Design Thinking-Yifan Wang-Sam Fox School

PROSPERITY Activating an Industrial Wasteland

Yifan Wang

DESIGN THINKING

Instructor: Donald Koster Faculty Assistant: Carmen Chee

Yifan Wang M. Arch Candidate Design Thinking, Fall 2021 Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts Washington University in St. Louis Faculty: Donald Koster Faculty Assistant: Carmen Chee

PROSPERITY DECAY PROSPERITY Activating an Industrial Wasteland

CONTENTS

4

1. PREMISE 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

BOUNDARY IN ST.LOUIS THE GHOSTS OF OUR PAST ERASING THE PAST THE VALUE OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS CREATIVE REIMAGINING

6 6 14 24 30 36

2. PROGRAM

40

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

42 48 54 56 64

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION PRECEDENTS TRENDS IN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM SUMMARY

3. PLACE

66

3.1 SELECTED SITE 3.2 COTTON BELT HISTORY 3.3 SITE ANALYSIS

68 74 76

4. POSSIBILITIES

86

4.1 STRATEGY 4.2 POTENTIAL

88 92 5

PREMISE

ADAPTIVE REUSE POST INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS KEEP VS. DESTROY

It is only a line from prosperity to decay when driving from Downtown St. Louis to the Near North Riverfront area. There is an urban experience of crossing an invisible boundary. The evolution of the Near North Riverfront area from prosperity to decay is closely related to the river, zoning, the regional economy, railroad logistics, highway construction, and human needs. During the cotton transportation boom, this area was an important industrial area that provided activity for the urban center. As the cotton industry moved westward, the industrial area began to lose its vitality gradually. 1 The construction of the elevated I-44 highway in the 1950s increased isolation of the area from the city as a whole, further separating the retail, social, and residential uses from the area. The only remaining building still in use in the area is the Ashley Power plant.

People started to organize an art-related event, Artica Festival, in this industrial wasteland. The goal of this festival is to foster the development of new works of art inspired by the St. Louis riverfront landscape and history, stimulate creativity through participatory art projects, provide platforms for artists to share their stories and visions with the community, and to do all of this uninhibited by commerce. 2 Even though the Near North Riverfront area is a wasteland nowadays, the emergence of the festival shows a renewed awareness of the area's value. It would be valuable to break down the invisible and tangible boundaries that exist in this area and allow the prosperity of downtown to continue into the immediate area, thus activating the Near North Riverfront area and responding to people's renewed perception of the value of this area.

1

BOUNDARY

Near North Riverfront

PROSPERITY

A PREVIOUSLY THRIVING INDUSTRIAL AREA, ABANDONED BECAUSE OF GLOBALALIZATION, CREATING AN ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL BOUNDARY In America and throughout the world, many of the cities that once thrived on industry, today are in a state of serious decay. Built on the personal and civic wealth generated by the industrial revolution, many of these cities now lie virtually abandoned and economically depressed, inhabited only by those who cannot escape from the confines of their remains.

To make matters worse, in many of these cities, massive urban interventions during the 1950s and 1960s, designed to accommodate the growing importance of the automobile, further defaced these cities, creating physical and economic divisions in the urban fabric. What can now be seen as flawed principles of architecture and planning enforced by so called experts in positions of authority led to the decline of the liveable American city. 3 During that time most people who could, left the city for the country, settling in suburban neighborhoods. Governments were less and less willing to invest money into the cities, which were subsequently allowed to fall into disrepair.

BOUNDARY

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS CHANGE FROM SYMBOLS OF PROSPERITY TO OBSOLESCENCE Buildings once standing as symbols of prosperity, affluence, and technological innovation quickly came to represent the loss of those very things. As the processes and economies that first necessitated the erection of such buildings became obsolete, so to did their apparent usefulness. America and the rest of the developed industrialized world is riddled with these abandoned industrial buildings. No longer useful according to their original purposes, they have remained as reminders on the landscape of a time when prosperity once took the place of abject poverty. For these old buildings the question remains of what to do with them: Do we tear them down and build afresh or do we invest in their revitalization? This is the challenge that faces us as architects, planners, and citizens of the increasingly urbanized world in which we live.

BOUNDARY

12

13

DECLINE

ABANDONED

Industrial Economy

Warehouse

Railroad Logistics Population

Ferry Depot

INVISIBLE BOUNDARY

THE GHOSTS OF OUR PAST

Cold Storage INDUSTRIAL WASTELAND DECAY

DOWNT PROSPE

Tear Old Industrial Buildings Down and Build A fresh? VS Inv

14

CONSTRUCTION TANGIBLE BOUNDARY

TOWN ERITY

I-44 Highway Interchange Stan Musial Veterans Memorial Bridge DISCONNECT Mississippi River INDUSTRIAL WASTELAND DECAY

vest in Industrial Buildings' Revitalization and Adaptive Reuse?

