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LOOKING THROUGH THE LENS OF WATER: TRANSFORMATIONAL HONIARA

SUBMITTED BY Yunqian Zhan s3715790 RMIT UNIVERSITY School of Architecture and Design Master of Landscape Architecture Design Research Project 2020 COURSE COORDINATOR Alice Lewis Jen lynch TUTORS Alban Mannisi Nov. 2020

ABSTRACT Pacific Island cities are at the front line of climate change and are facing the highest rate of urban population increase from the past century. Groundwater is the primary freshwater resource for islanders is threatened from seawater intrusion due to the sea level rise. The hydrological changes imply significant risks for society as inevitable consequences of future change require landscape architecture to stay abreast of consideration from social and ecological factors. The marginalized communities of Honiara in the Solomon Islands have complained about low water quality and inadequate water supplies for sixty years. However, there is a little solution in sight except for over-exploiting groundwater which accelerates freshwater contaminated as Honiara continues to grow. This project investigates the role of landscape architects as leaders and communicators. In the short term, provide alternative water resource and reconstruction of the site by introducing traditional cultural. In the long term, while improving the ecological environment and rebuild the existing tourism ecological assets. Relink the disconnection between Malaita settlers and Guadalcanal locals. Through combining asset-based community development, design activism, and ecological design to alleviate freshwater-related problems and raise awareness of peopleâ€™s water use difficulties in marginal areas. Following a comprehensive analysis, voice identity and culture background of the population should be taken into consideration to build the relationship between the environment and the inhabitant. Beyond tangible and technical proposal, by acknowledging the construction of the environmental crisis through community sustainability. An adequate response to resolve the water supply and improve the quality of life for the community of Honiara.

Source: Jessica Douglas Koah Hill Village Viewpoint Honiara, Solomon Island

Contents 00 BACKGROUND �� 01 0.1 Introduction 0.3 Position 0.2 Client and stakeholders 0.4 Coastal hinterland

01 LANDING �� 09 1.1 The tensions 1.2 Scoping resource 1.3 Quality of life 1.4 Research question 1.5 Theoretical framework

02 FINDING HONIARA �� 33 2.1 Social capital 2.2 Physical capital 2.3 Transformational opportunities

03 SCHEMATIC DESIGN �� 47 3.1 Reuse 3.2 Mitigation 3.3 Cooperation

04 GROUNDING �� 73 4.1 Material 4.2 Establishment 4.3 Experience 4.4 Vision

05 CONCLUSION �� 105 5.1 Reflection 5.2 Appendix 5.3 Bibliography 5.4 Acknowledgment

00 BACKGROUND 0.1 Introduction 0.2 Client and stakeholders 0.3 Position 0.4 Coastal hinterland

0.1 INTRODUCTION Small remote islands are the front line of climate change impact, urban expansion and finite resource crisis(Wong et al. 2014). In the Pacific Ocean, Solomon Island comprises six major islands and nearly 1,000 smaller islands that are environmentally and economically vulnerable, because of water resources limited due to social and environmental constraints (SOPAC, 2007). The insufficient cover of sanitation and waste service contaminate the surface water resource. Sea level rise makes the community more susceptible to freshwater contamination, seawater intrusion and flooding. The marginalized community who live in informal settlements zones are facing water shortage problem and have constrained access to sanitation infrastructure. The case study area is Honiara, the capital city of Solomon Islands. It located on the northwestern coast of Guadalcanal with 84,520 people are living in here. Honiara also has a large Peri-urban region where most immigrants settle in ISZ (informal settlement zone) which are minimally serviced. In the long term confrontation between water shortage and urbanism in Honiara, overexploitation groundwater will increase saltwater intrusion rate, which can cause groundwater contamination, ecological damage and peopleâ€™s health problems. Water and sanitation deprivation linked to violence against women. Women and girls are vulnerable to rape and sexual harassment when they have no option but to walk considerable distances unaccompanied. Therefore, the city urgently needs an ecological sustainable ethic strategy

for resilient water use. Intervention strategy will carry out in cooperation with Honiara city council, Solomon Water, NGO Vois Blong Mere Solomon and the local community. The goal of the project is to control the surface water pollution source, water use efficiency and improve human well-being and ecological health. During the process, three UN sustainable development goals will be gradually achieved, which is clear water and sanitation, reduce inequalities, and sustainable city and community. In this project, multiple design techniques will be applied across different scales. In recognizing the agency of residents in shaping their environments of habitation and engaging in the project, residents are presented with options for levels of labour investment. Low investment for the household collects water and waste. Medium investment for the community sanitation facility. High investment for the coastline ecosystem urban space. Promote traditional cultural-educational board, cooperate with local NGOs and develop local tourist assets. Those interventions are relinking methods to repair the historical ethic tension between migrants settlers and Guadalcanal local people. By promoting the acknowledgment and respect of physical assets and social assets with the community, the ecological system plays a crucial role in the network function.

CLIENT

Honiara City Council states the city of resilience vision and identifies areas that are subject to environmental risks and to ensure developments within these areas respond to the environmental risks. In the Honiara local planning scheme, identify opportunities for future public projects that would improve the quality of life of the residents and developing economic activities in Honiara.

HCC Honiara City Council

STAKEHOLDERS

Solomon Water is a StateOwned Enterprise and provides municipal water and wastewater services in Honiara. Enhance communityintegrated water efficiency and maintenance regimes for water infrastructure. Explore feasibility of and interest in community-level investment in shared septic tank systems, co-funded by government.

SIWA Solomon Islands Water Authority

The National Disaster Management Office(NDMO) is the Secretariat of the National Disaster Council(NDC). Engaged with NGOâ€™s and civil society ensure their involvement in the community awareness program.

UN-Habitat has been providing access to reliable data and information on urban conditions and trends. To help to identify Honiara community priorities and key vulnerabilities.

UN-Habitat

NDMO National Disaster Management Office MWCY Ministry of Women, Children and Youth MID Ministry of Infrastructure and Development VBMS is an autonomous NGO so that it can effectively represent Solomon Islands women and organization activities include lobby & advocacy, networking and capacity building/training.

VBMS Vois Blong Mere Solomon

MECCDM Ministry for the Environment, Climate Change and Disaster Management MHMS Ministry of Health and Medical Services MLHS Ministry of Lands, Housing and Survey

00 BACKGROUND

‘‘Every year, we are told that it is the hottest since the first weather recording stations were set up; sea levels keep on rising; the coastline is increasingly threatened by spring storms; as for the ocean, every new study finds it more acidic than before. This is what the press calls living in the era of an ‘ecological crisis.’’’ - Bruno Latour

0.3 Position

Human influence on the climate system and the role of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in global warming (IPCC, 2014a; 2018a). The rate of GHG emissions is at an all-time high (WMO, 2019).

40 35 30 25

(GtCO2)

(GtCO2/yr)

2000

Forestry and other land use Fossil fuels, cement and flaring

20 15 10

1500 1000 500

5 0

1850

1900

1950

2000

Global anthropogenic CO2 emissions Source: IPCC (2014a, fig. 1.5, p. 45).

1750– 1750– 1970 2011 Cumulative CO2 emissions

The coastal area is more vulnerable from the sea level rise, as shown through the map. More than 600 million people (around 10% of the world’s population) live in coastal areas that are less than ten meters above sea level (McGranahan et al., 2007) and these areas are increasingly urban expansion.

