VRIDDHAAWASTHA VIMARSH

o`)koLFkk foe'kZ

ys[kd

paรฆekSy's oj รงlkn laiknd

_"kHknso 'kekZ

ifjys[k รงdk'ku uthckckn

o`)koLFkk foe'kZ ¼foe'kZ@ lekt foKku½ paæekSy's oj çlkn © laiknd vkbZ,lch,u & 978&93&84068&29&5 çdk'kd ifjys[k çdk'ku okfy;k ekdsVZ ] fudV lkgw tSu dkWyt s ] dksrokyh ekxZ] uthckckn & 246763] fctukSj ¼m-ç-½ eks- & + 91 9897742814] + 919838120022 bZey s & parilekhprakashan@gmail.com forjd Jhlkfgrh çdk'ku 303] es/kk VkWolZ] jk/kk—".k uxj] vÙkkiqj fjax jksM] gSnjkckn & 500048 eks- & + 919849986346 bZey s - srisahitiprakashan@yahoo.com eqæd & vkj-oh- fçaVlZ] esjB vkoj.k fp= & xqje Z dksM a k f'kjh"k ckcw çFke laLdj.k & 2016 ewY; & 100 VRIDDHAAWASTHA VIMARSH (Discourse/ Social Studies) Author: Chandra Mauleshwar Prasad Editor: Rishabha Deo Sharma

4@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 4@o`

5@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 5@o`

o`)koLFkk foe'kZ paรฆekSy's oj รงlkn

6@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 6@o`

7@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 7@o`

i=ksRdafBr thou dk fo"k cq>k gqvk gS] vk'kk dk çnhi tyrk gS ân;&dqt a es]a va/kdkj&iFk ,d jf'e ls lq>k gqvk gS] fn³~ fu.kZ;&/kzqo ls tSls u{k=&iqt a es!a yhyk dk laoj.k&le; Qwyksa dk tSlk & Qyksa Qys ;k >js vQy] ikrksa ds Åij! fl) ;ksfx;ksa tSls ;k lk/kkj.k ekuo rkd jgk gS Hkh"e 'kjksa dh dfBu lst ij! fLuX/k gks pqdk gS funk?k] o"kkZ Hkh df"kZr dy 'kkjn dY; dh] gSe ykseksa vkPNkfnr] f'kf'kj&Hks|] ckSjk clar vkeksa vkeksfnr] chr pqdk gS fnDpqfa cr prqjxa dkO;] xfr& ;frokyk] /ofu] vyadkj] jl] jkx ca/k ds ok| Nan dsA jf.kr xf.kr NqV pqds gkFk ls& ØhM+k,¡ ozhM+k esa ifj.krA eYy eYy dh& ekjsa ewfNZr gqbAaZ fu'kkus pwd x;s gSAa >wy pqdh gS [kky <ky dh rjg ruh FkhA iqu% losjk] ,d vkSj Qsjk gS th dkA & lw;d Z kar f=ikBh ^fujkyk*

8@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 8@o`

9@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 9@o`

laikndh;

ufg ufg j{kfr Mq—¥ dj.ks vfLrRooknh nk'kZfud fleksu n cqvk ¼9 tuojh] 1908 &14 vçSy] 1986½ dks L=h&foe'kZdkj ds :i esa fo'ks"k [;kfr çkIr gSA mUgksu a s miU;kl] fucaèk] thouh] vkRedFkk vkSj O;fäfp= vkfn fo/kkvksa esa nk'kZfud] jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd foe'kZey w d çHkwr ys[ku fd;kA 1949 esa çdkf'kr ^n lsdM a lsDl* ¼L=h % misf{krk½ us mUgsa oSf'od L=h eqfä vkanksyu dk iqjksèkk cuk fn;kA bl —fr ds çHkkeaMy us muds 'ks"k —frRo dks ekuks varèkkZu dj j[kk gSA vU;Fkk 1970 esa çdkf'kr mudh 'kks/kiw.kZ —fr ^yk fo,ysLls* ¼Ýsp a ½ Hkh mruh gh egRoiw.kZ gSA ^yk fo,ysLls* dk vaxt sz h vuqokn ^vksYM ,t* 1977 esa vk;kA ;g —fr oLrqr% fleksu dh Hkfo";ksUeq[kh fo'o–f"V dk çek.k gS vkSj ^o`)koLFkk foe'kZ* dh xhrk gSA blds çdkf'kr gksrs gh nk'kZfud vkSj lkekftd gydksa esa ^o`)koLFkk* ij loZFkk ubZ –f"V ls cgl fNM+ xbZA ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd fleksu n cqvk ds ys[ku esa vk;q vkSj fyax fo"k;d foe'kZ ijLij lacfa /kr gSAa vFkok ^lsdM a lsDl* vkSj ^vksYM ,t* Åij ls fHkUu çrhr gksrs gq, Hkh ewyr% fleksu ds vfLrRooknh fparu ds nks ijLij xqFa ks gq, vk;ke gSa ftudk lac/a k Øe'k% ^L=h* vkSj ^o`)* dks ifjokj vkSj lekt dh çkFkfed ukxfjdrk ls oafpr j[kus ds "kM~î= a ds çR;k[;ku ls gS tcfd ;s nksuksa gh lekt ds vfLrRo dh /kqjh gSAa bu nksuksa —fr;ksa ds ek/;e ls fleksu us Øe'k% L=h vkSj o`) ls tqMs+ feFkksa dh 'kY; ijh{kk dh gS D;ksfa d bu feFkksa ds dkj.k gh vkt Hkh cM+h lhek rd L=h vkSj o`) lkekftd ijk,iu ds f'kdkj gSAa fleksu us fo'o Hkj ds fofHkUu lektksa esa o`)koLFkk ls lacfa /kr :f<+;ksa vkSj o`)ksa dh n'kk rFkk muds çfr O;ogkj dk vyx&vyx –f"V;ksa ls v/;;u fd;kA mUgksu a s ;g Hkh ns[kk fd bu ^ofj"B ukxfjdks*a dh 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld {kerkvksa rFkk bPNkvks]¡ vkdka{kkvksa vkSj liuksa dh n'kk vkSj fn'kk D;k gksrh gSA njvly ofj"B ukxfjdksa vFkok o`)ksa ds lac/a k esa lekt dk pfj= O;kid Lrj ij nksxysiu dk f'kdkj jgk gSA ,d vksj rks fuR; mudk vk'khokZn ysus dh ckr dh tkrh gS rFkk 10@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 10@o`

nwljh vksj mUgsa cks> le>k tkrk gSA lekt] lkfgR; vkSj laL—fr esa lnk mifLFkr jgus ds ckotwn o`)ksa dh vofLFkfr dsæa dh vis{kk ifjfèk ij gh vf/kd jgh gSA cq<k+ ik vkus dk vFkZ gh gS O;fä dk dsæa ls m[kM+dj ifjf/k dh vksj tkus ds fy, foo'k gksukA dsæa ls vinLFk gksrs gh O;fä lekt dh mis{kk dk ik= cu tkrk gS vkSj ;fn mldk lgh ^iquokZl* u gks rks mls viuk vfLrRo gh vfHk'kki yxus yxrk gSA bl çdkj ifjfèk ij èkdsys x, ,d leqnk; ds :i esa o`) leqnk; nqfu;k dk cgqr cM+k misf{kr tu leqnk; gS ftldh tula[;k esa 20oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjknZ/~ k esa rhozrk ls o`f) gqbZ gS vkSj 21oha 'krkCnh esa vkSj Hkh o`f) lqfuf'pr gS D;ksfa d b/kj tUe nj vkSj e`R;q nj nksuksa gh ?kV jgh gSa rFkk fpfdRlk foKku us vkneh dh vkSlr vk;q c<+k nh gSA o`)koLFkk foe'kZ bl misf{kr leqnk; dh –f"V ls & vFkok o`)koLFkk dks dsæa esa j[krs gq, & lekt] lkfgR; vkSj laL—fr dh ubZ O;k[;k djus okyk foe'kZ gSA o`) gksus ij okuçLFk vkSj laU;kl dh O;oLFkk dh iquO;kZ[;k dh vkt cM+h t+:jr gS rkfd ofj"B ukxfjdksa ds leqnk; dks viuk vfLrRo vuqi;ksxh vkSj vfHk'kki çrhr u gksA o`)koLFkk foe'kZ oLrqr% lkekftd lac/a kksa dks bu cnyh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa u, <ax ls le>us dh t+:jr ij cy nsrk gSA 'kkjhfjd v'kD;rk] ekufld leL;k,¡] ijfuHkZjrk] ewY; ifjorZu] vkfFkZd ladksp] thoulkFkh dh e`R;q] fujkfJr gksus dh vk'kadk] Hkfo"; dh vfuf'prrk] lac/a kksa dh fujFkZdrk dk cks/k] jkx&fojkx dk }a}] ijk,iu vkSj vyxko dh fLFkfr] cpiu vkSj ;qokoLFkk dh ;knksa ls tqMk+ vrhr çse] dke vkSj Øks/k tSlh o`fÙk;ksa dk mnkÙkhdj.k u dj ikus ls tqMh+ leL;k,¡ vkSj vk/;kfRed foHkze tSls vusd i{k o`)koLFkk foe'kZ ds fopkj.kh; fcanq gSAa njvly fleksu n cqvk dh var'psruk esa dgha&u&dgha o`)koLFkk vkSj e`R;q ls tqMs+ gq, ç'u cjkcj mifLFkr FksA ;gh dkj.k gS fd os vius l`tu vkSj fparu nksuksa esa vfLrRo dh u'ojrk ij fopkj djrh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSAa 1946 esa vk, vius miU;kl ^vkWy esu vkj eksVy Z * esa mUgksu a s QksLdk uked vius dFkkuk;d dh vej gksus dh bPNk ds ek/;e ls euq"; dh u'ojrk vkSj ej.k'khyrk dh vfuok;Zrk ij vfLrRooknh utfj, ls fopkj fd;kA blds ckn 1964 esa ^, osjh bZth MsFk* esa mUgksu a s ejus dh çfØ;k dk [kqyklk rks tksj nsdj fd;k gh] viuh ek¡ dh e`R;q 11@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 11@o`

dk Hkh fp=.k fd;kA ^vksYM ,t* ¼1970½ esa rks ;g fo"k; mBk;k gh x;k gS & o`)koLFkk e`R;q dh rS;kjh dk le; gS! ;gh ugha 1981 esa vius laLej.k fy[krs gq, Hkh mUgksu a s T;k¡ iky lk=Z ds vafre nl o"kksZa dk tks ;FkkFkZ vadu fd;k gS mlesa mudh chekjh] nSfgd {kj.k vkSj o`)koLFkk dk o.kZu 'kkfey gSA vfHkçk; ;g gS fd fleksu us o`)koLFkk ij dsoy lS)kafrd fparu ugha fd;k cfYd vuqHkwfr ds xgu /kjkry ij mUgksu a s mls yacs le; rd ft;k HkhA fdlh dks Hkys gh vfo'oluh; vkSj foLe;dkjh yxs exj ;g lp gS fd ek= 36 o"kZ dh vk;q esa ;qorh fleksu n cqvk us vius vkidks o`) gksrs eglwluk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA bruk gh ugha bl laons u'khy fonq"kh us 13 o"kZ dh vk;q ls gh ;g eglwl djuk 'kq: dj fn;k Fkk fd ^le; xqtj+ jgk gS*A dky dh lkis{krk esa vk;q dk xqtj+ uk eglwl djus ds dkj.k gh os vfLrRo fo"k;d n'kZu dh vksj eqMh+ Aa cq<k+ ik 'kkjhfjd gS ;k ekufld vFkok nksuksa & euksnfS gd\ ;g ç'u viuh txg gSA ysfdu ;g lp gS fd e`R;q vkSj cq<k+ is dk lk{kkRdkj euq"; dks fdlh Hkh vk;q esa ufpdsrk] fonsg vkSj rFkkxr cukus ds fy, i;kZIr gSA mlh us fleksu dks fleksu cuk;kA gekjs ;gk¡ ;ksa rks o`)koLFkk ls tqMs+ ç'uksa ij fopkj dh iqjkuh ijaijk jgh gS ysfdu bl voLFkk ls tqMh+ leL;k dk tks :i vkt gekjs lkeus gS og igys dHkh ,slk u FkkA Hkkjr esa tjk&fpfdRlk ¼tsfj;kfVªDl½ ds vè;;u dk bfrgkl vHkh vkjafHkd voLFkk esa gSA v/;srk ok/kZD; vkSj vk;q lac/a kh leL;kvksa ds igyqvksa dks vk/kqfud] mÙkjvk/kqfud] L=hoknh] jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd –f"V;ksa ls le>us&le>kus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gSAa vkt gekjh fpark dk fo"k; fo'kky o`) tu leqnk; ds thou dks lq[ke; cukus ls lacfa /kr gS & pkgs os iq#"k gksa ;k L=hA ;gh dkj.k gS fd o`)koLFkk ls tqMs+ lsokeqfä ls ysdj o`)kJe rd ds] vFkok nsg ls ysdj vk;q rd ds {kh.k gksus ds] eqís fparu vkSj l`tu ds fofo/k eapksa ij Nk, gq, gSAa ;fn ;g dgk tk, fd vkt dk euq"; cq<k+ is vkSj ekSr ls dqN T;knk gh vkrafdr gS rks Hkh 'kk;n x+yr u gksxkA fleksu n cqvk —r ^vksYM ,t* dks igyh ckj ns[kus&i<+us dk ekSdk+ eq>s 2010 esa feyk vkSj eSa nhokuksa dh rjg vius lc nksLrksa ls bl 12@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 12@o`

fdrkc dk ft+Ø djus yxkA esjs vfHkHkkodrqY; ofj"B fe= Jh paæekSy's oj çlkn ¼7 vçSy] 1942 & 13 flracj] 2012½ us esjh ;g nhokuxh ns[kh rks ^vksYM ,t* mBk ys x,A mu fnuksa os CykWx ys[ku dh nqfu;k esa cgqr lfØ; FksA eq>ls ppkZ djus ds ckn mUgksu a s vius CykWx ^dye* ¼cmpershad.blogspot.in½ ij ml iqLrd dk lkj&la{ksi fy[kuk vkjaHk fd;kA bl lkj&la{ksi dh igyh fdLr 18 vxLr] 2010 dks rFkk vafre ¼nloha½ fdLr 30 fnlacj] 2010 dks çdkf'kr gqbAZ ^dye* CykWx ds ikBdksa us bls cgqr ilan fd;k( ljkgkA vHkh ge yksx bls iqLrdkdkj çdkf'kr djus dh ;kstuk cuk gh jgs Fks fd dky us vdky gh paæekSy's oj th dks gels Nhu fy;k! bl iqLrd dks dbZ o"kZ iwoZ çdkf'kr gks tkuk Fkk] ij ;g vc vk ik jgh gSA blds fy, esjk çekn gh mÙkjnk;h gSA vc Hkh ;fn Jh veu dqekj R;kxh ¼ifjys[k çdk'ku½ vkSj MkW- xqje Z dksM a k uhjtk us u txk;k gksrk] rks eSa rks lksrk gh jgrkA fleksu dh rks ge ugha tkurs] ysfdu paæekSy's oj çlkn vkRek dh vejrk esa fo'okl j[krs FksA ;g iqLrd & mudh viuh iqLrd & J)katfy ds :i esa mUgsa lefiZr gSA 1 tuojh] 2016

& _"kHknso 'kekZ

13@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 13@o`

i';se 'kjn% 'kre~ AA those 'kjn% 'kre~ AA J.kq;ke 'kjn% 'kre~ AA รงczoke 'kjn% 'kre~ AA vnhu% L;ke 'kjn% 'kre~ AA Hkw;'p 'kjn% 'krkr~ AA & ;tqonZs 36@24

14@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 14@o`

15@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 15@o`

vuqØe 1- o`)koLFkk foe'kZ dh ihfBdk 2- o`)koLFkk vkSj thofoKku 3- o`)koLFkk % ekuotkfr foKku 4- o`)koLFkk % ,sfrgkfld lektksa esa 5- o`)koLFkk % vk/kqfud lektksa esa 6- o`)koLFkk dk Hkze vkSj lp 7- o`)koLFkk % le;] fØ;k'khyrk] bfrgkl 8- o`)koLFkk vkSj nSufa nu thou 9- o`)koLFkk % dqN mnkgj.k 10- ^o`)koLFkk uhfr* dh vksj

16@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 16@o`

17 21 25 33 45 53 63 73 83 93

17@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 17@o`

o`)koLFkk foe'kZ dh ihfBdk vfHkoknu 'khyL; fuR;a o`)ksilsfou% A pRokfj rL; o/kZUrs vk;qfoZ|k ;'kks cye~AA çfrfnu cqtxq+ ksZa dks ç.kke djus vkSj mudh lsok djus okys O;fä dh vk;q] fo|k] dhfrZ vkSj 'kfä dh o`f) dh ?kks"k.kk djus okys bl lqHkkf"kr ls irk pyrk gS fd Hkkjrh; laL—fr esa o`)ksa dks fo'ks"k lEeku dk vf/kdkjh vkSj iwtuh; ekuk tkrk jgk gSA le; ds lkFk ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cny xbZa vkSj vkt ;g fLFkfr gks xbZ gS fd O;fä vkSj lekt nksuksa ds fy, cq<k+ ik vfHk'kki çrhr gksus yxk gSA oSKkfud çxfr ds lkFk tgk¡ ekuo dh vkSlr vk;q c<+rh tk jgh gS] ogha cq<k+ is dh leL;k,¡ Hkh c<+ jgh gSAa vkt dgk tkrk gS fd Hkkjr ;qokvksa dk ns'k gS] ysfdu og fnu nwj ugha tc Hkkjr lokZf/kd ofj"B ukxfjdksa ls Hkjk vFkkZr cw<k+ ns'k gksxkA bu cw<k+ as ds iquokZl ds ckjs esa vHkh ls u lkspk x;k rks fLFkfr Hk;kog Hkh gks ldrh gSA dHkh o`)ksa dks lekt vkSj ifjokj esa lEeku feyrk Fkk] rc o`)koLFkk dks fdlh leL;k ds :i esa ugha ns[kk tkrk FkkA fiNyh 'krkCnh ds ,d Ý+kl a hlh efgyk fpard ,oa lkfgR;dkj fleksu n cqvk us bl fo"k; ij fparu djus ds fy, dye mBkbZ FkhA tc bl fo"k; ij mUgksu a s vius dqN lkfFk;ksa ls ckr dh rks ;g dgrs gq, mudk et+kd mM+k;k x;k fd ;g Hkh dksbZ fo"k; gS D;k! fleksu dks yksx le>kus esa yxs jgs fd cq<k+ ik dksbZ ;FkkFkZ ugha gS % yksx ;qok gksrs gSa & dqN vf/kd ;qok ;k dqN de] ij dksbZ cw<k+ ugha gksrkA mUgksu a s ns[kk fd fofoèk Hkk"kkvksa esa efgykvks]a cPpksa vkSj ;qokvksa dks dsæa esa j[k dj dkQh lkfgR; jpk x;k gS ijarq o`)ksa ij ;nk&dnk gh dgha ppkZ gqbZ gS mudh leL;kvksa ij dgha çdk'k ugha Mkyk x;k gSA fleksu us bl fo"k; ij lekt dks >d>ksjus ds fy, viuh dye mBkus dk fu'p; fd;k vkSj mlds ifj.kkeLo:i lkeus vkbZ & mudh Ýsp a —fr ^yk fo,ysLls* ¼1970½ ftldk vuqokn vaxt sz h esa iSfVªd vks czu S us ^vksYM ,t* uke ls fd;k gSA 18@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 18@o`

viuh bl iqLrd esa fleksu dgrh gSa fd ^cw<s+ yksxksa ds ekeys esa ;g lekt u dsoy nks"kh gS cfYd vijk/kh Hkh gSA Ý+kl a dh ckjg çfr'kr turk iSl a B o"kZ ikj dj pqdh gS vkSj bruh cM+h la[;k x+jhch] mis{kk vkSj fujk'kk >sy jgh gSA vesfjdk esa Hkh yxHkx ;gh fLFkfr gSA ekuoh; laons ukvksa ds lkFk bl vkcknh ls crkZo dk dksbZ çko/kku mu jktusrkvksa ds ikl ugha gS tks ;g ekudj pyrs gSa fd budk otwn gh ugha gS] D;ksfa d mudh dksbZ jktuhfrd vkokt++ ugha gSA ;fn os bl vkokt++ dks lqurs rks bu usrkvksa dks irk pyrk fd ;g Hkh ekuoh; Loj gh gSA eSa bl vkokt++ dks vius ikBdksa rd ys tkÅ¡xhA eSa ;g crkÅ¡xh fd os fdl rjg th jgs gS]a eSa ;g crkÅ¡xh fd muds eu&efLr"d esa D;k fopkj vk jgs gS]a vkSj tks dqN eSa dgwx¡ h og fdlh feFkd ;k cqtv Z+q k laL—fr ls fyIr ugha gksxkA* cq<k+ is dks lekt esa ,d gh rjg ls ugha ns[kk tkrkA çk;% cpiu ls ;qokoLFkk esa dne j[kus dh vk;q 18 ls 21 o"kZ dh ekuh tkrh gS tcfd cq<k+ is esa dne dksbZ fdl vk;q esa j[krk gS] bldh ydhj dgha Hkh ugha [khaph xbZ gSA thou Hkj mlds jktuhfrd gd ,oa dkuwuh nkf;Ro ogh jgrs gSAa dkuwu Hkh pkyhl vkSj lkS o"kZ dh vk;q okys esa dksbZ varj ugha djrkA vkt Hkh dkuwu ogh gS] ftlds va/ksiu ds mnkgj.k çk;% rc ns[kus dks feyrs gSa tc uCcs dh vk;q ikj djus ds ckotwn fdlh vfHk;qä dks dkuwuh dV?kjs esa [kM+k djus dh ckr lkeus vkrh gSA fleksu ;gh vglkl fnykuk pkgrh gSa fd ^;qokoLFkk esa dh xbZ x+yrh dh lt+k D;k cq<k+ ik <ks ldrk gS\* vkt dk ;qok lekt ;g le>rk gS fd og cw<k+ as dk cks> <ks jgk gS vkSj ;g Hkwy tkrk gS fd bUgha o`)ksa us viuh ;qokoLFkk esa mu cPpksa dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djds mUgsa ;qok cuk;k gSA ;qok ;g Hkwy tkrs gSa fd muds 'kjhj esa Hkh cq<k+ ik fNik gSA ;qok ;g Hkh Hkwy tkrs gSa fd cw<k+ as esa Hkh ogh vk'kk,¡ o vkdka{kk,¡ gksrh gS]a ogh t+:jrsa gksrh gSa vkSj ogh laons uk,¡ gksrh gSa tks mu ;qokvksa esa gSAa vkt ds et+njw laxBu Hkh vius dkexjksa dh ek¡xksa dks ysdj yM+rs gSa ij dksbZ mu o`)ksa dh fpark ugha djrk tks dHkh dkexj Fks vkSj u og ekfyd gh lksprk gS fd bUgha 19@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 19@o`

o`)ksa us bl laLFkk ds fy, viuk [kwu&ilhuk cgk;k FkkA fleksu iwNrh gSa fd ^tc bu o`)ksa esa ogh [okfg'ks]a ogh laons uk,¡ vkSj ogh vko';drk,¡ gSa tks ;qokvksa dh gSa rks fQj D;ksa nqfu;k budks ?k`.kk dh utj ls ns[krh gS\ buesa ogh çse] ogh bZ";kZ] ogh vPNkbZ vkSj ogh dkesPNk] ogh vkØks'k] ogh ekuoh; xq.k gSa rks fQj bu cw<k+ as dks vyx djds D;ksa ns[kk tkrk gS\ muls ;g vk'kk D;ksa dh tkrh gS fd os lTturk dh gh çfrewfrZ cus jgs\a muds lQ+ns cky ns[k dj D;ksa ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd os lk/kq gh gks\a * çk;% ;g lksp gksrh gS fd cw<k+ dksbZ ,slh gjdr u djs tks ;qok djds Hkh cp fudyrk gSA ^cw<k+ gksdj Hkh mls 'keZ ugha vkrh ,slh gjdr djrs gq,* & vdlj ,sls rkus lquus esa vkrs gSAa dHkh&dHkh cPps Hkh cw<k+ as dks fp<+krs] et+kd mM+krs ns[ks tkrs gSAa tks gks] lekt cq<k+ is dks ,d vyx gh –f"V ls ns[krk gSA rHkh rks Q+kLW V us dgk Fkk & ^lHkh ;FkkFkksZa esa 'kk;n cq<k+ ik gh ,d ,slk Hkze gS tks gekjs thou esa lcls yacs le; rd jgrk gSA* ge ml le; rd bl Hkze esa jgrs gSa fd ge dHkh cw<s+ ugha gksxa s tc rd gesa [kqn cq<k+ is dk vglkl ugha gks tkrkA ;g Hkze mu deZpkfj;ksa esa lkQ >ydrk gS tks vodk'k çkIr djus tk jgs gSAa ;|fi os vPNh rjg ls tkurs gSa fd mUgsa ,d fuf'pr fnu vodk'k xzg.k djuk gS( fQj Hkh tc vodk'k dk le; vkrk gS rks os mnkl gks tkrs gSA cq<k+ is dh =klnh ns[kdj ;qok ;g dgrs lqus x, gSa fd ^blls rks ekSr vPNh*A ijarq cq<k+ is ds nLrd nsus ij dksbZ vkRegR;k ugha djrkA og cq<k+ is dh =klnh dks >syrk gSA cpiu ls ;qokoLFkk esa dne j[kus ij ;g Mj jgrk gS fd muls [ksy&f[kykSus NwV tk,¡xs ijarq ;kSou ds ykHk ,sls gksrs gSa fd vk;q ds lkFk os bl Mj dks Hkwy tkrs gSAa ;kSou esa cq<k+ is dh lksp Hkh ,d foifÙk yxrh gS ijarq D;k ge bl fu;fr dks Vky ldrs gS\a fdlh o`) dks ns[kdj ge vius vki dks ;fn mldh fLFkfr esa j[kdj ns[kuk 'kq: dj nsa rks 'kk;n cq<k+ is dh =klnh dks >syus dh eu%fLFkfr esa vk ldrs gSAa rc cq<k+ is esa frjLdkj dh ekufldrk ls vkgr gksus dh ço`fÙk ls cpk tk ldrk gS vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls le>kSrk djuk ljy gks tkrk gSA 20@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 20@o`

cw<k+ as dks frjL—r djds ?kj ds fdlh dksus esa ^Qsd a us* dh vis{kk mUgsa mfpr lEeku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ;fn ,slk u gqvk rks ,slk le; Hkh vk ldrk gS tc lekt dh tM+as gh fgy tk,¡A fleksu dk ekuuk gS fd ^ftl çdkj xka/kh th us vNwr çFkk dks lekIr djus dk vkanksyu pyk;k] phu us tehankjh çFkk dks u"V fd;k vkSj if'pe us ukjh dks vktkn fd;k] mlh çdkj O;fä dks vius vafre thou dky esa Hkh euq"; cuk jgus ds fy, lekt dks f>a>ksMu + s dh vko';drk gSA o`)koLFkk dh =klnh dk fuokj.k dqN dkuwu cuk nsus ls ugha gksxk] og Hkh ,sls lekt esa tgk¡ et+njw ksa dk 'kks"k.k gS] tgk¡ lekt esa laLdkj vkSj uSfrdrk dk iru gks jgk gS vkSj eqëh Hkj /kuh x+jhcksa dk 'kks"k.k dj jgs gSAa * cq<k+ is dks ,d ubZ –f"V ls ns[kus dh vko';drk gS] ,d ,slh –f"V ls ftlesa laons uk gks vkSj cw<k+ as ds fy, vknj o lEeku dk thou nsus dh vkdka{kk gksA D;k ge blds fy, rS;kj gS\a

