Food For Thought, by Casper Østergaard Christensen

FOOD FOR THOUGHT O VE R VIE W

FOOD FOR THOUGHT The summarized account for the thesis project

is divided in five booklets with descriptions and research.

PROGRAM

PROCESS

CASE STUD

Summary

Description Of

Research

This booklet contains an overall introduction to the functions, the symbiosis and the spatial programme of the thesis project.

This booklet contains extracts from the design process behind the thesis project.

This booklet con studies of comp techniques that knowledge for th

CONTAINS: Background and Concept Site Urban Farming Spatial Program Values And Intension List of References

CONTAINS: Initial Investigations Zoom In Initial Building Concept Developing The Machine The Urban Roofscape Facade Studies List of References

CONTAINS: Brooklyn Grange

08 22 34 44 56 65

08 31 43 58 76 95 110

Gotham Greens PlantLab FarmedHere Aarstiderne

Book Excerpts List of reference

DIES

SITE AND CONTEXT

TECHNOLOGY

Description

Research

ntains case anies and provides basic he project.

This booklet contains an introduction to the site, the selection process and initial analysis.

This booklet contains a description of the three main technologies used in the project: the aquaponic farming, the pyrolysis plant and the mycelium production.

: e

CONTAINS: Site Selection Site Nørrebro Superkilen&Nørrebropark.

Initial Analysis List of references

s s

07 15 24 30 38 53

08 21 34 46

CONTAINS: Aquaponic Farming Pyrolysis Plant Mycelium Production List of references

61 68

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ESSENTIAL READINGS Chapters marked with Bold is considered as the essential reading

07 26 50 62

PROGRAM S U M M A RY

This booklet contains an overall introduction to the functions, the symbiosis and the spatial programme of the thesis project.

BACKGROUND AND CONCEPT

Feeding The World

9

Transportation Of Food

13

Production In The City

15

The Overall Concept

17

The Function And The Symbiosis

19

SITE

Choosing The Site

23

Description Of The Area

25

The Grey Zone

29

URBAN FARMING

Possible Urban Farming Methods

35

39

Choosing The Farming Method

SPATIAL PROGRAM

Sizing The Farm

Production

45

Public

49

Company

51

Distribution

53

VALUES AND INTENSIONS

Values and Architectural Focus

57

Precedents

63

47

LIST OF REFERENCES

Books, Public Publications and Web

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BACKGROUND AND CONCEPT

Today we are seven billion people in the world. Feeding us requires an enormous amount of resources. So far the farming industry has kept us fed by increasingly intensifying the farming. This has lead to a point where the situation is so intense that it is damaging the planet.

Modern technologies such as efficient LED lighting and hydroponics, make it possible and economic relevant to grow large amount of vegetables directly inside the city.

The idea is to supply cities from within with fresh organic vegetables produced with no harmful effects from pesticides and CO 2-emissions.

2014

= Feeding the world’s present population requires and area the size of South America of farmland.

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2050

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In 2050 we will need an additional landmass that equals the size of Brazil to feed the world’s population.

FEEDING THE WORLD To feed the world requires enormous areas of fields. The total land mass used to grow crops today, equals the area of the continent of South America. If we include grazing for animals we use 80% of the world’s total land area. By 2050 the world’s population will have grown to an estimated 9.5 billion people. To feed this many mouths we will need extra land area the size of Brazil (100.000.000 km 2) for growing crops. This amount of arable land does not exist. The farming industry has already caused great deforestations in order to make land available for new fields. It is the world’s big forests that are sequestering the carbon from the air. Cutting down the forests is simply destroying the world’s ability to heal itself. 1 The farming industry’s reaction to this is to become even more efficient. They want to achieve this by using more pesticides and monoculture than it already does. But chemical fertilizers make the soil incapable of supporting plants, without applying even more fertilizers.

Agricultural runoff is the single greatest cause of pollution in the world. The chemicals that are applied to the plants, will eventually find their way to the sea. This has huge consequences for the ecosystem. For example, nitrogen-fertilizer (ammonium-nitrate) has the chemical ability to absorb oxygen in the water. The lack of oxygen in the water kills sea life and destroys the basis for life, creating dead zones the sea, oxygen depletion. These upstream decisions of agriculture affect the downstream business of fishermen. They might not have a job in the future because there is no fish to catch in these dead zones. 2 1 | Book | The Vertical Farm, page 94-96 2 | Book | The Vertical Farm, page 8 | web | www.naturstyrelsen.dk/Vandet/Havet/ Havmiljoet/Iltsvind/FAQ/

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BIOFUELS

FOOD FOR PEOPLE

ANIMAL FOOD

10

WASTED IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN

Where the world’s food production end up.

