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gSA ;g lgh gS fd o`)koLFkk esa cgqr lh dfe;k¡ vkSj [kkfe;k¡ vk tkrh gSa ysfdu vk;q dks ns[krs gq, mUgsa utjvankt fd;k tkrk gSA rc o`)ksa dks cPpksa dh rjg ns[kk tkrk gSA ;g ,d okLrfod rF; gS fd o`)koLFkk esa tSfod] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd rkSj ij o`)ksa ds Lrj esa fxjkoV vk tkrh gSA vf/kdrj o`) volknxzLr jgrs gSAa rHkh rks] vjLrq us dgk Fkk fd os g¡luk Hkwy tkrs gSAa ,MeaM fM xksUdksVZ us 17 twu 1890 ds vius i= esa dgk Fkk & ^nksLr fclj tkrs gS]a ifjfpr LFkku NksM+ nsrs gS]a 'kjhj 'kfä NksM+ tkrk gS & ;g lc ân; esa volkn Hkj nsrk gSA* bl volkn dk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh gksrk gS fd dy rd o`) ,d ft+Eesnkj ukxfjd ekuk tkrk Fkk vkSj vkt dsoy ^oLrq* cu dj jg x;k gSA mldk vkRecy tokc ns pqdk gSA mls ;g 'kadk fujarj yxh jgrh gS fd bl ^oLrq* dks dy fudkydj lM+d ij Qsd a u fn;k tk,A dqN o`)ksa esa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds Mj ls pksjh djus ;k pqjk dj dqN [kk ysus dh ço`fÙk ns[kh xbZ gSA fleksu us ,sls dqN ifjokjksa ds –"Vkar Hkh fn, gSa tgk¡ o`)ksa esa ,slh ço`fÙk ikbZ xbZ gSA dqN o`) ,sls Hkh gksrs gSa tks vius vki dks lekt dk vfHkUu vax ekudj viuk fu;fer dk;ZØe cuk ysrs gSa vkSj lekt dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls vius dks tksM+ ysrs gSAa ,sls o`)ksa dk le; fu;fer gks tkrk gS vkSj le;kuqlkj os viuh fnup;kZ esa O;Lr jgrs gSAa bl fo"k; ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa fd ftu o`)ksa dks viuk ?kj NksMd + j cPpksa ds ?kj esa ;k o`)kJe esa clus ds fy, dgk tkrk gS] mUgsa ,slk yxrk gS ekuks tM+ ls m[kkM+ Qsd a fn;k tk jgk 77@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 77@o`

gksA rc mUgsa u rks viuh t+ehu feyrh gS vkSj u vius thus ds rjhds dh Lora=rk gh fey ikrh gSA os vius vki dks fdlh ds vk/khu eglwl djus yxrs gSAa ftudk viuk ?kj vkSj viuk le; gS] os cxhps dks laokjus vkSj ?kj dh ns[kHkky djus esa le; fcrkrs gSAa la/;k dks viuh vkjkedqlhZ ij cSBdj pSu dh lk¡l ysrs gq, fnu fcrkrs gSAa mUgsa vius ?kj vkSj le; ds ekfyd gksus dk larks"k gksrk gSA o`)koLFkk esa 'kfä dk ewyk/kkj laifÙk gksrh gSA ftl o`) ds ikl /ku gS] og vius vki dks Lora= le>rk gSA ijarq ;gk¡ Hkh dHkh ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vk tkrh gSa tc ;g laifÙk gh th dk tatky cu tkrh gSA dksbZ djhch fj'rsnkj & csVk ;k csVh] xqM+ ij eD[kh dh rjg vk cSBrs gSa rks o`) dh nqfo/kk c<+ tkrh gSA og viuh laifÙk dks vius ls vyx ugha djuk pkgrk vkSj u /ku ds dkj.k vius djhch yksxksa ls cSj gh j[kuk! rc mldh fLFkfr lk¡i&NNwna j dh