21@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 21@o`

o`)koLFkk vkSj thofoKku foKku dh çxfr tc ls gqbZ gS] oSKkfudksa dk ,d /;s; ;g Hkh jgk gS fd vk;q dks o'k esa djds cq<k+ is ij thr gkfly dh tk,A çkphu dky esa fofHkUu jksxksa ds fy, vkS"kf/k;ksa dh [kkst dh tkrh jgh vkSj tc vkS"kf/k dke u vkrh rks tknwxjh] Vksuk&VksVdk vkfn dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk FkkA fpfdRlk ds bl bfrgkl esa cq<k+ is ij –f"V Mkyrs gq, fleksu n cqvk dgrh gSa fd ^fgiksØVs l us ekuo thou dh rqyuk ç—fr ds pkj ekSleksa ls djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd cq<k+ ik 'khrdky dh rjg gksrk gSA cq<k+ is esa de vUu dh vko';drk gksrh gS] lk¡l Qwyus yxrh gSA lnhZ&[kk¡lh] y?kq'kadk dh dfBukbZ] ?kqVuksa esa nnZ] xqnksZa dh chekjh] [kkt&[kqtyh] vkarks]a vka[kksa vkSj dkuksa ls ty çokg & bu lcds ckotwn os dgrs gSa fd cw<k+ as dks viuk dk;Z fujarj djrs jguk pkfg,A* fpfdRlk ds bfrgkl dks mdsjrs gq, fleksu vkxs crkrh gS]a ^nwljh lnh esa xsyu us cq<k+ is dks chekjh vkSj LokLF; ds chp dh dM+h dgk FkkA rsjgoha 'krkCnh esa jkstj+ csdu us cq<k+ is dks chekjh dh rjg ns[kk FkkA –f"V dh det+kjs h dks nwj djus ds fy, mUgksu a s esfXuQ+kbax ysl a dh bZtkn dh FkhA e/; ;qx esa udyh nkar yxkus ds fy, i'kqvksa ds 'kjhj dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA iaægoha lnh ds var esa fpfdRld t+c s hZ us cq<k+ is ij igyk fofuca/k ^tsjUs Vksdksfe;k* uke ls çLrqr fd;k FkkA* 'kjhj dks tkuus ds fy, 'kjhj ds Hkhrj ds vaxksa dks tkuuk t+:jh gSA iaægoh 'krkCnh rd rks ekuo 'kjhj dks fpfdRld tkudkjh ds fy, Hkh oftZr ekurs FksA çfl) dykdkj fy;ksukMksZ MkW- foaph vk/kqfud 'kkjhj ds çorZd ekus tkrs gSAa mUgksu a s Lohdkjk Fkk fd ekuo 'kjhj dh lgh tkudkjh ds fy, nl 'ko dkVs Fks vkSj vius thou ds var rd mUgksu a s rhl 'kjhjksa dks dkVk ftuesa dqN o`) Hkh FksA muds psgjksa dk js[kkadu djds mUgksu a s Hkhrj dh ulksa o vkarks]a varfM+;ksa dk [kkdk [khapk FkkA bl fo"k; ij fy[kh mudh fVIif.k;k¡ muds ej.kksijkar feyhaA vBkjgoha lnh esa xsyu ds vuq;k;h tsjkYM okWu LohVu us cq<k+ is dks 22@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 22@o`

vlkè; jksx ekuk vkSj bl voLFkk esa gks jgs 'kkjhfjd ifjorZuksa dk o.kZu fd;kA og le; ,slk Fkk tc fpfdRlk ds {ks= esa dkQh mFky iqFky gks jgh FkhA :l esa fQLpj us o`)koLFkk esa gks jgs vaxksa ds {kj.k rFkk ekufld eanrk ij foLrkj ls fopkj çLrqr fd,A bVyh ds eksjxuh] vesfjdk ds j'k] teZuh ds gQ+yM aS us o`)koLFkk ds dkj.kksa dh iM+rky dh FkhA mUuhloha 'krkCnh esa 'kjhj&fØ;k foKku ¼fQ+ft+;ksykWth½ ds 'kks/k esa dkQh çxfr gqbAZ 1817 esa jksLVu us cw<k+ as esa vLFkek vkSj mlls tqMs+ efLr"d ij iM+rs çHkko ij fuca/k çdkf'kr fd;kA 1840 esa çwl us o`)ksa dh chekjh ij 'kks/kçca/k çLrqr fd;kA 1850 rd igqp ¡ rs&igqp ¡ rs tjk&fpfdRlk ¼tsfj;kfVªDl½ dk vkjaHk gqvk] ;|fi bldk ;g ukedj.k ugha fd;k x;k FkkA Ý+kl a esa o`)ksa ds fy, cM+h laLFkk,a [kksyh xbZAa lkyisVhª j esa vkB gt+kj chekj j[ks x, ftuesa nks&rhu gt+kj o`) FksA ;gha ij 'kkjdksV us cq<k+ is ij vius çfl) O;k[;ku fn, Fks ftudk çdk'ku 1886 esa fd;k x;k FkkA blh le; ls cw<k+ as dh fpfdRlk dk xaHkhj ç;Ru çkjaHk gqvkA bldk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh Fkk fd Ý+kl a esa cw<k+ as dh rknkn c<+rh tk jgh FkhA vU; ns'kksa dh Hkh yxHkx ;gh fLFkfr FkhA chloha lnh ds vkjaHk ls 'kks/kdk;Z esa vkSj rsth+ vkbZA 1908 esa jkSft;j vkSj 1912 esa fid ,oa cekeks us Ý+kl a esa o`)koLFkk ls lacfa /kr 'kks/ki= çdkf'kr fd,A mèkj teZuh esa cqtjZ ] vesfjdk esa feuksV ,oa espfudksQ+ us Hkh o`)ksa dh fLFkfr ij 'kksèkdk;Z fd;kA dqN oSKkfudksa dk ekuuk gS fd cq<k+ is dk ,d gh dkj.k gks ldrk gSA mUuhloha lnh ds var rd Hkh ;gh le>k tkrk Fkk fd ySfa xd xzfa Fk;ksa dh det+kjs h ds dkj.k vk;q ds lkFk LokLF; esa fxjkoV vkrh tkrh gSA chloha 'krkCnh ds vkrs&vkrs dtkfyl us ;g LFkkfir djus dk ç;kl fd;k fd O;fä /kefu;ksa ds ftruk cw<k+ gksrk gSA muds fopkj esa gfì;ksa dk gfLriV [artherosclerosis] vk;q dk fuèkkZfjr dkjd gksrk gSA tsfj;kfVªDl ds firk dgs tkus okys vesfjdk ds us'kj dks ,d o`)k viuh chekjh ds ckjs esa crkus yxh rks mUgksu a s iwNk &^D;k fd;k tk ldrk gS\* rks ml cqf<+;k dk mÙkj Fkk & ^dqN Hkh ughaA* bl mÙkj ls vokd~ us'kj us cq<k+ is ij v/;;u djuk 'kq: fd;kA blds fy, os 23@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 23@o`

fo;uk ds o`)kJe esa x, rks ns[kk fd ogk¡ ds cw<s+ LoLFk thou th jgs gSAa bldk dkj.k iwNus ij crk;k x;k fd ^ge bu o`)ksa dh cPpksa dh rjg ns[kHkky djrs gSAa * bls ns[k us'kj us fpfdRlk dh ,d vyx 'kk[kk [kksyh ftls mUgksu a s tsfj;kfVªDl uke fn;kA 1912 esa mUgksu a s U;w;kdZ esa lkslkbVh vkWQ+ tsfj;kVªh dh LFkkiuk dhA tc mUgksu a s bl fo"k; ij ,d iqLrd fudkyus dh ;kstuk cukbZ rks dksbZ Hkh çdk'kd bls çdkf'kr djus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gqvkA dkj.k Fkk fd ;g fo"k; jkspd ugha gS!! vc ,d vkSj 'kk[kk dh LFkkiuk gqbZ ftls tsfjUVksyksth dgk x;k gSA blesa vk;q ds c<+us ds dkj.k 'kjhj esa gks jgs cnykoksa ij 'kks/k gks jgk gSA vesfjdk esa o`)ksa dh rknkn 1900 ls 1930 ds chp nqxuh gks xbZ vkSj 1930 ls 1950 rd igqp ¡ rs&igqp ¡ rs fQj nqxuh gks xbZA vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds dkj.k o`)ksa dh la[;k 'kgjksa esa rst+h ls c<+us yxhA blls cw<k+ as dh leL;kvksa dh vksj fpfdRldksa vkSj lekt lsfo;ksa dk /;ku vf/kd dsfa ær gksus yxkA tsfjUVksyksth dk foLrkj rhu Lrjksa ij gksus yxk& tSfod] ekufld vkSj lkekftdA vk/kqfud foKku ;g ekurk gS fd o`)koLFkk dk dksbZ ,d dkj.k ugha gS] ;g tho&çfØ;k dk fgLlk gSA blfy, gj tho viuh&viuh voLFkk ds dkj.k y?kq ;k nh?kZ vk;q ikrk gSA vk;q dk vkdyu mlds vkdkj&çdkj ls çrhr gksrk gS( lQ+ns cky] de cky] >qfjZ;k¡] nk¡rksa dk fxjuk] efgykvksa dh Bqìh ij ckyksa dk mxuk vkfn ,sls fpà gSa tks vk;q dk irk nsrs gSAa ckgjh cnyko ds lkFk 'kjhj esa Hkhrjh cnyko Hkh gksrs gSAa jä&pki] ekufld eanrk] gfì;ksa vkSj ekaly fgLlksa esa cnyko] Jo.k vkSj –f"V'kfä esa {kh.krk & dqN ,sls y{k.k gSa tks o`)koLFkk dks çekf.kr djrs gSAa cq<k+ is ds lkFk det+kjs h vkSj chekjh vk gh tkrh gS tSlk fd dHkh tkWulu us dgk Fkk ^esjh chekjh vLFkek vkSj MªkIlh ¼tyksnj½ gS vkSj tks vlk/; gS og gS esjh ipgÙkj o"kZ dh vk;qA* ekufld {kh.krk vkSj det+kjs h ds dkj.k cw<k+ as esa nq?kZVukvksa dh vf/kdrk ikbZ tkrh gSA bu lcds chp ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk fd dksbZ fdl vk;q esa o`) dgyk,xkA vk/kqfud foKku dk ekuuk gS fd tc rd ekufld cy vkSj lary q u 24@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 24@o`

gS] rc rd O;fä o`)koLFkk dks ugha igqp ¡ rkA tSlk fd vesfjdh ftLV gksoy s us dgk gS ^cq<k+ ik ,slh <yku ugha ftl ij lHkh leku :i ls fQlyrs tkrs gSAa og ,slh ÅcM+&[kkcM+ lhf<+;k¡ gSa ftUgsa p<+dj dksbZ tYnh igqp ¡ rk gS rks dksbZ nsj lsA* fleksu us o`)koLFkk ds bfrgkl ij tks Jelk/;] xaHkhj 'kks/k çLrqr fd;k] og ljkguh; ,oa LrqR; gSA

25@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 25@o`

o`)koLFkk % ekuotkfr foKku vukfn dky ls ekuo ,d >qM a esa jgrk vk;k gSA >qM a esa jgus ds dbZ dkj.k gks ldrs gSa ijarq ,d eq[; dkj.k Fkk vius vki dks [kw[a kkj tho&tarv q ksa ls cpk, j[kukA >qM a esa jgrs&jgrs ekuo tkfr dh LFkkiuk gqbZ vkSj fofHkUu çdkj dh tkfr;k¡ lalkj esa iuius yxhaA gj tkfr dh viuh vyx igpku cuh vkSj viuh viuh lqfo/kkuqlkj çFkk,¡ Hkh cuus yxhaA bu tkfr;ksa esa o`)ksa dh D;k ifjfLFkfr Fkh] blds [kkstiw.kZ bfrgkl dks çLrqr fd;k gS fleksu n cqvk us viuh iqLrd ^vksYM ,t* esAa viuh bl iqLrd esa os crkrh gSa fd ^lHkh çkf.k;ksa esa ¼ftuesa i'kqvksa dh tkfr;k¡ Hkh vkrh gS½a o`)ksa dk fo'ks"k LFkku jgk gSA x+kjS djus okyh ckr ;g gS fd çk;% gj tkfr ds thoksa esa iq#"k dk çeq[k LFkku jgk gSA tgk¡ o`)ksa dh eq[; Hkwfedk jgh] ogha yM+kbZ&>xM+s ugha gksrs Fks D;ksfa d os vuqHkoh vkSj 'kkar gksrs gSAa okuj tkfr ds v/;;u esa ;g ik;k x;k fd muds cPps o`)ksa dh djuh dk vuqlj.k djrs gSa tcfd gemez dh djrwrksa dks vuns[kk dj nsrs gSAa ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k fd tc dksbZ canj le> tkrk fd usrk cw<k+ gks x;k gS vkSj mlesa vc mruh 'kfä ugha jg xbZ gS fd og vius >qM a dks laHkky lds rks og lÙkk çkIr djus ds fy, ml o`) dh gR;k dj nsrkA ekuo tkfr;ksa ds bfrgkl esa Hkh bl çdkj dh ço`fÙk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA* ekuo tkfr;ksa esa vius Kku vkSj vuqHko ds dkj.k o`) dks fo'ks"k LFkku Hkys gh fn;k x;k gks ij volj ikdj mls ?kj vkSj lekt ds bl fo'ks"k LFkku ls gVk Hkh fn;k tkrk gS( ;k fQj] ifjfLFkfr Hkkai dj o`) [kqn gh gV tkrk gSA ekuo lektksa esa cq<k+ is dks ,d çk—frd vfHk'kki ekuk x;k gSA o`) dks ;qok ih<+h ,d çdkj ls ?k`f.kr –f"V ls ns[krh gS vkSj dHkh&dHkh mudk e[kkSy Hkh mM+k;k tkrk gSA o`)ksa ds çfr fofHkUu tkfr;ksa esa fdl çdkj dk O;ogkj gksrk gS] bls foLrkj ls ns[kk tk,A vÝhdk ds dksxa ks {ks= dh fpVqes tkfr ds yksx tc ;g le> tkrs fd mudk eq[; iqjksfgr det+kjs gks x;k gS vkSj mldk LokLF; fxjus yxk 26@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 26@o`

gS rks os mls ekj nsrs FksA os ;g ekurs Fks fd ;fn og viuh iwjh vk;q thdj çk—frd e`R;q dks çkIr gksxk rks vius lkFk og viuh nSfod 'kfä Hkh ys tk,xkA Ý+t s j+ ;g tkudkjh nsrs gSa fd fQ+th ds o`) Hkh LosPNk ls blfy, vkRegR;k dj ysrs Fks fd bl vk;q dks vkxs ysdj ft,axs vkSj Hkfo"; esa tjk{kh.krk ls lnk ds fy, cp tk,¡xAs dbZ ys[kdksa us lwMku dh fMadk tkfr esa Hkh blh çdkj dh çFkkvksa dk ft+Ø fd;k gSA bl tkfr esa ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd dqN yksx o"kkZ ykus ;k eNyh ds Hkkys cukus dh {kerk j[krs gSaA ,sls yksx o`) gksus ij LosPNk ls dgrs gSa fd mUgsa thfor xkM+ fn;k tk,A bl tkfr dk ;g ekuuk gS fd ,sls O;fä;ksa dh ;fn LokHkkfod e`R;q gksrh gS rks muds lkFk leLr tkfr Hkh u"V gks tkrh gSA ,slh tkfr;ksa dk thou vk/kqfud lH;rk ls nwj gS vkSj vkS|ksfxd çxfr muds fy, dksbZ vFkZ ugha j[krh gSA gj tkfr dh viuh ekU;rk,¡ gksrh gSAa iSflfQ+d leqæ ds Nksj ij clus okyh tkfr;ksa dk ;g fo'okl gS fd çFkk dh pwd ds dkj.k gh tyçy; gqbZ FkhA uhy unh ds rV ij clus okyh tkfr vkslhfjl esa J)k j[krh gS ftls os [ksr dk nsork ekurs gSa vkSj ;g fo'okl djrs gSa fd gj o"kZ Qly dh dVkbZ ds ckn og ej tkrk gS vkSj vxys o"kZ fQj thfor gks tkrk gSA phu ds jktk ds jkT;kfHk"ksd ls u, laoRlj dk çkjaHk gksrk gS vkSj ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ml fnu ls iqjkuk ;qx lekIr gks x;k gSA tkiku dh f'kUrks çFkk esa eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh le; le; ij u, fljs ls fd;k tkrk gSA ^bls* nsork dk egku eafnj rks gj chl o"kZ esa uofufeZr gksrk gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd bl çdkj ds uofuekZ.k ls euq"; vkSj bZ'oj ds chp dk xBca/ku dHkh iqjkuk ugha gksrkA bu feFkdksa ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd euq"; Hkfo"; dh vksj ns[kus dh ctk, vius vrhr dh vf/kd lqj{kk djuk pkgrk gSA leL;k rc gksrh gS tc cq<k+ is dks ?k`.kk ls ns[kk tkrk gS D;ksfa d lkjk lekt ,d lkFk cw<k+ ugha gksrkA ;qok ih<+h o`)ksa dks cks> le>rh gSA ijarq ,slh lksp gj dgha ns[kus esa ugha vkrhA ;fn dksbZ o`) fo}ku vkSj laiUu gksrk gS rks mls vknj ls ns[kk tkrk gSA viuh o`)koLFkk ds dkj.k og ejus ds djhc gksrk gS] blfy, mls ^bl* nqfu;k vkSj ^ml* 27@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 27@o`

nqfu;k ds chp dh dM+h ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA mÙkjh /kzqo ds ,fLdeks lekt esa ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ^usfodZ nsoh* leqæ ds uhps jgrh gS vkSj ejusokyksa ds çsr mlds lkFk okl djrs gSAa tc rd dksbZ vks>k mlds flj ds cky ugha laokjrk rc rd og vka/kh] rwQk+ u ls laj{k.k ugha nsrhA ekSle vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh ekj dks >syusokyh ,slh tkfr;ksa ds o`)ksa dk thou tkuojksa dh rjg gksrk gSA lkbcsfj;k dh tutkfr esa tknw&Vksus dh vf/kd ekU;rk gSA blfy, ;gk¡ vks>kvksa dks vknj ls ns[kk tkrk gS Hkys gh os cw<s+ gksAa bl tkfr esa fir`lÙkk dh çFkk gSA firk dks iw.kZ vf/kdkj gS fd og viuh larku dks csps ;k ekj nsA ;fn dksbZ larku vius firk dh vkKk dk fujknj djrh gS rks mls laifÙk ls oafpr djus dk vfèkdkj firk dks gksrk gSA blds pyrs firk vius ifjokj ij l[rh ls jkt djrk gSA tc og cw<k+ vkSj vlgk; gks tkrk gS rks mÙkjkf/kdkjh Hkh mls vuknj dh –f"V ls ns[krs gSAa ,sls o`) dks ;k rks mldh fdLer ij dgha NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS ;k og Hkw[k vkSj BaM ls rM+i&rM+i dj ej tkrk gSA blh çdkj dh çFkk tkiku dh ,suq tkfr esa Hkh ns[kh tkrh gSA ,d nwljk igyw cksyhfo;k ds taxyksa esa jgusokyh x+jhc flfj;ksuks tkfr esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bl tkfr ds yksx vius cPpksa ls vf/kd çse djrs gSa ;|fi ;s cPps taxyksa dh fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iSnk gksrs gSAa ;s yksx vius o`)ksa dks vknj vkSj lEeku ls ns[krs gSAa xcwu esa clus okyh Q+xas tkfr flfj;ksuks ds ftruh vHkkoxzLr rks ugha gSA ;gk¡ ds ;qok f'kdkj djrs vkSj eNyh idM+rs gSa vkSj dqN [ksrh Hkh djrs gSAa x+kjS ksa ds vkxeu ls vf/kdrj yksx bZlkbZ cu x, gSa vkSj vius iwot Z ksa ds nsorkvksa dks Hkwy x, gSAa bl tkfr esa Hkh o`)ksa dks lEeku ls j[kk tkrk gS ij efgykvksa dks dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha feyrkA bZlkb;r viukus ds ckn Hkh efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ugha gqvk gSA o`) efgyk,¡ nq[kh o frjL—r jgrh gSa vkSj taxyksa esa NksM+ nh tkrh gSAa nf{k.k vÝhdk dh Fkksxa k tkfr ds iq#"k dbZ efgykvksa dks viuh iRuh cukdj j[krs gSAa mudk dke [ksrh djuk] HksM&+ cdjh pjkuk vkSj dek dj iq#"kksa o cPpksa dk ikyu&iks"k.k djuk gksrk gSA igys os vius ifr dks] fQj cPpksa dks f[kyk,¡xh vkSj var esa [kqn [kk,¡xhA cw<k+ as vkSj chekjksa 28@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 28@o`

dk mruk vknj ugha gksrk gSA ikS= Hkh nknk dh bTtr ugha djrs vkSj mUgsa fp<+krs jgrs gSAa Fkksxa k tkfr dh dksbZ lkekftd ,oa lk¡l—frd èkjksgj ugha gSA vehj cuus ds fy, iq#"k dbZ fookg djrs gSa D;ksfa d ftruh vf/kd ifRu;k¡ gksxa h] mruh vf/kd laiUurk gksxhA 1945 esa lkbeal us 39 tkfr;ksa dk ,d los{Z k.k fd;k FkkA bu 39 tkfr;ksa esa ls 18 ,slh gSa ftuesa cw<k+ as dks frjL—r djds muds gky ij NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA mÙkj lkbcsfj;k ds dks;kZd esa ;g çFkk gS fd cw<k+ as dh lgefr ¼tcjnLrh ls gh lgh½ ysdj mUgsa ,d lekjksg esa ekj fn;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ dh pqDph tkfr esa Hkh blh çdkj dh çFkk gS ftlesa o`) dk csVk ;k HkkbZ mls jsr nsrk gSA nf{k.k vÝhdk ds gksih] Øhd] cq'keSu tkfr ds yksx xzke ds ckgj ,d >ksia M+h cukdj mlesa o`) dks mlds HkkX; ij NksM+ nsrs gSAa ,fLdeks vius o`)ksa dks cQ+Z ds uhps xkM+ nsrs gSa rkfd os BaM ls ej tk,¡ tcfd xzhuySM a ds o`) ,fLdeks tc ;g tku ysrs gSa fd os lekt ds fdlh dke ds ugha jgs rks os cks> cuus dh ctk, vkRegR;k dj ysrs gSAa fofUuisx ds mÙkjh vksftoos ds yksx x+kjS ksa dh laL—fr ls çHkkfor gksdj o`)ksa dk lEeku djus yxs gSAa firk vius iq= ds lkFk jgrk gS vkSj ikS=&ikS=h o`) dk lEeku djrs gSAa o`) Hkh mUgsa çse ls vPNs laLdkj fl[kkrk gSA vY;w'ku Vkiw ds vY;wV tkfr ds eaxksy esgurd'k gksrs gSa vkSj eNyh idM+us dk dke djrs gSAa buesa o`)ksa dks lEeku ls ns[kk tkrk gS vkSj cPps vius ekrk&firk ls çse djrs gSAa cw<h+ efgyk,¡ chekjksa dh ns[kjs[k djrh gSAa dbZ vkfnokfl;ksa esa Kku vkSj tknwVksuk ,d gh flDds ds nks igyw ekus tkrs gSa vkSj buds chp js[kk [khapuk dfBu gSA o`)ksa ds Kku vkSj mudh tknqbZ 'kfä dk vknj gksrk gSA ;g le>k tkrk gS fd tks ftruk o`) gS mlds ikl mruk vf/kd Kku vkSj tknqbZ 'kfä gSA bl vk;q ds O;fä dks nksuksa tgku ds e/; dh ,d dM+h ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ,sls o`) vxyh ih<+h dks Kku ck¡Vrs gS ijarq mu yksxksa dks bl Kku ls oafpr j[krs gSa tks x+kjS ksa ds laidZ esa jgrs gSAa lwMku dh t+Us Ms tkfr esa tknw dks çkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA blh çdkj pkdks] pksjVh] eVkdks vkSj Vksck tkfr;ksa esa Hkh tknw dk çHkko vf/kd 29@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 29@o`

gSA vjkstk+ u s k dh uoktks tkfr ,d laiUu lekt gSA bl lekt esa Kku vkSj tknw dks vyx –f"V ls ns[kk tkrk gSA blesa o`)ks]a det+kjs ksa vkSj chekjksa dh vPNh ns[kHkky gksrh gSA vusd tkfr;ksa esa ;g vke lksp gS fd cw<s+ ejus ds ckn çsr cu tkrs gSAa bu tkfr;ksa ds yksx vf/kd esgur blfy, ugha djrs fd iM+kl s h muls tyus u yxsa vkSj mu ij tknw&Vksuk u djk nsAa cw<k+ as dk ml le; rd vknj ugha gksrk tc rd os vius Kku vkSj tknw dks ugha n'kkZrAs ,sls o`)ksa dks vknj ls ns[kk tkrk gS ftldk çek.k phu vkSj FkkbZyM aS esa clus okyh fe;kvks tkfr gSA fe;kvks ;g le>rs gSa fd e`rd dh vkRek ?kj esa okl djrh gS vkSj j[kokyh djrh gS vkSj fQj uotkr f'k'kq esa vkdj cl tkrh gSA ftl {ks= dh tkfr;k¡ vf/kd vk/kqfud gks xbZ gS]a ogk¡ tknw&Vksus dks vfèkd egRo ugha fn;k tkrk] tSls fgeky; ds ysipkA ysipk tkfr ds yksx fy[kuk i<+uk tkurs gSa vkSj ykekokn esa vkLFkk j[krs gSAa mUgsa vius cPpksa ls çse gksrk gS vkSj cPps Hkh cM+&s cqtxq+ ksZa dk vknj djrs gSAa ckyh ds yksx /kkfeZd gksrs gSAa mUgksu a s Hkkjr] phu vkSj tkok ls /keZ dks viuk;k FkkA muesa ,d nardFkk çpfyr gSA-- cgqr le; igys ,d igkM+h xk¡o esa ;g çFkk Fkh fd jkst+ ,d o`) dh cfy nh tkrh FkhA var esa fLFkfr ;g gks xbZ fd dksbZ o`) gh ugha cpkA mUgsa dfBukbZ dk lkeuk ml le; djuk iM+k tc lHkkx`g ds fy, ydM+h dkVh xbZA lHkh ;qok Fks vkSj os ;g ugha crk ik jgs Fks fd isM+ dk Åijh Hkkx dkSu lk gS vkSj fupyk dkSu lk! rc ,d ;qod us bl leL;k dk lek/kku bl 'krZ ij nsus dk oknk fy;k fd Hkfo"; esa fdlh o`) dh cfy ugha nh tk,xhA lc us gkeh Hkjh rks ;qod ,d o`) dks ys vk;k ftls mlus Nqik dj j[kk FkkA dgrs gSa fd ml jkst+ ls cw<k+ as dks vknj ls ns[kk tkus yxkA mi;qä Z lkjh tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij dqN fu"d"kZ fudkys tk ldrs gS(a ;|fi ,slk djuk fo"k; dk ljyhdj.k gksxkA ;g lkQ ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd le`) vkSj laiUu tkfr;ksa esa o`)ksa dk thou lqfo/kktud ,oa lEekuiw.kZ jgkA ftu cPpksa dks çseiwod Z ikyk&ikslk x;k] os cM+s gksus ij vius cqtxq+ ksZa dk vknj&lEeku djrs gS(a tcfd ,slh tkfr;ksa esa o`)ksa ds 30@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 30@o`

çfr frjLdkj Hkko gksrk gS ftUgksu a s vius cPpksa dks frjL—r fd;kA ftu cPpksa dk thou Hk; vkSj Hkw[k esa chrk] os cM+s gksdj vkØked vkSj Øwj fudys vkSj vius o`)ksa dh gR;k ls Hkh ugha fgpfdpk,A mu cw<k+ as dk lEeku gksrk gS ftuds ikl viuh laifÙk gS vkSj tks viuh ns[kHkky [kqn dj ldrs gSAa ftl lekt esa lqj{kk dh Hkkouk gS] ogk¡ ds o`) lEekuiwod Z jgrs gSa D;ksfa d ;gk¡ ds ;qok muesa viuk Hkfo"; ns[krs gSAa ftl lekt us laLdkj NksMs+ vkSj o`)ksa dk frjLdkj fd;k] mldk Hkfo"; Hkh va/kdkje; gh jgsxkA o`) lekt dh vko';drk gS]a ftldk çek.k cfyçFkk dh iwoksä Z nardFkk esa feyrk gSA cw<k+ as dk vknj mu tkfr;ksa esa Hkh gksrk gS tgk¡ Kku vkSj tknw dk ?kkyesy gSA ;gk¡ Hk; ds dkj.k o`)ksa dk vknj gksrk gS rkfd mudh laifÙk dk ykHk feys ;k fQj ejus ds ckn os Hkwrçsr cudj tkfr dks gkfu u igqp ¡ k,¡A bls ân; ls fd;k lEeku ugha cfYd LokFkZi.w kZ gh ekuk tk,xkA vk/kqfud fopkjksa okys lektksa esa cw<k+ as dk lEeku ?kVrk gS D;ksfa d ,sls lektksa dh tknwVksuk tSlh pht+kas esa vkLFkk ugha gksrh vkSj u gh mUgsa ej.kksijkar Hkwrçsr cuus dk Hk; lrkrk gSA cw<k+ as dh laifÙk dk ykyp Hkh mruk ugha gksrkA o`)koLFkk ds ek;us L=h vkSj iq#"k ds fy, ,d tSls ugha gksrs vkSj u gh mudh ifjfLFkfr ,d tSlh gksrh gSA jtksfuo`fÙk ds ckn efgykvksa dh fLFkfr yM+fd;ksa tSlh gks tkrh gSA vc os fuf'par o LoPNan gksdj ukp&xk ldrh gSa vkSj iq#"kksa ds lax cSB dj u'kk] [ksy vkfn dj ldrh gSAa dbZ lektksa esa o`)ksa vkSj cPpksa esa vf/kd ?kfu"Brk gksrh gSA cPpksa dh ns[kHkky ls ysdj mudh f'k{kk nh{kk dh ft+Eesnkjh bu o`)ksa ij jgrh gSA bl çdkj mudk lekt esa ,d vko';d LFkku cuk jgrk gSA ijarq cgqr vf/kd x+jhc tkfr;ksa esa cPpksa vkSj cw<k+ as dk dksbZ ewY; ugha gksrkA blhfy, ukoktks tSlh tkfr;ksa esa mUgsa ekj nsus esa dksbZ fgpd ugha gksrhA lcls eq[; rF; ;g mHkj dj vkrk gS fd o`) lEeku vftZr ugha 31@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 31@o`

djrs cfYd lEeku mUgsa fn;k tkrk gSA o`)koLFkk dh ;g tSfod lPpkbZ gS fd tks O;fä vkfFkZd –f"V ls vuqRiknd vkSj vuqi;ksxh gks tkrk gS og lekt esa dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha ns ikrkA ,slh voLFkk esa o`)ksa dh fLFkfr D;k gksrh gS] ogh lekt dk lPpk niZ.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA dfri; vkfnokfl;ksa dh rjg o`)ksa dks ekj fn;k tkrk gS] ;k mUgsa ejus ds fy, NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS ;k mUgsa lEekuiwod Z vius vafre fnu rd thfor j[kk tkrk gS] blh ij vk/kkfjr gksxk fdlh lekt dh lH;rk dk ekinaMA fleksu ds bl fu"d"kZ dks ns[krs gq, vkt ds vk/kqfud vkSj lH; dgs tkus okys ;qx esa Hkh gesa dHkh&dHkh ,sls lekpkj feyrs gSa fd yxrk gS fd vHkh ge vkfnokfl;ksa ds ;qx esa th jgs gS!a ! D;k ;g ifjfLFkfr cnysxh---- ;g rks Hkfo"; gh crk,xkA