4

The machinery used to apply fertilizers and pesticides, seeding, weeding and harvesting is responsible for 20% of the world’s use of fossil fuels.

Almost all farming techniques requires some sort irrigation. On a global scale this uses 70% of all available freshwater. The world simply cannot sustain farming this intense. Farmers are forcing more crops from the Earth than it could possible produce without our “help”.

The current farming system is neither economically or environmetally sustainable. 3 To be fair the farming industry is actually producing enough food to supply the world’s population - also in the future. Which leads to another problem: It is not all the food we are producing that goes to feeding people.

A third goes to feed animals and three to five percent are used to produce biofuels. Failures in harvest and spoilage during transportation of our food is wasting one third of the total amount we are producing. That leaves less than one third left for people to eat 4 3 | Book | The Vertical Farm page 85+95 4 | Book | The Vertical Farm page xv | web | www.nytimes.com/2013/10/15/ opinion/how-to-feed-the-world.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&

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SERVICES 11%

SHOPPING 8%

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TRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL 15%

FOODS & DRINKS 45%

THE HOME 21%

A Danish Citizen’s Environmental Footprint Anno 2013

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TRANSPORTATION OF FOOD Throughout history the countryside’s has always been supplying the cities. But the population of the cities has grown and the areas of land necessary to feed them have increased immensely. This, combined with the fact that we want every type of crop at all times of the year, has caused that we transport our food enormous distances before it reaches us. For example, to get tomatoes out of season, we transport them several thousand kilometers from Spain or Italy. This transportation of food results in a huge environmental footprint and this has coined the term “food miles” (or “food kilometers”). It expresses the total amount of kilometers the food has travelled before it reaches the table. Our food has been underway in days before it reaches the shops and it makes it impossible to buy fresh vegetables in the city.

Last year the Danish Ministry of the Environment released a report that mapped out the Danish citizen’s environmental footprint. The report shows that foods account for 45% of a Danish citizen’s total environmental footprint. The home (energy, maintenance and furnishings) accounts for 21%, while transportation account for “only” 15% (see the illustration to the right). 5 5 | Publication | Miljøministeriet, Miljøråd - En samfundsøkonomisk analyse, page 20

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Current supply of the city | Everything the city consumes, energy, food, water and dry goods comes from outside the city limits.

PRODUCTION IN THE CITY Through the industrialization there has been a connection to fabrication and manufacturing in the cities. Most blocks housed smaller places of manufacturing, for example butchers, blacksmiths, craftsmen or tailors.

Some neighborhoods contained factory’s which defined the area and the people living there. The citizens had a close relationship to the places where goods were produced and refined. This generated a consciousness and an appreciation of where the different products came from. Over time most of these places have either closed or moved out of the city. Vanished from the consciousness of the citizens. The cities has become centers of consumption. Everything it consumes, energy, food, water and dry goods comes from outside the city limits. The city generates a lot of waste we have to handle afterward. The cities can’t sustain themselves and they are very dependent on their surroundings.

“We continue to urbanize without building cities that are equipped to handle their populations” - Dr. Dickson Despommier, The Vertical Farm, page 10.

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Proposed Supply Of The City | The project supplies the city with food and the building sustain itself. The extrovert building makes all processes visible.

THE OVERALL CONCEPT This thesis project will work with a building containing a symbiosis focused around food production, in an urban context.

The building (re)introduces production in the city. It supplies the city from the inside with food and sustains itself with energy, water and dry goods.

The building will be placed in a central urban setting so it will become a natural part of the city context. It will contain both a public and a private program. The public area will be extrovert and make all the different production processes visible for the citizens. This creates a link between the citizens and the productive elements and thus creates a consciousness about where food, materials and energy come from.

The function will add new jobs to the area, especially jobs in production for people with little or no education.

By producing and selling locally the resources will be kept in the local area.

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VEGETABLE SUPPLY WASTE AGRICULTURAL WASTE

VERTICAL FARMING

ADMINISTRATION

PUBLIC AREA

HEAT AND ENERGY SUPPLY RETURN CRATES WITH WASTE

WASTE

DELIVERY

PYROLYSIS PLANT

DELIVERY TO CUSTOMERS

DELIVERY CRATES

MYCELIUM PRODUCTION

Symbiosis Flow | F O O D | E N E R G Y | M A T E R I A L

PRIVATE CUSTOMER

THE FUNCTION AND THE SYMBIOSIS The project is a building with a hybrid of programs focused on a symbiosis around commercial food production. The building is seen as a company headquarter where they produce, sell and deliver vegetables for the Copenhagen market.