The History of Near North Riverfront 4

Near North Riverfront

Manewal, Lange & Co.’s Steam Cracker B A.O. Engelmann & Co., Lime Depot

Murphy’s Wagon Factory Edward bates Public School

Whittier Tenement Building

Wm. N. Macqueen’s Pork Houses Mansion House of Gov. Ashley St. Louis Hot Pressed Benj. Horn’s Cooperage Howe Sewing Machine Warehouse

Wiggins Ferry Transfer Co.’s Warehouse Westlake & Button

St. Louis Transfer Co.’s Warehouse

Missouri Boiler & Sheet Iron Works Jos. P. Card & Co., Pig Iron Yard

Henry & Co.

1900s

L.P. Ewald & Co.

Eagle Foundry

Freight Depot Chicago & Alton R.R.

Depot St. Louis, K.C. & N. R’y Co.

St. Louis Grain Elevator, D

Bakery Reilly & Wolfort’s Mammoth Stables

St. Louis Stamping Co. W. E. Moran & Bro.’s

St. Louis Lead and Oil Works

Exelsior Manuf’g Co.

Huse, Loomis & Co.’s Ice Houses St. Louis Shot Tower Co. St. Louis Sugar Refining Co.

D.P. Slattery, Sec’y

Mississippi Ice Co.

Industrial Prosperity Detail of Plate 19 of Compton and Dry, showing Near North Riverfront When Richard Compton and Camille Dry chose the first plate of their famous Pictorial St. Louis, they chose the Near North Riverfront, that area north of Laclede’s Landing that once served as an emblematic cross-section of the Gateway City, where the Mississippi River, industry, commerce, and teeming residential neighborhoods collided. 4 Because of the prevailing landscape of this area, it better represents the vibrant, populous industrial area of the city.

URBAN FABRIC CHANGE

Railway Block Building

1901

Boulevard - Street Block

1930

Freight Stations Booming Industry Prosperity

Sanborn Map 5 18

I-70

4 I-4

I-44 Railway Block Building

1953

Highway as a Tangible Boundry Railway Logistics Decline

Railway Block Building

2010

Stan Musial Veterans Memorial Bridge - New Boundry

Old Maps 6 19

ARCHITECTURE AS HISTORICAL DOCUMENT

1894

Belcher Water Bath Company 21, O'Fallon Street

1900

St. Louis Cold Storage Company 1312-22 Lewis Street.

1901

The Laclede Power Company Building Lewis and O'Fallon Streets

1903

Shapleigh Hardw Ashley and O'Fa

ware Warehouse #3 allon Streets.

Vanishing STL 10

1904

Ashley Power House One, Ashley St

1913

Cotton Belt Freight Depot Building 1400 N 1st Street

1913

Beck & Corbitt Iron Company 1230-1254 North 1st Street

NEAR NORTH RIVERFRONT PROPOSALS

Stadium Proposals

Open Space Proposals

ERASING THE PAST PROPOSAL 1

Demolish The Entire Historical Area

Year: 2015 Architect: HOK Stadium Proposal, Near North Riverfront

Existing Plan

Proposed Plan 24

DEMOLISH

1900 St. Louis Cold Storage Company 1312-22 Lewis Street.

1901 The Laclede Power Company Lewis and O'Fallon Streets

1903 Shapleigh Hardware Warehouse #3 Ashley and O'Fallon Streets.

1913 Cotton Belt Freight Depot Building 1400 N 1st Street

ERASING THE PAST PROPOSAL 2

Office/Hotel/Residential For Industrial Area

Year: 2015 Architect: Forum Studio Open Space Proposal, Near North Riverfront

Existing Plan Office + Residential Office + Residential Hotel + Residential Retail + Residential Loft + Residential

2 1

Proposed Plan 26

KEEP WITHOUT FUNCTION

1

Cotton Belt Freight Depot Still Without Function?

Cotton Belt Freight Depot Building

2

Warehouse Surrounding By Hotel & Residential?

Loft Hotel

Shapleigh Hardware

Loft Loft

Hotel

Warehouse #3

Loft

Loft

Loft

Hotel

ERASING THE PAST

Demolish The Entire Historical Area - Add New Stadium?

Office/Hotel/Residential For Industrial Area?

DESTROY THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY? It seems most people in positions of influence care little about the long term impact of their urban interventions on the evolving character of a city and the lives of its inhabitants, more focused on the potential for profit that their actions produce. In America, private investors can fund projects freely, even if they pose a detrimental effect on the well being of the public realm and population. With unchecked development determined by the private sector there is nothing preventing America’s cities from being dragged towards a grim future of soulless urban space and disillusioned people and communities.

NO!

As such in America, sadly the choice is all too simple for most developers and politicians interested in pursuing the easiest solution to this problem. Most are unwilling to invest in the renovation of historical buildings, seeing it as too costly and of little value to their economic or political interests. Rather than viewing these buildings as assets, they tend to view them or at least paint them as images of urban decay. The attitude is that it is far more advisable to replace what are seen as ancient, obsolete structures with shiny new constructions, more in tune with the illusion of prosperity that sells all too well in America.

THE VALUE OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

Stadium Proposals

Industrial Building Adaptive Reuse Value Industrial buildings come in a myriad of scales and formal approaches. From freight stations to warehouses, a specialized process is a crucial point to design each building.