32@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 32@o`

33@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 33@o`

o`)koLFkk % ,sfrgkfld lektksa esa çkphu lektksa esa cw<k+ as dh D;k fLFkfr Fkh] bldh dksbZ >yd bfrgkl ds iUuksa esa ugha feyrhA o`)koLFkk ds ckjs esa tkuus dk nwljk jkLrk gS fd ml le; ds lkfgR; dks [kaxkysa D;ksfa d lkfgR; gh og niZ.k gS ftlesa ml le; ds fofHkUu lektksa dh vfHkO;fä fey ldrh gSA lkfgR; dks lh<+h cukdj o`)koLFkk dh tk¡p djus ds fy, fleksu n cqvk us xzhd] jkseu] teZu] Ýsp a rFkk vaxt sz h lkfgR; dks [kaxkykA bldk fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gq, fleksu crkrh gS]a ^U;k;fonksa vkSj dfo;ksa dk ,d cM+k fgLlk mu /kfu;ksa dk Fkk tks lekt esa viuk Å¡pk LFkku j[krs FksA blfy, ewY;kadu djrs le; gesa bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk t+:jh gS fd muds ys[ku esa lekt dh oLrqfLFkfr dk vk/kk lp gh mtkxj gqvk gksxkA bl vkèkkj ij o`)ksa dk bfrgkl fy[kuk vlaHko gh dgk tk,xkA o`)ksa vkSj efgykvksa dks blfy, Hkh bfrgkl o lkfgR; esa vf/kd LFkku ugha feyk D;ksfa d os ,d ,slh tekr gSa ftudk jktuhfr vkSj bfrgkl jpus esa dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha jgk] flok dqN vioknksa dsA lekt esa tc rd O;fä dk ;ksxnku jgk] rc rd og lekt dk vfHkUu vax cuk jgk vkSj tSls gh cw<k+ gks x;k] og lekt ls dV x;k vkSj dsoy ,d ^oLrq* cu dj jg x;k( ,slh oLrq ftldk u dksbZ eksy gS] tks u fdlh dke dh gS vkSj u gh dqN iSnk dj ldus ;ksX;! ;g dgk tkrk gS fd v'osr x+kjS ksa dh leL;k gSa vkSj L=h iq#"kksa dh leL;k gS( blfy, fd v'osr vius vf/kdkjksa ds fy, yM+ jgs gSa vkSj efgyk,¡ viusA ijarq cw<k+ as ds ikl yM+us ds fy, dksbZ gfFk;kj Hkh ugha gSA o`)koLFkk ds dkj.k mUgsa vfèkdkjksa ls oafpr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj os fojks/k djrs gSa ij mudh ckr dks vulquk djds ;qok ih<+h lÙkk gfFk;k ysrh gS & ;g lÙkk ?kj dh gks ;k jkT; dhA bldk mnkgj.k gesa dbZ /kkfeZd xzFa kksa vkSj lkfgR; esa feyrk gSA ;g rks gqbZ èkfu;ksa vkSj jktkvksa dh ckr ij x+jhc cw<k+ as dk dgha dksbZ ft+Ø ugha feyrkA ,d lPpkbZ t+:j ;gk¡ >k¡drh gS fd dsoy iq#"kksa ds ckjs esa gh dgk x;k 34@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 34@o`

gS tcfd efgykvksa ds ckjs esa dqN ugha fy[kk x;k ;|fi os vf/kd yack thou thrh gS]a tks ,d ;FkkFkZ gSA tc o`)koLFkk dh ckr pyrh gS rks dsoy iq#"kksa dks gh /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gS & 'kk;n blfy, fd lÙkk dk ;q) dsoy iq#"kksa esa gh jgk gSA ;g ckr tkuojksa esa & [kkl dj okujksa esa & Hkh ns[kh tkrh gSA tho'kkL= vkSj ekuotkfr foKku ds vk/kkj ij ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd o`)ksa dh Lej.k'kfä vkSj vuqHko ds dkj.k mudk lekt esa ;ksxnku jgk gSA LokLF; vkSj 'kfä ds vHkko esa bl fjä LFkku dks efLr"d vkSj vuqHko us iw.kZ fd;kA ijarq ftl cnyrs lekt esa fiNys vuqHko dh vko';drk ugha gksrh] ogk¡ o`)ksa dh Hkh iwN ugha gksrhA* vk/kqfud ;qx esa u, rduhdh ifjorZu vkSj fur u, oSKkfud o rduhdh uohdj.k bldh lVhd felky gSAa daI;wVjhdj.k ds dkj.k vc rks fiNyk vuqHko mUufr o çxfr ds fy, ,d jksMk+ curk tk jgk gSA bl fo"k; ij nqfu;k ds fofHkUu lektksa ds rF;ksa dks ysdj foe'kZ çLrqr djrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa & ^phu ,d viokn gS tgk¡ ds o`)ksa dks fo'ks"k ntkZ çkIr gSA bldk dkj.k gS fd phu dh lH;rk lfn;ksa ls ,d gh <jsZ ij py jgh gS vkSj tgk¡ dsæa h; lÙkk dk pyu jgkA HkkSxksfyd ,oa vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k ;gk¡ ds yksx çxfr ls vfèkd thus dh vkik/kkih esa gh yxs jgsA du¶+;fw 'k;l us ;g fu;e cuk;k Fkk fd ?kj lekt dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gksxk vkSj cqtxq Z dh vkKk dk ikyu ifjokj dk gj lnL; djsxkA —f"k thouksiktZu dk eq[; lzkr s FkkA o`)ksa dk vuqHko vkSj ;qokvksa dh 'kfä & nksuksa gh [ksrh ds eq[; vk/kkj jgsA efgykvksa esa Hkh lcls vfèkd o`)k dh vkKk dk ikyu gksrk FkkA ykvks Rlq ds vuqlkj euq"; ds dke djus ds fy, lkB o"kZ dh le; lhek j[kh xbZ ftlds ckn og ca/kueqä gks tkrk gS vkSj ,d ifo= O;fä cu tkrk gSA* 2]500 bZ-iw- ds felz esa nk'kZfud IVkg&gksVis us dgk Fkk fd ^fdruk dfBu vkSj d"Vnk;d gksrk gS cq<k+ ik & ^chukbZ ef)e] dku cgjs] 'kfä {kh.k] fny cspu S ] eqg¡ ls cksy can] dy dh ckr ;kn ugha] gfì;k¡ pjejkrh gS-a -- fdruk nqHkkZX; ys vkrk gS cq<k+ ikA* cq<k+ is dks nwj j[kus ds uqL[ks crkus okyh ,d iqLrd ds çFke rkezi= ij fy[kk Fkk & ^cq<k+ is 35@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 35@o`

dks tokuh esa cnyus ds fy,*A ;gwfn;ksa esa Hkh vius ekrk&firk dh vkKk dk ikyu djus dh ulhgr nh xbZ gSA ;gksok us ewlk ls dgk Fkk & ^rqe bt+jkby ds lÙkj o`)ksa dks tek djks vkSj os yksx turk dks vius lkFk ys ysxa ]s rqe vdsys ;g cks> er <ksukA fQ+fyLrhu esa Hkh ifjokj dk lcls o`) gh fu.kZ; ysrk gS vkSj lekt esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkrk jgk gSA dbZ ikSjkf.kd xkFkkvksa esa fiNyh ih<+h vkSj vxyh ih<+h dh jLlkd'kh dh dFkk,¡ ns[kus dks feyrh gSAa bu feFkdksa ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd tSl&s tSls nsork o`) gksrs tkrs Fks] oSl&s oSls os vlguh; Hkh gks tkrs Fks vkSj bl dkj.k mUgsa vinLFk Hkh dj fn;k tkrk FkkA ;g Hkh ns[kus esa vkrk gS fd lHkh nsork tks jkt djrs Fks] os ijkØeh ;qod gh jgsA ;wuku dh okLrfodrk ;g Fkh fd viax cPpksa dh gR;k dh tkrh Fkh ij fucZy o`)ksa dk lEeku fd;k tkrk FkkA bl lEeku dk ;g vFkZ ugha Fkk fd muds ikl vkKk&'kfä Hkh FkhA ;qok ih<+h 'kjkc vkSj 'kckc dk vkuan mBkrh vkSj o`)koLFkk ls drjkrhA mUgsa yxrk fd cw<s+ gksus dk vFkZ gS lkjh ekSt&eLrh [kks nsuk tks thou dk lkj gSA lksyksu tSls fpard viokn Fks tks ;g dgrs Fks fd ^thou ekSt eLrh ds fy, ugha gSA eSa bl vLlh o"kZ dh vk;q esa Hkh lh[krk jgrk gw]¡ lh[kuk blfy, rks ugha NksMk+ tkrk fd vkneh cw<k+ gks x;kA cw<k+ as ds lEeku dk fj'rk laifÙk ls Hkh tqMk+ gqvk gSA vfjLVksQUs+ l ds mÙkjkf/kdkjh eusM a j dk ekuuk gS fd cq<k+ is dk thou d"Vnk;h vkSj vFkZghu yxrk gS vkSj blfy, og ejus dh dkeuk djrk gSA ,d cw<k+ çseh ;kSu thou Hkh ugha th ldrk] rks fQj dSls og çlUu jg ldrk gS vkSj D;ksa og e`R;q dh dkeuk ugha djsxkA IysVks us o`)ksa dks lekt dh vko';drk crkrs gq, dgk Fkk & ^o`) vkKk nsxa s vkSj ;qok vkKk dk ikyu djsxa As tc ge e`r iwot Z ksa dh iwtk djrs gSa rks ;g gekjk drZO; curk gS fd ge gekjs firk vkSj firkeg] ekrk vkSj nknh&ukuh dh vk;q ds le{k ureLrd gksAa ijarq vjLrq ds fopkj dqN vkSj gh gSAa os ekurs gSa fd o`) vius yacs thoudky esa 36@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 36@o`

vdlj /kks[kk [kkrs jgs gS]a xyfr;k¡ djrs jgs gS]a mudh lkekftd xfrfof/k;ka [kjkc jgh gS]a mUgsa fdlh ij fo'okl ugha gksrk gS] os vYiHkk"kh] Hk;Hkhr vkSj fgpfdpkgV Hkjs gksrs gS]a os vius vrhr vkSj Lej.k&'kfä ij vf/kd fo'okl djrs gS]a Hkfo"; ds çfr vk'kkoku ugha gksr(s blhfy, mUgsa fdlh Hkh lÙkk ds LFkku ls gVk nsuk pkfg,A bZlk ds ,d lnh ckn Hkh ;wukfu;ksa dh ;gh eu%fLFkfr IywVkpZ ds fparu esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA o`)koLFkk dks os mnkl ir>M+ ekurs gSAa nwljh 'krkCnh esa ywfl;u us o`) efgykvksa dks lacksf/kr djrs gq, dgk Fkk&^rqe vius ckyksa dks jax ldrh gks ij viuh >qfjZ;ksa dks ugha feVk ldrhaA esgna h yxk dj gsdc q k dks gsyu ¼xzhl dh lcls lqna j L=h ftlds fy, ;q) gqvk Fkk½ ugha cuk ldrhaA* bfrgkl ls irk pyrk gS fd jkse esa o`)ksa ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, mUgsa Mqcks fn;k tkrk FkkA fQj Hkh] jkse dh lhusV esa o`)ksa dk vknj gksrk Fkk vkSj mUgsa Å¡pk ntkZ fn;k tkrk FkkA ifjokj esa Hkh firk dk LFkku loksiZ fj Fkk] og vius cPpksa ds lkFk fdlh Hkh çdkj dk O;ogkj dj ldrk Fkk & mUgsa csp]as fo—r djsa ;k tku Hkh ys ys!a ;fn dksbZ iq= vius firk dks ekjrk rks mls e`R;qnM a Hkh fey ldrk FkkA fookg ds fy, vius firk vkSj firkeg dh vkKk ysuk vfuok;Z FkkA ijarq jkse esa fNM+s ;q)ksa ds dkj.k /khjs&/khjs jktuhfrd 'kfä tc ;qok lsuk ds v/khu vk xbZ rks o`)ksa dk frjLdkj fd;k tkus yxkA flljks dk ekuuk Fkk fd o`) gj dkeqdrk rFkk gj O;lu ls eqä gksrk gS] blfy, og lHkh cqjkb;ksa ls nwj jgrk gSA blh lksp dks vkxs c<+krs gq, dsVks dgrs gSa fd o`) vkil esa laokn] lkfgR; vkSj v/;;u esa viuk le; fcrkrs gSa vkSj vius fparu ls lekt dks ekxZn'kZu nsrs gSAa jkse ds ckn'kkg uhjks ds xq# lsud s k] IysVks] lksyksu vkSj flljks tSls fpardksa us cq<k+ is dks lekt ds fgr esa crk;k gSA buds foijhr o;kso) ` IySuh dk dguk Fkk fd ;qokoLFkk ç—fr dh lcls cM+h nsu gS tcfd nh?kZ vk;qokyksa ds efLr"d {kh.k gks tkrs gS]a gkFk vdM+ tkrs gS]a vk¡[k] dku vkSj iSj det+kjs gks tkrs gSa vkSj nk¡r >M+us ds dkj.k ikpu 'kfä {kh.k gks tkrh gS & ftlds dkj.k os 'kh?kz gh e`R;q ds djhc vk [kM+s gksrs gSAa 37@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 37@o`

jkse esa bZlkb;r ds vkxeu ds ckn ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cnyus yxha vkSj çfrcèkksa esa <hy vkus yxh ijarq cw<k+ as dh ifjfLFkfr ;Fkkor cuh jghA bldk ,d eq[; dkj.k ;g Fkk fd bZlkbZ /keZ dks QSykus ds fy, èkekZpk;ksZa us LFkkuh; çFkkvksa dks cnyus dk ç;kl ugha fd;kA blfy, va/kfo'okl vkSj dqçFkkvksa esa dksbZ cnyko ugha vk;kA ikfjokfjd O;oLFkk esa Hkh dksbZ lq/kkj ugha gqvk( ijarq buds dkj.k pkSFkh 'krkCnh ls vLirky vkSj o`)kJe dk fuekZ.k gksus yxk] jkse vkSj vysDtkafMª;k ds vukFk o chekjksa dh ns[kHkky gksus yxhA nloha vkSj X;kjgoha 'krkCnh esa thou dfBu gks x;kA baXySM a ds vjktd ekgkSy esa uxj mtM+us yxsA cyoku cyghuksa ij vR;kpkj djus yxsA yksx xk¡o dh vksj nkSM+ iMsA bl nkSM+ esa cw<s+ fiNM+ x,A mUgsa muds gky ij NksM+ fn;k x;kA vke thou dfBu gks x;kA iq= vius firk dh txg ysus yxk vkSj cgw lkl dhA o`)ksa dks ,d dejs rd lhfer j[kk x;kA teZuh ds fxze crkrs gSa fd ,sls cw<s+ ftuds dksbZ larku ugha Fkh ;k fujkfJr Fks] mUgsa eBksa esa j[kk tkrk] fHk{kq mudh lsok&lqJq"kk djrsA cpiu rks dgha fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk Fkk vkSj cPps Hkh cM+kas dh rjg vkthfodk ds fy, dke djrs FksA bZlkbZ /keZ dk foLrkj gksus yxkA ^firk* ¼bZ'oj½ dks Hkwy dj yksx ^csV*s ¼bZlk½ dh vkjk/kuk djus yxsA fxjtk?kjksa esa pjokgs ds :i esa ;k lqna j ;qok ds :i esa bZlk ds fp= yxus yxsA o`)ksa ij ;qok ds opZLo dk ;g ,d çrhd cu x;kA ckjgoha vkSj rsjgoha 'krkCnh esa o`)ksa dh fn'kk ds ckjs esa vf/kd tkudkjh miyCèk ugha gSA lu 1265 bZ- esa fQfyi n uksok us dgk Fkk fd thou ds pkj iM+ko gSa vkSj gj iM+ko chl o"kZ dk gksrk gSA bUgsa pkj ekSleksa dh rjg Hkh ns[kk x;k gSA vafre iM+ko ds ckn vFkkZr vLlh o"kZ ds ckn euq"; dsoy e`R;q dh dkeuk esa thrk gSA teZuh ds fxze ca/kqvksa us yksddFkkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd o`) vuqHkoksa ls Hkjk gS vkSj mls thou ds jgL;ksa dk irk gksrk gSA fQj Hkh] o`)ksa dh fLFkfr vf/kdrj ,slh jgh fd os gkL; ds ik= cus jgsA blds fy, mUgksu a s ,d yksddFkk dks m)`r fd;k gS % ^bZ'oj us lHkh thoksa dks rhl o"kZ dh vk;q çnku dhA x/kk] dqÙkk vkSj canj bruh yach vk;q ds 38@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 38@o`

fo#) Fks rks bZ'oj us mudh fourh eku dj ;g vk;q euq"; dks ns nh ftls rhl o"kZ de yx jgs FksA bl çdkj euq"; dh vk;q lÙkj o"kZ dh gks xbZA vc mlds igys rhl o"kZ ¼tks bZ'oj us LosPNk ls fn, Fks½ et+s esa xqtj+ tkrs gS]a fQj x/ks ds vBkjg o"kZ ikfjokfjd cks> <ksus es]a dqÙks ds ckjg o"kZ b/kj&mèkj nkSMu + s esa vkSj var ds canj ds nl o"kZ ,slh gjdrsa djus esa chr tkrs gSa fd cPps mldh g¡lh mMkrs gSAa ** ,slh dFkkvksa esa efgykvksa dk dksbZ ft+Ø ugha gSA efgyk,¡ ;k rks lqna j ;qok ifj;k¡ gSa ;k cw<h+ pqMy S+ Aas o"kZ ds var esa uoo"kZ ds Lokxr esa tks fp= curs gSa muesa Hkh yach nk<+h okys cw<s+ dks njk¡rh gkFk esa fy, tkrs gq, vkSj vkus okys o"kZ ij ,d â"Viq"V ;qod dks vkrs gq, n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA pkSngoha lnh esa euq"; dks tYnh gh cw<k+ ekuk tkrk FkkA lu 1380 bZesa tc iape pkYlZ dh e`R;q c;kyhl o"kZ dh vk;q esa gqbZ rks ;g dgk x;k fd cqf)eku o`) dh e`R;q gks xbZA bl lnh esa yksxksa dk uxjkxeu iqu% çkjaHk gks x;k FkkA çfl) fpard nkars us euq"; dh thoujs[kk [khaprs gq, crk;k Fkk fd ;g /kjrh ls Åij mBdj vkdk'k dh vksj iSr a hl o"kZ esa igqp ¡ rh gS vkSj fQj <yku 'kq: gks tkrh gSA lÙkj o"kZ dh vk;q okys euq"; dh fLFkfr ml ukfod dh Hkk¡fr gksrh gS tks leqæ ls t+ehu ns[kdj /khjs&/khjs tgkt+ dk >aMk mrkjrk tkrk gSA blfy, bl vk;q esa euq"; dks ;g gd+hdr Lohdkj ysuh pkfg, fd mldh ;k=k dk vafre iM+ko vk x;k gSA pkSngoha lnh ekuo tkfr ds fy, ,d dfBu lnh jgh ftlesa ;q)] Iysx dh egkekjh] vdky vkSj tula[;k dh c<+kr s jh tSlh leL;k,¡ vkbZAa bu leL;kvksa ls tw>rk lekt cq<k+ is dh leL;k dks tSls Hkwy gh x;kA lksygoha 'krkCnh uotkxj.k dk ;qx Fkk ftlesa ukjh lkSna ;Z dh ljkguk gqbZ rks vlqna jrk dks uQ+jr ls ns[kk x;kA tgk¡ ;qorh dh lqna jrk dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS] ogha o`)k viuh voLFkk ij 'kksd O;ä djrs gq, dgrh gS & ^gs cq<k+ is] rqeus eq>s dgha dk u j[kk --- xqnZs esa iFkjh] ?kqVuksa esa xfB;k vkSj gkFkksa esa lwtu--A* #t+kVa s us rqyuk djrs gq, dgk gS fd ;qokoLFkk ml isM+ dh rjg gS ftlesa lqxèa k Hkjs iq"i f[kys gS]a ftl ij cSBh fpfM+;k¡ pgd jgh gSa vkSj cq<k+ ik ml efj;y dqÙks dh rjg gS ftl 39@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 39@o`

ij efD[k;ka fHkufHkukrs gq, mlds dku dqrj jgh gSAa blh çdkj] tkDosl os] iks;lsu] jksUlkbZ vkSj vfxzIik n vkWfcu us Hkh cq<k+ is dks dkslk gS( ijarq eksUVsu us vyx fopkj O;ä fd, gSAa mudk ekuuk Fkk fd Kku vkSj vuqHko vk;q dks c<+krs gSa ysfdu lfØ;rk] –<+rk vkSj piyrk tSls xq.k cq<k+ is esa {kh.k gksrs tkrs gSAa lksygoha lnh esa cq<k+ is ds çfr ?k`.kk dk dkj.k Fkk fd o`)ksa vkSj ;qokvksa esa çfrLièkkZ gksus yxh FkhA cw<s+ uo&/kuifr vius /ku dk çn'kZu dj ;qofr;ksa dks fj>k jgs Fks vkSj x+jhc ;qok mUgsa bZ";kZ dh –f"V ls ns[krs jgus dks foo'k FksA muds /ku ls vkdf"kZr ;qofr;ksa dks ns[kdj ;qodksa dh bZ";kZ LokHkkfod Hkh FkhA mez Hkj esgur djds uo&laiUu cus cw<k+ as dks datl w dgk tkrk FkkA ge ns[krs gSa fd çkphu felz ls ysdj uotkxj.k ;qx rd o`)ksa dks ysdj lksp esa dksbZ cnyko ugha vk;k FkkA o`) dks 'khr ls tksMk tkrk] lQ+ns cky] lQ+ns nk<+h dk o.kZu BaMs cQ+Z dh ;kn fnykrk gSA fdlh us Hkh o`)koLFkk ij xaHkhjrk ls ugha lkspk vkSj u gh bl fo"k; ij xaHkhj v/ ;;u fd;kA o`) dks ,d lPps O;fä dh rjg ugha cfYd O;fä dh vkf[kjh ljgn dh rjg ns[kk x;kA lrjgoha 'krkCnh esa 'ksDlih;j us vius ukVd ^fdax yh;j* esa le; ds xqtj+ tkus dk vkSj cq<k+ is dh foo'krk dk lqna j fp=.k fd;k gSA os jktk ds eq[k ls dgykrs gSa & ^cl---- D;k vkneh blls vf/kd dqN ugha-- x+jhc] uaxk] QVs phFkM+kas okyk*\* 'kk;n mUgksu a s vius ns'k ds xk¡oksa vkSj uxjksa esa O;kIr x+jhch dks djhc ls ns[kk FkkA cw<k+ as dks Hkw[k vkSj Hkh[k esa f?kjs ns[kdj gh mUgsa ^fdax yh;j* tSlk ukVd jpus dh çsj.kk feyh FkhA Ý+kl a esa Hkh x+jhc cw<k+ as vkSj cPpksa ds fy, lekt esa LFkku ugha FkkA cPpksa dh vkèkh vkcknh ,d o"kZ ds Hkhrj gh ej tkrh vkSj cM+s rhl&pkyhl o"kZ cM+h dfBukbZ ls ikj dj ikrs FksA çfrfnu dbZ ?kaVksa dk ifjJe] Hkkstu dk vHkko vkSj xank ifjos'k mUgsa chekj dj Mkyrk FkkA mudk thou laxkz e l=g o"kZ dh vk;q ls çkjaHk gksrk vkSj pkyhl rd igqp ¡ rs&igqp ¡ rs os cw<s+ gks tkrs vkSj ipkl dh vk;q esa xk¡o dk #[k djrsA x+jhc o`)ksa dks fxjtk?kj esa vkJ; fn;k tkrkA l=goha 'krkCnh 40@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 40@o`

esa cPpksa dks laçnk; ls vyx j[kk tkrk vkSj muls l[rh ls crkZo gksrk] x+yrh ij dksMs+ ls Hkh ihVk tkrkA cM+s gksus ij firk dh vkKk ls fookg fd;k tkrk vkSj voKk djus ij iq= dks laifÙk ls csn[ky djus dk vfèkdkj firk dks FkkA baXySM a esa jkuh ,fyt+kcFk us lu 1603 bZ- esa ,d dkuwu cuk;k ftlds varxZr ljdkj dh ;g ft+Eesnkjh Fkh fd og x+jhcksa dh ns[kjs[k djs vkSj blds fy, og vko';d iwt a h VSDl ds ek/;e ls bdëk djsA l=goha 'krkCnh esa o`)kJe vkSj vLirky cuok, x,A bZlkbZ /kekZpk;Z x+jhcksa dk vknj djus dh lh[k nsus yxsA dkexjksa dks dke ds fy, çsfjr fd;k x;kA ^tks dke ugha djsxk] og [kk,xk Hkh ugha* dk ukjk fn;k x;kA Hkh[k ekaxus dks vuSfrd djkj fn;k x;kA vBkgjoha 'krkCnh esa i;kZoj.k dh LoPNrk vkSj LokLF; ij vf/kd /;ku fn;k x;kA lkjs ;wjksi esa e`R;qnj fxjus yxhA blds dkj.k vkSlr vk;qnj c<+us yxhA ljdkj us ;g Lohdkjk fd gj ,d dks thus dk vf/kdkj gSA et+njw oxZ dh vk;q Hkh yach gksus yxh( ijarq muds vafre fnu x+jhch vkSj Hkh[k esa xqtj+ rs FksA cPpksa dk 'kks"k.k Hkh de ugha gqvkA cky Jfedksa ij jksd ugha FkhA laiUu cw<s+ ukVd vkSj lkekftd dk;ZØeksa esa lfØ;rk ls Hkkx ysrs FksA thou ds vafre fnuksa esa Hkh os lfØ; FksA Ý+kl a esa Hkh ekuoh; laons ukvksa ij fparu gksus yxkA cPpksa dks I;kj ls ns[kk tkus yxkA ek¡,a viuh larku dks Lruiku djkus yxhaA cPpksa dks ifjokj esa vfHkUu vax dk ntkZ feykA o`)ksa dks lekt vkSj ifjokj esa mudk mfpr LFkku fn;k tkus yxkA ifjokj dk /ku lcls ofj"B lnL; ds gkFk esa gksrk ftlls laiUurk c<+rh jghA ;g iwt a hokn dk vk/kkj cuhA okWYVs;j tSls o`) ys[kdksa dks ys[kuh ds vykok viuh vk;q ds dkj.k [;kfr o lEeku feyus yxkA cw<k+ as vkSj cPpksa ij vf/kd /;ku vkSj çse n'kkZ;k tkus yxkA laiUurk us nku&/keZ dks Hkh c<+kok fn;kA ^nwljksa dks lq[k nsus ls lq[k feyrk gS* dk ukjk nksgjk;k tkus yxkA ifjokj vkSj lekt ds esy&tksy ls lq[k dh vuqHkwfr dk vglkl gksus yxkA bl nkSj esa cq<k+ is dk lEeku c<+k] [kkl rkSj ij laiUu ?kjkuksa es]a tgk¡ ifjokj ds ofj"B lnL; ds 41@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 41@o`

gkFk esa laifÙk dh lÙkk gksrh FkhA bVyh ds lekt esa Hkh ifjorZu ns[ks x,A lksygoha lnh esa tgk¡ cw<s+ dks oS"kE;] yaiV] vkokjk dgk tkrk Fkk ogha l=goha lnh esa ;g fopkj cny x;kA 1728 esa fjDdkscksuh us o`) dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgk gS fd vc og ,d lEekfur firk Fkk ftldh vkKk dk ikyu ifjokj dk cPpk&cPpk djrk FkkA osful ds xksYMksuh us Hkh e/;e oxZ ds ifjokjksa esa vk jgs cnykoksa dk ft+Ø djrs gq, crk;k gS fd muds m|ksx vkSj vU; vkS|ksfxd çxfr ds dkj.k yksx laiUu gksus yxsA vBkjgoha lnh esa dqyhu 'kklu ra= ds gkFkksa esa jktuhfrd 'kfä FkhA vke vkneh bZekunkj vkSj esgurh Fkk ftlds dkj.k m|ksx /ka/kksa esa ykHk dh c<+kr s jh gksrh jghA pkWlj ds le; esa O;kikjh dks bZ";kZ dh –f"V ls ns[kk tkrk Fkk tcfd xksYMksuh ds le; esa mls lEeku feykA ^xqfyolZ Vªos Ys l* ds ys[kd fLo¶+V us cq<k+ is dks djhc ls ns[kk vkSj dkslk gSA ipiu o"kZ dh vk;q esa muds lac/a k ousLlk ls VwV x, Fks vkSj cq<k+ is esa {kh.k 'kjhj] chekjh o det+kjs efLr"d ds ifj.kke dh ekuks os vius ml miU;kl esa Hkfo";ok.kh dj pqds FksA o`) Hkh ubZ ih<+h vkSj ubZ lksp ds vkxs mlh fLFkfr esa gksrk gS D;ksfa d mldh lksp chrs ;qx dh gh gksrh gSA og le; ds lkFk ugha cny ikrkA muds miU;kl esa mu ik=ksa dk n;uh; o.kZu Hkh gS tks ckgjh yksxksa ds vkdj clus ls mlh ns'k ds oklh vçoklh dk thou thrs gSAa mUuhloha 'krkCnh esa ;wjksi dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cny xbZAa lcls vf/kd çHkko c<+rh vkcknh dk jgk ftlds dkj.k ;qok ih<+h dh la[;k cgqr c<+ xbZA lkFk gh u, oSKkfud vfo"dkj vkSj Kku dh çxfr ds dkj.k o`) viuh lksp esa fiNM+ pqds FksA Ý+kl a ] baXySM a vkSj :l ds ys[kdksa us bl cnyrh nqfu;k dh rLohj [khapus dk Hkjld ç;kl fd;kA bl ç;kl esa cq<k+ is dk eqík yxHkx NwV x;kA vkcknh dh o`f) ds rhu eq[; dkj.k jgs & vkS|ksfxd çxfr] xk¡o ls 'kgj dh vksj yksxksa dk iyk;u vkSj ,d ubZ Jfed tekr dk lekt esa inkiZ.k gks tkukA bl cnyko ds dkj.k cw<k+ as ij ,d ckj fQj foink vk xbZA jkstx+ kj dh vfuf'prrk vkSj efgykvksa o cPpksa dk et+njw h 'kks"k.k ,sls dkj.k Fks fd cw<k+ as dks dksbZ dke ugha feyrk Fkk D;ksfa d muesa bruk ifjJe 42@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 42@o`

djus dh {kerk ugha cph FkhA 1880 vkSj 1900 ds chp Vsyj dk fparu ¼VsyfjT+e½ us vesfjdk ds et+njw ksa dks le; ls igys gh cw<k+ dj fn;kA Ý+kl a esa Hkh ;gh fLFkfr jghA o`)ksa dh lgk;rk ds fy, 1804 esa tc ,d laLFkk & gksLikbl n eksfUVª'kkMZ & us o`)ksa dh lgk;rk ds fy, }kj [kksys vkSj vkºoku fd;k fd o`) vius futh lkeku ds lkFk ;gk¡ vk ldrs gSa rks ifjtuksa us mudks diM+kas rd ls oafpr djds Hkst fn;kA ljdkj us o`)ksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, dqN dkuwu cuk,A o`) us vius ftl iq= dks laifÙk nh gS] mldk ;g drZO; Fkk fd ml o`) dks okf"kZd o`fÙk dks nsA ijarq ;g dkuwu Hkh mu o`)ksa dh tku ds fy, vkQ+r cu x;kA okf"kZd o`fÙk ls cpus ds fy, o`)ksa dh gR;k dh tkus yxhA bu gR;kvksa dh tkudkjh Hkh fdlh dks ugha gksrh Fkh D;ksfa d ;s o`) fdlh nwj&njkt+ xk¡o esa tk clrsA bu o`)ksa dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu cksUusejs us fgLVks;j Ms islUs l [1874] esa bl çdkj fd;k & ^vius vafre fnuksa esa og nj&c&nj HkVdrk fQjrk] vius ifjokj ds fy, vtuch dh rjg vkSj var esa og ej tkrk--- dHkh&dHkh rks ejus ls igys gh nQ+u dj fn;k tkrkA* 1866 ls 1870 ds chp djk, x, ,d los{Z k.k ds ckn vf/kdkjh ikWy rqjksV us o`)ksa dks lq>ko fn;k fd thrs th os viuh laifÙk larku ds uke u djsAa bl rjg os vius thou dh lqj{kk dj ik,¡xAs 1845 ds ckn m|ksx vkSj cSd a ksa ds gkFk esa jktuhfrd lÙkk vk xbZA vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds ckn jsy] diM+k] yksgk] 'kDdj vkSj [kuu m|ksx vius pje ij FksA bu m|ksxksa dks vkfFkZd 'kfä cSdksa ls fey jgh FkhA bl çdkj m|ksx vkSj cSd a ksa dk opZLo c<+rk x;kA fur u, rduhdh cnykoksa ds dkj.k o`) ubZ ih<+h ls fiNM+ x, vkSj vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa firk dk LFkku iq= ysus yxkA ij yM+kbZ dk {ks= ;qok vkSj o`) ih<+h ds chp ugha cfYd cqtoZq+ k vkSj et+njw ds chp dk gks x;kA firk vius iq= dh lkekftd mUufr ij xoZ djus yxkA 'kkisugkoj dk ekuuk Fkk fd cpiu gh lcls lq[knk;h thou gksrk gSA ;qokoLFkk lcls 'kfä'kkyh le; gksrk gS ij ml le; O;fä cqf)eku ugha gksrk] og lq[k ikus dh ykylk esa tíkstgn djrk jgrk gS ij mls lq[k ugha feyrk D;ksfa d lq[k rks ,d e`xr`".kk gSA blhfy, og vius cpiu esa ykSV vkuk pkgrk gS tks lcls lq[ke; FkkA ijarq vlyh lq[k 43@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 43@o`