AREA IN THE WORLD VULNERABLE TO A RISE IN SEA LEVEL Major river deltas of the world (JM. Colman, 1981)

00 BACKGROUND

Sustainable Development Goal 6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity, which is challenge particularly in Small pacific island countries.

S oc

nomic sec io-eco tor

Ecosystem

Human settlements

Sanitation Water

Energy

Agriculture

Sea level rise(SLR) is a major concern for many low-lying islands. It will affect the availability and distribution of water resources. Seawater/freshwater interface will move inland and decrease the investments of groundwater available (UNESCO-IHP/UNEP, 2016). Moreover, the impact of water shortage also directly through risks for socioeconomic aspect on the ecosystem, energy, food security and economic. Water management is crucial for climate-change sustainable development.

0.4 Coastal hinterland

Hinterland AS CO L TA C EN LU

F IN ON EZ E

Water Well

Wetland L TA

AS CO E

N ZO

Agriculture Area

SE A

AS CO L TA UE FL

IN E

ON EZ

BEFORE SLR

Too much salt within the drinking water can lead to salt toxicity and cause high blood pressure to humans.

ON LZ TA AS CO

Plants die when the salinity is above the tolerance threshold.

SLR accelerate saltwater intrusion, which in some degree responsible for wetland deterioration as well (DeLaune & Pezeshki, 1994). A

Besides animals and human beings, the decreases in agricultural production also show the impacts of the high concentration of salt in irrigation water.

AFTER SLR

01 LANDING 1.1 The tensions 1.2 Scoping resource 1.3 Quality of life 1.4 Research question 1.5 Theoretical framework

CHAPTER STATEMENT This chapter is a process to state how climate change hit the vulnerable community in Honiara. Through these questions, the leading project from the outside world to the more exact boundaries of a specific location. How does the pattern of tensions occur in Solomon Island at the forefront of climate change and large-scale migration? How does the pattern of tension occur in between migrants and inequity situation? How does the pattern of causes occur in Honiara of freshwater pressure due to climate change and urbanism? How the freshwater pressure hit the vulnerable community in Honiara?

01 LANDING

1.1.1 South pacific range Korea 2%

Japan 3% Indonesia 1% Philippines 0.2% Papua New Guinea 0.01%

China 28%

India 6%

Sinapore 1.5% Australia 1% Thailand 0.7% Malaysia 0.6% New Zeland 0.08%

Solomon Island 0.0005% 0

750

1500

3000KM

Âą

Co2 Emission (%total) Sea Level Change Since 1993(Cm)

Pacific Island Human Migration - Internation 11

Pacific Island Human Migration - Internal

1.1 The tensions The Solomon Islands are suffering from environmental injustice. The whole countryâ€™s carbon emissions account for a small proportion of the world, but it has suffered the worst consequences of climate change. Sea level rise causes the shoreline recession in the Solomon Islands. Five islands had vanished, and its effect the inner movement of migrant communities into urban and peri-urban areas from neighbouring islands. As a result, capital cities Honiara, face threats of environmental hazards as they grapple with the lack of adequate infrastructural services (ESCAP 2019).

Rapita Kale

Kakatina Hetaheta

Nuatambu

Sasahura Ite Sasahura Fa Sogomou Ite Sogomou

Choiseul

Zollies Rehana

Isabel Western

+1097

+1923 +2522

Malaita

Central

+13841

+3994

Honiara Guasalcanal

+1447

Makira-Ulawa

Solomon Island Province Population

Central 32,170

Isabel Choiseul Makira-Ulawa Western 34,550 35,870 54,000 97,200

Malaita 159,330

Guadalcanal 238,570

100

200KM

Âą

Island Experience Shoreline Recession Island Vanished Migration into Honiara/Guadalcanal (Line Thinckness = Scale of Migration) (1pt=1000pp/yr)

Data source: Co2 Data: Worldbank.org. 2020 Island information: Albert, Simon. 2016 Migration: Report on Migration and Urbanisation. 2009 12

01 LANDING

1.1.2 ISZs - Informal settlement zones

Informal settlement zones Road serves network

CRUZ NGGOSI

KUKUM

ROVE - LENGAKIKI

NAHA PANATINA

VUHOKESA MBUMBURU

Urban population growth pattern

VAVAEA

MATANIKO

VURA KOLA'A

Mataniko River

Overview

Vegatation Commercial area Healthland Local gov facility Healthy facility Storm 13

500

1000

2000M

Â±

1.1 The tensions Why people move into Honiara? Mostly migrants are indigenous from the other islands. Malaitans are the largest group of inward migrants (Report on Migration and Urbanisation. 2009). As the effects of climate change intensify, several islands have already been submerged. These islanders are climate refugee, have no options but to seek another place to live. City as Honiara as their destination. Another purpose of interprovincial migration is to obtain employment, receive higher education and receive better medical treatment and enabling political participate.

What the impact of inter-provincial migrants to Honiara? Population growth and increasing rural-urban migration have resulted in housing pressure and growth of these informal settlements in urban edges. Low and middle-income earners are lack of usable land to drive these trends. Another challenge is limited or no access to infrastructural services. Just over two-thirds of households have piped drink water in the Honiara urban area, but very few have this in the urban edges. These issues have increased inter-ethnic tensions. The ethnic tension escalated in December 1998 when the Guadalcanal Revolutionary Army, also known as Istambu Freedom Fighters, started an offensive of active intimidation against the Malaita settlers, resulting in a mass dislocation of people (Beest, D. van., 1999).

Main area

Live in ISZs

Step 1 Relief

Step 2 Improve

Vicious circle Poor quality of life

Resource shortage

01 LANDING

1.1.3 Honiara Existing Water Supply Condition Four boreholes as the main water supply for Honiara urban context. The service area for water supply extended outside the town boundary. However, the service area for sewerage is limited inside the town boundary. Due to the topography, 25% of residents in Honiara are suffering low water pressure problem. Some of the residents can not get any water during the peak demand hours in the daytime. With increasing pumping the groundwater policy, the speed of saltwater entry into Honiara aquifer will be increased and make groundwater contaminated.

Panatina bore field 3,664 m3/day

Rover Spring 1,759 m3/day

Mataniko Bore field 4,614 m3/day

Kombito Bore-field 1,931 m3/day

20M Contour Line

Water Distribution Pipelines

Saltwater Intrusion Sensitive Area Level 1 = Most sensitive Level 2 = Second sensitive

0 15

300

600

1200M

Âą

1.1 The tensions Next 5-10years

1000

800

<42%

61%

600

400

200

Population (thousands)

Now

Annual Urban Growth Rate (%)

1976

1985

1999

Solomon Island Annual Urban Growth Rate

2009

2020

2030

Honiara Population

2040

2050

Solomon Island Population

Alternative water sources By adding more water resource facility for the community. For example, rainwater catchment reclaimed wastewater and stormwater. In order to reduce the existing well water supply pressure.

Connection non-reticulated water supplies Non-reticulated water supply is any supply that is not piped to a business by a water utility or local government. For those area does not have access to a reticulated or town water supply. Increase the accessibility to the nearest safe water source.