Often preserving original building shells and structures, renovations usually introduce new programs within defined boundaries. Whether public or private effort, these transformations occur at varying rates.

30

Creative Adaptive Reuse Projects 11

CUTS

PARASITES

PARASITES-STACKS

JUXTAPOSITIONS

WRAPS

WEAVINGS

PEELING

TRANSPLANTING

INSERTIONS

Industrial Building Adaptive Reuse Form Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Buildings 12

31

THE VALUE OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS Daoíz y Velarde Cultural Center Program: Cultural Center Location: Calle Alberche, Venturada, Madrid, Spain Architects: Rafael de La-Hoz Year: 2013

Vertical Spatial Adaptability

These industrial buildings are highly adaptable. Given that they were built to house large scale processing systems and industrial machinery, they provide vast spaces within their interiors to be adapted for various uses, including cultural programs, such as museums, libraries, performance space, and the like that require a great deal of area. In this they provide a unique opportunity. In building today, where costs are minimized as much as possible, no one will pay for sapce. It is a luxury that we do not have. We are so used to being contained in tight economically profitable space that these vast interior spaces are viewed and treasured as a major asset. As such these buildings o„er a unique spatial condition. ”‚ 32

S

Sense of History

Horizontal Spatial Adaptability

33

THE VALUE OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS Kraanspoor Program: Office Location: Amsterdam, The Netherlands Architects: OTH Architecten Year: 2007

In “Build-On-Architecture” Lukas Feireiss writes: “Given the fact that in most parts of the world our built environment is still largely determined by already existing buildings and constructions rather than new developments, one of the greatest tasks faced by today’s architects is the creative handling and inspiring transformation of such architectural remains.” This is what gives cities character: the response of creative populations in shaping their environment. ›−

34

Industrial Buildings Create Di†erent Contexts

S

35

CREATIVE REIMAGINING

About Artica Festival Artica is a non-profit arts organization dedicated to the arts community of St. Louis with over 20 years of supporting artists and creators of all ages and backgrounds. Each year, Artica establishes an “art city” with two days of music, interactive art, multi-media installations, workshops, parades, and performances. The goal of this festival is to foster the development of new works

36

of art inspired by the St. Louis riverfront landscape and histor y, stimulate creativity through participatory art projects, provide platforms for artists to share their stories and visions with the community, and to do all of this uninhibited by commerce. This is a free, all-ages event situated at the historic site of the Cotton Belt Freight Depot every October. 2

Artistic Activity and Interaction In large part the repopulation of cities and the renovation of these industrial sites has been due to the activity of artists. Encouraged by the cheapness of these rundown area, located within the city center and possessed of this authentic nature, their projects move into the neighborhoods, using their creative expression and imagination to transform the area into hotbeds of

artistic activity and interaction, creating galleries, happenings, bars, cafes and the like. This is the way many of today’s most covetted neighborhoods have been revitalized. Through the cultivation of the character and culture of a place, through artistic intervention and collaboration, the buildings and neighborhoods are made more attractive, encouraging growth and investment.

37

38

Visitor

IN

Younger Generation

Artist

BREAK BOUNDRY

GOALS

IN

Near North Riverfront

REUSE INDUSTRIAL BUILDING Hold Events Inhabit Space Understanding Industry History Exhibition

Stage

Making Space

Work-Living

39

PROGRAM

BREAK BOUNDRIES REUSE INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE FROM INDUSTRY TO EDUCATION

To bring vitality to the Near North Riverfront, break the boundaries, and get people into this derelict area, I propose to reuse the cotton belt freight depot to build a vocational school. The school would activate the area and bring a younger population into the area while also taking advantage of the unique scale of the abandoned industrial buildings to accommodate the extensive vocational and technical facilities.

The student would integrate with the Artica Festival, which brings more possibilities to the vocational school through the site's characteristics. At the same time, the buildings needed for the school will gradually increase with the size of the school, which certainly opens up possibilities for the future development of this area with its large number of vacancies.

2

VOCATIONAL SCHOOL HISTORY

1963 1946 1926 The American Vocational Association was created from the National Society for Vocational Education and the Vocational Education Association of the Middle West.

Calvin M. Woodward

1879 Calvin M. Woodward opened the first Manual Training School for boys in St. Louis. His curriculum included science, mathematics, language, literature, history, drawing and shop work.

History of CTE 15 Manual Training Movement 16 Calvin M. Woodward 17

Federal dollars for vocational education were more than doubled to $29 million per year in the George-Barden Act of 1946, which added funding for two student agriculture-related organizations (Future Farmers of America and the New Farmers of America) and set limits on equipment spending.

Vocational education was expanded to “persons of all ages in all communities” in the Vocational Education Act of 1963. Funding for states was now authorized by student population rather than by field of study, including money for academically and economically disadvantaged and disabled students.

1917

1936

1956

The federal role in CTE began 100 years ago with the Smith-Hughes National Vocational Education Act of 1917. This legislation marked the first federal investment in secondary vocational education, providing funding to the states for agriculture, home-making, and trade and industrial education.