dk le; rks o`)koLFkk dk gksrk gS] c'krsZ fd vkids ikl vPNk LokLF; vkSj [kwc lkjk /ku gksA x+jhc gksuk gh o`)koLFkk dh lcls nqHkkZX;iw.kZ fLFkfr gksrh gSA 'kkisugkoj dh rjg vesfjdk ds ,elZu ekurs gSa fd cq<k+ is esa O;fä fuf'par gksrk gS] mls ykHk&gkfu dh dksbZ fpark ugha jgrh] og vius vrhr esa vftZr ykHk dk lq[k Hkksxrk gSA 1880 esa teZuh ds tsdc fxze us vius ,d Hkk"k.k ds var esa dgk Fkk fd ^eSu a s cq<k+ is esa euq"; dh 'kfä ds {kh.k gksus ds lkFk ;g Hkh tkuk gS fd ;g ,slk 'kkafr vkSj lqdu w dk le; gksrk gS tks O;fä dks igys dHkh ugha feyk gksrkA* cq<k+ is ds ckjs esa çfl) miU;kldkj foDVj áwxks ;g dgrs gSa fd bl voLFkk esa ,slk yxrk gS tSls rqe lkjs NksVs cPpksa ds firkeg gksA ;kSou vkSj cq<k+ is dk o.kZu djrs gq, os crkrs gSa fd o`) dh nk<+h >jus esa pedrs ikuh dh rjg 'osr gksrh gS--- ;qod lqna j gS rks o`) HkO;--;qod dh vk¡[kksa esa vkx gS rks cw<s+ dh vk¡[k esa çdk'kA chloha 'krkCnh esa 'kgjhdj.k dks vkSj c<+kok feyk vkSj ,dy ifjokjksa dh c<+kr s jh ls la;ä q ifjokj fc[kj x,A fiNys ipkl o"kksZa esa o`)ksa dh c<+rh vkcknh vkSj ,dy ifjokjksa ds pyu ls vc ifjokj dk LFkku laçnk; us ys fy;k gSA ;|fi cw<k+ as dh gR;k ugha gksrh ;k mudks muds HkkX; ij ugha NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA ijarq Hkwe/;lkxj ds {ks=ksa esa vc Hkh iSrd ` O;oLFkk gksus ds ckotwn firk dks mldh vkKk ls ml le; ekj fn;k tkrk gS tc og det+kjs gks tkrk gSA ,slk djds iq= Hkh vius firk dh vjktdrk ls eqä gks tkrk gSA Ý+kl a esa firk ds :[ks crkZo ls vlar"q V iq= ?kj NksMd + j pyk tkrk gSA bVyh] flflyh vkSj xzhl ds nf{k.kh Hkkxksa esa vius lEeku ds fy, iq=h dks ekSr ds ?kkV mrkj fn;k tkrk gS tcfd dkuwu bldh bt+kt+r ugha nsrkA bl lnh ds lkjs jktuhfrd vkanksyu& pkgs og :lh] brkyoh] ukth] phuh ;k D;wckbZ gks ;k vYthfj;k dk vkt+knh vkanksyu] lHkh esa ;qokoxZ dk usrR` o jgkA fiNyh lnh esa o`)ksa us jktuhfrd {ks= esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;k Fkk tSls Ý+kl a ds jk"Vªifr tqyl s xzos h] jsus dksVh] ikWy MkSej] ,fM uksvj] LVkfyu] ekvks] gks ph feUg & lHkh o`)koLFkk rd jktuhfr esa lfØ; jgsA 44@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 44@o`

vk/kqfud rduhdh lekt ;g le>rk gS fd vc Kku vkSj tkudkjh vk;q ds lkFk ugha c<+rs cfYd vlkef;d gks tkrs gSAa blfy, vk/kqfud tkudkjh ds fy, vk;q vkSj fiNyh tkudkjh fo?u Hkh cu tkrs gSAa var esa fleksu us mu dkj.kksa dks [kkstus dk ç;kl fd;k gS ftuds pyrs o`)ksa ij vf/kd ys[ku ugha gqvkA os crkrh gSa fd ^bl v/;;u esa geus cq<k+ is dk bfrgkl ugha mdsjk cfYd ;g tkuus dk ç;kl fd;k gS fd çkphu lektksa esa o`)ksa dk thou fdl çdkj chrk gksxk vkSj buds çfr lekt dh lksp dSlh jgh gksxhA fu"d"kZ ;gh fudyrk gS fd lHkh lektksa esa nks oxZ ds yksx Fks & 'kks"kd vkSj 'kksf"krA o`) ftl oxZ esa Fks] mudh fLFkfr Hkh mlh ds vuqlkj jghA 'kksf"kr dh dksbZ vkokt++ gh ugha Fkh vkSj tks dqN fy[kk x;k og 'kks"kdksa ds le`) lekt dh gh vkokt++ FkhA o`) rks ml Js.kh ds gSa ftudh dksbZ mi;ksfxrk lekt ds fy, ugha Fkh vkSj mudk Hkfo"; mlh oxZ ls tqMk+ jgk ftlesa os th jgs FksA dHkh os 'kfä dk dsæa jgs rks dHkh cgql[a ;d ds lkFk jgs ;k dHkh ux.;A çkLV dk ekuuk gS fd cw<s+ fy[kuk can dj nsrs gSa vkSj ;qok o`)ksa dh fpark ugha djrsA cq<k+ ik ir>M+ dh rjg gS ;k ml 'khrdky dh rjg ftlesa cQ+Z dh lQ+ns pknj fcNh gksrh gSA tc o`)ksa ds gkFk esa lÙkk gksrh rks mudk Lrqfrxku gksrk] muds pfj= vkSj Kku ds dlhns i<+s tkrsA e/; ;qx ls ysdj vBkjgoha lnh rd xk¡oksa vkSj dLcksa esa cw<k+ as dh la[;k ux.; Fkh D;ksfa d O;fä 'kks"k.k vkSj dqiks"k.k ds dkj.k ;qokoLFkk esa gh ej tkrk FkkA tks dqN o`)koLFkk dks igqp ¡ rs] thou ;kiu ds fy, mUgsa ;k rks ;qok ih<+h dk eqg¡ ns[kuk iM+rk ;k fQj lektlsoh laLFkkvksa dkA mUgsa lekt dk ,d ,slk csdkj vax ekuk tkrk tks cks> cudj ifjokj esa th jgk gSA dqN ifjokj lekt ds Mj ls o`)ksa dks ekuoh; –f"V ls ns[krs Fks rks vusd o`) n;uh; fLFkfr esa fnu xqtkj jgs FksA budh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks jktuhfrK ekSu o fufoZdkj –f"V ls ns[krs jgsA

45@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 45@o`

o`)koLFkk % vk/kqfud lektksa esa vk/kqfud lekt lqf'kf{kr lekt dgykrk gSA f'k{kk dk çHkko lekt ds cw<k+ as dh ifjfLFkfr cnyus esa fdruk l{ke jgk] ;k fQj] f'k{kk ds dkj.k la;ä q ifjokj ds VwVus vkSj ,dy ifjokj ds foLrkj ls o`)ksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr ;Fkkor cuh jgh] bldh iM+rky fleksu n cqvk viuh iqLrd ^vksYM ,t* esa djrh gSAa os crkrh gSa fd & ^çk;% ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd lHkh rjg dh nq[kn ?kVukvks]a foijhr fVIif.k;ksa vkfn dk laKku rc rd ugha fy;k tkrk tc rd lekt ds lary q u esa dksbZ cnyko ds vklkj ugha fn[kkbZ nsrAs ra= pykus okys gksa ;k ?kj ds NksV&s cM+]s o`)ksa ds ckjs esa rc rd ugha lksprs tc rd dksbZ rhoz Loj muds çfr u mBsAa * o`) brus det+kjs vkSj fujkfJr gksrs gSa fd mudh vkokt++ lekt ds rqey q dksykgy esa lqukbZ Hkh ugha iM+rhA ,sls esa o`)ksa ds ikl 'kk;n ,d gh fodYi jgrk gS--- ekSr dh çrh{kk! bl foo'krk ds ckjs esa fleksu dk dguk gS & le; o`) dks ekSr ds djhc ys tkrk gS tks u rks mldh fu;fr gS vkSj u bPNkA og lekt ds lfØ; lnL;ksa dks ^vU; çtkfr* dh rjg ns[kus yxrk gSA ,d gn rd o`) cPps ds leku gksrk gS ftl ij ;qok ih<+h blfy, vf/kd /;ku ugha nsrh fd og vHkh cPpk gSA mlh çdkj ;qok ;g le>rs gSa fd o`) rks pqd xbZ ih<+h gSa ftUgsa vkt ds lekt ds ckjs esa dqN Kku ugha gSA ijarq ;gk¡ Hkh ,d varj gS & ckyd vius firk dk vknj djrk gS] muds uD'ks&dne ij pyuk pkgrk gS] tcfd ;qod vius o`) firk dks og lEeku ugha nsrk ftldh og vius iq= ls vis{kk djrk gSA fdlh gn rd ;qod vius o`)ksa dk vknj djrk Hkh gS rks lekt ds Mj ls] vkSj ml lhek ds ikj og o`) dks u dsoy derj djds vkadrk gS cfYd mls ;g vglkl Hkh djkus dk ç;kl djrk gSA ;qod o`) dks lh/ks funs'Z k ugha nsrk cfYd ijks{k :i ls trkrk gS fd mlds dgs dks ekuus esa gh o`) dh HkykbZ gSA bldk ,d mnkgj.k gS o`)kJe dks Hkstus dk çLrkoA dqN fnu ogk¡ jgdj ns[kus dk lq>ko fn;k 46@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 46@o`

tk,xk] fQj ;g vk'oklu fn;k tk,xk fd ;fn mls vPNk u yxs rks okfil ?kj yk fy;k tk,xk( tcfd lHkh tkurs gSa fd ;g fnu dHkh ugha vk,xkA o`) fujk'kk dh ekufldrk esa Mwcrk tkrk gSA vc og ,d oLrq ek= cu dj jg tkrk gS & ,slh oLrq ftldk dksbZ ewY; ugha gSA o`) dh eu%fLFkfr dks le>us dk dksbZ ç;kl ;qok ih<+h ugha djrhA ;g Hkh ugha lkspk tkrk fd mldh Hkh dqN bPNk,¡ gksrh gS]a og Hkh euq"; gSA vxj dksbZ çkS<+ viuk ,dkdhiu feVkus ds fy, iqufoZokg djuk pkgs rks ;qok ih<+h bldk fojksèk djrh gSA fo'ks"k :i ls efgykvksa ds fy, ;g cM+h leL;k cu tkrh gSA bl leL;k ds ckjs esa fleksu crkrh gSa fd iqf=;k¡ Hkh ek¡ ds iqufoZokg dk fojks/k mlh çdkj djrh gSa ftl çdkj iq= vius firk dk] vkSj ;fn ;s o`) fookg dj Hkh ysrs gSa rks mudh larkusa muls ,slk BaMk O;ogkj djrh gSa fd ;s o`) x+yrh djus ds vijk/kcks/k esa fnu fcrkrs gSAa O;olk;hdj.k ds bl ;qx esa o`)ksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr dk Hkh ykHk vkèkqfud lekt /kM+Yys ls mBk jgk gSA fleksu us viuh bl iqLrd esa bl fLFkfr dk Hkh inkZQk+ 'k fd;k gSA vktdy vesfjdk vkSj Ý+kl a tSls ns'kksa esa Hkh o`)ksa dk vkokl ,d O;olk; cu x;k gSA uflaxZ gkse] jsLV gkmt+] jsflMsUlh] foyst tSls ukeksa ls vusd laLFkku [kqy x, gSa tgk¡ o`)ksa dks iSlk ysdj j[kk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ vkdj ;s o`) Bxk eglwl djrs gSAa igys rks jaxhu [+okc fn[kk dj mudh tek iwt ¡ h ,sB a yh tkrh gSA fQj dqN le; dh lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa ds ckn ,slk nkSj 'kq: gksrk gS ftlesa o`) viekfur eglwl djus yxrk gSA mldk th.kZ 'kjhj vkSj Fkdk efLr"d bl vk?kkr dks lgu ugha dj ikrkA /khjs&/khjs og fujk'kk dh ekufldrk esa pyk tkrk gS vkSj ekSr dh çrh{kk djrk jgrk gSA tSls gh og ejk ugha fd nwljk o`) bl fjä LFkku dks Hkj nsrk gSA bl çdkj] o`)ksa dh lsok ds uke ij ;s laLFkk,¡ mUgsa e`R;q ds vf/kd fudV yk [kM+k djrh gSAa foKku dh çxfr ds lkFk ekuo dh vkSlr vk;q c<+rh tk jgh gSA jkseu dky esa ;g nj vBkjg o"kZ Fkh vkSj l=goha lnh rd vkrs&vkrs c<+ dj iPphl o"kZ gks xbZA vLlh o"khZ; cw<k ,d vtwck gqvk djrk Fkk ftls lekt lkS o"kZ dk o`) dg dj xoZ djrk FkkA vBkjgoha 'krkCnh 47@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 47@o`

esa Ý+kl a dh vkSlr vk;q rhl o"kZ FkhA 1980 esa o`)ksa dh la[;k dqy tula[;k dk 19 çfr'kr gks xbZA blh çdkj] cPpksa dh e`R;qnj ,d 'krkCnh esa 40 çfr'kr ls ?kVdj 2-2 çfr'kr gks xbZA bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd cw<k+ as dh la[;k ;qokvksa ls vf/kd gks xbZA blds foijhr] vfodflr ns'kksa esa ;qokvksa dh la[;k vf/kd gksrh gS D;ksfa d ;gk¡ dh e`R;qnj vf/kd gS ftlds dkj.k gSa dqiks"k.k] xanh vkoklh; ifjfLFkfr;k¡ rFkk fpfdRlk o nokb;ksa dk vHkkoA Hkkjr esa 36] czkt+hy esa 2-45 vkSj VksxksyM aS esa 1-46 çfr'kr tula[;k cw<k+ as dh Js.kh esa vkrh gSA o`)ksa dh lcls cM+h leL;k vkfFkZd vHkko gSA th.kZ 'kjhj vkSj 'kkjhfjd 'kfä dh deh ds dkj.k os igys dh rjg dq'kyrk ls dk;Z ugha dj ikrs ftldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd os csjkstx+ kj gks tkrs gSAa tks O;fä csjkstx+ kj gS mldh iwN u ?kj esa gksrh gS u lekt esAa o`)ksa dh vkfFkZd lqj{kk dk ,d mik; gS is'a ku ;kstuk ftldk çHkko vkèkqfud lekt ij fdl çdkj iM+k] blds ckjs esa fleksu crkrh gSa & ^1796 bZ- esa VkWe isu us o`) et+njw ksa dks is'a ku nsus dk lq>ko j[kk FkkA ipkl o"kZ dh vk;q igqp ¡ us ij gj et+njw dks is'a ku nsus dk çLrko FkkA csfYt;e vkSj gkWyM aS esa ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dks is'a ku nsus dk çko/kku 1844 bZ- esa vk;kA 19 oha 'krkCnh esa Ý+kl a ds lSfudksa vkSj ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa dks is'a ku çkIr gksus yxhA ckn esa is'a ku ç.kkyh dk foLrkj Ý+kl a ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa gksus yxkA [kku et+njw ] jsy et+njw ] ukfod vkfn Hkh bl Js.kh esa yk, x,A blh dky esa teZuh esa iwt ¡ hokn rst+ çxfr ij FkkA vkS|ksfxd {ks= us j¶+rkj idM+h rks et+njw ksa dh nq?kZVuk,a jkste + jkZ dh ckr gks xbZA et+njw la?kksa ds vkØks'k ls cpus ds fy, fcLekdZ us 1883 vkSj 1889 bZ- ds chp lkekftd chek dk çko/kku cuk;k ftlds varxZr gknls ds f'kdkj gq, v{ke et+njw dh vkfFkZd lqj{kk dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA ckn esa yDt+e s cxZ] jksekfu;k] LohMu] vkfLVª;k] gaxjh vkSj ukosZ tSls ns'kksa esa Hkh bl çdkj dh chek ;kstuk,¡ ykxw gqbAaZ 1956 bZ- rd Ý+kl a ds 80 çfr'kr yksx lsokfuo`fÙk ij is'a ku ikus yxsA iwt ¡ hoknh ns'kksa esa MsUekdZ] LohMu vkSj ukosZ gh ,sls ns'k gSa tgk¡ ukxfjdksa 48@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 48@o`

ds fy, LoPN i;kZoj.k vkSj vPNh thou lqfo/kkvksa dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gSA bldk ,d eq[; dkj.k ;gk¡ dh cgqr de tula[;k gSA lkFk gh ;gk¡ jktuhfrd thou mnkj ,oa fcuk fdlh ykxyisV dk gSA ;gk¡ vehj lcls vf/kd VSDl nsrs gSa vkSj foykflrk dh oLrqvksa ij cgqr vf/kd VSDl yxk;k tkrk gSA bl ç.kkyh dk lcls vf/kd ykHk o`)ksa dks feyrk gSA LohMu dh vkSlr vk;q 76 o"kZ gS] tks leLr ;wjksi esa lcls Å¡ph nj gS( ;|fi is'a ku blfy, nh tkrh gS fd o`) dke djus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gSa ij okLro esa ,d frgkbZ cw<s+ tks lkB o"kZ ikj dj pqds gS]a dqN u dqN dke djrs gSa vkSj vfrfjä vk; dek ysrs gSAa 1951 bZ- esa U;w;kdZ ds ,d los{Z k.k esa 94 laLFkkvksa us dgk fd os o`) dkexjksa dks viuk nq"Vre 'k=q ekurh gSa D;ksfa d os ckr vf/kd djrs gS]a mUgsa dqN ugha lqgkrk gS] os viuh dk;Z ç.kkyh ugha cnyrs vkSj u gh vuq'kklu dk ikyu djrs gSAa rHkh rks] 97 çfr'kr vesfjdh foKkiuksa esa ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd ukSdjh ds fy, pkyhl o"kZ dh lhek j[kh gksrh gSA ftruk cM+k m|ksx gksxk] ogk¡ mruh gh rsth+ ls dke gksrk gS( blfy, ;gk¡ o`)ksa dks ftruk 'kh?kz vodk'k ns ik,¡ mruk mÙke le>k tkrk gSA vkS|ksfxd çxfr dh lcls cM+h gkfu ;gh jgh fd e'khu dks euq"; ij rjthg nh xbZA e'khuksa ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ls euq"; dh mi;ksfxrk ?kVrh xbZ vkSj og vkfFkZd ladV esa f?kjrk x;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd O;fä ds dke djus dh {kerk vkSj csjkstx+ kjh ds chp dksbZ lac/a k ugha gksrkA bldh iM+rky djrs gq, fleksu crkrh gS & ^1955 bZ- esa vkbZ ,y vks ¼baVjus'kuy yscj vksxkZukbt+'s ku½ dh ,d fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k fd csjkstx+ kjksa dh vkSlr vk;q ipkl o"kZ gSA dbZ yksx ,sls gksrs gSa tks dk;Z djus dh {kerk j[krs gSa ij mUgsa ?kj Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA dkj.k ;g crk;k tkrk gS fd bu yksxksa esa 'kkjhfjd 'kfä de gksrh tkrh gS] lquus vkSj ns[kus dh 'kfä {kh.k iM+ tkrh gS] Fkdku] BaM] xehZ] ueh] /ofu ls tqMs+ dkj.k budh dk;Z{kerk dks de dj nsrs gSAa dgk tkrk gS fd Å¡ps inksa ij cSBs çkS<+ vf/kdkfj;ksa esa Hkh ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk esa vfuf'prrk vk tkrh gS vkSj dksbZ u;k dne mBkus ls os drjkrs gSa tcfd ;qok vf/kdkjh fu.kZ; ysus vkSj mUgsa dk;kZfUor djus 49@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 49@o`

esa pqLrh fn[kkrs gSAa ijarq bl fopkj dks foKku ds vuql/a kku us udkj fn;k gSA baXySM a dh U;wQh+ YM Q+kmaM's ku dk dguk gS fd c<+rh mez dh dfe;ksa dks os dbZ vU; mik;ksa ls nwj dj ysrs gSAa ;kdZ'kk;j ds diM+k fey dh o`) efgyk,¡ vf/kd {kerk ls /kkxk fijks ysrh gSa Hkys gh mudh vk¡[ksa det+kjs iM+ xbZ gksAa 1947 bZ- dh baXySM a dh ,d fjiksVZ esa 11]154 dkexjksa ij fd, x, 'kks/k dk fu"d"kZ ;g fudyk fd [kku et+njw ksa esa mez ds dkj.k {kerk esa dksbZ varj ugha vk;kA U;wQh+ YM Q+kmaM's ku us ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd tgk¡ vfèkd 'kfä ds ç;ksx ;k gj le; gjdr djrs jgus ds dk;Z gS]a ogk¡ cw<s+ dkexjksa dks FkksMk+ vf/kd le; yxrk gS] ijarq dk;Zd'q kyrk esa dksbZ varj ugha vkrkA o`)ksa dks dk;Z nsus ds ykHk&gkfu dk tk,t+k ysrs gq, crk;k x;k gS fd dke esa çlUurk] fu;ferrk] lrdZrk] le; dh ikcanh] bPNk'kfä] vuq'kklu] /kS;Z vkSj varfoZod s tSls ykHk gS(a rks –f"V vkSj Jo.k 'kfä dh deh] 'kkjhfjd o Lej.k 'kfä esa deh] piyrk esa deh] dYiuk ,oa l`tu'khyrk dk vHkko( vuqdy w u'khyrk] 'kkjhfjd cy rFkk vkilh leUo; tSls rRoksa dk vHkko o`)ksa ds i{k esa ugha tkrkA fQj Hkh] fo'o;q) ds le; dukMk] vesfjdk vkSj baXySM a ds o`) deZpkfj;ksa ds dk;Z dks ns[krs gq, 1950 bZdh tk¡p us ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd o`) dkexj Hkh dk;Zd'q ky gksrs gSAa * ,sls fu"d"kksZa ds ckotwn ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd o`)ksa vkSj efgykvksa dks dke ij yxkus ls ekfyd drjkrs gSa vkSj ;fn dke ij ysrs Hkh gSa rks mUgsa de nke nsrs gSAa bls 'kks"k.k gh dgk tk,xkA ijarq ekfyd rks viuk ykHk gh ns[ksxa !s bl ;qx esa Hkh o`)ksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa fd eklsfZ yl vkSj lsVa ,aVhu ds o`)ksa ij gq, 'kks/k ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyk gS fd nl çfr'kr iq#"k vkSj mUuhl çfr'kr efgyk,¡ Hkq[kejh esa th jgs gSAa çks- cksyhZ dgrs gSa fd isfjl ds {ks= esa dbZ gt+kj o`) gj o"kZ Hkw[k ls ej tkrs gS(a vkSj gj o"kZ dbZ i=&if=dkvksa esa o`)ksa ds BaM ls ejus ds lekpkj Nirs jgrs gSAa baXySM a ] csfYt;e] teZuh rFkk bVyh esa Hkh yxHkx ;gh fLFkfr gSA ,d x+jhc is'a ku/kkjd us viuh ifjfLFkfr dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd is'a ku dk iSlk ejus ds fy, vf/kd gS vkSj thus ds fy, deA fQj Hkh] fdlh Hkh o`) dks o`)kJe tkus dh bPNk ugha gksrhA og ogha ejuk pkgrk gS tgk¡ og jg jgk gSA 50@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 50@o`

ç'u ;g gS fd ;s o`) tk,¡ rks tk,¡ dgk¡\ ?kj okys j[kuk ugha pkgrs] ç'kklu is'a ku ds vfrfjä dqN vkSj djrk ugha fn[kkbZ nsrkA bldk lek/kku o`)kJe gks ldrk gS( ijarq o`)ksa dh ekufldrk rFkk bu LFkkuksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr 'kk;n leL;k dks gy ugha dj ikrhA bl leL;k ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, fleksu dgrh gSa fd baXySM a esa ;g pyu gS fd LoLFk o`)ksa dh ns[kHkky ifjokj djs] chekj o`)ksa dks vLirky Hkstk tk, vkSj v{ke cw<k+ as dks o`)kJe@vukFkkJe esa j[kk tk,A vesfjdk us Hkh baXySM a dh ;gh çFkk tkjh j[khA 1883 bZ- esa dsfyQ+kfs uZ;k jkT; esa mu yksxksa dks ljdkjh lgk;rk nh tkus yxh tks o`)kJe pyk jgs gS(a ijarq ;g lqfo/kk 1895 bZ- esa lekIr dj nh xbZ D;ksfa d ;s laLFkk,¡ o`)ksa ds uke ij iSlk ywVrh gSAa blds cnys ljdkj us [kqn laLFkk,¡ LFkkfir dha tgk¡ o`)ksa dh ns[kHkky gks ldsA fQj Hkh] o`)ksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr esa dksbZ varj ugha vk;kA ,d o`) us lsfuVksfj;y deh'ku esa vius fopkj j[krs gq, dgk Fkk fd o`)ksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr ds rhu dkj.k gSa & [kjkc LokLF;] x+jhch vkSj ,dkdhiuA ,dy ifjokj] 'kgjhdj.k] de vk; vkSj ?kjksa dh deh & dqN ,sls dkj.k gSa ftUgsa ysdj baXySM a ] vesfjdk] tkiku] teZuh] dukM+k tSls ns'k Hkh tw> jgs gSAa pwf¡ d tkiku vkSj teZuh esa vc Hkh cw<s+ ekrk&firk ds viuh larku ds lkFk jgus dh çFkk gS] leL;k dqN gn rd fLFkj gSA ijarq tgk¡ ;qod xk¡o ;k uxj NksMd + j 'kgj tk jgs gS]a ifjfLFkfr xaHkhj cuh gqbZ gSA ,sls xk¡o vkSj uxj dsoy cw<k+ as ls Hkjs gq, gSAa o`)ksa ds ?kj dh leL;k gy djus esa fLoVtjySM a ] teZuh vkSj baXySM a us dkQh ljkguh; dk;Z fd;k gSA blh çdkj dksiu s gsxu o LohMu us Hkh o`)ksa vkSj x+jhcksa ds ?kj dh leL;k gy dh gSA vesfjdk tSls ns'kksa esa o`)kJe ;k o`)ksa dk xzke ,d O;olk; cu x;k gSA Ý+kl a esa ^gksLikbl* laLFkk,¡ o`)ksa ds fy, cukbZ xbZ gSAa ;s laLFkk,¡ o`)ksa dk vk[kjh /kke cu tkrh gSAa vc rd buesa 2]75]000 fcLrj gSa tks iwjh rjg Hkj pqds gSa vkSj yxHkx nks yk[k o`) çrh{kkjr gSAa bu laLFkkvksa esa txg ikus ds bPNqd yksxksa ds pkj eq[; dkj.k gSa & lalk/kuksa dh deh] vkJ; dh vko';drk] larku dk vius ikl j[kus ls badkj vkSj fpfdRlk dh vko';drkA 51@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 51@o`

efgykvksa dks bu laLFkkvksa esa lkeatL; fcBkus esa vf/kd dfBukbZ blfy, gksrh gS fd os ifjokj esa dke djus dh vknh gksrh gSa vkSj ifjokjokyksa ls ca/ks yxko ds dkj.k mUgsa vf/kd ekufld d"V gksrk gSA bu laLFkkvksa esa vkdj jgus okyksa dks ,slk yxrk gS fd mUgsa tM+ ls m[kkM+ fn;k x;k gksA ,sls ekufld ruko dks >syrs gq, cgqr ls o`) ,d o"kZ ds Hkhrj gh ej tkrs gSAa bu laLFkkvksa ds dkuwu Hkh dBksj gksrs gSa ftuds dkj.k ml vk;q ds yksx ekufld rkSj ij VwV tkrs gSAa mudks lkjk fnu le; fcrkus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gS vkSj thou esa 'kwU;rk Nk tkrh gSA lkekftd thou ls nwj mnkl vkSj fu#ís'; thou mUgsa èkhjs&èkhjs ekSr dh vksj ys tkrk gSA mUgsa eglwl gksus yxrk gS fd os thoarrk ls nwj gksrs tk jgs gSa vkSj Hkfo"; esa muds fy, e`R;q ds flok; dksbZ vkSj pkjk ugha gSA thou ds bl eksM+ ij L=h vkSj iq#"k dk –f"Vdks.k Hkh vyx gksrk gSA ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd efgyk,¡ lk/kkj.kr;k o`)kJe ds thou dks Hkh vklkuh ls >sy ysrh gSAa bldk dkj.k crkrs gq, fleksu dgrh gSa fd o`)kJe ds thou dks efgyk,¡ vf/kd lQyrk ls viuk ysrh gSAa efgyk,¡ vkil esa g¡l&cksy ysrh gSa vkSj lkQ&lQkbZ ls ysdj idkus rd ds dkeksa ls viuh fnup;kZ fcrk nsrh gSAa iq#"kksa ds fy, ,sls dksbZ dk;Z ugha gksrAs os fnu Hkj fcLrj ij iM+s jgrs gSa ;k ftuds ikl dqN iSls gS]a os 'kjkc ihdj le; fcrkrs gSAa lsokfuo`fÙk dk çHkko vyx&vyx oxZ ds yksxksa ij vyx&vyx <ax ls iM+rk gSA ;fn dksbZ vf/kdkjh lsokfuo`Ùk gksrk gS rks mls ,slk yxrk gS tSls mldk vfLrRo gh feV x;k gksA dqlhZ dh lÙkk dks NksMu + s ij mls thou fcuk pIiw dh uko çrhr gksrk gSA et+njw tc lsokfuo`Ùk gksrk gS rks mls /kukHkko dh fpark lrkrh gS ;|fi og bl ckr ij jkgr dh lk¡l ysrk gS fd mls vc dfBu ifjJe ugha djuk iM+xs kA nksuksa dk vyx –f"Vdks.k gksrk gSA ,d lÙkk ds pys tkus ls mnkl gS rks nwljk /kukHkko ls] ij nksuksa ds eu esa ,d gh ckr pqHkrh gS & vc mUgsa dkSu iwNxs k! lÙkk ugha rks iwN ugha] iSls ugha rks iwN ughaA lsokfuo`fÙk dk le; djhc vkus ij iRuh Hkh fpafrr jgrh gSA mls viuh x`gLFkh ij vkus okys foÙkh; ladV dh fpark lrkrh gSA lHkh 52@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 52@o`

tjkoSKkfud ¼tsjVas ksyksftLV½ bl ckr ij ,d er gSa fd thou ds vafre chl o"kksZa esa LoLFk O;fä Hkh ekufld ,oa lkekftd –f"V ls vlgt gks tkrk gS tc fd dksbZ O;LFkrk ugha jgrhA mls thus dk mís'; gh fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk vkSj ;g ifjfLFkfr e`R;q ls vfèkd d"Vnk;h fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA blhfy, tjkoSKkfudksa dk ekuuk gS fd lsokfuo`fÙk ds ckn Hkh O;fä dks O;Lr jguk pkfg, vU;Fkk og vkyL; o mnklh ds ?ksjs esa vk tk,xk vkSj mldk LokLF; fxjrk tk,xkA lsokfuo`fÙk ,d dfBu vkSj tfVy leL;k gS ftlesa O;fä dk ekufld ,oa 'kkjhfjd {kj.k gksrk gS vkSj bls jksdus ds fy, mls fujarj fdlh dk;Z esa yxs jguk pkfg,A ijarq ;fn ,slk gqvk rks o`) dke ij yxs jgsxa s vkSj ;qok ih<+h csjkstx+ kj jgsxhA ;qok ih<+h dh csjkstx+ kjh ljdkj vkSj lekt ds fy, vkSj vfèkd xaHkhj ifj.kke ysdj vk,xhA vkt ds csjkstx+ kj ;k rks vkRegR;k dj jgs gSa ;k vkradokn vkSj uDlyokn dh mxz fn'kk esa tk jgs gSAa vPNk gks fd çkS<+ ih<+h ;qok ih<+h ds fy, LFkku cuk,¡ vkSj lsokfuo`fÙk ds ckn le; dk lnqi;ksx djus dh ;kstuk igys ls gh cuk dj j[k ysAa ;g dk;Z fdlh lekt&lsoh laLFkk ls tqM+ dj Hkh iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA rc o`)ksa dk thou lq[k&'kkafr ls chrsxkA ?kj gh og LFkku gks ldrk gS tgk¡ o`) viuk vafre le; pSu ls fcrk ldrk gS & viuk ?kj] og pkgs NksVk gks ;k cM+k] lalk/kuksa ls Hkjk Hkys gh u gks] laLej.kksa ls Hkjk rks gksxk ghA