Protect water source from contaminating Water contaminated include seawater intrusion, solid waste in the river or sea shore, waste outfall or water pull into the water resource.

01 LANDING

1.2.1 Critic add more boreholes

Proposed boreholes location Negative effect 0 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

100

150

200 Skyline boreholes 250

300 Naha borehole

Precipitation mm

350

Mataniko boreholes Depth of land subsidence

Flood zone

Flood zone broaden

Potential land subsidence area Geology alluvium

0 17

150

300

600M

Âą

1.2 Scoping resource The government in Solomon island proposed adding more boreholes which are standard water-resource management (JICA 2006). This strategy helps relief water shortage by expanding the service area in the short term. However, these are not sustainable management, especially for the coastal island. Accelerate saltwater intrusion into aquifer layer contaminated groundwater. Reduce water in the recharge area such as reservoir and stream. Lead land subsidence in alluvium geology layer (Usgs.gov). Expansion of the flooding influence area. The existing service area still limited to reach the ISZs (informal settlement zones) thoroughly, where the people in there are still far from the piped water and boreholes. Moreover, the alternative water resource for ISZs is necessary.

Limited scope of water service

Skyline boreholes

Naha borehole Water reservoir Water reservoir

Mataniko boreholes Groundwater movement

Proposed alternative water supply for ISZs

Saltwater movement

Water service ratio

Piped water

Informal settlement zone Perspective water service ratio

01 LANDING

1.2.2 Alternative water resource There are four primary water resources in Honiara. Include piped water, boreholes, river and rain tank (JICA 2006). Extreme rainfall in Honiara during November to March has a huge potential resource for water reuse (Nicholas et al. 2016). Harvesting and retaining stormwater on the riparian for public water reuse. Collect the surface runoff water for household water reuse. Make great use of rainwater as an alternative resource.

Potential water resource

Rain water catchment project by NGO Flood water division

Surface runoff

Informal settlement zone

Potential water collection range

0 19

150

300

600M

Âą

1.2 Scoping resource

Flooding

Flooding along the riparian can be collected. Heavy rainfall cause flooding

2 The volume of rainfall is enough to collect and reuse.

Source: Solomon Island Development Trust Rain water catchment project

Cooperate and engaged with local NGOs to deliver more rainwater tank.

ISZs in high terrain

Surface runoff can be collected especially for the ISZs in the slope area.

01 LANDING

1.2.3 Conservation crisis - riparian Security of water sources is essential to protect water sources from people contaminating the water sources in Honiara as well as in the water supply to their residences. Being a major river system in Honiara, the Mataniko River contributes significantly to river-derived ecosystem services in Honiara. The river plays a key role in the provision of aquatic food and domestic water use. Site along the Mataniko river has been polluted from excessive disposal and solid waste by residents. Use GIS weight overlay function between population density and stream density to speculate the waste density along the Mataniko river area. The main reason causes the waste problem is the lack of sanitation infrastructure and waste collection.

Waste density along water catchment areas

1 2

1= Low polluted stream area

Septic tank

Informal settlement zone

3 = High polluted stream area

Sewer line

0 21

150

300

600M

Âą

1.2 Scoping resource

Solid waste Human behaviours and waste collect infrastructure.

Raise awareness of sanitation including education.

Fecal pollution Most households in ISZs with no sanitary or toilet facility

Space for more public sanitation installation

Logging activity turbidity river

More vegetation to stabilize and purify the riparian sediment

01 LANDING

1.2.4 Conservation crisis - coastal In addition to the conservation crisis of water resources caused by human-made reasons, natural disasters will also pose a threat to water resources and ecological environment. Hurricanes will destroy vulnerable informal settlement zones. Therefore, the early warning system is needed to enable people to take refuge early. Sea level rise and coastal flood will also aggravate groundwater pollution. It is essential to reduce seawater intrusion and protect groundwater. The sea level rises to a certain level will submerge some buildings. During the long term evacuation process, some artificial or natural barriers are needed to block the seawater, and protect and provide ecological habitats which will be affected in the future.

Sea level rise in 2100

Informal settlement zone

Healthy facility

Groundwater movement

Storm

Saltwater movement New shoreline in 2100

0 23

150

300

600M

Âą

1.2 Scoping resource

Groundwater contaminated by saltwater intrusion

ter hwa s e r F

ater Seaw

Reduce saltwater intrusion speed

ter hwa Fres

ater Seaw

Building near the shoreline hit by storm and cyclones

Natural or artificial defence

The coastal ecosystem will degenerate due to sea-level rise

Protect and provided habitat by vegetation buffer

Strong wind to ISZs household

Warning system

01 LANDING

1.3.1Resource shortage impact daily life We have to go far to look for water. We just look for people have tanks and ask them if they will allow us to use some of it.

Alison Female Settlement in Urban Outskirts Women and children healthy Need near and clean water resource

There are days when the tap is dry and there is no water. We store water in plastic containers and try and manage the supply

Muliava Male Local pastor Community healthy and safety Need density water and sanitation

We cannot use the toilet during the day. It is an open toilet and the other families sit around, so there is no privacy

Ruth and her husband Female Resident of Henderson Settlement Women and girlâ€™s safety and dignity Need improve social awareness 25

1.3 Quality of life

I was admitted recently to hospital after I suffered a miscarriage I didnâ€™t use proper water and developed an infection and became ill. The doctor said I need access to clean water.

My little child has skin rashes all over her body from the water

The community has access to one communal tap for every three to four families which provides town supplied water during certain hours of the day

There are about three houses here which have proper sanitation, but most people use the nearby beach, even though it is not safe to use at night

Women and girls are vulnerable to rape and sexual harassment when they walk consider unaccompanied to get water

If there is no water available, men harass women because it is the role of the woman to go and find water

01 LANDING

1.3.2 How to improve quality of life for ISZs? The arc of the landing analysis indicates the disconnection of the marginalized community and urban centre. This disconnection not only depleted the nature resource but also of human well-being and quality of life. To achieve sustainable planning and reactivated the ISZs, it is necessary to understand the whole bioregional system and thinking. Local, regional, cultural, political, ecological and economic are woven into together and interconnected.

LANDING Disconnection environment Depleted nature resource and human well being and quality of life of marginalized community 1.3.1

LANDING Sustainable planning need to consider connection to natural resource, transport and social resource

Proposed walkable path

Proposed Water resource 1.2.2

Connected social resource

Sewage 1.2.3 LANDING Unsustainable planning for ISZs political neglect sewage/ sanitation/ pipeline/ transport

Pipeline service area 1.2.1

Cut off transport

12 11

3 National Hospital

Ministry Of Healthy Administration

Solomon Islands Red Cross Society

Solomon Water

Ministry Of Infrastructure And Development

Honiara City Council

National Disaster Management Office

National Parliament

9 2

250

500

1000M

Âą

1.3 Quality of life FINDING In order to reconnected,reactivate ISZs to core center. It need to understand the whole bioregional system which interconnected with local and regional cultural, political, ecological and economic landscape 2.1.1

FINDING Bioregional thinking respect stewardship place, local knowledge, the need for the active voice of ISZs community.