All the vegetables are produced in a big indoor vertical farm. Immediately after being harvested the yield will be packed into crates and delivered directly to the customers by electric powered vans or sold in the buildings farm shop.

The delivery-crates are made from a biodegradable mycelium structure and produced right in the building.

When the courier delivers the crate with fresh vegetables, the last delivered crate is brought back to the headquarter. The customers are encouraged to fill the crate with organic waste from the household. All the organic waste collected from the customers and processes in the building, will be used as “fuel” for the buildings’ pyrolysis plant, which turns biomass into power and heat for the building.

An important part of the building is the public area. All the productive elements is visible so the citizens can see what takes place in the building. This generates a consciousness about production and raw materials. The area also makes it possible for visitors to taste, cook and buy the vegetables produced in the building.

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SITE

This chapter contains a summary and the conclusions from the analysis found in the “Site and Context� Booklet.

The city of Copenhagen is a good match for the project.

Big cities are in general first movers to embrace new initiatives.

Aarstiderne, a Danish company who sell and deliver organic fruit and vegetables to private customers, has half of their total customers in the city of Copenhagen.

This indicates that there is a potential market for the project here.

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CHOOSING THE SITE In order to help navigate and choose a fitting site in Copenhagen, I put up a range of criteria for the site.

It needs to be in a central urban setting where people pass by, so it becomes a part of people’s consciousness and everyday life. The site should also be in the city center in order to shorten the transportation distance to the customers.

The building must be located at a place that is suitable for a company with production and some distribution activities. This means that the site needs to have a certain size and be close to some sort of main road.

The building will be a company headquarter, therefore it would be an advantage that it is noticeable in the city and hereby helps branding the company.

The building should be located in a place where it can add something positive to the area and where the public program of the building, can provide the neighborhood with a new interesting place.

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Superkilen

The Green Park

The Black Market

The Red Square

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Nørrebroparken

Project Site | The Grey Zone

DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA The site is located in Outer Nørrebro, a multicultural area with many different nationalities and the most densely populated area of Copenhagen. It is characterized by a dynamic and sustainable profile with many actions to create a better and greener neighbourhood. There are also a lot of initiatives for diversity, tolerance, social events and urban farming.

Through history Nørrebro has previously been home to a lot of small factories and manufacturers that emerged around the railway track in the area. In the 1970s a sanitation of the area started and many of the factories and the railway terrain was closed. The area now appears as many others urban areas with dwelling blocks and small shops. 6 In 2012 the closed railway terrain opened as the new colorful urban park “Superkilen”, among others made by Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG). The park celebrates diversity and consists of three well defined urban spaces.

They are each defined by a color and have their own characteristics; “The Black Market”, “The Green Park” and most notably “The Red Square”. Across the street from here is the project site. It is an area in great contrast to the clearly defined urban spaces of Superkilen. The site is a grey zone without any clear characteristics.

The project aim to give this area a character of it’s own and write it into a broader story of Superkilen and Nørrebroruten, which runs through it. 7 6 | Publication | Bydelsplan Nørrebro 2013, page 7-10 | web | www. denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/ København/Nørrebro 7 | web | www.dengang.dk/readarticle.php?article_id=654 | superkilen.dk/ projektbeskrivelse/

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Photo from the site

Arriving at the site from Superkilen

THE GREY ZONE The Grey Zone consists of a parking lot and a single story glass, steel and concrete shopping pavilion, which doesn’t do the potentials of the site justice. The parking lot was previously a gas station, but it has been closed for many years and was torn down a couple of years ago. The extend of the plot is approximately 10.000 m 2.

The Grey Zone has the potential to become a prominent and central spot for the area. It is framed by two of Nørrebro’s main roads, the main bike path “Nørrebroruten” and opposite the road is an upcoming metro station. The project can give the site its own character and story. The extrovert building will show off the processes inside it to the many people that passe by every day. They will also get the possibility to stop and buy fresh vegetables on their way home.

The “local-plan” for the site has suggested a big 23.000 m 2 shopping center in five stories. The plans from 2010 were not well met in the neighborhood. A lot of citizens and the local committee protested against it. They argued that the huge steel and glass structure is too big for the site and that it doesn’t fit the area. There hasn’t been any real news around the project since 2011. 8 8 | Publication | Lokalplan nr. 434 “Farumgade” | web | dinby.dk/ koebenhavn-n/lokalplan-om-butikscenter-er-nu-godkendt | www.buildingsupply.dk/article/view/68710/kobenhavn_far_centerbyggeri_pa_23000_m#.

UxTWfnlzPzA

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Skatepark

Nørrebroruten

Project Site

Farumgade

URBAN FARMING

This chapter contains a summary of the possible methods for urban farming on a commercial scale that has been investigated in the project. The fully detailed descriptions of the companies are found in the “Case Studies� booklet.