53@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 53@o`

o`)koLFkk dk Hkze vkSj lp vc rd geus cq<k+ is dks oLrqfu"B –f"V ls ns[kk gS ftls thou esa lHkh Hkksxrs gS]a ijarq cq<k+ is dks vkRefu"B –f"V ls ugha vkadk gSA dksbZ Hkh O;fä vius dks ml le; rd cw<k+ ugha le>rk tc rd mls ,slk eglwl ugha gksrk gSA dHkh&dHkh rks fdlh O;fä dks pkpk] ekek ;k vady dgus ij Øks/k Hkh vk tkrk gS & bldk dkj.k ;gh gS fd O;fä vk;q ls cw<k+ ugha cfYd viuh lksp ;k etcwjh ds dkj.k çFke ckj vuqHko djus yxrk gS fd c<+rh vk;q us mls ?ksj fy;k gSA thou ds bl iM+ko ds lac/a k esa fleksu n cqvk us viuh iqLrd ^vksYM ,t* esa mnkgj.k nsdj dqN fu"d"kZ fudkys gSAa os crkrh gSa fd xsVs us dHkh dgk Fkk & ^mez gesa vpkud vglkl fnykrh gSA* vkWxu Z us vk'p;Z O;ä fd;k Fkk & ^;g D;k gks x;k! ,slk dqN fd eSa cw<k+ gks x;kA* eSu a s tc vkbus ds lkeus [kM+s gksdj vius dks ns[kk rks ;g irk gh ugha pyk fd eSa pkyhl ikj dj jgh gwA¡ ge tc cpiu ls fd'kksjkoLFkk dh ngyht+ ij dne j[krs gSa rks gekjs 'kjhj esa dqN ifjorZu gksrs gSa tks gesa bl cnyko dk vglkl fnykrs gSAa ;qokoLFkk ds ckn le; xqtj+ rk tkrk gS vkSj dHkh cq<k+ is ds ckjs esa dksbZ ugha lksprkA cq<k+ is dks ,d ,slh cká oLrq le>k tkrk gS ftldk gels dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha gSA rc rd ge vius vkidks toku le>rs gSa tc rd dksbZ nwljk ge ij cw<s+ dk fo'ks"k.k ugha tM+ nsrkA igyh çfrfØ;k esa ,slk vDlj lquus dks feyrk gS fd eSa cw<k+ ugha gwA¡ ;g ,d ,slk Hkze gS tgk¡ yksx o`)koLFkk dh fLFkfr vkadus esa pwd tkrs gSAa ,slk yxrk gS fd ge nks esa c¡V x, gSa & ,d rks og ^Lo* tks vius dks toku le> jgk gS vkSj nwljk ;g ^'kjhj* tks o`)koLFkk ds y{k.k crk jgk gSA tc dksbZ dgrk gS & lkB lky dk cw<k+ ] rks gesa ,sls dksbZ y{k.k fn[kkbZ ugha nsrs ftuls gesa cw<k+ le>k tk,A ,slk O;fä vkt ls nl o"kZ iwoZ tks dk;Z og djrk vk jgk Fkk] vc Hkh mlh dq'kyrk ls mls djrk gS] mldh 'kkjhfjd 'kfä esa Hkh mls dksbZ deh ugha fn[kkbZ nsrh] rks ;g ^cw<*s+ dk fo'ks"k.k mls vthc lk yxrk gSA ;gha mls ;g tkuus dh vko';drk gksrh gS fd cw<s+ vkSj chekj esa varj gSA chekjh esa O;fä dks viuh det+kjs h vkSj 54@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 54@o`

foo'krk dk vglkl gksrk gS] ijarq cq<k+ ik pqids ls vkrk gSA fdlh Hkh çdkj dk 'kkjhfjd cnyko jkst+ ns[kus okys dks 'kk;n gh fn[kkbZ nsA chekjh ls O;fä mcj ikrk gS ij cq<k+ is ls ughaA cq<k+ is dk vglkl dksbZ dSls dj ik,\ dqN lkfgR;dkjksa ds ys[ku dks ysdj fleksu m)`r djrh gSa fd ysfuu dgk djrs Fks& ^tkurs gks lcls cM+k O;lu D;k gS\ O;fä dk ipiu ikj djukA* VªkV~Ldh ds thou dk /;s; dke vkSj la?k"kZ FkkA tc os ipiu o"kZ ds gq, rks mUgksu a s viuh iRuh dks i= esa fy[kk Fkk& ^vc eSa Fkdus yxk gw]¡ uhan Hkh ugha vkrh] HkqyDdM+ gks x;k gw-¡ --- A ;g voLFkk vLFkk;h gS ;k lnk ds fy,\ & ns[kk tk,xkA* ykjksd fjiksVZ esa ;g dgk x;k gS fd lkB o"kZ dh vk;q okyksa esa vkèks ls vf/kd ;g le>rs gSa fd os vLoLFk gSa tcfd ;g /kkj.kk dsoy Hk; ds dkj.k curh gSA ijarq baXySM a ds Vufczt o 'ksQh+ YM us tks los{Z k.k 1956 esa fd;k Fkk mlds ifj.kke foijhr FksA bl los{Z k.k esa ;g ik;k x;k fd 26% iq#"k LoLFk Fks tcfd 64% vius vki dks LoLFk le>rs FksA blh çdkj 23% efgyk,¡ LoLFk Fkha tcfd 48% LoLFk le>rh FkhaA blls ;g fu"d"kZ Hkh fudyk fd o`) ikpu 'kfä] lk¡l] efLr"d vkSj 'kjhj dh det+kjs h ls xzLr Fks ij mUgsa bldk vglkl ugha FkkA blhfy, ;s o`) vLoLFk ;qokvksa ds eqdkcys MkWDVj ds ikl de tkrs vkSj de nokb;ksa dk lsou djrs FksA cq[kkjsLV tsfj;kfVªd bafLVVîwV ds çks- ,- fl;wlk dk ekuuk Fkk fd o`)ksa dh vius LokLF; ds çfr mnklhurk ds nks dkj.k gSAa ,d rks os ;g ugha le>rs fd muds LokLF; dh gkyr n;uh; gS vkSj mUgsa fpfdRlk dh vko';drk gS vkSj nwljk ;g fd os oSjkX; dh eu%fLFkfr esa pys tkrs gSAa rHkh rks] xsyu us o`)koLFkk dks LokLF; vkSj vLoLFkrk ds chp dh voLFkk crk;k gSA ,sls ekSds gj ,d ds thou esa vkrs gSa tc ,d vlsZ ckn vki fdlh ls feyrs gSa vkSj eu esa lksprs jgrs gSa fd og fdruk cny x;k fd rHkh og dgrk gS & rqe fdrus cny x,! ge pkgsa ;k u pkgs]a nwljs dh ckr rks ekuuh gh iM+xs hA le; dh j¶+rkj dks dksbZ jksd ugha ldrkA le; ds lkFk gksrs vk'p;Ztud cnyko dh ?kVuk dh ppkZ 55@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 55@o`

djrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa & ^o`) bl ekufldrk esa gksrs gSa fd mUgsa fu—"V çtkfr dk çk.kh le>k tkrk gS] blfy, os vius vki dks o`) dgus dh vis{kk vLoLFk le>rs gSAa dqN dks viuh vk;q dk cgkuk lqyHk yxrk gSA o`)koLFkk bruh vkfgLrk ls 'kjhj dk }kj [kV[kVkrh gS fd irk gh ugha pyrk fd dc ;g fLFkfr vk xbZA enke n lsfou us 27 tuojh 1687 dks bldk lqna j o.kZu bl rjg ls fd;k Fkk & ^fu;fr ge ij bruh n;kyq gS fd gekjs thou dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa dk gesa irk gh ugha pyrkA ;g <yku bruh dkseyrk ls fQlyrh gS fd le; dh xfr dk vglkl gh ugha gksrkA fnu&c&fnu ge viuk ogh psgjk vkbZus esa ns[krs gSAa dy dk psgjk vkt fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vkSj vkt dk psgjk dy fn[kkbZ nsxkA ijarq ;fn vkt lkB o"kZ dh vk;q esa [kMs gksdj gekjs chl o"kZ dh vk;q dk fp= ns[ksxa s rks 'kjhj ds cnyko ij vk'p;Zpfdr jg tk,¡xAs * pwf¡ d ;g cnyko gekjs Hkhrj fujarj pyrk jgrk gS] blfy, bl ifjorZu dks nwljk dksbZ gh crk ldrk gS tks ,d varjky ds ckn ns[krk gSA ;fn dksbZ ;g dg ns fd ^rqe cw<s+ gks x, gks* rks ge laHkor% viekfur eglwl djrs gSAa fQj Hkh] psgjs dh >qfjZ;k¡ vk;q dk irk nsrh gSa Hkys gh 'kjhj lqxfBr gksA bls ekfj;k Mksjes us ,d ?kVuk ds ek/;e ls le>k;k gSA ,d O;fä muds lqMkSy 'kjhj dks ns[kdj ihNk djus yxkA tSls gh djhc vkdj mldh –f"V muds psgjs ij iM+h] og pqids ls vkxs fudy x;kA vius cnyko ds ,sls vuqHko çk;% lHkh ds lkFk gksrs gSa tc os fdlh ifjfpr ls ,d yacs varjky ds ckn feyrs gSAa laHkor% nksuksa ds eu esa ,d nwljs ds 'kkjhfjd cnyko ij ogh fopkj meM+rs jgrs gSAa fleksu viuk ,d laLej.k m)`r djrs gq, crkrh gSa & ^tc eSa jkse esa Fkh] ,d fnu gksVy ds Vsjl s ij cSBh dkWQh ih jgh FkhA cxy esa cSBh Njgjs cnu dh ,d lkB o"khZ; vesfjdh efgyk fdlh ls ckrsa dj jgh FkhA vpkud mldh [kudnkj g¡lh lqudj eSu a s mls x+kjS ls ns[kkA le; eq>s chl o"kZ ihNs ys x;k tc esjk ifjp; bl efgyk ls dsfyQ+kfs uZ;k esa gqvk FkkA eSu a s ml efgyk ds cnyko ds dkj.k mldks ugha igpkuk vkSj laHkor% esjs 'kkjhfjd ifjorZu ds dkj.k mlus Hkh eq>s ugha igpkuk gks!

56@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 56@o`

lÙkj o"khZ; tkSgUMks us vius vki dks dkslrs gq, dgk Fkk fd ^vk/kh lnh ls eSa vius vki dks chl o"kZ dk gh le>rk vk jgk Fkk ij le; us bls vc udkj fn;k gS vkSj vc eSa ;g x+yr /kkj.kk rtrk gwA¡ * tSlk fd lk=Z us ekuk gS] ;g og vlaHko fLFkfr gksrh gS tgk¡ ge vius vki dks ml –f"V ls ugha ns[k ikrs gSa ftlls nwljs gesa ns[krs gSAa cq<k+ ik thou ls ijs dqN ,slh pht+ gS ftldk eSa Hkhrj ls vuqHko ugha dj ik jgh gwA¡ 'kk;n esjk vga ml vareZu ds Hkhrj ugha ns[k ikrk] ;g ,slh oLrq gS ftls nwj ls gh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA fQj Hkh] dbZ ckj ge vk'oLr gksrs gSa fd geus viuh igpku ugha [kksbZ gSA ;gh çfØ;k cpiu [kksdj fd'kksjkoLFkk esa dne j[kus ij gksrh gS ij cpiu dh fLFkfr ls cnyko 'kq: gks tkrs gSa & vkokt++ cnyus yxrh gS] 'kjhj esa cnyko vkus yxrs gSa tks gesa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSAa bu cnykoksa dks euksoK S kfud ^igpku ladV* ¼vkbMsfa VVh ØkbZfll½ dgrs gSAa thou ds bu nks cnykoksa esa varj gksrk gSA fd'kksjkoLFkk esa dbZ dYiuk,¡ mM+ku Hkjrh gSa ¼vius Hkfo"; dh vksj vk'kk ls ns[kuk½]-- tcfd o`) dh dYiuk gh tokc ns pqdh gksrh gSa vkSj Hkfo"; va/kdkje; yxrk gS! ;g voLFkk ekufld volkn vkSj ekufld vk?kkr dks tUe nsrh gSA cq<k+ is dk vuqHko fdl vk;q esa gksrk gS] ;g vius&vius –f"Vdks.k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA fdlh dks ;g vuqHko tYnh gksus yxrk gS rks dksbZ thou ds vafre le; rd Hkh vius dks ;qok eglwl djrk gSA ;qok ckWMy + js us [kh> dj dgk Fkk & ^esjs thou esa brus laLej.k gSa tks ,d gt+kj o"kZ ds o`) esa gksrs gSAa * ¶ykcVZ vius ifjokj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k cpiu ls gh vius dks cw<k+ le>rs FksA fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls vfFkZd fLFkfr esa fxjkoV vkus ds ckn mUgksu a s dgk Fkk & ^thou esa dksbZ lkj ugha jg x;k gS( vc bl fujk'kkiw.kZ volkn esa cq<k+ ik vk x;kA vius vki dks eSa lkS o"kZ dk cw<k+ vuqHko djrk gwA¡ * dqN yksx ,slk le>rs gSa fd cq<k+ ik mu ds fy, ugha gS] ;g rks nwljksa ds fy, gS] Bhd mlh rjg tSls fdlh dh ekSr dks ysdj yksx lksprs gSa fd ;g vkSjksa ds fy, gS] [kqn ds fy, ugha( vkSj dqN rks ,sls Hkh gksrs gSa tks 'kkjhfjd :i ls LoLFk fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa ij vius vki dks cw<k+ eglwl djrs gSAa bl euksoK S kfud rF; ij vius fopkj j[krs gq, 57@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 57@o`

fleksu crkrh gSa & ^la?k"kZe; thou fcrkus okys yksx vius vki dks tYn gh cw<k+ eglwl djrs gSa ;|fi 'kkjhfjd rkSj ij os cw<s+ ugha fn[kkbZ nsrAs çks- cksjfy;j dh Vhe us 107 ipiu&o"khZ; Ldwyh f'k{kdksa dk los{Z k.k fd;k vkSj ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd 40% f'k{kd viuh vk;q ls vf/kd ;qok eglwl djrs gSa tcfd 3% vf/kd cw<As+ 1954 bZ- esa vesfjdk ds VdekWu ,aM yksxZs dh Vhe us 1032 yksxksa ls ç'u fd;k rks ik;k fd lkB o"kZ ds yksx vius dks cw<k+ ugha ekurs tcfd 53% vLlh o"khZ; vius dks cw<k+ eglwl djrs gSAa ,sls gh ç'u o`)kJe ds yksxksa ls iwNs x, rks mudk mÙkj Fkk& eSa cw<k+ ugha gw-¡ -- eSa cq<k+ is ds ckjs esa lksprk Hkh ugha--- eSa dHkh MkWDVj ds ikl ugha tkrk--- eSa rks vHkh chl dk eglwl djrk gw-¡ --A dqN rks ;g le>rs gSa fd os vk;q dh lhek ls ijs gS-a -- os vU; ls vyx gSAa ,sls yksx vius vki dks /kks[kk nsrs gSAa HkM+dhys diM+s igu dj] esdvi djds ;k pky&<ky ls ;g trkrs gSa fd os cw<s+ ugha gSa vkSj ,sls yksx vius vki dks vk'oLr Hkh dj ysrs gSAa dqN yksx bl çdkj ds –f"Vdks.k dks Nykok dgrs gSa vkSj cq<k+ is dks ?k`f.kr –f"V ls ns[krs gSAa enke n lsfous us cw<k+ as dh n;uh; ifjfLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, 15 vçSy 1635 dks dgk Fkk fd ^fdruk viekutud gksrk gS bl vk;q esa ekufld vkSj 'kkjhfjd cks> dks ?klhVuk] eSa rks pkgwx¡ h fd ,d lqna j Nfo yksxksa ds chp NksM+ tkÅ¡ u fd ,d iaxq vkSj vikfgt dhA fdrus vPNs gSa os ns'k tgk¡ cw<k+ as ij n;k djds mUgsa bPNke`R;q dh Loh—fr nh tkrh gSA* le; ds lkFk O;fä dk MhyMkSy Hkh cny tkrk gS vkSj ;g ifjorZu bruk èkhjs gksrk gS fd jkst+ ns[kus okys dks bldk vglkl ugha gksrk] ijarq ,d yacs le; ds ckn feyus okyk bl ifjorZu ij u dsoy vk'p;Zpfdr jgrk gS cfYd bldk bt+gkj Hkh djrk gSA og ;g Hkwy tkrk gS fd ;gh Hkko lkeus okys O;fä ds eu&efLr"d esa Hkh esjs ckjs esa ?kwe jgs gSAa bl eu%fLFkfr ds ckjs esa fleksu dk dguk gS & ^tks yksx gesa fuR; ns[krs gSa os gekjs psgjs ds cnyko ij flQZ bruk gh dg ldrs gSa fd psgjs esa xaHkhjrk vkSj çkS<i+ u vk x;k gS( ijarq tks gesa dbZ o"kksZa ckn ns[krs gS]a os eglwl djrs gSa fd ge cq<k+ is dh vksj tk jgs gSAa bl 58@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 58@o`

çfrfØ;k dks ge dHkh g¡lh esa mM+k nsrs gSa ;k dHkh Øks/k ls ;k xaHkhjrk ls ns[krs gSAa eSu a s vc rd fdlh efgyk dks thou esa ;k iqLrdksa esa Hkh eqLdqjkdj cq<k+ is dh ckr dk Lokxr djrs ugha ns[kk gSA iq#"kksa esa vkRedkeqdrk ¼ukflZfl;r½ dh >yd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA os vius vki ls bruk çse djrs gSa fd 'kjhj ij vk, dqN nkx Hkh mUgsa Lohdkj ugha gksrAs vkWjxu us fy[kk gS fd ^esjs gkFkksa ij vk, rkEckbZ /kCcs fpYykdj esjh o`)koLFkk dk irk nsrs gSAa * fy;ksukMksZ MkW- foaph tSls o`) fp=dkj us vius vkRefp= esa c<+rs lQ+ns cky] nk<+h vkSj HkkSoa s fpf=r djus ij Hkh eq[keaMy dh vkHkk ;qok dh j[kh gS( ekuks vius lÙkj o"khZ; fp= esa ipkl o"khZ; eq[k dks fpf=r fd;k gksA ge Lohdkj djsa ;k u djsa gesa rks o`)koLFkk dk thou fcrkuk gh iM+rk gSA LokLF; ds ckjs esa o`) vius d"V fNikus dk ç;kl djrs gSAa çk;% os xoZ ls ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd mUgsa MkWDVj ds ikl tkus dh vko';drk Hkh ugha iM+rhA gks ldrk gS fd os fpfdRlk ugha djokuk pkgrs] ij bldk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd os vLoLFk ugha gSAa bl eqís ij çdk'k Mkyrh gSa fleksu & ^vius LokLF; ds çfr mnklhurk o`)ksa dk ,d fn[kkok ek= gksrk gS tcfd os fpafrr jgrs gSa vkSj bl fpark ds cgkus Hkh <w< ¡ r + s gSAa dHkh&dHkh lsokfuo`fÙk dks viuh vLoLFkrk dk dkj.k crkrs gSa D;ksfa d mudk in fNu x;k ftl ij os brjkrs jgsA ,MeaM n xksudksVZ us viuh vLoLFkrk ls vf/kd fpafrr jgus dk dkj.k 10 twu 1892 ds ^tuZy* esa crk;k gS&a ^,d NksVh [kjksp a ;k fdlh foijhr dkj.k ls ekSr dk Hk; Nk tkrk gSA* fy;ksVkWM dgrs gSa fd <yku dh vksj nkSMr + h ftanxh xgjs] vkSj xgjs] mrjrh tkrh gSA <yku dh vksj tkrk thou ,d vfuok;Z çfØ;k gS( ijarq ;g fdruh /kheh ;k fdruh rst+ gksrh gS] bls thou dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ r; djrh gSAa dHkh fdlh dks ân;k?kkr ;k i{kk?kkr gks x;k rks thou dh xfr vpkud èkheh gks tkrh gSA ijarq ;g 'kkjhfjd ls vf/kd ekufld çHkko ij fuHkZj djrk gSA tSlk fd DykWMy s us dgk & ^vLlh o"kZ dk o`)! u vk¡[k] u dku] u nk¡r] u iSj--- tc ;s lc pys x, vkSj fQj Hkh vPNh rjg th jgs gSa rks fdruk vk'p;Z gksrk gS!* vLlh o"kZ dh vk;q esa okYVs;j dgrs gSa & ^ân; cw<k+ ugha gksrk ij nq[k ;g gS fd og th.kZ 'kjhj esa clrk gSA ;g lgh gS fd eSa cgjk] yxHkx vaèkk vkSj iaxq gks x;k gw]¡ fQj Hkh thus 59@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 59@o`

dh vk'kk ugha NksMr + kA* ;g O;fä dh eufldrk vkSj lksp ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd og fdl fLFkfr esa gSA ;fn og ;g lkspus yxs fd og iaxq gS ;k cgjk gS vkSj pyuk NksM+ nsrk gS ;k lquuk NksM+ ns rks og lpeqp oSlk gh gks tkrk gSA mldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ftu vaxksa dk dke euq"; NksM+ nsrk gS os det+kjs gks tkrs gSAa ,sls o`) thou dh vk'kk NksM+ nsrs gSa vkSj lkjs lalkj ij vius vlgk; gksus dk nks"k e<+ nsrs gSAa ;g fLFkfr o`)kJeksa esa çk;% ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ifjfLFkfr dk lkeuk djus okys yksx bu detksfj;ksa dks nwj djus ds mik; fudky gh ysrs gSa tSls udyh nk¡r] p'ek] lquus dh e'khu] NM+h vkfn( ftudh lgk;rk ls os jkste + jkZ ds dk;Z fu;fer dj ldsAa tks yksx viuh fparkvksa dks nwj j[krs gSa vkSj fdlh Hkh det+kjs h ds lekèkku [kkst ysrs gSa os vius cq<k+ is dks vkjkensg vkSj ljy cuk ysrs gSAa tSlk fd osful ds dksujZs ks us dgk Fkk & ^eSa vius nksLrks]a iq=ks]a ikS=ksa ls f?kjk jgrk gw]¡ lqu&i<+&fy[k ldrk gw]¡ ?kqMl + okjh vkSj f'kdkj dj ldrk gw¡ rks esjk cq<k+ ik et+s esa xqtj+ jgk gS( eSa bl cq<k+ is dks viuh tokuh ds cnys Hkh ugha cnyuk pkgwx¡ kA* mUgksu a s viuh de t+:jrksa dks Hkh bl lq[kn fLFkfr dk dkj.k crk;k vkSj lkS o"kZ dh vk;q esa muds LoLFk o lar"q V thou dk var gqvkA ,d iqjkuk eqgkojk gS & LoLFk 'kjhj esa LoLFk efLr"dA tc rd eu vkSj 'kjhj LoLFk jgrs gS]a vPNs thou dh vk'kk cuh jgrh gSA tc 'kjhj vkSj efLr"d lkFk&lkFk ugha pyrs rks thou esa fo—fr;k¡ vk tkrh gSa vkSj mUgsa dgk¡ igqp ¡ k ldrh gSa bldk mnkgj.k gsfeaXos ds thou ls fy;k tk ldrk gSA lkfgR; ds f'k[kj ij igqp ¡ dj Hkh bl miU;kldkj dks vkRegR;k djuh iM+h FkhA ,slh fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa fleksu crkrh gSa fd o`) ds thou dks ml le; fujk'kk ?ksj ysrh gS tc mldh dkeukiwfrZ esa mldk 'kjhj lkFk ugha nsrkA rc og VwV tkrk gS ij vius eu dks le>kus dk ç;kl djrk gSA IysVks us dgk Fkk & tc 'kjhj dh vk¡[ksa e)e gks tkrh gSa rks vkRek dh vk¡[ksa [kqy tkrh gSAa lsud s k dgrs gSa fd vkRek dk tc 'kjhj ls dksbZ lac/a k ugha jg tkrk rks og Qwy dh rjg f[ky mBrh gSA blh çdkj viuh 60@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 60@o`

o`)koLFkk esa eu dks cgykus ds fy, VkWYLVk; us dgk Fkk & ekuo tkfr dk mRFkku o`)ksa ls gh gks ldrk gS D;ksfa d os vPNs vkSj cqf)eku euq"; gksrs gSAa eu dks cgykus ds fy, pkgs dqN Hkh cgkus <w< ¡ + ysa ij lPpkbZ ;g gS fd cq<k+ ik e`R;q ls cl ,d dne ihNs gksrk gSA ,sls esa 'kjhj th.kZ gksus ij Hkh fopkjksa ij vad'q k ugha jgrkA dqN cqf)thoh ;g dgdj vius eu dks Hkys gh le>k ysa fd mudk 'kjhj th.kZ gqvk rks D;k cqf) rks rhoz gS] ijarq lPpkbZ ;g gS fd vfèkdrj o`) ekufld o 'kkjhfjd chekfj;ksa ls tw>rs jgrs gSAa ,slh foo'krkvksa ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa fd vk;q ds lkFk ;|fi dkeqd xzfa Fk;k¡ ukdkjk gks tkrh gSa ijarq Ýk;M us ;g LFkkfir fd;k fd ySfa xd 'kfä yqIr gksus ds ckn Hkh dkefyIlk ¼fyfcMks½ dh 'kfä c<+ ldrh gS ;k det+kjs iM+ ldrh gS ij yqIr ugha gksrh( Bhd oSls gh tSls cpiu esa ;g ço`fÙk dkeqd xzfa Fk;ksa ij vk/kkfjr ugha gksrh & ;s xzfa Fk;k¡ rks 'kjhj ds fodkl ds lkFk fodflr gksrh gSAa blfy, ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd dkexzfa Fk;ksa ij dkeqdrk vk/kkfjr ugha gksrh vkSj ;g euq"; ds var rd lkFk jgrh gS Hkys gh og uiql a d gh D;ksa u gksA lk=Z us Hkh ;gh dgk Fkk fd ;g ekufldrk euq"; ds lkFk thou Hkj jgrh gS vkSj e`R;q ds lkFk gh bldk var gksrk gSA dkeqdrk euq"; ds eu esa ,slk ruko iSnk dj nsrh gS tks fueqfZ ä ds lkFk eu dks 'kkar dj nsrk gSA ;g ekufldrk [kkldj ;qokoLFkk esa rhoz gksrh gSA ckn esa ;g iw.kZ çse o vkuan dk :i ys ysrh gS ftlesa L=h&iq#"k ,d nwljs esa lekus dh çfØ;k dks [kkstrs gSa & ;g vkuan dkeqdrk ls fHkUu gksrk gSA ;g dguk x+yr gS fd cw<k+ as dk ;g lnkpkj blfy, gS fd muesa dkeqdrk ugha gksrhA cq<k+ is esa ;fn dksbZ O;fä viuh dkeqdrk ds dkj.k dqN djrk gS rks lekt mls çrkM+rk gS vkSj og txg¡lkbZ dk ik= cu tkrk gSA ^cw<k+ gksdj Hkh ,slk djrk gS] 'kje ugha vkbZ mls*& ,slk rkuk vdlj lquus esa vkrk gSA ^yksx D;k dgsxa *s dh euksof` Ùk esa og thrk gS vkSj viuh okluk dh ço`fÙk dks nckus dk ç;kl djrk gSA ,sls esa x`gLFk thou ,d cM+k lgkjk gksrk gS tks mldh bl okluk dks pkjnhokjh esa r`Ir dj 61@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 61@o`

ldrk gSA viuh iRuh dk lg;ksx mls lekt ds e[kkSy ls cpk ldrk gS vkSj viuh 'kkjhfjd nqcy Z rk ds dkj.k vlQy gksus dh laHkkouk ls ek;wlh Hkh ugha >syuh iM+rhA ;kSu thou ds ckjs esa fofHkUu o`) lkfgR;dkjksa dh vfHkO;fä dks [kaxkyrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa fd NVkscM aSz us viuh >qfjZ;ksa ds dkj.k viuk fp= cuokus ls badkj dj fn;k FkkA mUgksu a s viuh ,d —fr esa dgk gS & ^;fn rqe ;g dgksxh fd eSa rqEgsa vius firk dh rjg I;kj djrh gw¡ rks esjk eu Hk; ls Hkj tk,xk] ;fn rqe eq>s viuk çseh dgksxh rks eSa bls ekuus ls badkj dj nwx¡ k D;ksfa d rc eSa gj ;qod dks viuk çfr}a}h ekuus yxwx¡ kA rqEgkjh mnklhurk eq>s vius cq<k+ is dh ;kn fnyk,xh vkSj rqEgkjh utnhdh tyu iSnk djsxhA cq<k+ ik O;fä dks fdruk foo'k dj nsrk gS!* ,slk ugha gS fd gj o`) dh ;gh ekufldrk gksrh gSA Mîwl n ckSyka dks 66 o"kZ dh vk;q esa iq= gqvk vkSj 1702 bZ- esa lÙkj o"kZ dh vk;q esa mUgksu a s rhljk fookg jpk;k FkkA VkYLVkW; ds ckjs esa ;g çfl) Fkk fd os lÙkj o"kZ dh vk;q esa Hkh yacs lQ+j ls ykSVdj viuh iRuh ls çse&ØhM+k djrs FksA osYl us Mksyjl ls lkB o"kZ dh vk;q esa çse fd;k Fkk vkSj mUgsa viuh ;kSu'kfä ij vk'p;Z Hkh FkkA ;g vkSj ckr gS fd 66 o"kZ dh vk;q esa mUgksu a s Mksyjl ls lac/a k foPNsn dj fy;k vkSj ,d vU; yM+dh fefYgV ls lac/a k tksM+ fy;k tks yacs le; rd pykA pkyhZ pSifyu us Åuk ls <yrh mez esa C;kg jpk;k FkkA fidklks dks lkB o"kZ ikj djus ds ckn QSd a ksl fxyksV ls nks cPps gq, FksA ikCyks dSlYl us vLlh o"kZ dh vk;q esa viuh f'k";k ls C;kg jpk;k FkkA ,sls vufxur mnkgj.k nsdj fleksu us ;g tryk;k fd o`)koLFkk esa Hkh yksx ySfa xd lac/a k cukrs gSa vkSj lfØ; jgrs gSAa efgykvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa fd iq#"kksa ds eqdkcys esa vk;q ds lkFk efgykvksa esa ;kSfud cnyko vf/kd ugha gksrk gSA fdUls dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj efgyk,¡ ;kSu fo"k;ksa esa vfèkd fLFkj jgrh gSAa jksx foKku dh –f"V ls Hkh ;g çekf.kr gqvk gS fd efgykvksa dh ;kSuPs Nk o`)koLFkk esa Hkys gh de gks tk, ij iw.kZ:i ls cq>rh ugha gSA ijarq bfrgkl vkSj lkfgR; esa o`) efgykvksa ds bl i{k ij dksbZ çkekf.kd rF; ugha feyrs( tcfd iq#"kksa us bl fo"k; ij [kqy dj fy[kk gS ftuesa cukZMZ 'kkW] 62@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 62@o`

'kksiu s gkWoj] fxns] รกwxks] fidklks vkfn ds laLej.k mYys[kuh; gSAa thou dh la/;k esa lHkh ,sls lq[ke; thou dh dkeuk djrs gSa ftlesa vU; lq[klqfo/kkvksa ds lkFk ;kSulq[k Hkh feys] tks ,d Hkze gSA ;g 'kkjhfjd foo'krk gh dgh tk,xh fd o`) bl lq[k ls vkaf'kd :i esa gh lgh] oafpr jgrs gS(a vkSj ;g ,d lR; gSA