Urban Regional Local

Social link 2.1.2

Cultural link 2.1.3

Ecosystem link 2.2.1

7 8

FINDING Ecological sensitive design Urban provide economic opportunity to promote local economic

Economic link 2.2.2

10 9

Vois blong mere

World vision international

Development service exchange

Solomon island development trust

Honiara conference center 28

01 LANDING

RESEARCH QUESTION How to mitigate water-related health crises with consideration of ecological functions and sustainable design in Honiara? How to promote greater sensitivity toward the specific cultural values and well-being of those marginalized in Honiara?

Source: Ata Tara 2019 Honiara, Solomon Island

29 Source: Ata Tara 2019 Honiara, Solomon Island

1.4 Research question

Source: Ata Tara 2019 Honiara, Solomon Island

After literature review, design activism will be the powerful motivation to cope with social environment issue. The theoretical framework of this project will be established on this concepts: - Design activism -Sense of place -Asset- based philosophy - Ecological design

30 Source: Ata Tara 2019 Honiara, Solomon Island

01 LANDING

DESIGN ACTIVISM

ASSET-BASED COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Recognizes and honors a communityâ€™s assets

Social resource

Physical resource hydrology geology land history

Skill, knowledge, strengths, value Hierarchy XL

Biological diversity, natural processes

L M S XS Bioregion

Branch

Connection DESIGN ACTIVISM: These designers and planners use design as a tool of social action and transformation. And is a method that promotes a vigilance that is required to transform participation of the voiceless and faceless (Dean, Andrea Oppenheimer, 2001) 31

Along with Design Activism, there is a need to understand a key concept in the field of Community Planning and Development, and that is Asset- Based Community Development, also known as ABCD. (Kretzman & McKnight, 1993)

ASSET-BASED COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT is to exchange the typical focus on needs and deficits of a community, and replace it with a list of all the assets present in the community and vital to its development. The outcome of this more positive approach is that the community then becomes aware of its capacities, skills, strengths and empowerment. (Kretzman and McKnight. 1993)

1.5 Theoretical framework

SENSE OF PLACE

Explore people’s fundamental connection to place

Environment’s ecological heath

Human health

Healthy and enjoyable places

Shifting grounds What is depleted? What is misused? What is not recognized?

Quality of life

Enable to form a powerful voice, economic sustainability, physical and emotional health

Improve ecological condition

Reuse

Mitigation

ECOLOGICAL DESIGN practice is strengthened by our goals and objectives, as planners and designers to learn from ecological systems, to mimic, and attempt to replicate the processes and forms that heal and enhance life for all human and non-human networks. (Rottle, Yocom. 2010)

Enhancement

Basic human right

ECOLOGICAL DESIGN

Cooperation

People’s SENSE OF PLACE along with its correlation to an improved sense of well being, to a sense of mental and physical restoration, to enhanced quality of life, and an improved sense of stewardship—are all part of understanding of sense of place. These ideas are all part of the multi-dimensional meanings of sense of place. (Steele, 1981)

SENSE OF PLACE can be defined in relationship to a built environment considering the greater natural environment of place. (Stedman, 2003) 32

02 FINDING HONIARA 2.1 Social capital 2.2 Physical capital 2.3 Transformational opportunities

CHAPTER STATEMENT In this chapter, Asset-based Design approach will be used to analysis of the space. The bioregional thinking is essential called to address the missed opportunities of the land and reactivate non- integrated community of obvious and concealed character. The history of land reveals the cultural heritage, skills for problem solving and women networks of mutual support. Indigenous knowledge to forecast the climate to let community prepare for the disaster. Land-use change from colonial directly impacts the vegetation degraded, especially coastal vegetation. This area is an opportunity for environment builder to reinforce economic landscape.

02 FINDING HONIARA

2.1.1 Historical reasons of marginal communities isolation

WW2

1942 American

1946 British

1960

1998 Ethic tension

Yx5

NGGOSI

ROVE - LENGAKIKI

MBUMBURU

CRUZ NAHA

VAVAEA

KUKUM

VUHOKESA

PANATINA

MATANIKO VURA KOLA'A

Now 35

Datum

2.1 Social capital Based on the location of existing boreholes and rivers in Honiara, three sections lines cut through the main features in the landscape. The section lines are exaggeration five times in vertical which is y-axis to show the features and topography more clear. Offset the section line to represent its forms at a key moment in the past from world war two to ethic tension. The Mataniko river area from no man land gradually become the city centre. The ethic tension reveals the indigenous community from Malaita settlers encounter discrimination and injustice. Women as a new power to ease the conflict and provide important vehicles for social organization and action.

2,000 Malaita labors

Guadalcanal Revolutionary Army deeply embedded resentment to Malaita settlers

Guadalcanal local

Labors from Fuji, China, and India

ISZs

One talk one tribe People united by their own particular language 25% Malaita of whole 124,000 population Women are busy to do heavy duty. Man just did easy job. Aggressive Young people

Not enough schools and no jobs for young people

Need an inclusive space for connectivity different ward As labor to manage and construct this place

Women Peace group meeting Women as new found power by standing the parliament

Japanese camp

Rainwater tanks

No manâ€™s land

Boreholes

Crop production

Violent of ethic tension

Supply and transit base New house Business Chinatown bridge

Use cultural, ecosystem, economic potential linkage to establish the connection.

Immigrants Road expansion Cut line 36

02 FINDING HONIARA

2.1.2 Social link - Women voluntarism network Young Women’s Christian Association

Solomon Islands Christian Association Federation of Women

Government facility WDD

Vois Blong Mere

Education

Floral Art Association

al idu Indiv

ra co Honia

it y un mm rv se

ice

io n zat ani Org

The modern women’s groupings in the Solomon Islands can be traced back to the first settlers on the island shores. In several areas, women organized themselves into groups for work, recreation, and ritual activity long before traders, missionaries, and colonizers arrived (Pollard, A.A. 2003). As neglected potential social assets, women’s grouping can provide important vehicles for social organization and action. They contributed to the education of their children. They know more about soil and forest their garden increase home income. They also know the knowledge related to health and about indigenous methods in local treatments for disease.

Health

Media

National NGOs Women’s programs and projects Women’s associations Local facility

Medium

Individual concern

Issues and aims

ice

2.1 Social capital Solomon Islands National Council of Women

Women For Peace Group

Community leader Local pastor Rural Women’s Skills Development Program

Voice out

Home economic

Honiara City council

Supsup Garden

Family Support Centre

Solomon Islands Women’s Information Network

Women’s Initiative Program

02 FINDING HONIARA

2.1.3 Cultural link - Indigenous knowledge of weather and climate

The Blue Water tree loses its leaves before dry season begins (Plotz et al. 2013).

Restore coastal ecosystem provide habitat for marine plants and animals

Turtles lay eggs amongst trees before cyclone season (Chambers et al. 2013).

If the Anakwae is flying and return to the sea that tells us that the sea is fine and that it will be a fine nice day for sea travel and fishing (NDMO,2017).

If the sea birds called Anakwae is stand at the sea shore, that tell us the outside of the sea is not good and conditions are not favourable to do fishing (NDMO,2017).

2.1 Social capital Indigenous knowledge from Malaita settlers passed orally from generation to generation. They are sing behaviours of plants and animals to predict the weather. This knowledge remains useful for the disaster preparedness for today.

when a group of Frigate birds are flying onto the sky it means there is a storm coming after 2 - 3 days or after 1 week (Fanega 2018).