lh gks tkrh gSA fleksu bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa ;ksa crkrh gSa fd o`) dks fdlh Hkh O;fä ds gLr{ksi esa [krjk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA tSlk fd vesfjdh tjk fpfdRld D;wfeaXl us dgk gS] o`) dh ekufldrk ;g gksrh gS fd og fdlh ls Hkh vius thou ds fo"k; esa okLrk ugha j[kuk pkgrkA tc ,sls cw<s+ vius laoxs kRed fj'rs dkV nsrs gS]a rks mUgsa vpkud xqLlk vk tkrk gS( os vpkud fcQj tkrs gSa vkSj jksus yxrs gSAa o`) VkWYLVk; laxhr lqudj vJq Vidkus yxrs FksA viuh o`)koLFkk esa pfpZy Hkh jksus yxrs FksA ijarq dqN ,sls yksx Hkh gSa tks fdlh 'kksd lan's k dks lqudj Hkh fufoZdkj ls cus jgrs gSAa bl fufoZdkj fLFkfr esa 58 o"khZ; VkWYLVk; dks ml le; ns[kk x;k tc muds pkj o"khZ; iq= dk nsgkar gks x;kA tc os 67 o"kZ ds Fks rc muds iq= ofuPdk dk nsgkar gks x;k Fkk] rc Hkh mUgksu a s bls bZ'oj dh bPNk crk;k vkSj fQj dke ij yx x,A 1906 esa tc mudh iq=h ek'kk dh e`R;q gqbZ rks os dfczLrku Hkh ugha x, vkSj viuh Vscy ij cSB dj fy[kk&^os mls dfczLrku ys x, gS]a ;g ç—fr dk fu;e gS] ge bZ'oj dks èkU;okn nsAa * vdlj ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa o`) fufoZdkj cu tkrs gSAa bldk ,d dkj.k laHkor% ;g gS fd firk&iq= ds lqIr vf/kdkj dh yM+kbZ gksrh gSA ;qok iq= viuk opZLo pkgrk gS tcfd o`) firk viuk ;g vfèkdkj rtus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gksrkA ;fn iq= 'kknh'kqnk gks rks ;gh ekufldrk 78@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 78@o`

lkl&cgw esa Hkh gksrh gSA o`)ksa dk lcls lq[kn vkSj xekZgV dk fj'rk vius ukrh&iksrksa ds lkFk gksrk gSA vius ikS= ds nsgkar ij Ýk;M cgqr nq[kh gq, FksA ikS=ksa ds çfr vf/kd çse dk ,d dkj.k ;g gS fd o`) ij bu cPpksa ds ikyu&iks"k.k dh og ft+Eesnkjh ugha gksrh tks mUgksu a s ,d firk gksus ds ukrs fuHkkbZ FkhA o`)ksa ds fy, vius ikS=ksa ls çse ml chp dh ih<+h ls çfr'kks/k dk ekè;e Hkh gksrk gS tks muds çfr mnklhu gSA bu cPpksa ds lkFk [ksyrs gq, o`) vius dks iqu% ml cpiu esa ys tkrs gSa tks mUgsa thfor jgus dk vglkl fnykrk gSA ;g nqHkkZX; gh dgk tk,xk fd ,dy ifjokj ds dkj.k vc ;g fj'rk yqIr gksrk tk jgk gSA vius cPpksa vkSj muds cPpksa ls efgyk dk fj'rk iq#"kksa ls vf/kd fudV dk gksrk gSA vk;q dk vlj Hkh efgyk ij mruk ugha gksrk ftruk fd iq#"k ij gksrk gSA o`)koLFkk esa Hkh efgyk lfØ; jgrh gS vkSj og bu fj'rksa dks cuk, j[kus esa l{ke gksrh gSA iq#"k fj'rksa dks dk;e j[krk Hkh gS rks og rVLFkrk Hkh cuk, j[krk gSA thou esa ,d ,slk eksM+ Hkh vkrk gS tc irk gh ugha pyrk fd vk;q us mls dc cw<k+ cuk fn;kA vk;q vpkud ,slk >iêk ekjrh gS fd O;fä dks vkHkkl gksus yxrk gS fd mldh