The George-Deen Act of 1936 appropriated $14 million per year in federal funds and broadened their use to include teacher education and training for marketing occupations.

The George Barden Amendments of 1956 included funding for area vocational centers and added practical nursing and fishery occupations to the list of eligible education programs.

2018 1998

1990

1976 Equal opportunities for women and girls were promoted in the Vocational Education Amendments of 1976.

Contemporary vocational education began to take shape with the Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Education Act Amendments of 1990, which embraced accountability, as well as secondarypostsecondary alignment, academic integration and business partnerships.

The Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act of 1998 continued the 1990 Act’s focus on alignment and integration. It created the reserve fund in states and modified state authorizations so that 85 percent of funding would reach local agencies.

In the same year, the American Vocational Association was renamed the Association for Career and Technical Education, reflecting a change from job-specific vocationalism to skill-based, rigorous career education.

The Strengthening Career and Technical Education for the 21st Century Act (Perkins V) continued the prior law's focus on programs of study and made important updates to afford states and local recipients more flexibility, prioritize stakeholder engagement and data-driven decisionmaking through a new comprehensive local needs assessment, streamline accountability measures, reduce Secretarial authority, enhance efforts to serve special populations and encourage innovation through a competitive grant program. Full implementation begins in the 2020–21 school year.

1968

1984

1994

2006

2018

The Vocational Education Amendments of 1968 was the first vocational legislation to o¢cially reference postsecondary students. It extended set-aside funding for students from specific populations.

Vo c a tio n a l legislation was renamed after Carl D. Perkins, a representative from Kentucky and education advocate, with the Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act of 1984.

The School to Work Opportunities Act of 1994 linked work-based and school-based learning, supported by partnerships with industry. It expired in 2001.

The term “vocational education” was also retired in the Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Act of 2006. Perkins IV introduced programs of study as a new unifying concept for CTE, with $1.3 billion supporting two funding streams— the Basic State Grant and Tech Prep.

Congress approved a Fiscal Year 2019 appropriations bill that increased funding for Perkins by $70 million, a significant increase in the federal investment in CTE, bringing the total to nearly $1.263 billion.

43

TRADITIONAL MODE OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION High School Diploma

Vocational Program

Diploma or Certificate

Specific Occupation

44

Advantages

Disadvantages

Less Time: 6 Mouths to 2 Years Less Cost: $13,000 to $14,000 Receive For a Specific Job

Fewer Choices Lack of On-Campus Life Less Critical Thinking Skills

Trade School 18

Building Trades

Carpenter Carpet installer Electrician Heavy equipment operator Insulation installer Landscaper Painter Plumber

Mechanical Trades

Auto mechanic HVAC installer Machinist Mechanical drafter Locksmith Mechanical insulator Elevator mechanic Mechanical installer

Industrial Trades Steam engineer Cargo freight agent Ironworker Line installer and repairer Paving equipment operator Metal fabricator Asbestos worker

Medical Trades Dental assistant Paramedic Phlebotomist Respiratory therapist Clinical laboratory technician

45

THE OTHER POSSIBILITIES OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

More On-Caupus Life

Better Career

More Possibilities

More Engagement

CRAFT FESTIVAL 46

ABILITIY FOR CRAFT

SPACE FOR CRAFT

START-UP CENTER

47

HISTORIC BUILDING & NEW FACILITIES BUILDING SCAD Museum of Art Program: Museum Location: Savannah, GA, United States Architects: Dawson Architects Year: 2014

48

SCAD Museum of Art 19

The fluid space includes a new 65,000 square-foot expansion of the original 1856 Greek Revival museum building, and the resulting institution exalts both historicity and new technology. At the same time, scad's campus is spread throughout the city, and the school is constantly expanding in the city, creating an excellent campus atmosphere without an entire campus.

49

REDESIGNED HISTORIC STRUCTURE NSCAD Port

Program: NSCAD Port

Location: Halifax, NS, United States Architects: MacKay-Lyons Sweetapple Architects Year: 2009

NSCAD University has three campuses in the heart of Halifax—each with its own unique architecture and atmosphere. The historic Fountain Campus, made up of 19 interconnected former merchant shops, the Academy Campus, set in a charming 19th-century building at the foot of Citadel Hill and the Port Campus, a sleek converted warehouse overlooking the Halifax waterfront.

50

NSCAD Visit & Explore 20

Program: NSCAD Fountain Campus

Location: Halifax, NS, United States Year: 1970

NSCAD Fountain Campus

HISTORIC ADAPTIVE REUSE 51

ADAPTIVE REUSE OF HISTORIC BUILDING SCI-ARC At Santa Fe Freight Depot Program: Architecture School Location: Los Angeles, CA, United States Architects: Gary Paige Studios Year: 2001

By the 1990s, the depot was a vacant building covered in grašti. Then, in 2000, the SCI-Arc obtained a lease on the property with plans to relocate its campus to the location. SCI-Arc renovated and converted the building, considered an "industrial leftover," into a 61,000-square-foot (5,700 m2) state-of-the-art architecture school.