There is a tree called the Rara tree, during the months of April to May, the tree flowers and when its flowers fall completely to the ground, rain and wind will come two weeks after. The Rara tree is remind us that rainy season is near (NDMO,2017). Vines (betel nut) If the leaf dies , from all the sun it indicates rain will come soon (Fanega 2018).

Blue water tree and Rara tree can be plant along the river to let people know when the dry and rain season are coming. And provide habitat for Frigate birds. Education board

Seagull birds flying at the coastline of the island facing the ocean it tells people strong wind is coming (SPREP 2019).

02 FINDING HONIARA

2.2.1 Ecosystem link - Forest life and deforestation Solomon Islands are one of the most biologically rich archipelagos on earth. Larges number of animals and plants found there are endemic, meaning they are found nowhere else on earth. These species are close link to the cultural, livelihood and people well-being. However, the deforestation caused by human activity, logging and land-use change harm the environment. We should provide valuating ecosystem service in the coastal area, urban green space and river to input value for economical purpose.

Resident and commercial areas in 1966

Degraded lowland rain forest

Migration speed low species

Land use change and degraded time lines

Resident and commercial areas in 2020

Migration speed high species

0 41

150

300

600M

Âą

2.2 Physical capital

The American invasion of Aerial photo of Point Cruz, Honiara, Guadalcanal began on 7 Aug. 1942. 1950s Source: United States National Source: Patrick Barrett Archives and Records Administration

Aerial photo of Point Cruz, Honiara, 2020 Source: Google earth

Point Cruz and the business center of Honiara, 2007. Source: Clive Moore Collection

Habitat

Ultra basic Forest

Grassland

Riverine forest

Beach forest

Section 1-1 in 1950s

Habitat

Degraded rain forest on hills

Degraded lowland rain forest

Habitat provision Section 1-1 in 2020

02 FINDING HONIARA

2.2.2 Economic link - Tourism assets Unique natural view and diverse flora and fauna attract many foreign visitors to Honiara to enjoy the natural beach beauty and go diving. Expect that, there are lots of opportunities to peek at Solomon Islandâ€™s cultural heritage. Melanesian cultural festival and Spear Dancing Festival displays variously experienced throughout the year. As well as local experience life, vendor market at the park can provide local tourism food and opportunity to communicate with local people. Sustainable economic activity can provide employment and income in both urban and rural areas. The strategy is focus on a limited number of areas that have high tourism potential and existing tourism products.

Street market

Existing market

Informal stall

Spear Dancing

Traditional dance Tamate

Propose tourist line 0

150

300

600M

Âą

2.2 Physical capital

Short term priority - Decentralized market options across the city. Increase space and accessibility through the site for informal stall and street market. - Reinforcement of the countryâ€™s unique cultural and handicraft, which is the tourism asset in their own right. - Reforest habitat and promote traditional knowledge and bird watching market value by improved signage.

Medium term priority - Improve the construction of coastal landscape belt and increase the interaction between the tourist and coastal activity. - Support local cultural development, especially traditional dance show.

02 FINDING HONIARA Socialenvironmental History

Analysis

Traditional knowledge

Volunteer network

Hydro geological

Vegetated terrestrial areas

Assets

Community and women network

Actions

Alternative drinking water

Visions

Improve health and enhance quality of life

River and stream

Forecast weather knowledge

Control pollution

Resilience city

Reduce risk

Natural ecosystem

Corporate education

Support social interactions

2.3 Transformational opportunities

03 SCHEMATIC DESIGN 3.1 Reuse 3.2 Mitigation 3.3 Cooperation

CHAPTER STATEMENT This chapter shows the iteration of the design techniques to achieve three goals. Firstly, Harvesting and reusing rainwater, greywater and wastewater through rain gardens, phytoremediation, roof tank and permeable alleys. Secondly, rebuild resilient public parks at the riverside abandon area and coastal zone to mitigate the impact of natural disasters. The function of the resilient parks has rainwater collector and infiltration, create new habitat areas, provide sanitation area, education area and play area. Finally, the social link for the neighborhood help and warning climate disaster. Center speaking area as the place for the NGOs to hold voluntary meeting. Planting program help restore coastal ecosystem and boost local economic.

03 SCHEMATIC DESIGN

0 49

150

300

600M

Â±

5.1 Reuse

5.2 Mitigation

5.3 Cooperation

Water harvesting Water purification

Riparian enhancement Coastal enhancement

Planting program Water care activity

Low

Medium

High

Scale

Now

Near future

Future

Time

6.4 By 2030, substantially increase wateruse efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity

11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations

10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status

03 SCHEMATIC DESIGN

3.1 Reuse Water harvesting + Water purification What the source of water can be collect and reuse? 1.Stormwater, precipitation and run-off. Honiara rainfall is driven mostly by the West Pacific Monsoon during the wet season from November to April. The monthly average rainfall is about 250mm in the monsoon. 2. Treatment of greywater â€“ typically combined with wastewater, but this can sometimes be separated and reused.

What is low, medium and high investment? In acknowledging the agency of residents forming their environments of habitation as well as the existing living systems, residents are provided with options for levels of investment within the pooled water and reuse process.

Where to carry out water collect and reuse process? From two different scale, low investment means the household scale which needs the family member as an actor and labour for recycling and reuses water process. The medium investment represents the community scale.

Low investment Actors: Family/Household

Medium investment Actors: Village/sub-ward/ neighborhoods

3.1 Reuse ISZs

Meshing

Prototype

03 SCHEMATIC DESIGN

3.1.1 Low investment Technique for water harvesting Collect and reuse of rainwater on-site by passive and active approaches. Active approaches include the capture and retention of runoff generated by roofs and tank. Residents can store water and used to supplement water supply during drier periods. Passive approaches include prepare of organic soil that collects precipitation and runoff in planting bed. These water can be collected, bio-filtered and absorbed by plant root cleansing off residue and other toxic. These gardens retain and infiltrate rainwater during wet periods, but dry out after the monsoon ended.

Type 1: Linear buffer

Type 2: Rain garden

Source: Stormwater/road surface

Source: Rainwater/run-off

Function: Passive

Cost/maintain level: High

Cost/maintain level: Medium

Type 3: Biofiltration tank

Type 4: Cistern

Source: Rainwater/greywater

Source: Rainwater

Function: Active

Cost/maintain level: Medium

Cost/maintain level: Low

3.1 Reuse Prototype Type 1 to reduce runoff in monsoon and plants tunnel help purify the water to get ride-off the extra sand and impurities. Type 2 help collect the water from the uneven road in the ISZs and also provide areas where develop family farming. Type 3 and 4 in the middle of ISZs, it is necessary to take advantage of the abundant rainfall in monsoon in Honiara, collect rainwater and reuse it. Type 2

Type 2

Type 1

Type 3/4

Section A-A

03 SCHEMATIC DESIGN

3.1.1 Low investment Indigenous methods water purification For Indigenous peoples, especially women, respond to protect and nurture water. Water is not only for drinking but also has traditionally been used in agriculture, to grow medicines, and for cleansing. The result of colonization has led to a disconnect in the intergenerational transfer of knowledge surrounding water (Kate C. Shianne M., 2016). Improving drinking water quality at the household level is essential to draw attention to water issued faced in a marginalized community. Moreover, exposing the inequities in the involvement of women in water governance. Many technologies have been developed to treat wastewater. High-cost maintenance makes it unable to implement in developing countries in the short term. However, nature has an astonishing way to rejuvenating itself. Indigenous knowledge indicates that several plant species can be used as a coagulant and disinfectant for water treatment (Megersa et al. 2014).