63@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 63@o`

o`)koLFkk % le;] fØ;k'khyrk] bfrgkl ,d iqjkuh dgkor gS fd euq"; ugha le; cyoku gksrk gSA le; ds lkFk euq"; ds lac/a k] lksp vkSj lfØ;rk& lHkh esa cnyko vkrk gSA cpiu ds lac/a k fd'kksjkoLFkk esa NwV tkrs gSa vkSj lkFkh cny tkrs gSAa le; ds lkFk lkFkh fcNqM+ tkrs gSa & dksbZ LokLF; ds dkj.k rks dksbZ dky ds xky esa lekus ds dkj.kA dkj.k pkgs tks Hkh gks] le; ds lkFk lfØ;rk f'kfFky iM+ tkrh gS vkSj ;g f'kfFkyrk varr% bfrgkl esa cny tkrh gSA bu cnykoksa ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, fleksu n cqvk viuh iqLrd ^vksYM ,t* esa crkrh gSa fd ^tSl&s tSls le; chrrk gS] gekjk vrhr yack gksrk tkrk gS vkSj Hkfo"; NksVkA lk=Z us dgk Fkk fd vrhr ,slh oLrq ugha gS ftls ge gkFk esa idM+ dj j[k ldsa vkSj ?kqek&fQjk dj bldks pkjksa vksj ls ns[k ldsAa thou esa dqN Qsj&cny djuk gS rks mls vrhr esa ugha] orZeku esa djuk gksrk gS vius vrhr dks ;kn j[krs gq,A vrhr gesa dsoy niZ.k fn[kkrk gS fd ge D;k FksA rHkh rks vjLrq us o`)ksa ds ckjs esa dgk Fkk& os mEehn ls vf/kd ;knksa ds lgkjs thrs gSAa ekWfj;kd us vius cpiu dk Lej.k djrs gq, dgk Fkk & ^;|fi dksbZ cw<k+ cpiuk ugha djrk ijarq og xksiuh; rkSj ij cpiu esa ykSVuk pkgrk gS vkSj vius lacks/ku esa ^ek¡* dk ç;ksx djus yxrk gSA cw<s+ vDlj le; dks udkjrs gSa vkSj ;g le>rs gSa fd os vHkh toku gSAa ,slh lksp dbZ o`)ksa esa ns[kh xbZ gS & pkgs og I;kjh ukuh gks ;k vodk'kçkIr ukuk ;k dksbZ o`) jpukdkjA lHkh ;g Hkze ikys jgrs gSa fd os vHkh ;qok gSa vkSj mUgksu a s vk;q dks ekr ns nh gSA LokLF; vkSj Lej.k'kfä dh Hkh ,d lhek gksrh gSA ç'u ;g gS fd dksbZ O;fä vius vrhr dks dgk¡ rd ;kn j[k ldrk gS vkSj le;&le; ij mldk fdruk Lej.k djrk gS\ ,sls gh dqN ç'uksa ij fopkj O;ä djrs gq, fleksu dgrh gSa fd ^gekjs efLr"d esa dqN fp= vkSj dqN ;knsa jg tkrh gSa ijarq ;s ;knsa VqdM+k&as VqdM+kas esa clh jgrh gSAa bUgsa ,d lw= esa ck¡/kuk mlh le; laHko gksrk gS tc ;s fyf[kr :i esa lqjf{kr gksa & tSls fdlh Mk;jh esAa tc eSa lk=Z ;k viuh cgu ls ckr djrh gw¡ 64@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 64@o`

rks yxrk gS fd fiNyh dqN ,slh ckrsa Fkha tks eq>s ;kn ugha jghaA ,slh foLej.k'khyrk ds dqN dkj.k gksrs gSa tSls tjkxzLr Le`fr vkSj lsjc s y sz vkFkksLZ Dysjksfll tks o`)koLFkk dh chekfj;k¡ gSAa blfy, tc ge vius vrhr dh ?kVukvksa dk Lej.k djrs gSa rks iwjk fp= ugha ns[k ikrs] mldh ijNkbZa ek= fn[kkbZ nsrh gS( ftls lk=Z ds 'kCnksa esa ^,d çdkj dk vko';d vHkko* dgk tk ldrk gSA vrhr dk fp= tks gesa ;kn vkrk gS og O;kid Hkys gh gks ij mlesa le; vkSj LFkku dk vHkko jgrk gSA tc eSa vius laLej.k fy[kus dh lksp jgh Fkh rks eSu a s eglwl fd;k fd tks fp= efLr"d esa mHkj jgs gS]a os VqdM+k&as VqdM+kas esa gS]a blfy, eSu a s laLej.k fy[kus dk [+k;ky R;kx fn;kA* Hkwyh&fcljh ;knsa tks eu&efLr"d esa jg tkrh gS]a fdlh Hkh le; O;fä nksgjk ysrk gS ijarq dbZ ,slh ?kVuk,¡ thou esa gksrh gSa ftudks efLr"d ;kn ugha j[krkA tSl&s tSls le; chrrk tkrk gS os ekul iVy ls feV tkrh gSa vkSj ,slk yxrk gS tSls os ?kVh gh u gksAa rHkh rks ekWfj;kd us dgk Fkk & ^o`) O;fä ds laLej.k mu phafV;ksa dh rjg gSa ftudh ckach VwV xbZ gS vkSj bu phafV;ksa ij yacs le; rd –f"V fVdkbZ ugha tk ldrhA* fleksu us dbZ lkfgR;dkjksa ds dFku m)`r djrs gq, fu"d"kZ fudkyk gS fd tSl&s tSls o"kZ chrrs tkrs gSa gesa viuk orZeku gh lp yxrk gS] vrhr rks lp Fkk gh( ij mldh ;knksa dh vkt ds okrkoj.k esa dYiuk yxrh gSAa ml thou dh rkt+xh] u;kiu vkSj çQqYyrk & lHkh vrhr dh dks[k esa lek x,] jg xbZ dsoy ijNkbZAa thou dk lkjk vrhr Hkh o`) ds lkFk ugha jgrk] cl dqN ;knsa jg tkrh gSAa ge orZeku esa thrs gSa ftlesa lqugjs Hkfo"; dh vk'kk gS vkSj vrhr dk dadky ihNs NwV x;k gSA orZeku & tc LFkku le; dk LFkku ys ysrk gS] ogh LFkku tks le; ds lkFk cny tkrk gSA mlh 'kgj dh xfy;k¡ vkt cnyh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gS]a le; ds lkFk mlh LFkku dk fdruk ifjorZu gks tkrk gSA bl çdkj] vrhr dk Hkfo"; tks vkt orZeku gS] fdruk fHkUu gksrk gS ml vrhr ls vkSj ;gh LFkku Hkfo"; esa vkSj cnyko yk,xkA vkilh lac/a kksa esa Hkh cnyko ns[ks tk ldrs gSAa dy ds fe= le; ds lkFk vkt vtuch gks tkrs gSa ;k ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k nwj gks tkrs gSa 65@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 65@o`

;k 'k=q cu tkrs gSAa fdlh fç; dh e`R;q ls vpkud vrhr NwV tkrk gSA ge vk;q esa ftruk vkxs c<+rs tk,ax]s mrus gh gekjs fç;tu gels NwVrs&fcNqMr + s tk,¡xAs rHkh rks] NVkscM aSz us dgk Fkk & ^esjk yack thou jkse dh ml lM+d dh rjg gS tgk¡ e`r O;fä;ksa dh çfrek,¡ [kM+h fn[kkbZ nsrh gSAa * tc gekjk dksbZ lkFkh ejrk gS rks gekjs cpiu dh os lkjh ;knsa Hkh xqe gks tkrh gSa tks mlds lkFk lacfa /kr FkhaA mu o`)ksa dh rks vkSj n;uh; fLFkfr gksrh gS ftuds fç; ;qokoLFkk esa e`R;q ds dkj.k fcNqM+ tkrs gSAa ftlds iq= dk fu/ku gks tkrk gS] mldk thou gh [kaMgj cu tkrk gS] tc mldh lkjh vk'kk,¡ vkSj vfHkyk"kk,¡ efV;kesV gks tkrh gSAa gemez fe= dh e`R;q dk vk?kkr dnkfpr mruk rhoz ugha gksrkA thou esa dHkh ,slk Hkh le; vkrk gS tc vuk;kl gh gesa vius iwot Z ;kn vk tkrs gSAa tc uxjokfl;ksa us ,aMjlu dk Lokxr lekjksg euk;k rks mudh vk¡[ksa Nyd iM+ha vkSj eq[k ls vuk;kl gh fudyk & ^fdrus çlUu gksrs ;fn esjs ekrk&firk bl lEeku dks ns[krs!* vius vrhr esa >k¡d dj O;fä dks xoZ dk vglkl ml le; gksrk gS tc mls viuk orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; mruk mTToy ugha fn[kkbZ nsrkA ,sls esa og vius vrhr dks ;kn djrs gq, Hkfo"; dks cpkus dk ç;kl djrk gSA 5 vçSy 1729 dks fLo¶+V us ,d i= esa fy[kk Fkk & ^eq>s cgqr nq[k gksrk gS tc eSa vkt ls chl o"kZ iwoZ ds thou vkSj vkt dks ns[krk gwA¡ tc eSa lqcg mBrk gw¡ rks igys dh rjg thou esa dksbZ lkj fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk( jkst+ dk ogh thou( tks dy Fkk ogh vkt!* bl mnklh dk dkj.k [kkstuk mruk nq"dj ugha gSA O;fä ogh curk gS tks mls mldk cpiu nsrk gSA cpiu ds thou dk çHkko mlds thou ds var rd mldk lkFk ugha NksMr + kA pfj= dk fuekZ.k Hkh ckY;dky ls gksrk gSA O;fä dh lksp vkSj ekufldrk Hkh cpiu ls gh fodflr gksus yxrh gSA blfy, fdlh Hkh O;fä dk cpiu mlds Hkfo"; dh uhao dgk tkrk gSA O;fä ds thou vkSj mlds cpiu ds çHkko ij fparu djrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa fd ;g cpiu gh gS tks o`) dk ihNk ugha NksMr + kA cpiu dh Nki bruh xgjh gksrh gS fd og thou ds var rd lkFk jgrh gSA bl ckr dks Ýk;M vkSj eksVa u s us 66@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 66@o`

vius rdksZa ls çekf.kr Hkh fd;k gSA ;qokoLFkk esa O;fä dks bruk le; ugha gksrk fd og vius cpiu dh bl Nki ds ckjs esa lksps ij tSlk fd uksfM;j us dgk & ^ç—fr dh ;g lcls cM+h —ik gS fd o`)koLFkk esa O;fä vius cpiu dh Le`fr esa vklkuh ls ykSV ldrk gSA* 10 ebZ 1906 dks viuh Mk;jh esa 78 o"khZ; VkWYLVk; us fy[kk Fkk & ^lkjk fnu mnklh esa chr tkrk gSA 'kke <yrs eu esa ,d gwd mBrh gS fd dksbZ eq>s lgyk,] I;kj djs] ogh Lusg ns tks eq>s cpiu esa ek¡ dh xksn esa feyk vkSj eSa mldh ck¡g ls fpid dj jksÅ¡ mlh rjg tSls cpiu esa jksrk Fkk--- ek¡--- mBk yks eq>-s --! tkurk gw¡ fd ;g lc nhokuxh gS ysfdu ;g lp Hkh gSA* os viuh ek¡ dks ;kn djrs gSa tks mUgsa nks o"kZ dh vk;q esa NksMd + j bZ'oj dks I;kjh gks xbZ FkhA ,aMjlu Hkh o`)koLFkk esa vius cpiu ds fe=ksa dks ;kn fd;k djrs FksA uhan ls mBdj mu NksVh&NksVh ?kVukvksa dks viuh Mk;jh esa mrkjrs Fks tks muds cpiu ls tqMh+ gqbZ FkhA nksLrksa ls yM+uk] fcNM+uk--- ekuks os cpiu dks fQj ls th jgs gksAa ,d LoIu esa mUgksu a s vius fe= ehfLyax ls ckr dh tks lnk mudk e[kkSy mM+k;k djrk vkSj yM+rk jgrk FkkA ml LoIu esa mudh lkSgknZi.w kZ ckrphr ds ckn mUgksu a s Mk;jh esa fy[kk& ^vc vkSj ugha Bgj ldrk] eSa bl lw[ks iÙks ls thou ls NqVdkjk ikuk pkgrk gwA¡ * vkSj dqN gh le; ckn mudk nsgkar gks x;kA ,sls dbZ mnkgj.k nsdj fleksu us ;g çfrikfnr fd;k fd o`)koLFkk esa O;fä fQj cpiu esa ykSV vkrk gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd O;fä dh ekufldrk ij cpiu lnk gkoh jgrk gS ijarq ;qokoLFkk dh O;Lrrk ds dkj.k og ml ij /;ku ugha nsrk vkSj o`)koLFkk esa cpiu dh ;knsa iqu% ykSV vkrh gSAa os crkrh gSa fd vrhr gh esjh orZeku fLFkfr dk dkj.k gS vkSj orZeku gh esjs Hkfo"; dk dkj.k cusxk & vPNk ;k cqjk! xkWtZ dk ekuuk gS fd tc O;fä cpiu dks NksMr + k gS vkSj fd'kksjkoLFkk esa inkiZ.k djrk gS rcls mlds thou esa tks ifjorZu vkrk gS og ,d vyx O;fäRo dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA rc ls o`)koLFkk rd ,d yack thou mlds ihNs vrhr ds :i esa jgrk gS vkSj og bl vrhr dk ca/kd cu tkrk gSA og tkurk gS fd vc mlds Hkfo"; esa fxus&pqus o"kZ cps gSAa yxrk gS fd le; dh jsr rsth+ 67@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 67@o`

ls fQlyrh tk jgh gSA cpiu esa ,d ?kaVk Hkh yack le; yxrk Fkk vkSj ;qokoLFkk esa tSls le; mM+ jgk gSA le; ds bl varj dk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k ;g gS fd fo|kFkhZ d{kk dk ,d l= Hkh cspu S h ls dkVrk gS tcfd ;qokoLFkk esa fnu vkSj eghus ,sls mM+ tkrs gSa fd irk gh ugha pyrk( tSls o"kZ vHkh çkjaHk gqvk ugha fd o"kkar Z bruh tYnh vk x;k! fleksu us bl fo"k; ij dqN fo}kuksa dks m)`r fd;k gS & 'kkWiu s gkoj dgrs gSa & ^cpiu esa fnu bruk yack yxrk gS fd fcrk, ugha chrrk] ,d ?kaVs dk ikB Hkh Fkdku ns tkrk gSA ;gh vuqHkwfr lQ+j ds le; gksrh gS tc ,d eghus dk lQ+j bruk yack yxrk gS tks ?kj esa pkj ekg ds leku gksA* bl ckjs esa vkpkj'kkL=h tkWtZ dkWUMkfeukl crykrs gSa & ^gesa ;g le>uk pkfg, fd ?kj esa fcrk, fnu dh rqyuk esa ;k=k esa fcrk, fnu dk Lej.k gekjs efLr"d ds ,d cM+s Hkkx dks ?ksj ysrk gSA* v;ksuLs dks vius cpiu dks ;kn djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd ^çkbejh Ldwy ds fnuksa esa iaæg feuV dk le; Hkh bruk yack gksrk fd ge [ksy Hkh ysrs vkSj nwljs [ksy ds fy, dqN le; Hkh cpk jgrkA* tc cpiu NwV tkrk gS vkSj ge c<+us yxrs gSa rks oLrq,¡ NksVh yxus yxrh gS]a gekjs 'kjhj esa 'kfä dk lapkj gksus yxrk gS vkSj le; dh lgh igpku cuus yxrh gSA nwljh vksj] cq<k+ is esa cgqr de pht+as gesa çHkkfor djrh gS]a dqN Hkh u;k ugha fn[kkbZ nsrk vkSj ge vf/kd le; fdlh fo"k; ;k oLrq ij x+kjS ugha dj ikrsA o`)koLFkk esa O;fä le> pqdk gksrk gS fd mlus thou dks ik fy;k gS vkSj vc mlds fy, dqN 'ks"k cpk ugha gSA Hkfo"; esa dksbZ vkSj cM+h miyfC/k mlds fy, ugha gSA tSlk fd lk=Z us dgk gS& ^ekuo&lPpkbZ lnk gh lhfer jgh gS Hkys gh og vej gks D;ksfa d euq"; gksuk gh vius vki esa lhfer gSA* NVkscM aSz us dgk Fkk & ^esjh fd'kksjkoLFkk esa laHkkouk,¡ f{kfrt rd QSyh gqbZ Fkha( ij vc eSa viuh y{e.k&js[kk ls ,d dne vkxs c<+kus esa Hkh v{ke gwA¡ * gekjs lhfer Hkfo"; vkSj tM+hHkwr vrhr ds chp >wyrh ;g o`)koLFkk xfrghu gks tkrh gS ftlesa u tkus fdruh ;kstuk,¡ dk;kZfUor gqbaZ vkSj fdruh NwV xbZAa thou ds bl eksM+ ij Hkh O;fä fujk'k ugha gksrkA og vius v/kwjs dk;ksZa 68@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 68@o`

dks iwjk djus dk dke viuh Hkkoh ih<+h dks lkSia nsrk gSA bl çdkj og vius uke vkSj dke dh e'kky dks tyk, j[kus dh vk'kk dks thfor j[krk gSA varr% o`) viuk lkjk thou lesVrk gS vkSj mls lHkh dqN ykSVkuk iM+rk gSA rHkh rks ,d 'kk;j us dgk gS& ^bd gkFk ls nsrh gS nqfu;k nks gkFkksa ls ys ysrh gS* ¼lkfgj yqfèk;kuoh½A dqN bUgha Hkkoksa dks ysdj fleksu dgrh gSa & ^cq<k+ ik lkjs thou dk fupksM+ ugha gksrkA le; gesa nqfu;k Hkj dh pht+as nsrk gS ij mlh rsth+ ls gels Nhu Hkh ysrk gSA ge lh[krs gSa vkSj fQj Hkwy tkrs gS(a ge dekrs gSa vkSj mlh /ku dks yqVk Hkh nsrs gSAa * ekWfj;kd us dgk Fkk & ^u deh] u fxjkoV vkSj u vehjh & ,d leku % ,slk gksrk gS cq<k+ ikA ftruk thou Hkj latks;k] mlesa ls cgqr de jg tkrk gSA fdruk i<+k Fkk bu ipkl o"kksZa es]a vc fdruk cpk gS\* gsfj;V dgk djrs Fks & ^laL—fr gh cph gS] ckdh lc fclj x;k gSA* o`)koLFkk dk ,d ykHk gS & vuqHko] vkSj blh vuqHko ds dkj.k o`)ksa ds gkFk esa jkT; dh ckxMksj jgh gSA jktuhfr dk ykHk cw<k+ as dks ml le; gh fey ldk tc fo'o esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gq,A ifjorZu'khy fo'o esa o`) ekufldrk ;FkkfLFkfr cuk, j[krh gS tks jktuhfr esa gkfudkjd gks ldrh gSA 69 o"khZ; lkE;oknh varksy Ý+kl a dk mnkgj.k lkeus gS] ftUgksu a s 1913 esa ;g dgk Fkk fd fo'o ds lHkh ns'k 'kkafr pkgrs gSa vkSj teZuh ls ykSVus ds ckn crk;k Fkk fd og ns'k Hkh ;q) ugha pkgrkA vxLr 1914 dh ?kVukvksa ij os vokd jg x,A tuojh 1916 esa mUgksu a s fy[kk& ^thuk nwHkj gks x;k gSA eSa viuh ekufldrk [kks jgk gw¡ & eq>s yksxksa dh Øwjrk ls vf/kd mudh ew[kZrk ij nq[k gks jgk gSA* o`) dh jktuSfrd xfrfof/k Hkh mlds dke dh rjg vrhr ls ynh jgrh gSA blhfy, vDlj og vkt dh ;qok lksp dks le>us esa ukdke jgrk gSA xqgUs uks us 1940 esa fy[kk Fkk & ^gekjh vk;q ds yksxksa esa dqN flgju Hkjh ;knsa gSAa * ;gh dkj.k gS 1914 vkSj 1940 esa ^;q)* vkSj ^'kkafr* ds ogh vFkZ ugha jgsA le; ds lkFk ugha pyusokys fiNM+ tkrs gSAa Ý+kl a dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dh thusV oeks'Z k bldk mnkgj.k gSAa LVkfyu dh e`R;q ds ckn Ý+kl a dh ikVhZ dh lksp esa cnyko vk jgs Fks ij thusV 69@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 69@o`

:l ds leFkZu esa gh yxh jghaA bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd mudh lksp fiNM+ xbZ vkSj varr% mUgsa ikVhZ ls R;kxi= nsuk iM+kA tc Hkfo"; dk }kj can fn[kkbZ nsrk gS rks o`) vrhr ij viuk loZLo nk¡o ij yxk nsrk gS ftldk Qy mls fujk'kk ds :i esa feyrk gSA çk;% ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd Økafr ;qok ih<+h ds gkFkksa gksrh gS vkSj tc os o`) gks tkrs gSa rks mUgsa gVk fn;k tkrk gS ;k os [kqn gV tkrs gSAa bldk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k pfpZy gSAa ;q) ds le; 66 o"khZ; pfpZy dks ç/kkuea=h cuk;k x;k FkkA rc mUgksu a s turk ls dgk Fkk & ^rqEgsa nsus ds fy, esjs ikl dqN ugha gS flok; jä] Losn vkSj vk¡lw dsA* mUgksu a s viuh lksp vkSj çsj.kk ls lQyrk çkIr dhA ysfdu fo'o;q) dh lekfIr ds ckn tc 'kkafr LFkkfir gks xbZ rks os ,d ukdke ç/kkuea=h lkfcr gq, vkSj mUgsa inP;qr gksuk iM+kA rc mUgksu a s dgk Fkk& ^tc rqe cw<s+ gks tkrs gks rks rqe vf/kdrj vrhr esa thrs gksA* thou ds var rd xka/kh LoLFk Fks vkSj os vius ns'k dks Lora= djkus ds vkanksyu esa lQy jgsA mUgksu a s jktuhfr esa /keZ dks tksM+ dj ns'k dks Lora=rk fnykus esa lQyrk rks çkIr dj yh ij thou ds vafre fnuksa esa yksxksa dh /keka/Z krk ds dkj.k nq[k >syAs vfgalk dk iqtkjh vius pkjksa vksj fgalk dk rkaMo ns[krk jgkA rc mUgksu a s dgk Fkk & ^esjk ân; nq[k ls Hkjk gSA eq>s thus dh bPNk ugha gSA eSa vius fe=ksa dh lksp ls lger ugha gwA¡ vc esjs fy, Hkkjr esa LFkku ugha gS tgk¡ fgalk dk lSykc vk;k gqvk gSA* jktuhfrK bfrgkl cukrk gS rks bfrgkl mls feVkrk gSA pfpZy vkSj xka/kh blds çek.k gSAa os vius vrhr esa thrs jgs vkSj orZeku ds ifjorZu dks ugha le> ik,A o`)ksa esa çpfyr eqgkojk gS& ^gekjs le; es-a -A* os vius vrhr esa thrs gSa vkSj le; ds lkFk ugha pyrsA orZeku dks nsus ds fy, muds ikl dqN ugha cprk( os vlgk; vkSj 'kfäghu gks tkrs gSAa çk;% yksx yach vk;q dk vk'khokZn nsrs gSAa ;g vk'khokZn fl) gksrk gS ;k vfHk'kki] ;g mudk Hkfo"; gh crk,xkA vdlj ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd yach mez ikus okyk t+ekus ds FkisMs [kkrs gq, vf/kd nq[k >syrk gSA yach vk;q vkSj nq[k dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, fleksu crkrh gS& ^O;fä 70@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 70@o`

dh vk;q ftruh yach gksrh gS] mls mruk gh ,dkdhiu >syuk iM+rk gSA lHkh fç;tu ,d ds ckn ,d NwVrs tkrs gSa & ekrk] firk] pkpk] ekek] HkkbZ] cgu] fe= vkSj dHkh&dHkh iRuh Hkh( rc mls yxrk gS fd thou vaR;sf"V;ksa dk ,d flyflyk gSA mlds bnZfxnZ og ;qok ih<+h ?kwerh jgrh gS ftls mlus xksn esa f[kyk;k Fkk vkSj og vc ,d ^misf{kr oLrq* dh rjg ,d dksus esa iM+k gS e`R;q dh çrh{kk esAa * vk;q ds vuqlkj e`R;q dks ns[kus dk vyx&vyx –f"Vdks.k gksrk gSA cPps ds fy, e`R;q ,d dkSrgw y gS rks ;qod ds fy, ,d ,slk lR; ftl ij lkspus ds fy, mlds ikl vHkh le; ugha gS vkSj o`) ds fy, ;g mldh dkeuk gksrh gS! fofHkUu çdkj ds –f"Vdks.k çLrqr djrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa fd gj o`) tkurk gS fd e`R;q ,d lR; gS ijarq ;g ^tkuuk* fdruk vFkZ j[krk gS\ dksbZ Hkh vej ugha gSA e`R;q ,d cká rRo gS tks fdlh ds cl esa ugha gSA dksbZ e`R;q dh dkeuk djs Hkh rks ^le;* vkus rd og ugha ej ldrkA e`R;q dk iwokZue q ku Hkys gh yxk ys ij fuf'pr rkSj ij dksbZ ugha dg ldrk fd dc ekSr vk,xhA lÙkj o"khZ; osYl us dgk Fkk& ^eq>s yxrk gS fd eSa ,slk ckyd gw¡ ftls <sj lkjs lqna j f[kykSus nsdj fcLrj ij lksus ds fy, Hkst fn;k x;k gSA ijarq eSa vius f[kykSus NksM+ dj lksuk ugha pkgrkA* tc ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cny tkrh gSa vkSj thuk nwHkj gks tkrk gS rks ;qod vius dks cny ysrk gS ijarq o`) esa bu cnykoksa dk lkeuk djus dh 'kfä ugha jgrh] rc og ejus dh dkeuk djrk gSA vukrksys Ý+kl a ] osYl vkSj xka/kh blds mnkgj.k gSAa cpiu esa gekjh vk'kkvksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa dh lhek NksVh gksrh gS tks ;qokoLFkk rd igqp ¡ rs&igqp ¡ rs foLrkj ikrh gS vkSj o`)koLFkk esa iqu% ladfq pr gks tkrh gSA bu ladfq pr vkdka{kkvksa dh çkfIr ds ckn O;fä dks dqN djuk 'ks"k ugha jgrkA rc mls yxrk gS fd ^vc cl gks x;k*A ,d ckr ;g Hkh fd] o`)koLFkk esa e`R;q dk Hk; mruk ugha jgrk D;ksfa d ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd vLoLFk jgus ds ckotwn o`) MkWDVj ds ikl ugha tkrsA o`)koLFkk vkSj vLoLFkrk ds chp dh ckjhd js[kk dk ykHk mBkdj os ,slk djrs gSAa dqN 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dks ,d o`)kJe esa e`R;q ds ç'u ij tks mÙkj feys os bl çdkj Fks & fdlh fnu rks vkuk gh gS] gk¡ lksprs 71@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 71@o`

gS-a -- vDlj lksprs gS]a tc eSa lk¡l ysuk Hkwy tkÅ¡xk ml fnu---] tc eSa mnkl jgrk gw¡ rks bl ij lksprk gw]¡ nq[k&nnZ >syus ls vPNh gS e`R;q] ;g rks çk—frd çfØ;k gS] dqN yksx lksprs gSa ij eSa ugha] eSu a s dfczLrku esa vius fy, LFkku lqjf{kr djk fy;k gS] esjs fy, lq[kn eqfä gksxh] gk¡ lksprk gw-¡ - vkf[kj nwljksa ds fy, gesa LFkku tks cukuk gS] D;k lksp-as -yksx rks ej gh jgs gS]a e`R;q rks thou dh vxyh dM+h gS] jktk gks ;k jad lHkh dks tkuk gS] tcls eSa ;gk¡ vk;k gw¡ rcls lkspus yxk gwA¡ bu mÙkjksa ls ,d ckr lkeus vkrh gS fd dksbZ Hkh O;fä nq[k&nnZ >syus ls ekSr dks vf/kd ilan djrk gSA ,slk ugha gS fd e`R;q dh fpark ls o`) mnkl jgrk gS cfYd mldh fpark ds dkj.k gksrs gSa & mldk LokLF;] /ku vkSj Hkfo";A tc lHkh bPNk,¡ iwjh gks tkrh gSa rks thus dh bPNk 'ks"k ugha jgrh] rc ,dkdhiu ?ksj ysrk gS vkSj euq"; dHkh u var gksus okyh fuæk esa pyk tkuk pkgrk gSA dHkh x+kfyc us dgk Fkk & ^gt+kjksa [okfg'ksa ,slh fd gj [okfg'k is ne fudys*] vkSj tc gj [okfg'k iwjh gks tkrh gS rks ekuo ds ikl ,d gh [okfg'k 'ks"k jg tkrh gS & cl] vc rks ne fudys!!!