52

SCI-Arc Campus Building 21

53

54

55

EXPERIENCE TRADIDTIONAL SKILL TRAINING TECHNOLOGY SKILL TRAINING CRAFT EVENT START-UP BUSINESS LIVING INDUSTRY HISTORY EXHIBITION

56

FACULTY

STUDEDNTS WITH EXPERIENCE

STUDEDNTS WITHOUT EXPERIENCE

USERS

INGREDIENTS OF NEXT GENERATION TRAINING CENTER

GRADUATES ENTREPRENEURSHIP

VISITORS

EVENT PARTICIPANTS

CLIENT

GOALS

CAMPUS LIFE

CAREER POSSIBILITY

CRITICAL THINKING

ACTIVATE AREA

57

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION WITH TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLEDGY & TRADES PROGRAM

TRADITIONAL TRADES Carpenter

Skilled Trades Industrial Occupations Technology

Electrician

Electronic Engineering Technology

Metal worker

Precision Machining Technology

Machinist

Assembly Worker Mechanical drafter Architectural drafter

58

Computer Aided Design

Engineering drafter

Computer Integrated Manufacturing

ADVANCED TRADES

Robotics and Automation

Technical Positions within the automotive, aerospace, heavy equipment, chemical, electrical, petroleum and food processing industries that use robotics and automation processes.

EQUIPMENT & SPACE EQUIPMENT

SPACE

AREA

Lathes Drill Presses Bandsaws End Mills

Wood Shop

3,600 sq.ft.

Metal Shop

3,600 sq.ft.

Grinders Computer

Computer Lab

3,000 sq.ft.×2

Electrical Equipment

Electrical Studio

2,400 sq.ft.×2

CNC

CNC Lab

2,400 sq.ft.×2

Digital Lab

1,800 sq.ft.×2

Computer Integrated Studio

4,800 sq.ft.×2

Robotics

Robotics Studio

3,600 sq.ft.×2

Construction 3D Printer

Construction 3D Printer Lab

General Laser Cut General 3D Printer Industrial Laser Cut Industrial 3D Printer

6,000 sq.ft.

Minimum Width50ft 59

PROGRAM AREA

Student

30 Ft

Public

30 Ft

Start-Up Center Lobby

Exhibition Gallery

Multipurpose Room

40 Ft

60 Ft

80 Ft

Individual Meeting

General Classroom

40 Ft

40 Ft

Audit

70

Apartments 240 Ft

Lab

30 Ft

Studio

30 Ft

Training Center

30 Ft

Exhibition

60

Electrical Studio

Electrical Studio

80 Ft

80 Ft

Wood Shop Metal Shop 120 Ft

×2

Com

Digital Lab

×2

60 Ft

Mutipurpose Room

Industrial History Exhibition Gallery

120 Ft

80 Ft

Cafe

30 Ft

torium

Management

30 Ft

40 Ft ×2

s

Service

30 Ft

0 Ft

Office Suite

Service

x2

40 Ft

mputer Integrated Studio

Robotics Studio

×2

100 Ft

CNC Lab

×2

50 Ft

×2

80 Ft

Basic Working

×4

40 Ft

120 Ft

160 Ft

Computer Lab

×2

Construction 3D Printer Lab

120 Ft

Theater

Outdoor Exhibition Courtyard

80 Ft

200 Ft

61

PROGRAM SUMMARY Start-Up Center Public

Lobby: 1,200 sq.ft.

Exhibition Gallery: 1,800 sq.ft.

Multipurpose Room: 2,400 sq.ft.

Auditorium: 2,100 sq.ft.

Cafe: 900 sq.ft.

Total: 8,400 sq.ft.

Student

Individual Meeting Rooms: 4 x 300 sq.ft.

General Classroom: 2 x 600 sq.ft.

Apartments: 24 x 600 sq.ft.

Total: 16,800 sq.ft.

Management

Director’s Oflce: 200 sq.ft.

General Oflce: 5 x 120 sq.ft.

Collective Working Space: 400 sq.ft.

Conference Room: 300 sq.ft.

Total: 1,500 sq.ft.

Service

Storage: 600 sq.ft.

Restroom: 2 x 200 sq.ft.

Mechanical: 2,000 sq.ft.

Total: 3,000 sq.ft.

TOTAL

62

29,700 SQ.FT.

Training Center Studio

Electrical Studio: 2 x 2,400 sq.ft.

Computer Integrated Studio: 2 x 4,800 sq.ft.

Robotics Studio: 2 x 3,600 sq.ft.

Basic Working Space: 4 x 1,200 sq.ft.

Total: 26,400 sq.ft.

Lab

Wood Shop: 3,600 sq.ft.

Metal Shop: 3,600 sq.ft.

Digital Lab: 2 x 1,800 sq.ft.

Computer Lab: 2 x 3,000 sq.ft.

CNC Lab: 2 x 2,400 sq.ft.

Construction 3D Printer Lab: 6,000 sq.ft. Minimum Width50ft Total: 27,600 sq.ft.

Exhibition

Mutipurpose Room: 3,600 sq.ft.

Industrial History Exhibition Gallery: 2,400 sq.ft.

Theater: 2,400 sq.ft.