Greywater

Clean water

Low investment strategy

Linear buffer

Biofiltration tank

Rain garden

3.1 Reuse Local plants that filter water Six Solomon Island local plants play a part in cleaning water by absorb nutrition, bacterial, metal and chemicals.

Juncus effusus

Scirpus atrovirens

Absorb: Bacteria, oil, zinc, copper, cobalt

Absorb: E.coli, Salmonella, nutrient, oil

Habit: Herbaceous ca. 60~80 cm tall; fruits brown

Habit: Herb, ca. 1 m tall, fruit blue

Habitat: Open places, roadside, wet place

Habitat: Under forest

Maintenance: Low

Soil: Sandy, loamy or clay

Soil: Sandy, Loamy

Centella asiatica

Typha latifolia

Absorb: Zinc, copper and lead

Absorb: Zinc, cadmium, lead, nitrate

Habit: Herbaceous, procumbent

Habit: Shrubs, 3 m high

Habitat: Pathside, edge of forests, coast

Habitat: Wet lands

Maintenance: Low

Maintenance: Medium

Soil: Sandy, loamy or clay

Soil: Light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay)

Nymphaea sp.

Ceratophyllum demersum

Absorb: Heavy mentals, algea

Absorb: waste residue and toxic substances

Habit: Aquatic herbaceous; flowers pink Habitat: Roadside, edge of forests and in pond Maintenance: Low Soil: Pure clay or mixture of clay topsoil

Habit: Herbs Habitat: Wet lands Maintenance: Medium Soil: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay)

03 SCHEMATIC DESIGN

3.1.2 Medium investment Test for water harvesting Type 1 Linear gathering

Low

Medium High

Water collection ---------------------------------Construction cost ---------------------------------Planting number ---------------------------------Site requirement ----------------------------------

Type 2 Node gathering

Low

Medium High

Type 3 Slope gathering

Low

Medium High

3.1 Reuse Mataniko Ward

03 SCHEMATIC DESIGN

3.1.2 Medium investment - Mataniko ward

5 1

3 2

1 5 1 4 2

4 3

3.1 Reuse

3 1

4 2

5 4

Water pollutant level Significantly Moderate Slightly

1 2 3 4 5

Wetland absorb surface runoff Purification plants Water kiosk Inclusive and recreation activity area New toilet place

03 SCHEMATIC DESIGN

Reuse precedent study - Waitangi Park Name: Waitangi park Location: Wellington, New Zealand Designer: Wraight Athfield Landscape + Architecture Ltd

New Zealand

Wellington

Wellington Harbour

Local plants Cistern

Pump station

Park lane

Wetland channel

Wetland surface

Key features of this project: Cyclical approach

Related largest hydrological system

Critic and improvement: More focus on the clean the water but lack of water harvesting process. Instead of using the pump to transfer the polluted water, use typography to gather polluted water may be more sustainable.

Sustainable water harvest 61

Use local plants

Water need more filtration process, not only the wetland. It has potential to expand the water use range. Otherwise, the filtrated water only can be used for irrigation.

Expand water use range by more rigorous filtration for waste water and sewage water.

3.1 Reuse

Reuse precedent study - Yarkon River Rehabilitation Name: Yarkon River Rehabilitation Location: Tel Afek, Israel Designer: Ayala Water & Ecology Ltd

Israel

Tel Afek

NBS biological treatment pools

Yarkon River

Key features of this project: NBS=Natural Biological System

Low maintenance costs

Water harvesting

On-site water resources are all included

Water - Bio Swale

Phytoremediation

NBS approach for sustainable water treatment and management

03 SCHEMATIC DESIGN

3.2 Mitigation Riparian enhancement + Coastal enhancement Why need riparian and coastal enhancement? It is a disaster management technique that will be adopted by people, in order to reduce the flooding, storm, sea-level rise impact on the environment and human life.

What methods will be used in enhancement process? Indigenous knowledge as a technique to prepare for the arrival of monsoon days from November to March. Vegetation buffer to prevent major damages.

How this impact to human and environment? Same cultural background help links Guadalcanal local and migrants from Malaitans. Reforest process will provide habitat for flora and fauna, which improve ecosystem service and input value for economical purpose.

Medium investment Actors: Village/sub-ward/ neighborhoods

High investment Actors: City dwelling

3.2 Mitigation Kolaâ€™a Ward and Vuhokesa Ward Park

03 SCHEMATIC DESIGN

3.2.1 Mitigation in medium investment - riparian

Flooding

Levees to alternating inundation by flooding

Flooding

Plants community diversity to improve capacity for soil water storage and preservation

Flooding Accessible pedestrian transportation connects ISZs and urban centre. Center speaking area at the pedestrian cross for social activities.

3.2 Mitigation

Traditional knowledge education area

Habitat buffer

2 A

Parking area

Centre speaking area

Child activity place

Hydrophilic platform

Centre speaking area

Habitat for birds watch Weather Water tolerant and street market forecast trees species

Mataniko river

Section A - A 0

160M

Âą

03 SCHEMATIC DESIGN

3.2.2 Mitigation in high investment - coastal

Low

Medium High

Prevention of inundation ------------------------------Construction cost ------------------------------Valuable habitat ------------------------------Maintenance cost -------------------------------

Traditional seawall

Low

Medium High

Prevention of inundation ------------------------------Construction cost ------------------------------Valuable habitat ------------------------------Maintenance cost -------------------------------

Dune fences

Low

Medium High

Prevention of inundation ------------------------------Construction cost ------------------------------Valuable habitat ------------------------------Maintenance cost ------------------------------Rock wall

Low

Medium High

3.2 Mitigation

1 3

2 4

Front rock protection

Mangrove forest

Coastal habitat

Foot path

Native vegetation seeding Mangrove seeding Temporary fence protect establishing dune Front rock protection to protect mangrove seeding Initial state

Native vegetation planting Mangrove planting

Foot path

2050

Planting program Mangrove forest as natural defense

2100 0

160M

Âą

03 SCHEMATIC DESIGN

3.3 Cooperation Planting program + Water care activity What the principle for cooperation? Develop a bottom-up engagement approach. Promote of non-written communication to reach all member of the community. Bring the benefit for the local economy.

What methods will be used in cooperation? Delivery mechanism: post, radio, dance show, newsletter, social media. Direct intervention: Government, NGOs and women groups provided the platform and organized a system to attract tourist to plant mangroves along the coastal.

Who will be involved? Local government, Ward councillor, Community representatives/ leader, Youth workshop, NGOs and community.