Brooklyn Grange seen from above.

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Between the rows of vegetables of Brooklyn Grange.

POSSIBLE URBAN FARMING METHODS Case 1, The Soil Farming Method | This is a quite romantic approach to urban farming, as for example seen in “Brooklyn Grange� in New York.

They get close to the traditional way of farming and spend a lot of time nursing the crops and teaching about them. The method is very dependent on the weather and is resource and space consuming compared to the outcome. This makes it difficult to get a satisfying and steady outcome to create a stable business. For example the owners of Brooklyn Grange tell that they are not getting a full salary for their work.

The method has extremely high social and recreational values which makes it great for private and communal initiatives.

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Gotham Green’s Field

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FarmedHere’s Field

Case 2, Hydroponic Farming In Greenhouse | This is the method used by for example “Gotham Greens” in New York. Modern hydroponic farming systems are placed in giant rooftop greenhouses.

Hydroponic farming is a system where the plants grow without soil. The roots of the plants are placed in nutrient filled water, which runs in a closed loop. In this way it uses only about ten percent of the water traditional farming does. The environment and growing process is completely controlled and without any fertilizers. Using this technique it is possible to get a high and reliable outcome from the fields. This makes it possible to sell fresh organic vegetables produced in the city, for a price that is compatible with traditional farming. In a short time it has made a good business which is constantly expanding. But the method still depends on the weather conditions and because it is only possible to grow crops in one layer it requires vast areas of unused open space.

Case 3, Indoor Vertical Farming | By using hydroponics and artificial light, in the way “FarmedHere” in Chicago and “PlantLab” in the Netherlands does, it is possible to grow crops in a very dense and flexible way. The method makes it is possible to grow in multiple layers and therefore produce a large yield compared to the space it takes up. Because the environment around the crops is completely controlled the outcome is always reliable and of a high quality.

The abilities of this method make it suitable for farming in urban settings and other extreme conditions. It provides a stable base for a business which is proved

by FarmedHere who in a very short time has made a growing business out of it.

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Acuaponic farming in layers.

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Vegetables and fish in symbiosis

CHOOSING THE FARMING METHOD The project will use indoor vertical farming with artificial lighting to produce crops. My conclusion, based on the research, is that it represents the best way to make a viable business out of urban farming and make it compatible with traditional farming.

The specific technique used in the project will be aquaponic farming, because it creates a closed loop around the production. It is a combination of aeroponic farming and aquaculture, where you raise fish in the water tanks that supplies the field. The waste from the fish provides nutrients for the plants and the plants in return clean the water for the fish. It creates a closed loop that discharges virtually no water. The raised fish also represents an extra produce and income for the company. 9 Instead of hydroponics where the roots are bathed in nutrient filled water the project will use aeroponics, where the water is sprayed on the roots. This technique is even more water efficient and since the water is a mist around the roots (and not liquid) the structural load will not be as big.

The biggest downside of indoor vertical farming is the price of lighting. But LED’s are getting better and cheaper all the time. According to “Haitz’s Law” the price of LED’s falls by a factor of ten every decade. While the effect of them increases by a factor of twenty. 10 It is also part of the projects symbiosis to supply itself with sustainable energy 9 | web | farmedhere.com 10 | web | organiclighting.com/2012/12/haitz-law-and-the-future-of-led-lighting

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SP ATIAL PROGR AM

The size of the spatial program is based on Aarstiderne (a more detailed description of this company is found in the “Case Study Booklet�) combined with the production facilities of the other investigated companies.

The thesis project addresses local production and delivery of vegetables. The target group will be 20.000 customers located in Copenhagen, which corresponds to Aarstidernes current market in the city.

SIZING THE FARMING In 2011 Aarstiderne delivered 3.391.654 kg vegetables 1 - that is rounded to 3.400 tons. The project will then need half of that, 1.700 tons.

Case 1, Gotham Greens Green Point Farm | Yearly they produce 100 tons of vegetables on 1.400 m 2. 2 That is 1 ton per 14m 2. I need: 1.700 x 14 m 2 = 23.800 m 2.

Case 2, Gotham Greens Gowanus Farm | Yearly they produce 200 tons of vegetables on 19.000 m 2. 3 That is 1 ton per 9,5 m 2. I need : 1700 x 9.5 m 2 = 16.150 m 2.

Case 3, PlantLab | They can produce 200 grams of vegetables on 1 m 2 per day. 200 grams x 365 days = 73 kg per m 2 per year. 4 I will need: 1.700.000 kg / 73 kg/ m 2 = 23.287 m 2.