Outdoor Exhibition Courtyard: 6,000 sq.ft.

Total: 14,400 sq.ft.

Service

Storage: 1,200 sq.ft.

Restroom: 8 x 200 sq.ft.

Mechanical: 6,000 sq.ft.

Total: 8,800 sq.ft.

TOTAL

77,200 SQ.FT.

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PLACE

A TRAINING CENTER IN A POST-INDUSTRY CITY ADAPTIVE REUSE OF THE COTTON BELT FREIGHT DEPOT

Having peaked in the 1920's, The 1913 Cotton Belt Freight Depot was the former distribution center of the Southwestern Railroad Freight Depot. 22Today it stands as a testament to the industrial innovation of St. Louis. The building is often inhabited by those on the fringes of St. Louis society, and is removed from the surrounding industry by vacancy and the flood wall. By preserving the legacy of the Cotton Belt Freight Depot and challenging the use of the surrounding vacant space, it offers potential for a collaboration between industry and education.

3

SELECTED SITE Cotton Belt Freight Depot 1400 N. 1st St., St. Louis, Missouri The Cotton Belt Freight Depot is located in the Near North Riverfront neighborhood in St. Louis, Missouri. It was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

This area of Near North Riverfront is surrounded by highways, bridges, and the Mississippi River, which is the tangible boundary mentioned before. The highways are I-44 and I-70, and the bridges are Martin Luther King Bridge and Stan Musial Veterans Memorial Bridge. Cass Avenue is the road directly toward the Cotton Belt Freight Depot building. Cole Street and Carr Street are the invisible boundaries between prosperity and decay.

The building has no formal tenants or function. There are occupants camped in the far North and south ends of the building, where they have built makeshift homes out of founding materials like pallets and tires. A leashed dog guards each end of the building.

The upper floors of the building are inaccessible, other than by rope or ladder through the open elevator shafts. Windows and doors have been destroyed, and the building is open to the elements from its sides.

66

Cotton Belt Freight Depot 22

I-70

CASS

MISSISSIPPI RIVER

AVE

SITE

COLUMBUS SQUARE

ST

ASHLEY ENERGY

COLE

NEAR NORTH RIVERFRONT CARR ST I-44

DOWNTOWN CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT

67

SELECTED SITE

The selected site is a Cotton Belt Freight Depot with an open space facing east. The site is adjacent to N 1st ST and the railroad to the east and is currently railroad only. To the west is Lewis Street and the railroad, and the roadway is unpaved.

Florida Street to the north is a paved roadway in poor condition and Dickson Street to the south is a cut-o‘ roadway.

Collins Street

Dickson Street

Biddle Street

O’Fallon Street

SELECTED SITE

t

North 2nd Stree

L POTENTIA XPAND SITE FOR E Ashley Street eet

O’Fa

y Str

Ashle llon et

Biddle Street

Stre

Le

Lewis Street

ASHLEY ENERGY

Mississippi

Near North Riverfront,

Scale 1” = 50’

River

Florida St reet

nue Cass Ave

t

North 2nd Stree

L POTENTIA D N A P X SITE FOR E

T DEPOT

LT FREIGH

E COTTON B

.

276,000 SQ

FT.

SITE

ewis Street son Dick et

Stre

Commerical Street

rfront Trail

St. Louis Rive

Mississippi River

iver

sippi R

Missis

Infrastructure Development Needed

Building Outline

Park Outline

Tree Pattern

Site Boundry

Road Center Line

Greenland Outline

Grass Pattern

Potential Site For Expand Boundry

Road Outline

Pavement Outline

Pavement Pattern

COTTON BELT HISTORY 1874 1875 1879 1911

72

St. Louis Southwestern Railway Exchange Cotton from South to Missouri begins Texas Cotton Belt begins Key link between TX, AR, and MO Railroad joint ownership with Col. James W. Paramore Cotton Belt Freight Depot construction begins 5 stories, 730'× 30' Demolition of dwellings for railroad construction

1913

Cotton Belt Freight Depot opens St. Louis Southwestern Railroad Freight Depot Era when steamboat gave way to rail

1913-1954

Period of significance

1920

Peak of the railroad 22 rails on 19 miles of track at Union Station

1959

Passenger service stopped "A train is a service, a motor car is a servant."

1992

Railroad loses independence

2011

Unfulfilled plan to convert to housing

2012

Annual site of Artica

2014

Migration mural painted

2015

Unfulfilled plan to build new stadium NFL Stadium Proposal 7 Cotton Belt Freight Depot 22 St. Louis Southwestern Railway 23

73

Commercial St

IGHT DEPOT

IVER

120

60

30

MISSISSIPPI R

rail

Riverfront T

on S

t

s Dick

0

74

Lewis St

E COTTON BELT FR

N 1st ST

Florida St

SITE

SITE SECTION

SITE

Flood Wall 0

30

60

120

75

COTTON BELT FREIGHT DEPOT

30 76

ft

0 73

ft

730 x 30 = 21,900 sqft x 5 floors = 109,500 sqft The building is notable for its long, narrow shape. The concrete building is approximately 730’ on its east and west elevations and only 30’ on the north and south. The five stories include a series of loading dock doors on both sides that are sheltered by a concrete awning. Widely spaced metal-frame industrial type windows line the upper stories. A slightly taller cornice line marks the section of the building where the company offices were located. Most of the building’s detail is reserved for this section where the company’s name is displayed in two levels over a bay window. 22 77