Tourism asset - Planting mangrove

Outdoor forum - Water care activity

Social cohesion - Melanesian cultural festival

Home-based economic activities - Free Market Zone

3.3 Cooperation

Planting program

Adapted mangroves seedings

Sowing in wet top soil

Keeping soil muddy by brackish water

Setting reforestation shop

Mangrove selling volunteer agency

Move into container and fill seawater

Volunteers and visitors

Purchase and donation

Planting mangrove in the coastal

03 SCHEMATIC DESIGN

Outdoor forum - Water care activity

Gathering and talk

More sitting area

Accessible

Outdoor forum

3.3 Cooperation

Festival

Sand dance space

Local wooden carving

Audience viewing area

Market Local trees to create nature buffer and shade

Grass material

Street stall space

04 GROUNDING 4.1 Material 4.2 Establishment 4.3 Experience 4.4 Vision

CHAPTER STATEMENT With the further developing the four different real scale site in Honiara, to consider the schematic design will better integrate with the existing vegetation, building, road material, contour, and other natural condition. During the establishment process, it was shown how the local community engaged with the facility. It gradually achieves the ambition of water reuse, space for cultural meeting, appreciate traditional knowledge, and increase potential economic opportunities for women.

04 GROUNDING

4 3

0 75

150

300

600M

Â±

4.1 Material

1 Koah Hill Village

Loose gravel, grassland Ferns, shrubs, local timber

2 Mataniko Ward

Loamy soil, low land forest, canopy, palms, vines, epiphytes, gingers

3 Vuhokesa Ward Park

Alluvium, concrete, riverine forest

4 Kolaâ€™a Ward

Sandy soil, palms

04 GROUNDING

1 Koah Hill Village

Existing tree

Bluewater tree

Rain garden

New foot path

Biofiltration tank

Linear buffer

Rare tree Existing brush

Existing building

Vinesc Betal

Grassland restoration

New toilet

Existing road

Juncus Effusu

Rainwater tank

Waste bin

5m contour 77

Canarium Indicum

60M

Âą

4.2 Establishment

Dry season

Rainy season

Rainy water

Centella asiatica Nymphaea sp.

Ceratophyllum demersum

Block in

Centella asiatica Nymphaea sp.

Ceratophyllum demersum Daily grey water

Draw out

Purified water

Biofiltration tank working system

20M 78

04 GROUNDING

2 Mataniko Ward

Existing tree

Bluewater tree

Grassland restoration

New foot path

Rare tree Existing brush

Existing building Existing road 5m contour 79

Canarium Indicum

Linear buffer Purification plants

New toilet Waste bin

Vinesc Betal Water kiosk

Sand playground

Juncus Effusu 0

60M

Âą

4.2 Establishment

1 year

Bluewater tree Sapling

Local labor

Construction facilities

5 years Bluewater tree Wetland adventure Young

10 years Bluewater tree Ecological habitat Mature for indigenous species

Sand playground

People can fetch water in water kiosk

Open space for festival events

Purification plants grow

Use local plants as cyclical approach for water reuse was established

20M 80

04 GROUNDING

3 Vuhokesa Ward Park

Existing building

Bluewater tree

New foot path

Existing road

Rare tree

Parking

Canarium Indicum

Centre speaking area

Vinesc Betal

Waste bin

Grassland restoration 5m contour

0 81

60M

Âą

4.2 Establishment

1 year

Local labor

5 years

Center speaking area

10 years

Center speaking area

Construction facilities and plants

Water tolerant Hydrophilic platform species

Habitat for birds watch Water tolerant Mataniko river and street market species water level rise

20M 82

04 GROUNDING

4 Kolaâ€™a Ward

1 year

2050

2100

Front rock protection

Sea level rise front line

Grassland restoration

Existing road

Mangrove forest planting grid 83

New foot path Temporary fence

Mangroves

Seedling selling shop

Vinesc Betal

Sand ground

Bluewater tree

5m contour 0

140

280M

Âą

4.2 Establishment

Rock fence Bruguiera gymnorhiza Sapling

1 year

2050

New foot path

2100

Malatain cultural festival

Seeding selling shop

Dune

Bruguiera gymnorhiza Young

Bruguiera gymnorhiza Mature

60M 84

04 GROUNDING

1 Koah Hill Village

Linear buffer

Accessible foot path

4.3 Experience

Traditional knowledge education board

04 GROUNDING

1 Koah Hill Village

Linear buffer collect runoff

Rara treeâ€™s flowers fall indicate strong ra

4.3 Experience

ain will come

04 GROUNDING

1 Koah Hill Village

Planting mangroves in backyard

Rain water tank increasing household water sources

4.3 Experience

Biofiltration tank collect water from roof and greywater

04 GROUNDING

2 Mataniko Ward

Biofiltration tank collect water from roof and greywater

New toilets and waste bins

4.3 Experience

A large amount of water for community use

04 GROUNDING

2 Mataniko Ward

Accessible foot path for women selling mangroves seeding

4.3 Experience

Increasing community water sources

Open space for diversity cultural festival

04 GROUNDING

3 Vuhokesa Ward Park

Local people selling nuts

Create shade for informal stall

4.3 Experience

Weather forecast trees promote traditional cultural heritage

Enjoy the scenery along the Mataniko river on the hydrophilic platform

04 GROUNDING

3 Vuhokesa Ward Park

Tourist ask for directions

4.3 Experience

Central speaking area discuss weekly events

Family take a walk

04 GROUNDING

4 Kola’a Ward

Mangrove’s planting grid

Tourist enjoy the planting program

4.3 Experience

Melanesian cultural festival

100

04 GROUNDING

4 Kolaâ€™a Ward

Mangrove seeding

101

Tourist enjoy the coastal landscape

4.3 Experience

Mangrove seeding shopâ€™s balcony

Tourists plant mangroves

102

04 GROUNDING

Mataniko W

Vuhokesa Ward Park

103

Ward

4.4 Vision

Koah Hill Village

Kolaâ€™a Ward

Flood zone Sea level rise in 2100

104

05 CONCLUSION 5.1 Reflection 5.2 Appendix 5.3 Bibliography 5.4 Acknowledgment

105

REFLECTION THE GAP IN RESEARCH The age range of interviewees is limited. Therefore, we cannot hear the attitudes and voices of all ages on social injustice. Transformational Honiara: looking through the lens of water takes landscape architecture as a leading potential to explore how landscape design can integrate with the complex socioecological condition with a new transforming design framework. The project framework is based on the sense of place, focusing on the value of asset-based design and the experiment of design activism. However, in the construction process, the project relies mostly on the cooperation of local sponsor groups and the government. Therefore, Transformational Honiara: looking through the lens of water lacks a level of specificity necessary to claim that the proposal would succeed confidently. The assumption has been made in the degree of public participation for better articulate the ambition. For the cooperation and coordination of city stakeholders and NGO, more specific strategies and follow-up cooperation are needed. For example, the investment in water recycling in ISZs and whether the residents are willing to participate in it will determine the success of the project. In this regard, there is also a lack of project introduction to the local people. In the preliminary analysis, according to the previous JICA data, the residentsâ€™ enthusiasm for water reuse and optimization projects is very high. At the same time, the measures are taken by the Environmental Health Department also need to be followed up in the later stage, such as building water-friendly toilets and optimizing the garbage collection system. In the implementation phase, other disciplines

cooperate to re-examine the possibility of reusing local materials. Thus, Transformational Honiara: looking through the lens of water for landscape architecture as leadership potential, as a research framework for water resources issues and ecological health in marginal communities. SCOPE AND LEARNING Through the Transformational Honiara: looking through the lens of water, my opinion towards Landscape Architecture has shifted. During my project A, I think the advantage of Landscape Architecture is to bring a series of intellectual approach. There is no doubt that functional and engineer design can solve a real-life problem. Over the past years, I have become genuinely convinced that there an urgent need for the creators of built environments to act responsively and justly. Landscape architecture inherently responds to human conditions and ecological systems. In the process of exploration, projects for the most disenfranchised communities need to value the knowledge of cultural and social. Water and sanitation pose the greatest obstacle to a sense of ownership by the communities and sustainable interventions. Lack of prior knowledge about indigenous peoplesâ€™ beliefs and values related to water, sanitation, health and hygiene helps explain a large part of the failures of many interventions. Through this project, it informs me as a future practitioner, instead of solve and fixes the problems, Landscape architecture, at is core, always needs to respond to nature within ecological and social parameters.