With indoor vertical farming techniques it is possible to grow in multiple layers. For the sake of simplicity the calculatation is based on ten layers of fields (but in the end it can adapt).

Case 1 | 2.380 m 2 in ten layers Case 2 | 1.615 m 2 in ten layers Case 3 | 2.3290 m 2 in ten layers Conclusion | The numbers from case 1 and 3 is numbers from farms a couple of years ago. Case 2 represents the expected yield of a completely farm new that opened the autumn of 2013. It shows that the technique can be much more efficient in new farms. The farm in the project will aim on the 23.000 m 2 and the expected improved efficiency will allow the company to grow.

1 | Publication | Aartidernes Environmental Report 2011, page 14 2 + 3 | web | gothamgreens.com/our-farm/ 4 | TED Talk | Gertjan Meeuws - Indoor farming, Plant Paradise

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Vertical Farming Introvert

Extrovert

Private

Public

No Daylight

Daylight

Crate Production Area Introvert

Extrovert

Private

Public

No Daylight

Daylight

46 Pyrolysis Plant Introvert

Extrovert

Private

Public

No Daylight

Daylight

Technical Room Introvert

Extrovert

Private

Public

No Daylight

Daylight

PRODUCTION Vertical Farming, 2.300 m 2 | This is the heart of the building where all the crops are produced. The area doesn’t need daylight, but should be visible for the public to show where the vegetables growing process.

It should be placed close to, or mixed together, with the “Harvesting, Packing and Seeding Area”.

Crate Production Area, 700 m 2 | Area for production of crates made from the biodegradable material, mycelium.

The processes of the production should be visible for the public.

Pyrolysis Plant, 100-200 m 2 | The energy supplier of the building should be staged and shown to the public.

(The actual size of the different technical elements is calculated in the “Technology Booklet”).

Technical Room, 200 m 2 | Space for pumps, fans etc. needed to control the environment for the plants and water tanks for the fish used in the aquaponic farming.

The elements can be placed together or spread out in the building.

The productive elements should be staged and shown to the public to tell the story about the processes. The staging could for example be framing, openings in the facade so they can be seen from the outside, prominent places in the rooms were the visitors are, etc.

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Eatery Introvert

Extrovert

Private

Public

No Daylight

Daylight

Farmshop Introvert

Extrovert

Private

Public

No Daylight

Daylight

48 Public Experience Area Introvert

Extrovert

Private

Public

No Daylight

Daylight

Event-Kitchen Introvert

Extrovert

Private

Public

No Daylight

Daylight

PUBLIC The public face of the company is very important. So the public areas should be open and extrovert to the city.

The public features of the building should be a natural part of the city that invites and intrigues people to come inside.

Eatery, 200 m 2 | A place where the public can come and taste the food produced inside the building. While they sit and enjoy the food they will have a view of the processes taking place in the building and see where the food is harvested. The eatery will include a kitchen area for preparation, storage for the food and public bathrooms.

Farmshop 100-150 m 2 | An urban version of the traditional farm shop or barndoor-sale. Here people can come and buy the vegetables.

Public Experience Area 100-200 m 2 | An area where the public can come in and experience the processes of the building. The goal is to let the architecture convey the message so it will create knowledge without teaching or telling. It can be a collected area or spread out around the building.

Event-Kitchens 2-3 x 50 m 2 | The public kitchens are a way for the citizens, schools, and companies to come and learn something about raw materials and cooking.

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Office Introvert

Extrovert

Private

Public

No Daylight

Daylight

Staff Area Introvert

Extrovert

Private

Public

No Daylight

Daylight

50 Laboratory Introvert

Extrovert

Private

Public

No Daylight

Daylight

Storage Introvert

Extrovert

Private

Public

No Daylight

Daylight

COMPANY Office 250 m 2 | Workplaces for around 50 people divided on administration, logistics, customer service, communications, etc. The area should include meeting rooms and storage space. The office should provide great daylight conditions for the workers, to create a good working environment.

Staff Area, 200 m 2 | This area should be a relaxing place for the workers in the building, containing bathrooms, a small kitchen, wardrobe, lounge and sitting places. It will be located so it is accessible for all the people working in the building. The area will require some level of privacy so the workers have a private and relaxing area away from the public. Even though it is private it should still feel open, for example with views over the city, a private terrace, etc.

Laboratory, 100 m 2 | An area dedicated to research and development of the technology and the crops in the building. The area should have a high level of privacy since the research and development has some level of secrecy.

Storage 100 m 2 | The building will need some space for storing fish food, seeds, crates, etc. The storage can be split up into smaller areas, and placed near the functions where they are needed.