COTTON BELT FREIGHT DEPOT

78

79

82

83

POSSIBILITIES

COTTON BELT FERRY DEPOT AS A TRAINING CENTER FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

Industrial buildings come in a myriad of scales and formal approaches. From freight stations to warehouses, a specialized process is a crucial point to design each building. Often preserving original building shells and structures, renovations usually introduce new programs within defined boundaries. Whether public or private effort, these transformations occur at varying rates. While some projects may be slow and temporary, renovations often foreshadow more significant developments within a community or district.

Therefore, it is better to break down boundaries than to try to entirely and quickly change the entire area. Renovating or adding an attractive building to activate the Near North Riverfront gradually aligns with an abandoned industrial area.24

4

CONFIGURATIONS JUXTAPOSITIONS

30 Ft

50 Ft 320 Ft Original Space: 730 x 30 = 21,900 sqft x 5 floors = 109,500 sqft Total Space Needed: 39,700 sqft + 77,200 sqft = 106,900 sqft Added Space: 50 x 320 = 16,000 sqft Take Out Floor Space: 109,500 - 106,900 + 16,000 = 18, 600sqft 90

WRAPS

30 Ft

50 Ft 730 Ft

Original Space: 730 x 30 = 21,900 sqft x 5 floors = 109,500 sqft Total Space Needed: 39,700 sqft + 77,200 sqft = 106,900 sqft Added Space: 50 x 730 = 36,500 sqft Take Out Floor Space: 109,500 - 106,900 + 36,500 = 39,100sqft 91

CONFIGURATIONS INSERTIONS

30 Ft 300 Ft 50 Ft 170 Ft

30 Ft

Original Space: 730 x 30 = 21,900 sqft x 5 floors = 109,500 sqft Total Space Needed: 39,700 sqft + 77,200 sqft = 106,900 sqft Added Space: 50 x 200 x 2 + 30 x 300 + 30 x 400 = 41,000 sqft Take Out Floor Space: 109,500 - 106,900 + 41,000 = 43, 600sqft 92

CUTS & PEELING

30 Ft

50

Ft

Original Space: 730 x 30 = 21,900 sqft x 5 floors = 109,500 sqft Total Space Needed: 39,700 sqft + 77,200 sqft = 106,900 sqft Added Space: 50 x 150 x 2 + 50 x 100 x 2 = 25,000 sqft Take Out Floor Space: 109,500 - 106,900 + 25,000 = 27, 600sqft 93

IMAGE CREDITS Page 10 David Carson https://www.stltoday.com/business/local/ downtown-stl-mulls-tax-district-to-improveinfrastructure/article_c752ab96-e381-521caef2-34c74666fdb5.html Page 12 Forum Studio http://www.aslacentralstates.org/2016/09/ north-riverfront-redevelopment-and-openspace-plan-forum-studio/ Page 16 Compton, Richard J. Dry, Camille N., illus. https://www.loc.gov/resource/g4164sm.gpm00 001/?sp=23&r=0.06,0.152,0.84,0.516,0 Page 18 Digital Sanborn Maps https://digitalsanbornmaps-proquest-com. libproxy.wustl.edu/about?accountid=15159.

Page 29 Vanishing STL http://vanishingstl.blogspot.com/2015/02/astadium-plan-that-doesnt-blitz-north.html.

Page 30 Sabrina Santos https://www.archdaily.com/783283/20creative-adaptive-reuse-projects.

Page 32-33 Alfonso Quiroga https://www.archdaily.com/482244/daoiz-yvelarde-cultural-centre-rafael-de-la-hoz Page 34-35 Rob Hoekstra https://www.archdaily.com/2967/kraanspooroth-ontwerpgroep-trude-hooykaas-bv Page 36 Artica STL https://articastl.com/

Page 20 Paul Sableman http://vanishingstl.blogspot.com/2015/02/astadium-plan-that-doesnt-blitz-north.html

Page 37 Tom Nagel https://nagelbite.wordpress.com/cotton-beltmural/

Page 24-25 NEXT STL https://nextstl.com/2015/09/hok-releasesnew-proposed-st-louis-nfl-stadiumrenderings/.

Page 42 Calvin M. Woodward https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_ V64_D382_Calvin_M_Woodward.png

Page 26-27 Forum Studio http://www.aslacentralstates.org/2016/09/ north-riverfront-redevelopment-and-openspace-plan-forum-studio/.

Page 45 Serts Getty https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/best-tradeschool-jobs/

Page 47 Carpenter Studio https://www.thebalancesmb.com/bestcarpenter-tools-4140672 Page 48-49 Savannah College of Art and Design https://www.archdaily.com/475473/scadmuseum-of-art-sottile-and-sottile-lord-aeckdawson-architects.

Page 50-51 NSCAD https://nscad.ca/visit-and-explore/.