cqf)] mldk HkkX; vkSj mldk lekt mlls nwj gksrs tk jgs gSAa LokLF; esa fxjkoV vkus yxrh gS] cqf) lkspus&le>us esa foyac djrh gS vkSj fu.kZ; esa rVLFkrk o Rofjrrk dh deh vk tkrh gSA o`)ksa ds bl Ågkiksg ij çdk'k Mkyrh fleksu dgrh gSa & og th jgk gS ij thfor ugha gSA og lHkh dqN ns[k jgk gS ftldh og dHkh dkeuk djrk Fkk] ij vkt mlh dkeuk ij tc ç'ufpà yxk, tkrs gSa rks mlds eu esa foæksg dh Hkkouk mRiUu gksrh gSA ;g fxjkoV ml le; vf/kd pqHkrh gS tc dksbZ O;fä fdlh Å¡ps in ls fuo`Ùk gksrk gSA og vius vf/kdkj dk ç;ksx dqN le; rd ?kj esa djrk gS ij /khjs&/khjs ;gk¡ Hkh mldk vf/kdkj fNurk pyk tkrk gSA bldk ,d dkj.k ;g gS fd ns[krs&gh&ns[krs ;qok ih<+h o`) ds vfèkdkj dk mYya?ku djus yxrh gS] rc mldk eu xqLls vkSj ?k`.kk ls Hkj tkrk gSA mldk Øks/k bl gn rd c<+ tkrk gS fd og ;qok ih<+h dks dkslus rd yx tkrk gS vkSj Hkfo";ok.kh dj nsrk gS fd vc 79@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 79@o`

loZuk'k fudV gSA lsVa ,oekaM Z us dgk Fkk fd o`) viuk ckSf)d lksp ladfq pr dj ysrs gSa vkSj ;g le>rs gSa fd tks dqN os dj jgs gSa ogh lgh gS vkSj tks nwljs dj jgs gSa og lc x+yr gSA vkt ds thou esa mls dqN lkj fn[kkbZ ugha nsrkA lekpkj i= mls Qhdk vkSj vkt dk lkfgR; Hkh Lrjghu yxrk gSA MkW- tkWulu us cklosy ls dgk Fkk& ^;g nq"V lksp vf/kdrj yksxksa esa ns[kk tkrk gS fd os le>rs gSa fd cw<k+ as dh fopkj'kfä dk {kj.k gks tkrk gSA ;fn dksbZ ;qod tkrs le; viuh Vksih ysuk Hkwy tkrk gS rks dksbZ ml ij /;ku ugha nsrk] ijarq dksbZ o`) ,slh Hkwy djs rks daèks mpdk dj dgsxa s & mldh Lej.k'kfä tkrh jgh!* o`) dks ;g vglkl rks jgrk gh gS fd mldh Lej.k'kfä det+kjs gks jgh gS] dHkh&dHkh og x+yr 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx djrk gS ;k dHkh 'kCn <w< ¡ u + s yxrk gSA og vius ttckr dks jksd ugha ikrk vkSj tYnh QV iM+rk gSA og ges'kk viuh iqjkuh ;knksa esa [kks;k jgrk gS vkSj vlqj{kk Hkko ls xzLr jgrk gSA mlds vfèkdrj —R; fojks/k vkSj vkØks'k ds gksrs gSAa ;g fojks/k dbZ rjg ls O;ä gksrk gS& dHkh og fcLrj ls ;g dg dj ugha mBrk fd xfB;k mls lrk jgh gS] dHkh QVsgky cxhps esa fudy iM+rk gS] dHkh is'kkc dj ysrk gS rks dHkh [kkus ds fy, euk dj nsrk gS] dHkh fcuk crk, ?kj ls fudy iM+rk gS vkSj mls ;g lksp dj vkuan feyrk gS fd ?kjokys fpafrr gks jgs gksxa As og ;g le>rk gS fd fuf"Ø; jgus dk mls vf/kdkj gS vkSj ml ij fdlh dh dksbZ ft+Eesnkjh ugha gSA ,slk ugha gS fd lHkh o`) viuh ft+Eesnkjh ls cprs gSa ;k lsokfuo`fÙk ds ckn vius lkekftd drZO; dh bfr le>rs gSAa cgqr ls o`) ,sls gksrs gSa tks viuk og 'kkSd iwjk djrs gSa ftls iwoZ O;Lrrk ds rFkk le;kHkko ds dkj.k os ugha dj ik,A fleksu ,sls o`)ksa