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Harvesting, Packing and Seeding Area Introvert

Extrovert

Private

Public

No Daylight

Daylight

Cold Storage Room Introvert

Extrovert

Private

Public

No Daylight

Daylight

52 Delivery-van Area Introvert

Extrovert

Private

Public

No Daylight

Daylight

Goods Recieving Dock Introvert

Extrovert

Private

Public

No Daylight

Daylight

DISTRIBUTION Harvesting, Packing and Seeding Area, 300 m 2 | The area should be placed close to or be mixed with the vertical farming. When the crops are harvested they will be packed directly into the crates for the customers.

Immediately after the crops are harvested, new crops will be seeded. The area will contain several production lines and a packing robot Cold Storage Room, 200 m 2 | When the crates are packed they will be put in a cold storage room. This serves as buffer space before they are loaded into the delivery-vans. The room is only used for storing crates so the room can be introvert.

Delivery-van Area 700 m 2 | This area serves as the “home” for the around 30 delivery-vans. It is here they are parked, charged, loaded and unloaded. Maybe it is possible to place some of the area outside. Should be located close to the “cold storage”.

Goods Receiving, 100 m 2 | Area for receiving goods for the whole building. Can maybe merged with the “Delivery-van Area”.

Total Size Of The Spatial Program | 5750 - 6050 m 2.

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VALUES AND INTENSIONS

This chapter defines some of the values and focus for the project. It serves as inspiration and guideline for the future process.

VALUES AND ARCHITECTURAL FOCUS

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The architecture should be fresh and communicate a modern way to design industrial architecture. It should be an integrated and interesting part of the urban fabric where some new experiences are added to the area.

The project should create an interesting story and experience around food and production.

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The project should give “The Grey Zone� a character of its own and write itself into the area.

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The public area is an important part of the project. It is the link between the production and the city and where the citizens experience the processes.

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The building should through architecture generate a consciousness (educating without teaching and telling) about food, production and raw materials.

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The architecture should be extrovert and show off the processes taking place inside the building. The different productive elements should be staged and play a main part in the experience of the building.

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The project is focused on commercial and large scale production of vegetables in the city.

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It is a goal to create a relevant post in the discussion around farming and food production.

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At Nørrebro Bryghus you can see where the beer is brewed while you drink it.

PRECEDENTS

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Switchgear Station by C. F. Møller | An industrial building that from the outside exposes the machines within and makes it possible to walk close to them on the inside.

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Water-Treatment Plant by AWP | A beautiful and human way to make an industrial building.

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The Library by COBE | The architects have through a relatively modest building achieved to create a gathering point and a symbol for the North West Area of Copenhagen.

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FarmedHere | A company from Chicago that are running a commercial scale aquaponic farm. They opened last year as the largest of it’s kind the world and have in short time made a business out of vertical farming.

LIST OF REFERENCES BOOKS | | The Vertical Farm: Feeding the World in the 21st Century, by Dickson Despommier. Thomas Dunne Books, First Edition, 2010

PUBLICATIONS | | Aartidernes Environmental Report 2011 www.aarstiderne.com/Om-aarstiderne/Ide-og-baggrund/Miljoet

| Miljøråd - En samfundsøkonomisk analyse, Published by the Danish Enviromental Ministry, 2013 www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2013/04/978-87-93026-09-4.pdf | Bydelsplan Nørrebro 2013 Published by Nørre Local Commitee and The Municipality of Copenhagen, 2013 cerocms.dk/download/noerrebrolokaludvalg.kk.dk/Bydelsplan_Nrrebro_2013.pdf

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Lokalplan nr. 434 “Farumgade”

Published by The Municipality of Copenhagen in 2009 http://soap.plansystem.dk/jsp/getdoklink.jsp?planid=1112989&plantype=20&status=V WEBSITES | | www.naturstyrelsen.dk/Vandet/Havet/Havmiljoet/Iltsvind/FAQ/ | www.nytimes.com/2013/10/15/opinion/how-to-feed-theworldhtml?pagewanted=1&_r=1& | superkilen.dk/projektbeskrivelse/ | www.dengang.dk/readarticle.php?article_id=654 | www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_ geografi/København/Nørrebro | www.building-supply.dk/article/view/68710/kobenhavn_far_centerbyggeri_ pa_23000_m#.UxTWfnlzPzA | dinby.dk/koebenhavn-n/lokalplan-om-butikscenter-er-nu-godkendt | farmedhere.com | organiclighting.com/2012/12/haitz-law-and-the-future-of-led-lighting | gothamgreens.com/our-farm/

TED TALKS | Gertjan Meeuws - Indoor farming, Plant Paradise www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILzWmw53Wwo&feature

PROCESS D E S C RIP T IO N O F

This booklet contains extracts from the design process behind the thesis project.