106

05 CONCLUSION

IAP2 International Association of Public Participation This diagram is shown of specific actions that were identified through local stakeholders engagement process. Use the IAP2 spectrum to identify the most important local action as well as serious of community workshops and NGO. The potential action are grouped to the investment scale, which relates to urban planning, water, sanitation and governance process.

Inform

We will keep you informed.

Consult

We will keep you informed, listen to and acknowledge concerns and aspirations, and provide feedback on how public input influenced the decision.

Involve

We will work with you to ensure that your concerns and aspirations are directly reflected in the alternatives developed and provide feedback on how public input influenced the decision.

Collaborate

We will look to you for advice and innovation in formulating solutions and incorporate your advice and recommendations into the decisions to the maximum extent possible.

Empower

We will implement what you decide.

107

5.2 Appendix Low investment - Water reuse project and clean drinking water access for all residents in ISZs. - Accessible foot path. - Improve climate-related health awareness. HCC – Honiara City Council MID – Ministry of Infrastructure and Development SIWA – Solomon Islands Water Authority SIDT – Solomon Island Development Trust MWCY – Ministry of Women, Children and Youth Community leader Medium investment - Climate-resilient and functional public and critical infrastructure. - Access to essential services with development of efficient road network. - Reduction in coastal/river pollution. - Revegetation & protection of existing urban forest, vegetation and ecosystem assets. HCC – Honiara City Council MLHS – Ministry of Lands, Housing and Survey MID – Ministry of Infrastructure and Development SIWA – Solomon Islands Water Authority MECCDM – Ministry for the Environment, Climate Change and Disaster Management Community leader

High investment - Promotion of non-written climate communications to reach all members of the community. - Reduce community violence. - Improve health awareness. - Empowerment of women, youth and other disadvantaged groups. HCC – Honiara City Council MECCDM – Ministry for the Environment, Climate Change and Disaster Management MID – Ministry of Infrastructure and Development VBMS – Vois Blong Mere Solomon NDMO – National Disaster Management Office Community leader UN-Habitat

108

05 CONCLUSION

Water reuse project brochure

150-200mm RIVER ROCK MINIMUM DEPTH100mm SHRUB PLANTING MANGROVE SEED 200mm-300mm SANDY LOAM TOPSOIL CONCRETE TUBE

BRICK PAVING

600x1000mm TRENCH FILLED WITH CRUSHED STONE MIXED WITH LEAF COMPOST WELL DRAINED SUBSOIL MATERIAL 300mm DIA PERFORATED PIPE

HOW TO BUIL

D A RAIN GAR

DEN

DIA PVE PIPE

BIORETENTION PLANTS

WATERPROOFING PLANTERS WALL OVERFLOW DRAIN DIA PVE PIPE BIORETENTION SOIL SOILED PIPE TO OUTLET

COMPACTED SUBGRADE

HOW TO BUILD

109

A BIOFILTRATIO

N TANK

5.2 Appendix

STEP 1 INSTALL COLLECTION AREA GUTTER THAT DELIVER RAINWATER FALLING ON THE ROOFTOP

STEP 2 CONVEYANCE SYSTEM

STEP 3 STORAGE FACILITIES

JOINT GUTTER AND DOWN PIPE

PLASTIC CISTERN

HOW TO BUIL

D A RAINWAT

ER CATCHMEN

110

05 CONCLUSION

Save water poster

WAY TO SAVE WATER

Conserve water, conserve life

Wetland can absorb runoff and flood. Plant channels help purify the pollutant. Water cistern contains the clean water and supply water for the community

Location of Mataniko Ward for public water resource

Water your garden before 10am and after 3pm

Pour into your tank for second purify

Collect water in wetland channel in dry season

Install a rainwater tank. Save you water and money

Dispose your garbage properly

Follow all water laws and regulations

VISIT US: LENS OF WATER HONIARA.COM

111

5.2 Appendix

Economic activity poster

VUHOKESA WARD PARK MARKET

THE

TIMELINE DAY1-3 Daily fresh market Sell your extra food or cooked food. Market fee $17 Time: 8am-2pm

WHAT YOU CAN SELL

DAY4-5 Flea market Sell your second hand stuff.

Fruit, vegetable, etc

Betel nut

Fish, seafood, etc

Coconut

Market fee $10 Time: 7am-2pm

DAY6-7 Weekend market Market fee $8 Time: 7am-5pm

Handicraft

Clothing

VISIT US: LENS OF WATER HONIARA.COM

112

05 CONCLUSION

Sea level rise and waste range calculate by GIS

Stream Density Low Stream Density

Reclassified - Stream Density Value 1 2

High Stream Density

3 4

Domestic Waste Low Domestic Waste Area

Overlay_Stream Density & Domestic waste Level 1 = Low Polluted Stream Level 2 = Less Polluted Stream

High Domestic Waste Area

Level 3 = Polluted Stream Level 4 = High Polluted Stream Stream buffer 100m

113

5.2 Appendix

SLR Project Sea Level Rise Impact Area

Alluvium_Geology Vulnerable Area Geology Vulnerable Area

Flooding Flooding Impact Area

Overlay_Vulnerable Area by Saltwater Intrusion Saltwater Intrusion Impact Area

GIS Data Dem from Lidar 2m cell size, 2m Cell hillshade Lidar extent projected Vegetation tif Honiara Pop density 100 r.tif 114

05 CONCLUSION

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Images source

Guadalcanal patrol during WW2

Guadalcanal Henderson

Distribution of key ecosystems and land-use types identified for Honiara

Vegetation classification for Honiara

Aerial photo of Point Cruz, Honiara, 1950s Source: Patrick Barrett

The American invasion of Guadalcanal began on 7 Aug. 1942. Source: United States National Archives and Records Administration

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5.4 Acknowledgment

Throughout the completion of project, I have received a lot of help and assistance that allowed me to arrive at this outcome. I’d firstly like to thank my family and all my friends for their unrelenting support that help me grounded even in the most stressful years. I’d also like to thank Ata Tara for his support and share the valuable information, which helps me start my project by familiar Honiara as the site. And I would like to thank Kyle Bush for giving me clear and specific advice after project A, that help me re-established the theory and transform the research direction for this project. Finally, I’d like to thank my supervisors Alban Mannisi always give me constructive advice, and for pushing me to think differently about my work and shaping the way I approach design, helping my project to take shape throughout the semester.

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