dh ppkZ djrs gq, crkrh gSa fd tkWu dkWij iks,l us viuh iqLrd ^vkWu vksYM ,t* esa fy[kk gS fd cpiu esa fdl çdkj muds nknkth us <yrh 'kke dks fugkjrs gq, dgk Fkk fd os vkSj dqN ugha dj ldrs vkSj u mudk vc fdlh ds çfr dksbZ nkf;Ro gh gS( vc dsoy 'kkafr gS] dksbZ ca/ku ughaA iks,l tc cw<s+ gks x, rks mUgksu a s viuk lkjk le; ys[ku esa yxk;k vkSj viuk 80@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 80@o`

;g 'kkSd lQyrkiwod Z iw.kZ fd;kA ijarq ,slk lHkh o`) ugha dj ikrs gSAa muls viuk lkekftd LFkku NwV tkus ij thou esa 'kwU;rk vk tkrh gSA ,sls yksx volkn dh voLFkk esa pys tkrs gSa vkSj ;g le>us yxrs gSa fd lekt ds ca/ku ls os eqä gks x, gSAa o`) efgykvksa esa Hkh ,slh ekufldrk vk tkrh gS tc os ca/kueqä vuqHko djrh gSa & vc u fdlh dh iRuh gSa u fdlh dh deZpkjh] cl viuh ethZ dh ekfyd gSAa ,slh ekufldrk mu efgykvksa esa vfèkd vkrh gS tks thou Hkj ifr vkSj ifjokj dh lsok esa yxh jgha vkSj cky cPpksa dh ft+Eesnkjh dk cks> <ksrh jghaA vc os Hkh dg ldrh gSa fd os Lora= gSAa o`)koLFkk dh Lora=rk O;fä dks fuHkhZd cuk nsrh gSA vesfjdk ds 80 o"khZ; MkW- Liksd us fo;ruke dh yM+kbZ ds fo#) gks jgs vkanksyu esa LVkDyh dkjekbdy dk lkFk fn;k FkkA 89 o"khZ; cVsM Za jlsy us 1961 ds ml vfgalkRed fojks/k esa Hkkx fy;k Fkk ftls ijek.kq gfFk;kj ds fo#) ^dfeVh vkWQ v gaMM sª * pyk jgh FkhA mudh vk;q vkSj çfr"Bk dks ns[krs gq, ljdkj dks ml laxkz e dk laKku ysuk iM+k FkkA fdlh o`) dk ;g lcls cM+k lkSHkkX; gksrk gS fd mlds djus ds fy, dqN dk;Z cpk gS] dqN mís'; vkSj dqN eaftysa lkeus gSAa ojuk] og vkyL; vkSj volkn ls ?kqV tk,xkA blds fy, mls viuh e/;k;q ls gh ;kstuk cukuh pkfg,A tc og vodk'k çkIr fLFkfr esa igqp ¡ s rks mlds vkxs dk dk;ZØe mls O;Lr j[ksxkA o`)koLFkk ,d lkekU; vleku fLFkfr mRiUu djrh gS tgk¡ O;fä dh ekufld vkSj 'kkjhfjd fLFkfr esa rsth+ ls cnyko vkrs gSAa 'kkjhfjd :i ls det+kjs ] lkekftd :i ls frjL—r] ekufld :i ls tjkxzLr & dqN ,sls y{k.kksa ls mcjus ds fy, thou dks ,d ubZ fn'kk nsus dh vko';drk gksrh gS rkfd lekt esa mldh igpku cuh jgs vkSj mls bfrgkl dk vax u eku fy;k tk,A vf/kdrj o`) vius VwVrs vga] fujk'k Hkfo"; vkSj mnklhu thou ls fpM+fpM+s gks tkrs gSAa ;g fpM+fpM+kiu o`)koLFkk esa ml le; çFke ckj çdV gksrk gS tc thou esa dksbZ gknlk gks tkrk gSA tSls fdlh fudV lac/a kh dh e`R;q] tqnkbZ ;k LFkkukarj.kA rc mls thou nwHkj yxus yxrk gS vkSj ml volkn dh fLFkfr ls og mcj ugha ikrkA ,slk yxrk gS 81@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 81@o`

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Zk'eof kkFLok)`o@ 6 9

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