INITIAL INVESTIGATIONS

Sequence of Voids

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Strategies To Relate To The Void

12

Compact in The Middle

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Highrise in The Middle

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Village

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Base + Top

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Base Including The Existing

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Compact in The Corner

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Wedge Shape

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Conclusion

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Main Points From Mid-Critique

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Conclusion on Strategies

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ZOOM IN

Mycelium Production

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Pyrolysis Plant

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Vertical Fields

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INITIAL BUILDING CONCEPT “ Farmheart”

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“Village”

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“Two Sides”

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Summarizing Conclusion

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The Machine + Urban Roofscape

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DEVELOPING THE MACHINE

Sketch 01

Sketch 02

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Sketch 03

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Sketch 04

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Sketch 05

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Uneven Grid

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THE URBAN ROOFSCAPE

Visions For The Site

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The Roofscape As An Urban Getaway

Rainwater

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Concept 01 | Foldings

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Concept 02 | Spiral

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Concept 03 | Cuts and Flips

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Conclusion

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Landscape Skecth

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From Facade To Landscape

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FACADE STUDIES

Materials

Closed

96 98

Unity

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Edge

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Merge

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Contrast

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108

Warm And Overhang

LIST OF REFERENCES

Books, Public Publications and Web

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INITIAL INVESTIGATIONS

This section contains the initial investigations of how and where to place the building on the site.

Week 13

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SEQUENCE OF VOIDS The site is placed in a sequence of voids in the urban fabric. The void has emerged because of a railway terrain that ran through the city until the 1930’s. Now the void is a band of different urban spaces consisting of Superkilen, Nørrebroparken and the project site.

The thesis project aims to keep this experience of a sequence of voids, but at the same time it will add a new building to the project site. It is important that the new building does not steal the feeling of void and open space, but instead makes the urban space better by defining it and giving it a purpose.

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Physical model in 1:1000

STRATEGIES TO RELATE TO THE VOID

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Corner | The building is compact and placed in the North East corner. This allows the void to “flow” around it.

Inside | The void is kept inside a structure that follows the perimeter of the site and hereby frames the open space in the middle of it.

Around | The building is compact and placed in the centre of the space, it divides the void into two sides.

Village | The void is filtering through multiple buildings, breaking down the scale of it.

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View from Nørrebroparken

View from Superkilen

COMPACT IN THE MIDLE

The mass of the program is collected in one compact volume, four stories high. It is placed in the middle of the open space and raised from the ground so the public area can flow through the floor plan of the building.

The compact shape of the building is good in terms of sustainability, internal logistics and the experience of the functions inside it. The open ground floor is an interesting way to get the public to pass through the building. When the building is placed in center of the site it dominates it completely.

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HIGHRISE IN THE MIDLE

The mass of the program is staked in tall structure of around ten stories. The building has minimal footprint and leaves a big open plaza around it.

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Because the building extends so high above its surroundings it becomes a landmark for the area. The aim of a building with an extrovert public layer is difficult to combine with this concept, where the buildings height makes it distant from the ground and with little connection to the urban space around it.

VILLAGE

The mass of the program is spread out as a fragmented structure of smaller buildings with a height of one to four stories.

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This structure has a big contact surface where the public can filter through and look into the buildings. The internal logistics and interaction between the functions are not very good. There is a lot of surface area which is not sustainable.

BASE + TOP

The vertical farming is placed as a volume on a base that is made from the other functions in the spatial program.

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The base has some potential to become a part of the urban space. The vertical farming is staged by being on top of the base. The placement makes the building is too prominent on the site and the expression resembles more an opera house or an art museum.

BASE INCLUDING THE EXISTING

The vertical farming is placed as a volume on a base that is made from the existing building structures of the site in combination with the other functions in the spatial program.

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The base includes the existing structure and meets the open space in a good way. The location in the corner accentuates the street and the roof enhances the public space. The structure seems a bit too big and incohererent with the site. It seems illogical to let the existing buildings have such an influence on the shape of the new volumes when they are not of architectural value.

View from Nørrebroparken

View from Nørrebrogade

COMPACT IN THE CORNER

The mass of the program is collected in one volume. It is placed in the North East corner of the site. The volume accentuates the street and becomes a part of the city structure.

Because it is placed so close to the streets it is easy to handle the logistics in and out of the building. This placement also leaves a lot of space around the building and does not interrupt the sequence of voids.

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View from Nørrebroparken

View from Superkilen

WEDGE SHAPE

The mass of the program is collected in a wedge shape that extends from ground floor to around four stories. It is placed in the North West corner of the site between Nørrebrogade and Farumgade.