72@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 72@o`

73@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 73@o`

o`)koLFkk vkSj nSufa nu thou frjL—r] vHkkoxzLr] fuokZflr vkSj fujkfJr tSlk thou fcrkrk o`) Hkh euq"; gh gSA og jkste + jkZ dh ?kVukvksa dks dSls >sy jgk gS\ mlds ikl D;k fodYi cps gS\a vius cpko vkSj thou ;kiu dh D;k lqfoèkk,¡ o lalk/ku cps gS\a D;k og vius thou ds bl vafre nkSj dks lgus o viukus esa l{ke gS vkSj ;fn gS Hkh rks fdl ewY; ij\ ,sls lkjs ç'uksa dk mÙkj [kkstrh gqbZ fleksu n cqvk ^vksYM ,t* esa crkrh gSa & ^o`) dks dke djus dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gksrh vkSj u mls Hkfo"; dh dksbZ fpark gh gksrh gS] ijarq D;k mlds ikl bruh Lora=rk gS fd og gkFk ij gkFk /kjs thou fcrk lds\ 80 o"khZ; DykWMy s us fy[kk gS fd ^dqN vrhr dks ysdj vkg Hkjrs gSa rks dqN Hkfo"; dks ysdj!* dqN yksx dgrs gSa fd o`)koLFkk esa thou lq[ke; gksrk gS( tSls tqgkWUMks us dgk Fkk& eSu a s thou ls dHkh bruk eksg ugha fd;k ftruk fd vc] tcfd thou dh ;g ckjhd Mksj dHkh Hkh VwV ldrh gSA ekWfj;d Hkh yxHkx ;gh le>rs gSa tc os dgrs gS&a ^eSa fdlh oLrq ;k O;fä ls vius tqMk+ o dks vyx ugha dj ikrkA ;g gkFk tks esjs ?kqVus ij /kjk gS mlesa cg jgk jä] esjs lhus esa mB jgh Hkkoukvksa dk mQku] lHkh dks eSa eglwl djrk gw]¡ lc dqN brus vius tks eq>s thus dk vglkl fnykrs gSa vkSj trkrs gSa fd eSa ;gk¡ gwA¡ * Q+kUW Vusy dk dFku gS fd cq<k+ ik og le; gksrk gS tc vki vius cks;s isM+ dk Qy p[krs gS]a ;g le; vkuan dk gksrk gS] vkjke dk gksrk gSA ;g lgh gS fd cq<k+ ik og le; gksrk gS tc O;fä vkjke djrk gS( ijarq ,slk mlh ds fy, lkFkZd gS ftldh vkfFkZd fLFkfr fLFkj gSA og o`) D;k djs ftls th.kZ&{kh.k voLFkk esa Hkh nks twu jksVh dk tqxkM+ djuk gksrk gS\ mlds fy, çse] [kkuk] ihuk] /kweiz ku] [ksydwn & lHkh liuk gh rks gSA le; dh ekj us ftu ys[kdksa dks lq[kk fn;k gks os olar esa Hkh Qwy ds f[kyus dk lkSna ;Z D;k ns[k ldsxa s ;k fdlh lqxfa /kr Qwy dks vius lw[ks gkFkksa ls D;k rksM+ ldsxa !s ,aMjlu us vius ,d i= esa fy[kk Fkk& ^tc eSa cxhps esa xqykc ds ikS/kksa ds chp ?kwerk gw¡ rks mu 74@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 74@o`

Qwyksa dks eq>ls dgus ds fy, D;k cpk gS tks mUgksu a s vc rd ugha dgk\ dey ds iÙks ij fVdh ikuh dh cwn¡ ;k cgrh c;kj ds ikl dksbZ u;k lanl s k ugha gksrkA ihiy ;k nsonkj Hkh ogh laxhr lqukrs gSa tks eSa vc rd lqurk vk;k gwA¡ dksbZ u;k –'; ugha] dksbZ ubZ ckr ughaA eSa mnkl gks tkrk gwA¡ * cq<k+ is esa mnklh blfy, Hkh Nk tkrh gS fd O;fä vius ns[kus] le>us vkSj lquus dh 'kfä [kksrk tkrk gSA lHkh vax det+kjs iM+ tkrs gSa tcfd ;qokoLFkk LQwfrZ Hkjh gksrh gSA bl varj dk tk,t+k ysrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa & ^;qod ds fy, fo'o ,d varghu fo'okl vkSj vk'kkvksa dk iSxke fy, vkrk gS ftlesa ?kVukvksa dk laxhre; rkyesy gksrk gS( tcfd ;gh fo'o vkSj ;gh –'; o`) ds ân; esa dksbZ ubZ èkM+du iSnk ugha djrsA o`) jkslks us dgk Fkk& ^eSa ogha Fkk tgk¡ eSa gw]¡ eSa ogha tk jgk gw¡ tgk¡ eSa Fkk] dgha vkxs ughaA* o`)koLFkk esa jkste + jkZ dk dk;Z NksMu + s dk ;g vFkZ ugha gksrk fd [kqf'k;k¡ fNu xbZa vkSj Hkfo"; va/kdkje; gks x;kA bldk vFkZ ;g gksrk gS fd geesa ns[kus] lquus vkSj le>us dh 'kfä {kh.k gks xbZ gSA bu 'kfä;ksa dks ç;ksx djus dh {kerk esa fxjkoV vk xbZ gS vkSj ge dksbZ u;k ç;ksx ugha djuk pkgrs gS]a ;|fi geesa ,slk djus dh 'kfä bl vk;q esa Hkh cuh jgrh gSA dksbZ vkdka{kk ugha] dqN djuk ugha & ,slh ekufldrk o`) dks fuf"Ø; cukrh pyh tkrh gSA tks cw<s+ dqN djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj tks viuh viw.kZ bPNk,¡ iwjh djuk pkgrs gS]a muds fy, foLr`r Qyd [kqyk gksrk gSA o`)koLFkk esa pfpZy us fp=dyk dk viuk iqjkuk 'kkSd iwjk fd;k FkkA ;|fi o`)koLFkk esa dqN lh[kus dh bPNk ugha jg tkrh gS ij ;fn dksbZ pkgs rks bl vk;q esa Hkh dqN u;k lh[k ldrk gS] dqN u;k dj ldrk gSA lqdjkr dks o`)koLFkk esa Hkh dqN u;k tkuus dh mRlqdrk jgrh FkhA o`) ,oeksM Za dqN u;k tkuus ds fy, iqLrdksa dks [kaxkyrs FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd o`) dks dqN dk;Z esa O;Lr jguk pkfg, ojuk mldh mRdaBrk ej tkrh gSA fxns us Hkh thou ds vafre fnuksa esa viuh O;Lrrkvksa ds Bgjko ij 30 tqykbZ 1941 dks fy[kk Fkk & ^thou dk var --- vafre xfrfof/k /kheh 75@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 75@o`

iM+ jgh gS] vrhr dk Lej.k] iqujko`fÙk--- th pkgrk gS fd dqN u;k gks--- ij djs dkSu\* 'kkjhfjd f'kfFkyrk ds dkj.k o`) dh mRlqdrk vkSj 'kkSd det+kjs iM+rs tkrs gSAa lk¡lkfjd lksp ij dqN Fkdu dk vglkl gksrk gSA bl vk;q esa mldk xoZ vkSj vga Hkh pwj&pwj gks tkrk gSA mldh 'kkjhfjd o ekufld det+kjs h mls fu—"V cuk nsrh gS] pyuk&fQjuk Hkh nwHkj yxus yxrk gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls os o`) mcj ikrs gSa tks fHkUu dk;ksZa esa vius dks yxk, j[krs gS]a tSls fd jktuhfr ls gVus ds ckn DyseUlks ys[ku esa viuk le; fcrkus yxs vkSj pfpZy fp=dkjh esa yxs jgsA O;fä dk ,d euksHkko gksrk gS& mPpkdka{kkA cq<k+ is esa viuh igpku dks cuk, j[kus dh vkdka{kk çcy gksrh tkrh gSA rc O;fä iqjLdkjks]a vyadj.kksa vkSj vdknfed vksgnksa ds ihNs nkSMu + s yxrk gSA Mh xkWy us 1925 esa dgk Fkk & ^tjk&nqcy Z dh pkgr fdlh pht+ esa ugha jgrh ij mldh tjk&vkdka{kk lHkh pht+kas esa jgrh gSA* o`) dh Lej.k'kfä det+kjs iM+ tkrh gS vkSj mls dy dh ckr ;kn ugha jgrh ij og iqjkuh chrh ckrksa dks iwjh rjg ;kn j[krk gS vkSj mudk foLrkjiwod Z o.kZu djrk gSA bldk ,d dkj.k ;g gks ldrk gS fd mls vkt dh ?kVukvksa esa dksbZ #fp ugha gksrhA blfy, mldks thou esa dksbZ lkj ugha fn[kkbZ nsrk vkSj thou dh fjärk dk vuqHko mls [kk, tkrk gSA tSlk fd vjLrq us dgk Fkk & ^thou dk okl xfr esa gSA ttZj 'kjhj ds dkj.k o`) xfrghu gks tkrk gS rks mls ,d 'kwU;rk ?ksj ysrh gS vkSj og mnklh dh ekufldrk esa pyk tkrk gSA* dqN o`) thou dh vafre lk¡l rd vius dk;Z esa yxs jgrs gSAa ekbdy,aty s ks us vius thou ds vafre fnuksa esa dyk—fr dk cstksM+ uewuk çLrqr fd;k FkkA fu#ís'; thou o`) dks mnkl vkSj fuf"Ø; cuk nsrk gSA csdkjh esa mls fgyus&Mqyus dh vko';drk Hkh ugha jgrh vkSj ;gh xfrghurk varr% mldh mnklh dk dkj.k cu tkrh gSA tqgkWUMks us dHkh dgk Fkk fd o`)koLFkk ,d ,slh yach Nqêh tSlh gS ftlesa O;fä dks dqN djus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh & cl vkjke gh vkjke! ijarq ;g vkjke O;fä dks ml va/kdkj dh vksj Hkh ys tk ldrk gS 76@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 76@o`

tgk¡ mls dsoy nqcy Z 'kjhj] nqcy Z cqf) vkSj 'kfäghurk dk vglkl gh feyrk gSA rc o`) ;g le>us yxrk gS fd lekt dks mldh vko';drk ugha gSA fQj] og ,slh mnkl ekufldrk esa pyk tkrk gS ftlls fd mcjuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA o`) dks bl yach Nqêh dh ,d cM+h dher pqdkuh iM+rh gSA bl eqís ij lkfgR; dks [kaxkyrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa fd cYykp us fy[kk Fkk& ^;g e`R;q ugha & {kj.k gS ftl ij 'kksd gksrk gSA* ftl O;fä ds gkFk esa jktuhfr dh ckxMksj ;k 'kfä gksrh gS] og vklkuh ls o`)koLFkk dk vodk'k xzg.k djus dh ugha lksp ldrkA og fdlh&u&fdlh dk;Z esa vius dks O;Lr j[krk gSA pfpZy bldk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gSA ;g lgh gS fd o`)koLFkk esa cgqr lh dfe;k¡ vkSj [kkfe;k¡ vk tkrh gSa ysfdu vk;q dks ns[krs gq, mUgsa utjvankt fd;k tkrk gSA rc o`)ksa dks cPpksa dh rjg ns[kk tkrk gSA ;g ,d okLrfod rF; gS fd o`)koLFkk esa tSfod] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd rkSj ij o`)ksa ds Lrj esa fxjkoV vk tkrh gSA vf/kdrj o`) volknxzLr jgrs gSAa rHkh rks] vjLrq us dgk Fkk fd os g¡luk Hkwy tkrs gSAa ,MeaM fM xksUdksVZ us 17 twu 1890 ds vius i= esa dgk Fkk & ^nksLr fclj tkrs gS]a ifjfpr LFkku NksM+ nsrs gS]a 'kjhj 'kfä NksM+ tkrk gS & ;g lc ân; esa volkn Hkj nsrk gSA* bl volkn dk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh gksrk gS fd dy rd o`) ,d ft+Eesnkj ukxfjd ekuk tkrk Fkk vkSj vkt dsoy ^oLrq* cu dj jg x;k gSA mldk vkRecy tokc ns pqdk gSA mls ;g 'kadk fujarj yxh jgrh gS fd bl ^oLrq* dks dy fudkydj lM+d ij Qsd a u fn;k tk,A dqN o`)ksa esa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds Mj ls pksjh djus ;k pqjk dj dqN [kk ysus dh ço`fÙk ns[kh xbZ gSA fleksu us ,sls dqN ifjokjksa ds –"Vkar Hkh fn, gSa tgk¡ o`)ksa esa ,slh ço`fÙk ikbZ xbZ gSA dqN o`) ,sls Hkh gksrs gSa tks vius vki dks lekt dk vfHkUu vax ekudj viuk fu;fer dk;ZØe cuk ysrs gSa vkSj lekt dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls vius dks tksM+ ysrs gSAa ,sls o`)ksa dk le; fu;fer gks tkrk gS vkSj le;kuqlkj os viuh fnup;kZ esa O;Lr jgrs gSAa bl fo"k; ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa fd ftu o`)ksa dks viuk ?kj NksMd + j cPpksa ds ?kj esa ;k o`)kJe esa clus ds fy, dgk tkrk gS] mUgsa ,slk yxrk gS ekuks tM+ ls m[kkM+ Qsd a fn;k tk jgk 77@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 77@o`

gksA rc mUgsa u rks viuh t+ehu feyrh gS vkSj u vius thus ds rjhds dh Lora=rk gh fey ikrh gSA os vius vki dks fdlh ds vk/khu eglwl djus yxrs gSAa ftudk viuk ?kj vkSj viuk le; gS] os cxhps dks laokjus vkSj ?kj dh ns[kHkky djus esa le; fcrkrs gSAa la/;k dks viuh vkjkedqlhZ ij cSBdj pSu dh lk¡l ysrs gq, fnu fcrkrs gSAa mUgsa vius ?kj vkSj le; ds ekfyd gksus dk larks"k gksrk gSA o`)koLFkk esa 'kfä dk ewyk/kkj laifÙk gksrh gSA ftl o`) ds ikl /ku gS] og vius vki dks Lora= le>rk gSA ijarq ;gk¡ Hkh dHkh ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vk tkrh gSa tc ;g laifÙk gh th dk tatky cu tkrh gSA dksbZ djhch fj'rsnkj & csVk ;k csVh] xqM+ ij eD[kh dh rjg vk cSBrs gSa rks o`) dh nqfo/kk c<+ tkrh gSA og viuh laifÙk dks vius ls vyx ugha djuk pkgrk vkSj u /ku ds dkj.k vius djhch yksxksa ls cSj gh j[kuk! rc mldh fLFkfr lk¡i&NNwna j dh lh gks tkrh gSA fleksu bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa ;ksa crkrh gSa fd o`) dks fdlh Hkh O;fä ds gLr{ksi esa [krjk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA tSlk fd vesfjdh tjk fpfdRld D;wfeaXl us dgk gS] o`) dh ekufldrk ;g gksrh gS fd og fdlh ls Hkh vius thou ds fo"k; esa okLrk ugha j[kuk pkgrkA tc ,sls cw<s+ vius laoxs kRed fj'rs dkV nsrs gS]a rks mUgsa vpkud xqLlk vk tkrk gS( os vpkud fcQj tkrs gSa vkSj jksus yxrs gSAa o`) VkWYLVk; laxhr lqudj vJq Vidkus yxrs FksA viuh o`)koLFkk esa pfpZy Hkh jksus yxrs FksA ijarq dqN ,sls yksx Hkh gSa tks fdlh 'kksd lan's k dks lqudj Hkh fufoZdkj ls cus jgrs gSAa bl fufoZdkj fLFkfr esa 58 o"khZ; VkWYLVk; dks ml le; ns[kk x;k tc muds pkj o"khZ; iq= dk nsgkar gks x;kA tc os 67 o"kZ ds Fks rc muds iq= ofuPdk dk nsgkar gks x;k Fkk] rc Hkh mUgksu a s bls bZ'oj dh bPNk crk;k vkSj fQj dke ij yx x,A 1906 esa tc mudh iq=h ek'kk dh e`R;q gqbZ rks os dfczLrku Hkh ugha x, vkSj viuh Vscy ij cSB dj fy[kk&^os mls dfczLrku ys x, gS]a ;g ç—fr dk fu;e gS] ge bZ'oj dks èkU;okn nsAa * vdlj ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa o`) fufoZdkj cu tkrs gSAa bldk ,d dkj.k laHkor% ;g gS fd firk&iq= ds lqIr vf/kdkj dh yM+kbZ gksrh gSA ;qok iq= viuk opZLo pkgrk gS tcfd o`) firk viuk ;g vfèkdkj rtus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gksrkA ;fn iq= 'kknh'kqnk gks rks ;gh ekufldrk 78@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 78@o`

lkl&cgw esa Hkh gksrh gSA o`)ksa dk lcls lq[kn vkSj xekZgV dk fj'rk vius ukrh&iksrksa ds lkFk gksrk gSA vius ikS= ds nsgkar ij Ýk;M cgqr nq[kh gq, FksA ikS=ksa ds çfr vf/kd çse dk ,d dkj.k ;g gS fd o`) ij bu cPpksa ds ikyu&iks"k.k dh og ft+Eesnkjh ugha gksrh tks mUgksu a s ,d firk gksus ds ukrs fuHkkbZ FkhA o`)ksa ds fy, vius ikS=ksa ls çse ml chp dh ih<+h ls çfr'kks/k dk ekè;e Hkh gksrk gS tks muds çfr mnklhu gSA bu cPpksa ds lkFk [ksyrs gq, o`) vius dks iqu% ml cpiu esa ys tkrs gSa tks mUgsa thfor jgus dk vglkl fnykrk gSA ;g nqHkkZX; gh dgk tk,xk fd ,dy ifjokj ds dkj.k vc ;g fj'rk yqIr gksrk tk jgk gSA vius cPpksa vkSj muds cPpksa ls efgyk dk fj'rk iq#"kksa ls vf/kd fudV dk gksrk gSA vk;q dk vlj Hkh efgyk ij mruk ugha gksrk ftruk fd iq#"k ij gksrk gSA o`)koLFkk esa Hkh efgyk lfØ; jgrh gS vkSj og bu fj'rksa dks cuk, j[kus esa l{ke gksrh gSA iq#"k fj'rksa dks dk;e j[krk Hkh gS rks og rVLFkrk Hkh cuk, j[krk gSA thou esa ,d ,slk eksM+ Hkh vkrk gS tc irk gh ugha pyrk fd vk;q us mls dc cw<k+ cuk fn;kA vk;q vpkud ,slk >iêk ekjrh gS fd O;fä dks vkHkkl gksus yxrk gS fd mldh cqf)] mldk HkkX; vkSj mldk lekt mlls nwj gksrs tk jgs gSAa LokLF; esa fxjkoV vkus yxrh gS] cqf) lkspus&le>us esa foyac djrh gS vkSj fu.kZ; esa rVLFkrk o Rofjrrk dh deh vk tkrh gSA o`)ksa ds bl Ågkiksg ij çdk'k Mkyrh fleksu dgrh gSa & og th jgk gS ij thfor ugha gSA og lHkh dqN ns[k jgk gS ftldh og dHkh dkeuk djrk Fkk] ij vkt mlh dkeuk ij tc ç'ufpà yxk, tkrs gSa rks mlds eu esa foæksg dh Hkkouk mRiUu gksrh gSA ;g fxjkoV ml le; vf/kd pqHkrh gS tc dksbZ O;fä fdlh Å¡ps in ls fuo`Ùk gksrk gSA og vius vf/kdkj dk ç;ksx dqN le; rd ?kj esa djrk gS ij /khjs&/khjs ;gk¡ Hkh mldk vf/kdkj fNurk pyk tkrk gSA bldk ,d dkj.k ;g gS fd ns[krs&gh&ns[krs ;qok ih<+h o`) ds vfèkdkj dk mYya?ku djus yxrh gS] rc mldk eu xqLls vkSj ?k`.kk ls Hkj tkrk gSA mldk Øks/k bl gn rd c<+ tkrk gS fd og ;qok ih<+h dks dkslus rd yx tkrk gS vkSj Hkfo";ok.kh dj nsrk gS fd vc 79@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 79@o`

loZuk'k fudV gSA lsVa ,oekaM Z us dgk Fkk fd o`) viuk ckSf)d lksp ladfq pr dj ysrs gSa vkSj ;g le>rs gSa fd tks dqN os dj jgs gSa ogh lgh gS vkSj tks nwljs dj jgs gSa og lc x+yr gSA vkt ds thou esa mls dqN lkj fn[kkbZ ugha nsrkA lekpkj i= mls Qhdk vkSj vkt dk lkfgR; Hkh Lrjghu yxrk gSA MkW- tkWulu us cklosy ls dgk Fkk& ^;g nq"V lksp vf/kdrj yksxksa esa ns[kk tkrk gS fd os le>rs gSa fd cw<k+ as dh fopkj'kfä dk {kj.k gks tkrk gSA ;fn dksbZ ;qod tkrs le; viuh Vksih ysuk Hkwy tkrk gS rks dksbZ ml ij /;ku ugha nsrk] ijarq dksbZ o`) ,slh Hkwy djs rks daèks mpdk dj dgsxa s & mldh Lej.k'kfä tkrh jgh!* o`) dks ;g vglkl rks jgrk gh gS fd mldh Lej.k'kfä det+kjs gks jgh gS] dHkh&dHkh og x+yr 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx djrk gS ;k dHkh 'kCn <w< ¡ u + s yxrk gSA og vius ttckr dks jksd ugha ikrk vkSj tYnh QV iM+rk gSA og ges'kk viuh iqjkuh ;knksa esa [kks;k jgrk gS vkSj vlqj{kk Hkko ls xzLr jgrk gSA mlds vfèkdrj —R; fojks/k vkSj vkØks'k ds gksrs gSAa ;g fojks/k dbZ rjg ls O;ä gksrk gS& dHkh og fcLrj ls ;g dg dj ugha mBrk fd xfB;k mls lrk jgh gS] dHkh QVsgky cxhps esa fudy iM+rk gS] dHkh is'kkc dj ysrk gS rks dHkh [kkus ds fy, euk dj nsrk gS] dHkh fcuk crk, ?kj ls fudy iM+rk gS vkSj mls ;g lksp dj vkuan feyrk gS fd ?kjokys fpafrr gks jgs gksxa As og ;g le>rk gS fd fuf"Ø; jgus dk mls vf/kdkj gS vkSj ml ij fdlh dh dksbZ ft+Eesnkjh ugha gSA ,slk ugha gS fd lHkh o`) viuh ft+Eesnkjh ls cprs gSa ;k lsokfuo`fÙk ds ckn vius lkekftd drZO; dh bfr le>rs gSAa cgqr ls o`) ,sls gksrs gSa tks viuk og 'kkSd iwjk djrs gSa ftls iwoZ O;Lrrk ds rFkk le;kHkko ds dkj.k os ugha dj ik,A fleksu ,sls o`)ksa dh ppkZ djrs gq, crkrh gSa fd tkWu dkWij iks,l us viuh iqLrd ^vkWu vksYM ,t* esa fy[kk gS fd cpiu esa fdl çdkj muds nknkth us <yrh 'kke dks fugkjrs gq, dgk Fkk fd os vkSj dqN ugha dj ldrs vkSj u mudk vc fdlh ds çfr dksbZ nkf;Ro gh gS( vc dsoy 'kkafr gS] dksbZ ca/ku ughaA iks,l tc cw<s+ gks x, rks mUgksu a s viuk lkjk le; ys[ku esa yxk;k vkSj viuk 80@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 80@o`

;g 'kkSd lQyrkiwod Z iw.kZ fd;kA ijarq ,slk lHkh o`) ugha dj ikrs gSAa muls viuk lkekftd LFkku NwV tkus ij thou esa 'kwU;rk vk tkrh gSA ,sls yksx volkn dh voLFkk esa pys tkrs gSa vkSj ;g le>us yxrs gSa fd lekt ds ca/ku ls os eqä gks x, gSAa o`) efgykvksa esa Hkh ,slh ekufldrk vk tkrh gS tc os ca/kueqä vuqHko djrh gSa & vc u fdlh dh iRuh gSa u fdlh dh deZpkjh] cl viuh ethZ dh ekfyd gSAa ,slh ekufldrk mu efgykvksa esa vfèkd vkrh gS tks thou Hkj ifr vkSj ifjokj dh lsok esa yxh jgha vkSj cky cPpksa dh ft+Eesnkjh dk cks> <ksrh jghaA vc os Hkh dg ldrh gSa fd os Lora= gSAa o`)koLFkk dh Lora=rk O;fä dks fuHkhZd cuk nsrh gSA vesfjdk ds 80 o"khZ; MkW- Liksd us fo;ruke dh yM+kbZ ds fo#) gks jgs vkanksyu esa LVkDyh dkjekbdy dk lkFk fn;k FkkA 89 o"khZ; cVsM Za jlsy us 1961 ds ml vfgalkRed fojks/k esa Hkkx fy;k Fkk ftls ijek.kq gfFk;kj ds fo#) ^dfeVh vkWQ v gaMM sª * pyk jgh FkhA mudh vk;q vkSj çfr"Bk dks ns[krs gq, ljdkj dks ml laxkz e dk laKku ysuk iM+k FkkA fdlh o`) dk ;g lcls cM+k lkSHkkX; gksrk gS fd mlds djus ds fy, dqN dk;Z cpk gS] dqN mís'; vkSj dqN eaftysa lkeus gSAa ojuk] og vkyL; vkSj volkn ls ?kqV tk,xkA blds fy, mls viuh e/;k;q ls gh ;kstuk cukuh pkfg,A tc og vodk'k çkIr fLFkfr esa igqp ¡ s rks mlds vkxs dk dk;ZØe mls O;Lr j[ksxkA o`)koLFkk ,d lkekU; vleku fLFkfr mRiUu djrh gS tgk¡ O;fä dh ekufld vkSj 'kkjhfjd fLFkfr esa rsth+ ls cnyko vkrs gSAa 'kkjhfjd :i ls det+kjs ] lkekftd :i ls frjL—r] ekufld :i ls tjkxzLr & dqN ,sls y{k.kksa ls mcjus ds fy, thou dks ,d ubZ fn'kk nsus dh vko';drk gksrh gS rkfd lekt esa mldh igpku cuh jgs vkSj mls bfrgkl dk vax u eku fy;k tk,A vf/kdrj o`) vius VwVrs vga] fujk'k Hkfo"; vkSj mnklhu thou ls fpM+fpM+s gks tkrs gSAa ;g fpM+fpM+kiu o`)koLFkk esa ml le; çFke ckj çdV gksrk gS tc thou esa dksbZ gknlk gks tkrk gSA tSls fdlh fudV lac/a kh dh e`R;q] tqnkbZ ;k LFkkukarj.kA rc mls thou nwHkj yxus yxrk gS vkSj ml volkn dh fLFkfr ls og mcj ugha ikrkA ,slk yxrk gS 81@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 81@o`

fd og fdlh xaHkhj jksx ls xzLr gks x;k gSA og e`R;q dh dkeuk djus yxrk gSA ,sls es]a og ân;k?kkr] ekufld jksx ;k Luk;fod fodkj tSlh fdlh xaHkhj chekjh ls ihfM+r gks ldrk gSA çk;% ,slh fLFkfr mu o`)ksa esa ikbZ tkrh gS tks o`)kJe esa jgus yxrs gSAa vk/kqfud thou esa vf/kdrj o`) euksjksx ds f'kdkj gks jgs gSa D;ksfa d budh la[;k c<+ jgh gS] lkekftd thou fc[kj jgk gS vkSj Lej.k'kfä det+kjs gksrh tk jgh gSA ,sls euksjksxh dHkh&dHkh gkfudkjd —R; Hkh djus yxrs gSa % tSls fn;klykbZ tykuk] ckr&cs&ckr yM+uk&>xM+uk] jksuk ;k g¡lukA vf/kd ekufld {kfr gksus ij vYt+el s Z ;k fiDl tSls jksxksa ls f?kj tkrs gSAa ,sls jksfx;ksa dh ns[kHkky djuk dfBu gks tkrk gS rks mUgsa ekufld fpfdRlky; esa Mky fn;k tkrk gS tgk¡ mudh fLFkfr vkSj n;uh; gks tkrh gS vkSj ejus dh dkeuk gh ,d fodYi jg tkrk gSA o`)koLFkk esa vius dks fdlh mís'; ls lacfa /kr j[kus] vius dks fdlh dk;Z esa O;Lr j[kus vkSj ,d /;s; dh vksj c<+rs jgus dh dkeuk ls gh o`) O;fä dk Hkfo"; çdk'ke; gks ldrk gS] ojuk og fdlh ,slh chekjh dk f'kdkj gks ldrk gS ftlls mcj ikuk dfBu gks vkSj mlds ifjokj ds fy, vf/kd fpark dk fo"k; cu tk,A

82@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 82@o`

83@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 83@o`

o`)koLFkk % dqN mnkgj.k cq<k+ is esa O;fä dh D;k eu%fLFkfr gksrh gS vkSj og fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fnu fcrkrk gS] ;g mlds ml thou ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS tks mlus viuh ;qokoLFkk vkSj e/;o; esa fcrk;k gSA tks e/;o;h vius Hkfo"; dh lksp dj Hkkoh dk;ZØe cuk ysrk gS mls o`)koLFkk esa de dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA ftlus ;g le> fy;k fd og vkthou ;qok gh jgsxk] mls o`)koLFkk esa ekufld ,oa vkfFkZd dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA dqN yC/kçfrf"Br ;wjksih; O;fä;ksa ds mnkgj.k nsrs gq, fleksu n cqvk us viuh iqLrd ^vksYM ,t* esa crk;k gS fd o`)koLFkk esa ;fn dksbZ vkfFkZd vkSj ekufld d"Vksa esa ugha gS rks ml O;fä dk vafre iM+ko vkjke ls xqtj+ tkrk gSA bl vkfFkZd vkSj ekufld –<+rk ds fy, ,slk O;fä viuh e/; vk;q ls gh ;kstuk cukus yxrk gSA okWYVs;j us vius [kqys fnekx ds dkj.k cq<k+ ik vkjke ls fcrk;k tcfd NVkscM aSz dk vafre thou fujk'kkiw.kZ jgkA fLo¶+V ds vkØks'k us mUgsa nq[k fn;k rks fOgVeSu dh vk'kkoknh lksp us mudh eqlhcrsa de dhaA dksujZs ks vkSj QksVa u s y s us vius larfq yr thou ls vafre le; dks vkuaniw.kZ cuk;kA foDVj áwxks us ;qokoLFkk esa gh vius ys[ku esa o`)ksa dks lEekutud LFkku fn;k vkSj ogh lEeku mUgsa vius cq<k+ is esa feykA pkSng o"kZ dh vk;q esa gh NVkscM aSz brus ?keaMh Fks fd mUgksu a s fy[kk Fkk fd Hkfo"; esa eSa dsoy NVkscM aSz gh jguk pkgrk gw¡ vkSj dqN ughaA os usiksfy;u dks viuk vkn'kZ ekurs FksA áwxks esa ,d dfo] lar vkSj mins'kd dh lksp Fkh ftlls l`tu dh nqfu;k esa os ,d vkn'kZ felky cusA 1852 esa áwxks us ys[ku ls laU;kl ys fy;k vkSj lkfgR; ds {ks= esa ,d mnkgj.k cu x,A vius cq<k+ is esa áwxks ,d LoLFk iq#"k jgsA 1878 rd Hkh mudk vkjksX; lkekU; jgkA 1877 esa ¶ykcVZ us mUgsa ns[kdj dgk Fkk& ^;g cw<k+ rks vkSj toku vkSj [kq'kfetkt gks x;k gS!* 1869 esa áwxks us ,d i= esa fy[kk Fkk& ^vksg! eSa LoLFk gw]¡ eSa cw<k+ ugha gks jgk gw¡ ij pkSMk+ gks jgk gw¡ vkSj ;gh eq>s djhc vkusokyh e`R;q dh 84@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 84@o`