Page 52-53 Santa Fe Freight Depot https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Freight_ Depot.

Page 73 St. Louis-Southwestern Railroad Company https://www.ttarchive.com/Library/Maps/ Cotton-Belt_1906_Official-Guide.htm Page 82-83 Took By Faculty Assistant Carmen Chee Page 80 Cotton Belt Freight Depot https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Belt_ Freight_Depot Page 84-85 Architectural Afterlife https://architecturalafterlife.com/2020/02/stlouis-cotton-belt-freight-depot/ Other Image Took By Author

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Burns, Adam. “Cotton Belt Railroad: Map, History, Logo, Locomotive Roster.” American, 2007. https://www.american-rails.com/cotton.html.

2. Simes, Audrey. “About Artica Festival.” ARTICA, 2020. https://articastl.com/about 3. Smith, Christopher. “Sustaining Urban Regeneration in America.” The Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Buildings, 2016. https://soa.utexas.edu/sites/default/disk/munich_papers/munich_ papers/10_02_su_smith_christopher.pdf.

4. Naffziger, Chris. “The History of Near North Riverfront, Revisited.” St. Louis Magazine, May 18, 2021. https://www.stlmag.com/history/near-north-riverfront/.

5. Sanborn Fire Insurance Company. “Digital Sanborn Maps.” Digital Sanborn Maps, 1867–1970, 2001. https://digitalsanbornmaps-proquest-com.libproxy.wustl.edu/about?accountid=15159.

6. Klokan Technologies GmbH. “Old Maps Online.” Old Maps Online, 2010. https://www. oldmapsonline.org/.

7. Ihnen, Alex, Richard Bose, and Michael Browning. “HOK Releases New Proposed St. Louis NFL Stadium Renderings.” NextSTL, January 13, 2021. https://nextstl.com/2015/09/hokreleases-new-proposed-st-louis-nfl-stadium-renderings/.

8. Holmes, Damian. “North Riverfront Redevelopment and Open Space Plan – Forum Studio,” 2015. http://www.aslacentralstates.org/2016/09/north-riverfront-redevelopment-and-openspace-plan-forum-studio/.

9. Ihnen, Alex, Richard Bose, and Michael Browning. “North Riverfront Vision Offers Development Plan with or without NFL Stadium.” NextSTL, March 10, 2016. https://nextstl. com/2015/07/north-riverfront-vision-offers-ideas-with-or-without-nfl-stadium/.

10. STL, Vanishing. “A Stadium Plan That Doesn't Blitz the North Riverfront.” Vanishing STL, January 1, 1970. http://vanishingstl.blogspot.com/2015/02/a-stadium-plan-that-doesnt-blitznorth.html.

11. Santos, Sabrina. “20 Creative Adaptive Reuse Projects.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, March 17, 2016. https://www.archdaily.com/783283/20-creative-adaptive-reuse-projects.

12. Kim, Donghwan. “Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Buildings for Sustainability; Analysis of Sustainability and Social Values of Industrial Facades.” ResearchGate, May 2018. https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/325263382_Adaptive_Reuse_of_Industrial_Buildings_for_ Sustainability_Analysis_of_Sustainability_and_Social_Values_of_industrial_Facades.

13. Valenzuela, Karen. “Daoíz y Velarde Cultural Center / Rafael De La-Hoz.” ArchDaily.

ArchDaily, September 14, 2019. https://www.archdaily.com/482244/daoiz-y-velarde-culturalcentre-rafael-de-la-hoz.

14. Saieh, Nico. “Kraanspoor / OTH Architecten.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, June 25, 2008. https:// www.archdaily.com/2967/kraanspoor-oth-ontwerpgroep-trude-hooykaas-bv.

15. ACTE. “History of CTE.” ACTE, December 7, 2021. https://www.acteonline.org/history-ofcte/.

16. Westerink, Diane. Manual Training Movement, 2012. https://www3.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/ manualtr.html.

17. “Calvin M. Woodward.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, December 25, 2020. https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_M._Woodward.

18. Ngo, Chinh. “The 15 Best Jobs for Trade School Graduates.” BestColleges.com, December 1, 2021. https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/best-trade-school-jobs/.

19. Aguilar, Cristian. “SCAD Museum of Art / Sottile & Sottile and Lord Aeck Sargent, in Association with Dawson Architects.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, February 12, 2014. https://www. archdaily.com/475473/scad-museum-of-art-sottile-and-sottile-lord-aeck-dawson-architects.

20. “NSCAD Visit and Explore.” NSCAD, 2014. https://nscad.ca/visit-and-explore/.

21. “Santa Fe Freight Depot.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, June 10, 2021. https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Freight_Depot.

22. “Cotton Belt Freight Depot.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, December 4, 2021. https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Belt_Freight_Depot.

23. “St. Louis Southwestern Railway.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, December 18, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Southwestern_Railway.

24. Joo, Johnny. “The Historic St. Louis Cotton Belt Freight Depot.” Architectural Afterlife, January 30, 2020. https://architecturalafterlife.com/2020/02/st-louis-cotton-belt-freightdepot/.