;kn fnykrk gSA vkRek dk çek.k D;k gS! 'kjhj dk {kj.k] efLr"d dh {kh.krk vkSj cq<k+ is dk Qwy mBukA* áwxks ds thou esa nq[kn ?kVuk,¡ Hkh ?kVha ij mUgksu a s buls mcj ikus dh ekufldrk cuk, j[khA 1868 esa mudh iRuh dk fu/ku gks x;kA muds iq= pkyZl ~ dh e`R;q jäk?kkr ls gks xbZ FkhA mUgsa ml le; rc Øks/k vk;k tc Ng gt+kj dSfn;ksa dks pkSl a B ca/kdksa ds fy, ekj fn;k x;k FkkA mUgksu a s ?kksf"kr fd;k fd os bu dSfn;ksa dks laj{k.k nsxa s rks csfYt;e dh ljdkj us mUgsa 'kgjcnj dj fn;kA os yDt+e s cxZ pys x, ij viuk fojks/k tkjh j[kkA 1872 ds pquko esa mUgsa gkj dk lkeuk djuk iM+k] rks os xqul ~Z s pys x, vkSj fQj 1873 esa isfjl ykSV vk,A áwxks dks fe=ksa ds chp viuk ys[ku i<+dj lqukus esa vkuan vkrk FkkA vius dks ;qok crkrs gq, os dgk djrs Fks& ^eSa 74 dk gw¡ vkSj vc viuk thou çkjaHk dj jgk gwA¡ * os viuh larku ds fy, Øwj firk Fks ij ikS=ksa ls cgqr Lusg djrs FksA vius bl Lusg ij os dgk djrs Fks& ^pkyhl o"kZ rd eSa vius ckn'kkgksa ls yM+k vkSj thrk Hkh( ij vc ns[kks bu cPpksa ls gkj x;k gwA¡ * o`)koLFkk esa áwxks dqN datl w gks x, Fks vkSj viuh tekiwt a h dks ns[kdj çlUu gqvk djrs FksA mudk 79ok¡ tUefnu ,d jk"Vªh; ioZ dh rjg euk;k x;kA Ng yk[k yksx muds ?kj igqp ¡ s vkSj ml lM+d dk uke foDVj áwxks ,oU;w j[kk x;kA tc os laln esa igqp ¡ s rks lnL;ksa us mBdj mudk Lokxr fd;k vkSj bl Lusg dks ns[k mudh vJq/kkjk cg fudyhA áwxks dks viuh iRuh twfy;V ds nsgkar ls cM+k vk?kkr yxkA mUgksu a s dgk& ^esjs thou esa bruk cM+k vk?kkr vk;k ij D;k dj ldrk gw¡ tc rd e`R;q u vk tk,A vc thou esa dksbZ lkj ugha] dksbZ [kq'kh ughaA* blds ckn mudk 'kjhj nqcy Z gks x;k] Jo.k'kfä {kh.k gksus yxh] mudh vk¡[kksa esa ,d Hk; çrhr gksus yxk vkSj mUgksu a s ys[ku dk;Z djuk can dj fn;kA os e`R;q dh çrh{kk djrs jgsA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd vkRek vej gS vkSj e`R;q dk vFkZ gS bZ'oj ls feyuA vius ,d fe= ls mUgksu a s dgk Fkk& ^eSa cw<k+ gw]¡ eSa ejus okyk gw-¡ -- eSa bZ'oj ls feywx¡ k-- fdruk lqna j gksxk ;g feyuA eSa bldh rS;kjh esa gwA¡ * 83 o"kZ dh vk;q esa mudk ^;g feyu* laHko gqvkA 85@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 85@o`

foDVj áwxks dk vafre thou 'kkafriw.kZ vkSj larks"ktud jgkA ijarq ,slk lkSHkkX; gj fdlh dks ugha feyrkA thou esa vftZr [;kfr cq<k+ is rd vkrs&vkrs ;k rks yqIr gks tkrh gS ;k d"Vnk;d cu tkrh gSA [;kfr yqIr gks xbZ rks O;fä dk var fujk'kkiw.kZ gksxk vkSj [;kfr feyrh jgh rks euq"; dks pSu dh lk¡l ysus dk le; Hkh ugha feyrkA nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa esa O;fä d"V >syrs gq, viuk cq<k+ ik fcrkrk gSA ,sls gh dqN mnkgj.k çLrqr djrh gSa fleksuA ekbdy,aftyks vkSj osMhZ ,sls yCèkçfrf"Br uke gSa tks vius vius {ks= esa thou ds vafre {k.kksa rd dke djrs jgs ij muds vafre {k.k fuHkzkr Za jgsA ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ekbdy,aftyks vLoLFk gh iSnk gq, FksA vk;q ds lkFk fpark us muds LokLF; dks vkSj ?ksj fy;kA o`)koLFkk esa os vius 'kjhj vkSj yksxksa ls yxkrkj la?k"kZ djrs jgsA rhl o"kZ rd ekbdy,aftyks twfy;l f}rh; ds Lekjd ds fuekZ.k dk;Z esa tqVs jgsA bl Lekjd dh iwjh :ijs[kk rS;kj gqbZ vkSj blds fy, nl ewfrZ;k¡ Hkh yxHkx rS;kj gks pqdh Fkha] rc tqfy;l ds oa'ktksa us mls iwjk gksus ls jksdkA ml le; i‚y r`rh; dks iksi cuk;k x;k FkkA mUgksu a s flLrhu pkSiy dh ,d nhokj ij ^ykLV ttesVa * dh dyk—fr cukus dk dk;Z ekbdy,aftyks dks lkSia uk pkgk ftls os udkj ugha ik,A ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd 1540&41 ds chp mUgsa vfuæk vkSj pDdj ds nkSjs iM+us yxsA ml le; os 65 o"kZ ds FksA 25 fnlacj 1541 dks tc ^ykLV ttesVa * dks yksdkfiZr fd;k x;k rks mUgsa vR;f/kd [;kfr feyhA rc ikWy r`rh; us mUgsa ikWyhu pkSiy ds fy, fp=dkjh djus dk vkns'k fn;kA rc rd ekbdy,aftyks dkQh Fkd pqds Fks vkSj vc muds fy, ;g dk;Z nq"dj yx jgk FkkA m/kj twfy;l f}rh; ds mÙkjkf/kdkjh ml Lekjd ij vR;f/kd /ku yxkus dk vkjksi e<+us yxs vkSj /ku okilh ds fy, gM+dkus yxsA iksi us muls bl foÙkh; ladV ls mcjus ds fy, fp=dkjh djus dh lykg nhA rc mUgksu a s dgk Fkk& ^dykdkj vius eu ls dke djrk gS] gkFkksa ls ughaA ftldk eu gh v'kkar gks] og D;k mÙke ifj.kke ns ldsxkA* os vius vki dks vf/kd det+kjs eglwl dj jgs Fks vkSj e`R;q dk Hk; mu ij Nk;k gqvk FkkA muds fe=ksa us mUgsa <k<+l c¡/kk;kA dsoysjh us mudk lkFk var rd fn;kA foDVksfj;k dyksUuk ls mudk fudV dk lac/a k Fkk vkSj og dyk dh vPNh ikj[kh FkhA 1549 esa ikWyhu pkSiy dk dk;Z lekIr gksus ds ckn mUgksu a s 86@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 86@o`

fp=dkjh dk dke NksM+ fn;k vkSj dsoy okLrqdyk vkSj ewfrZdyk ds fy, le; nsus yxsA 1555 esa ije fe= mfcZuks dh e`R;q us ,d ckj fQj mUgsa Hk;xzLr dj fn;k] ;|fi mUgksu a s dgk Fkk & ^thfor Fkk rks og esjk thou Fkk] e`R;q ls mlus eq>s ejuk fl[kk fn;k] vc eq>s ekSr dk dksbZ Mj ugha gSA* os mnkl o chekj jgus yxs vkSj det+kjs h us mUgsa ?ksj fy;kA vEeukVh dks 1558 esa fy[ks ,d i= esa mUgksu a s dgk Fkk& ^vc eSa cw<k+ ] va/kk o cgjk gks pqdk gw]¡ esjs gkFk esjs 'kjhj ds o'k esa ugha gSAa * 1561 es]a os 83 o"kZ dh vk;q esa ân;k?kkr ls ihfM+r gq, vkSj 88 o"kZ dh vk;q esa mUgksu a s çk.k R;kxsA bl çdkj] ,d mPp dksfV ds dykdkj&fp=dkj ds nq[kn thou dk var gks x;kA fp=dkj pyk x;k ijarq fp=dkjh vej gks xbZA rHkh rks dgk tkrk gS fd fp=dkj vkSj fp=dkjh ,d lkFk thfor ugha jgrsA dykdkj ds ckn Hkh dyk dh ppkZ pyrh jgrh gS] dyk pkgs tks Hkh gksA ,d ,sls gh çfl) dykdkj Fks osMhZ ftUgksu a s ukVdksa ds ek/;e ls yksxksa ds eu esa LFkku cuk fy;k FkkA bl dykdkj dh o`)koLFkk ds ckjs esa fleksu viuh iqLrd ^vksYM ,t* esa crkrh gSa fd vius LoLFk thou ds dkj.k osMhZ vius vki dks o`) ugha le>rs FksA blfy, tc os 68 o"kZ ds gq, rks feyku ds Ldkyk esa mudh ewfrZ yxkbZ xbZ ij os ;g dgrs gq, ukjkt gks x, fd ^bldk ;g vFkZ gS fd eSa cw<k+ gks x;k gw-¡ --- eSa bls udkjrk gwA¡ * mudh dyk fo'ofo[;kr Fkh vkSj mUgsa bVyh dk jk"Vªh; çrhd ekuk tkrk FkkA tgk¡ Hkh os tkrs] yksxksa dh drkj rkyh ctkrhA T;ks&a T;ksa vk;q c<+rh xbZ] R;ks&a R;ksa rkfy;ksa dh ;g xM+xM+kgV de gksrh xbZA bl rY[kh dks feVkus ds fy, mUgksu a s viuh iRuh ds lkFk xk¡o esa jguk 'kq: fd;kA viuh t+ehu ij ,d vLirky dk fuekZ.k Hkh fd;k; ijarq eu dh mnklh ugha xbZA os dgrs& ^iSnk gq,] thou feyk vkSj fQj xk;c gks x;k--- vk;q gkoh gqb]Z chekjh vkSj det+kjs h us nckspk] vkSj fQj--- vkehuA bruh esgur dk vatke] e`R;q!* viuh 72oha o"kZxkaB ij mUgksu a s dgk& ^vkt dk fnu Hk;kud gS& eSa 72 o"kZ dk gks x;k gwA¡ fdruh tYnh le; mM+ x;k mu çlUu vkSj vçlUu ?kVukvksa ds chpA ,sls esa fdlh da/ks ds lgkjs dh t+:jr eglwl gksrh gSA dqN o"kZ iwoZ eSa le>rk Fkk fd eSa vius iSjksa ij [kM+k jg ldrk gw¡ vkSj eq>s fdlh dh vko';drk ugha gSA /k`"V tar!q vc eSa le>us yxk 87@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 87@o`

gw-¡ -- eSa cw<k+ gks jgk gwA¡ * dyk dh nqfu;k esa ipkl o"kZ iwjs djus ij osMhZ dks fo'o Hkj ds yksxksa dh cèkkb;k¡ feyha ftls mUgksu a s fQtwy dk coky crk;kA bl volj ij mUgksu a s vius lkftanksa ds fy, ,d vkjke?kj cuok;kA 1901 esa os fy[krs gSa fd ^MkWDVjksa dk ekuuk gS eSa LoLFk gw]¡ ij eSa tkurk gw¡ fd vc eSa i<+ ugha ldrk] fy[k ugha ldrk] de fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] vius iSjksa ij [kM+k ugha jgk tkrk vkSj eSa tYnh Fkd tkrk gwA¡ eSa thfor ugha gw-¡ -- dsoy fo|eku gwA¡ vc esjs fy, bl nqfu;k esa dqN ugha jg x;k gSA* dqN le; ckn mUgsa i{kk?kkr gks x;kA dHkh&dHkh cq<k+ ik fcuk nLrd fn, vk tkrk gSA v/ksM+ dc cw<s+ esa cny x;k] bldk irk gh ugha pyrkA v/ksMi+ u dh ekufld vkSj Hkkoqd O;Lrrkvksa esa vk;q ds cks> dk irk gh ugha pyrkA ,d ,slk gh mnkgj.k Fkha ykS vafæ;kl&lykseh] ftuds ckjs esa fleksu crkrh gS&a ^uhR'ks] fjYds vkSj vU; cqf)thfo;ksa dh lkFkh Fkha ykS vafæ;kl&lykseh tks ipkl o"kZ dh vk;q esa Ýk;M dh nksLr cuhaA os ,d ftKklq] bPNk'kfä ls Hkjiwj] lfØ; efgyk Fkha ftUgsa thou ls csgn yxko FkkA ;kSu Hkkouk ds egRo dks mUgksu a s 35 o"kZ dh vk;q esa tkuk vkSj rc ls gh ;kSu Hkkouk o dyk ds chp ca/ks fj'rksa dks igpkuk FkkA tc os lkB o"kZ dh gqbaZ rc euksfo'ys"k.k dk xgu v/;;u fd;k vkSj euksjksx fpfdRld ds dk;Z esa vkuan ysus yxhaA teZuh ds ,d cM+s xzkE; vkokl esa os jgus yxha tgk¡ mudh lsok ,d o`) ukSdj fd;k djrk FkkA Ýk;M dh —rKrk esa ,d iqLrd Hkh fy[kh] ftl ij mUgsa cgqr ç'kalk feyhA thou ds vafre fnuksa esa fo'o ds jktuhfrd iVy ij ukft;ksa dk opZLo py jgk Fkk vkSj os ,d ;gwnh Fkha] blfy, os ,d 'kkar vkSj ,dkar thou fcrkus yxhaA mudk 'kjhj det+kjs iM+us yxkA var esa e/kqegs vkSj dSl a j dh f'kdkj gks xbZAa n'kZu'kkL= ds çksQl s j dksfux ls mudh yach okrkZ gksrh Fkh vkSj muls os dkQh çHkkfor FkhaA blfy, mUgksu a s viuh lkfgfR;d laifÙk dk iw.kZ vf/kdkj çks- dksfux dks ns fn;kA thou ds vafre fnuksa esa mUgksu a s dgk Fkk& ^lkjk thou eSu a s dqN ugha- cl dke fd;k( vc tc lksprh gw¡ fd fdl fy,\ vius fopkjksa esa HkVdrh gw¡ rks eq>s dksbZ ugha feyrk] cl e`R;q gh Js;Ldj yxrh gSA* 88@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 88@o`

5 twu 1937 dks fuækoLFkk esa gh mudh e`R;q gks xbZA thou ds vafre eksM+ ij lHkh brus HkkX;'kkyh ugha gksrs fd mUgsa e`R;q fcuk fdlh vkgV ;k nLrd ds fey tk,A ,slk Hkh gksrk gS fd lkjk thou g¡lrs [ksyrs chr tkrk gS ij cq<k+ ik eqlhcrsa ysdj vkrk gSA Ýk;M dk thou bldk mnkgj.k gS ftUgsa jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k o`)koLFkk esa d"V >syuk iM+kA muds thou dks mdsjrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa fd Ýk;M ,d l'kä ekSfyd fpard ds lkFk lkFk vPNs dk;ZdrkZ Hkh jgsA vius fopkjksa dks euokus dh lykfg;r Hkh muesa FkhA os ,d fuHkhZd vkSj u >qdusokys pfj= Fks tks ,d vPNs ifr vkSj Lusgh firk FksA ijarq jktuhfrd ?kVukØe dqN bl çdkj pyk fd mUgsa cq<k+ is esa d"V >syuk iM+kA 1928 esa ukth muds ?kj dh ryk'kh ysus igqp ¡ s ij mudh rhoz –f"V ls gh dk¡i mBs FksA 1922 esa Ýk;M dks 66 o"kZ dh vk;q esa ân;k?kkr gqvk rks mUgsa yxk fd o`)koLFkk us mUgsa ncksp fy;k gS( rc ls mUgsa e`R;q dk Hk; lrkus yxkA vxys o"kZ dSl a j ds vuqeku esa muds rkyq dh 'kY;fpfdRlk dh xbZA mUgksu a s vius MkWDVj ls dgk Fkk fd mUgsa lfg".kq e`R;q nsa u fd d"Vnk;h yach vk;qA blds ,d ekg ckn muds pkj o"khZ; ukrh dk nsgkar gks x;kA ¼rhu o"kZ iwoZ mudh iq=h vkSj bl cPps dh ek¡ dh e`R;q gks xbZ FkhA½ ;gh ,d le; Fkk tc mUgsa yksxksa ds lkeus [kqy dj jksrs gq, ns[kk x;k FkkA vc mUgsa thou esa dksbZ lkj fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk FkkA 10 ebZ 1925 dks Ýk;M us vius i= esa lykseh dks fy[kk Fkk& ^esjs bnZfxnZ ,d vlaons u'khyrk dh pknj f?kjh yxrh gSA eq>s blls f'kdk;r Hkh ugha gS D;ksfa d ;g ,d çk—frd çfØ;k gS] ,d 'kq:vkr iaprRo esa yhu gksus dh! bl cq<k+ is esa gesa fufyZIr jguk pkfg,A* viuh vkRedFkk fy[kuk çkjaHk gh fd;k Fkk fd mUgsa ,d vkSj vkWijs'ku >syuk iM+kA muds rkyq vkSj tcM+s dks fudky dj ,d ;a= yxk;k x;kA blls mUgsa 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld d"V gksus yxkA muds lquus dh 'kfä de gks xbZ vkSj [kkus o cksyus esa Hkh dfBukbZ vkus yxhA mUgsa vius fç; O;lu rackdw ysus ls Hkh jksd fn;k x;kA mudh iq=h vUuk ns[kHkky djus yxhA 1926 esa mUgksu a s dgk& ^gks ldrk gS ;g bZ'oj dh —ik gS tks gesa bruk d"V nsrs gSa fd e`R;q dk Hk; fny ls fudy tkrk gSA* 89@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 89@o`

1929 esa mudh fLFkfr fcxM+rh xbZ vkSj mUgsa ik¡p ckj vkWijs'ku djkuk iM+kA mudh chekjh us lkspus dh 'kfä Nhu yhA vc os vius fo"k; ij dqN ugha fy[k ik jgs Fks vkSj e`R;q dh çrh{kk dj jgs FksA 1935 esa Fkkel ekWu dh "k"BhiwfrZ ij mUgksu a s fy[kk Fkk& ^eSa rqEgsa yach vk;q dk vk'kh"k ugha nwx¡ k D;ksfa d cq<k+ ik d"Vnk;h gksrk gSA* mipkj ds fy, mUgsa yanu ys tk,k x;kA ogk¡ vius HkO; Lokxr dks ns[kdj mUgsa ;g larks"k gqvk fd mudh [;kfr nwj nwj rd QSyh gqbZ gSA mUgsa vius ifjokj dh fpark lrkus yxh D;ksfa d vkfLVª;k esa mudh rhu cguksa dks xSl psc a j esa j[kdj ekj fn;k x;k FkkA viuh chekjh ls tw>rs gq, 1939 esa mUgksu a s vafre lk¡l yhA rc rd 1923 vkSj 1939 ds chp muds 33 vkWijs'ku gks pqds FksA thou ds Tokj&HkkVs dks >syrs gq, tc dksbZ o`)koLFkk rd igqp ¡ rk gS rks frjLdkj dh ekufldrk cuus yxrh gSA og mu yksxksa ls feyuk Hkh ugha pkgrk tks dHkh mlds bnZfxnZ ?kwers Fks vkSj mlds —rK Hkh FksA ,d ,slh gh gLrh Fks NVkscM aSz ftUgsa jktuhfr esa lQyrk feyh vkSj mlh rsth+ ls foQyrk Hkh! NVkscM aSz dh thouh dh dqN ?kVukvksa dks mtkxj djrs gq, fleksu crkrh gSa fd NVkscM aSz ,d egRokdka{kh O;fä Fks tks o`)koLFkk dks iksrHkax le>rs FksA rhl o"kZ dh vk;q ls gh mUgsa o`)koLFkk dk Hk; lrkrk FkkA Ý+kl a dh jktuhfr esa mudh lfØ; Hkwfedk jghA os ea=h Hkh cus vkSj inP;qr Hkh gq,A mUgksu a s ljdkj cukbZ Hkh rks fxjkbZ vkSj 1839 esa mudh o`)koLFkk ds ckjs esa ysEesul S us fy[kk Fkk& ^mudks nl o"kZ ckn ns[kdj pfdr jg x;kA fipdk eqg¡ ] xkyksa esa >qfjZ;k¡] nch ukd vkSj /kalh vk¡[ksa & ekuks fdlh 'ko dk psgjk gks!* NVkscM aSz us fy[kk gS fd ^iwoZ ds o`) lkSHkkX;'kkyh Fks D;ksfa d os ;qodksa ds fy, vifjfpr Hkys gh jgs gksa ij lekt ds fy, ughaA vc rks dsoy vius pkjksa vksj yksxksa dks gh ugha fopkjksa dks Hkh ejrs ns[kk gS( vc u laL—fr] u jhfr&fjokt vkSj u lq[k&nq[k dh laons uk,¡A* mudh ekufldrk ,slh cu xbZ Fkh fd os fdlh dk Hkh fuea=.k Lohdkj djus ls ;g dgrs gq, budkj dj fn;k djrs fd vc os bl nqfu;k ds tho ugha jgsA 1847 esa áwxks us mUgsa ns[kdj fy[kk Fkk& ^yxrk gS eSa muds Hkwr dks ns[k 90@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 90@o`

jgk gwA¡ u os fgy&Mqy ldrs gSa vkSj u gh py&fQj ldrs gS]a dsoy mudk flj thfor gSA* mudh iRuh dk nsgkar 1847 esa gqvk vkSj vxys gh o"kZ twu 1848 esa Lo;a mudh Hkh e`R;q gks xbZA ;qokoLFkk esa ftl O;fä ds ikl /ku] oSHko vkSj lkekftd [;kfr ds lkFk nqHkkZX; Hkh tqMk+ gks] mldk cq<k+ ik vkSj d"Vnk;h gks tkrk gS tc ;s lkjs oSHko o`)koLFkk esa fNu tkrs gSAa ,sls gh ,d fo[;kr O;fä Fks yekfVZu] ftuds ckjs esa fleksu dk dguk gS fd yekfVZu mu dfo;ksa esa ls gSa tks thou esa lc dqN ikuk pkgrs gSa & /ku] oSHko] lkekftd lQyrk] [;kfr vkSj jktuhfr esa viuk LFkkuA mUgsa ,d ukflZLV] ?keaMh vkSj lc dqN nk¡o ij yxkusokyk O;fä dgsa rks vfr'k;ksfä ugha gksxhA ,d ckj pquko esa gkjus ds ckn mUgksu a s nwljh ckj pquko yM+k vkSj thr Hkh x,A os ,d vPNs lkfgR;dkj Fks ij lQy jktuhfrK ugha cu ldsA os brus egRokdka{kh Fks fd gj ikVhZ esa viuk iSj j[kuk pkgrs FksA tc muls nk,¡ ;k ck,¡ i{k ds leFkZu ij iwNk x;k rks mUgksu a s dgk fd ^Nr ij*A bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd os jktuhfr esa fdlh ds Hkh fo'oklik= ugha cu lds vkSj vkfFkZd ladV esa Qal x,A mUgsa viuh laifÙk ls gkFk /kksuk iM+k vkSj mu ij dtZ p<+rk x;kA 1843 ds var rd mu ij ,d fefy;u nks lkS gt+kj ÝSd a dk dtZ p<+ pqdk FkkA viuk dtZ pqdkus ds fy, os yxkrkj ys[ku djrs jgsA mUgsa vius HkO; foyk dks NksMd + j NksVs ls ?kj esa xqt+kjk djuk iM+kA 65 o"kZ dh vk;q esa mUgksu a s viuh ifjfLFkfr ds ckjs esa bl çdkj fy[kk& ^eSa igys ls vfèkd tw>rs gq, Fkd x;k gwA¡ * vk'kk vkSj fujk'kk ds chp thou dh nkSM+ tkjh j[krs gq, 1848 esa mUgksu a s dgk& ^os lkSHkkX;'kkyh gSa tks viuk dk;Z djrs gq, ej tkrs gS]a laxkz e djrs gq, çk.k R;kx nsrs gSAa çk.kksa dh vkgqfr muds fy, lt+k gks ldrh gS] ;g lgh gS; ij ;g muds fy, vkJ; Hkh gSA ;g thou rks ml lt+k ls Hkh x;k chrk gSA dkSu lk thou csgrj gS& chl o"kZ dk la?k"kZ ;k ryokj dh ,d ekj tks {k.k esa dke reke dj nsA lalkj dk lcls nq[kh O;fä ns[kuk pkgrs gks! rks ns[kks eq>As * 1863 esa mudh iRuh dk nsgkar gks x;k vkSj mUgksu a s pqids ls osyUVhu ls fookg jpk fy;kA ;g fookg Hkh mUgsa 'kkafr ugha ns ldkA os vius 91@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 91@o`

vki dks dejs esa can dj ysrs vkSj fdlh ls dksbZ okrkZyki ugha djrsA 1868 esa vfuæk ds dkj.k jkrksa dks [kqys [ksrksa esa ?kwers jgrs vkSj blh o"kZ mUgksu a s viuh nsg R;kxhA

92@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 92@o`

93@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 93@o`

^o`)koLFkk uhfr* dh vksj thou dk ;g fu;e gS fd tks iSnk gksrk gS og ejrk Hkh gSA dhV&iraxksa ls ysdj ekuo rd lHkh çk.kh bl çfØ;k ls xqtj+ rs gSa ijarq ,d varj ds lkFkA dhV&iraxs mu voLFkkvksa ls ugha xqtj+ rs ftuls i'kq xqtj+ rs gSAa euq"; Hkh ,d i'kq gS tks ckY;koLFkk] ;qokoLFkk vkSj o`)koLFkk ls xqtj+ rs gq, e`R;q dks çkIr gksrk gSA bu voLFkkvksa ls xqtj+ rs gq, og vius ihNs Hkkoh ih<+h ds fy, viuh ;knsa Hkh NksM+ tkrk gSA bUgha ;knksa dks mdsjrs gq, fleksu us viuh iqLrd ^vksYM ,t* esa ekuo dh bl voLFkk ds ckjs esa crk;k gS ftlesa og vius vki dks det+kjs ] vlgk; vkSj tjk ls tw>rs gq, ikrk gSA o`)koLFkk esa fdlh dk thou lq[ke; gksrk gS rks dksbZ leL;kvksa ls f?kjk jgrk gSA viuh iqLrd ds var esa fleksu fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gq, crkrh gSa & ^thou esa o`)koLFkk ds d"V >syuk euq"; dh fu;fr gSA jktuhfrd o lkekftd dkj.kksa ls o`)koLFkk dh vyx igpku cuh gSA ;g ,d okLrfodrk gS fd o`)koLFkk dks d"Vnk;h vkSj nq[kn ekuk tkrk gSA bls e`R;q ls vf/kd Hkhfrdj –f"V ls ns[kk tkrk gSA thou ds laxkz e esa /ku] oSHko] [;kfr] lc dqN ikus ds ckn Hkh dbZ ckj ;g lksp o`)koLFkk esa mHkjrs ns[kh xbZ gS fd ;g lc dqN fdlfy, fd;k\* :lks us vius fy[ks dk ifj.kke var esa 'kwU; crk;kA ekbdy,aftyks us viuh dyk—fr;ksa dks dBiqrfy;k¡ le>k vkSj mnkl gks x,A vius fiNys vuqHkoksa ls Kku esa o`f) gksrh gS tks viuh txg lR; Hkh gS ijarq ml o`) ds fy, bl Kku dk D;k ewY; jg tkrk gS ftlds thou dh T;ksfr vafre çdk'k fy, HkM+d jgh gS\ nnZ] chekjh vkSj o`)koLFkk ds vglkl dks ysdj foKku vkSj VsDuksykWth tks ugha dj lds] og lkekftd uSfrdrk dj ldrh gS & viuh lgkuqHkwfr lsA c<+uk] fodflr gksuk] cw<s+ gksuk vkSj ej tkuk & ;gh rks thou dh çfØ;k gS] iwo&Z fu;r vkSj vifjgk;ZA bl fo"kerk dks Hkqykus dk tks ,d gh jkLrk gS og gS viuh eafty r; djks vkSj ml ij vkxs c<+rs tkvks] ekuork ds fy, lefiZr gks( lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj 94@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 94@o`

ekufld jpukRedrk esa lgHkkxh cuksA fdlh dk thou mlh le; rd vFkZ j[krk gS tc rd og vU; ds thou ls çse] HkkbZpkjk] jks"k vkSj d#.kk ds ek/;e ls tqMr + k gSA ijarq ,slk lkSHkkX; dqN gh o`)ksa dks feyrk gSA o`)koLFkk lcds fy, leku lk/ku o lqfo/kk,¡ ysdj ugha vkrhA ,d et+njw ipkl o"kZ esa cw<k+ gks tkrk gS rks ,d laiUu O;fä vLlh o"kZ rd Hkh vius vki dks paxk vkSj toku eglwl djrk gSA o`)koLFkk esa ,d dks misf{kr dj fn;k tkrk gS rks nwljs dks vknj vkSj lEeku feyrk gSA ,d ds ikl lk/ku ugha gSa rks nwljs ds ikl lalk/kuksa dh deh ugha gSA ;gha ij vko';drk gksrh gS ,d vPNh jktuhfrd ^o`)koLFkk uhfr* dhA ml 'kksf"kr oxZ dks vkljk nsus dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftls lekt us 'kks"k.k djds tYnh cw<k+ cuk fn;k gSA bl ç'u ij fparu csgn t+:jh gS fd ^bl 'kksf"kr oxZ ds thou esa lqèkkj ykus ds fy, lekt dks D;k dne mBkus pkfg,] ftlls bl oxZ ds lnL; Hkh euq"; dgyk,¡\* mÙkj ljy gS& mls euq"; le>k tk,( lekt mls ,slh ^oLrq* u le>s tks csdkj gks xbZ gSA lekt lnk gh ykHk&gkfu dh rjktw esa euq"; dks rksyrk jgk gS] ekuork rks ek= ,d fn[kkok gSA mUuhloha 'krkCnh dh ekuork nks fgLlksa esa c¡Vh gqbZ Fkh & 'kks"kd vkSj 'kksf"krA ogk¡ ekuork dk ç'u ugha Fkk & cl] dke djks vkSj iSlk yksA tks dke ds yk;d ugha jgk] mlds çfr fdlh dk dksbZ nkf;Ro ugha Fkk] mlds fy, dksbZ laons uk ugha FkhA o`)koLFkk dh ;g n;uh; fLFkfr lkjh lH;rk dh vlQyrk gSA euq"; vkSj euq"; ds chp ijLij lac/a k dh vko';drk gS rkfd o`) vius dks ,d vyx çtkfr dk çk.kh u le>sAa o`)koLFkk dh rS;kjh o`) gksus ds ckn ugha cfYd cpiu vkSj ;qokoLFkk ls 'kq: djuh gksxhA ;fn euq"; dks cpiu ls gh lekt dk v.kq cuk;k tk, rks og lekt ls vius dks dHkh vyx ugha le>sxk vkSj lcds lkFk fgyfey dj jgsxkA ijarq ,slh çFkk rks fdlh lekt ;k fdlh ns'k esa fn[kkbZ ugha nsrhA lektoknh ns'k Hkys gh ;g dg ysa ij mUgsa lekurk ykus ds fy, vHkh ,d yack lQ+j r; djuk gSA ge Hkys gh bldk lqugjk [+okc ns[krs jgsa ij ;g ,d fnokLoIu gh jgsxk D;ksfa d o`)koLFkk ;qokoLFkk ls vyx 95@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 95@o`

fLFkfr gS vkSj bls gj dksbZ vius&vius mik; ls thou ds lkFk larfq yr djrk gSA lekt O;fä;ksa dk /;ku ml le; rd j[krk gS tc rd os ykHk nsrs gSAa bldk ykHk ;qok ih<+h mBk ysrh gS D;ksfa d muesa {kerk vkSj 'kfä gksrh gS tcfd o`) ds ikl u {kerk cp jgrh gS u 'kfä] mlds ikl dsoy vk¡[ksa gksrh gSa vk¡lw Vidkus ds fy,A tc rd gekjs ikl ,slh uhfr ugha gS tks bu o`)ksa ds vk¡lw iksN a lds]a rc rd le; dk ;g pØ o`)koLFkk dh nqxfZ r dks jksd ugha ik,xkA fleksu n cqvk us o`)koLFkk ij foLr`r ppkZ dh gS ftlesa mu fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh tkudkjh nh xbZ gS ftuls fo'o ds o`) nks&pkj gksrs gSAa mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fuokj.k ds fy, dqN lq>ko Hkh fn, gSAa vc ;g lkekftd laLFkkvksa vkSj jktuhfrKksa dk dke gS fd fdl çdkj os lekt ds bl grk'k oxZ ds fy, dke djsa vkSj mUgsa thou ds vafre fnuksa esa <k<+l ca/kk,¡A D;k gekjs lektlsoh vkSj usrk blds fy, rS;kj gS\a ;g ,d ;{k ç'u gS!!!!

96@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 96@o`

i';se 'kjn% 'kre~ AA those 'kjn% 'kre~ AA cq/;se 'kjn% 'kre~ AA jksge s 'kjn% 'kre~ AA iw"kse 'kjn% 'kre~ AA Hkose 'kjn% 'kre~ AA Hkw;e s 'kjn% 'kre~ AA Hkw;lh% 'kjn% 'krkr~ AA & vFkoZons ] 19@67 97@ o`)koLFkk foe'kZ 97@o`