The wedge makes the roof surface of the building a public accessible area and hereby continues the urban space up on the building. The location in the corner accentuates the street and the public roofscape slopes towards South West, which makes it at good spot with a lot of sunlight.

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CONCLUSION Based on the model studies, a conclusion is made that a placement in the North East corner of the site is the most suitable for the project. A volume here accentuates the streets and becomes a part of the city structure.

Because it is placed so close to the streets it is easy to handle the logistics in and out of the building. This placement also leaves a lot of space around the building and does not interrupt the sequence of voids.

The shape of the building is not determined from the studies, but there some findings that will be kept in mind for the further process.

Compact | A compact volume does not make a too large footprint and with the right placement it doesn’t steal too much of the void on the site. It is also sustainable and well suited for vertical farming, Wedge | The wedge is a great way to draw the public space in as a part of the building, Open ground level | The open ground level is a way to make people flow through the building.

The base | A lower base that can be a part of the urban space could be a way to make the building more public.

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Two Situations | In the northeast corner of the site the city block situation meets the open space situation. The building must incorporate this meeting.

The Meeting | The wedge shaped building handles the meeting by pulling the open space upwards and by this create an edge towards the street.

MAIN POINTS FROM MID-CRITIQUE 1 | Placement on the site - It seems right to place the building in the North East corner of the site.

- The corner placement solves the meeting with the city well and creates a space with opportunities on the site.

- It is the right decision to make the ground level open and porous to open up to the city.

- The site consists of a meeting between two different sides: a city situation and an open urban space.

This situation is very significant and needs to be well considered. The North-Eastern corner of the building, where the two situations meet, is therefore very important.

- The wedge shaped building creates a great public space that is an extension of the existing urban space.

It handles the meeting between the two sides in an interesting way.

2 | Function - It should be investigated how the vertical farming informs the design of the building.

- The plants should be shown! It is a possibility to use the red and blue spectra light in the way PlantLab does and use the light to light up the public space outside.

- Find out how plants are harvested, by robot or by hand?

- People need to understand it as an industrial building.

- Get Aarstiderne more into the story of the project Date | 02.04.14 Tutor | Kasper Guldager Jørgensen External Critiques | Lasse Lind, GXN. Morten Norman Lund, GXN. Daniel, GXN

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CONCLUSION ON STRATEGIES

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Concept | The urban space is pulled upwards to make a roof for the building and at the same time create a public space. This also creates an edge towards the streets.

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Concept | The vertical fields can pop up through the roofscape and create sneaks peeks of the inside.

ZOOM IN

In this phase I investigate the architectural potential of the productive elements in order to find out how they can inform the design of the building.

Week 13

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P R OC E S S I N G

OVEN

CONVEYOR

OVEN

DARK STORAGE

CONTACT WITH GOODS RECEIVING

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STORAGE

SHOWS WORK AREAS

Linear Layout | A Linear layout shows the process very clearly, and is easy to understand for people that visits the building. But the different working areas are spread out, with distances between them, and so are the places that require contact with the logistics area. This layout isn’t working very well in terms of workflow and logically structuring.

P R OC E S S I N G

CONVEYOR OVEN

OVEN

CONTACT WITH LOGISTICS AREA

STORAGE

DARK STORAGE

SHOWS WORK AREAS

Compact Parallel Layout | A more compact layout with the machines in the front row towards the public and parallel line with all the storage in the back. The workflow is gathered in between and all the contact with the logistics is placed in one end.

CONTACT TO PACKING AREA

MYCELIUM PRODUCTION

Compact Parallel Layout | Elevation, front | The section shows the front of the machines facing the public area and behind them the closed storage area. The machines are relatively small and can be experienced from eye height.

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Compact Parallel Layout | Elevation, side | The sectIon shows the scale of the two rows.

PYROLYSIS PLANT

SILO CONTACT WITH SHIPPING AREA

CYCLONE DRYER AND GRINDER

SILO

PYROLYSIS AND SUPREMATOR ENGINE

SHOWS WORK AREAS

Linear Layout With Silos Indoor | Placing the silos indoor together with the machines creates a clear story of the process. This is very much in line with the value of “teaching without telling”.

34 SILO

CONTACT WITH SHIPPING AREA

DRYER AND GRINDER

SILO

C Y C L O. PYROLYSIS AND SUPPREMATOR

ENGINE

SHOWS WORK AREAS

Linear Layout With Silos Outdoor, 1:500 | Placing the silos outdoor shows off the building as having an industrial function. But it makes the process much more unclear for the viewer’s when the resources suddenly “appear” and “disappears”.

Linear Layout With Silos Indoor | Front Elevation | The machines and silos are relatively big so they should be experienced both from eye height and from one level to get a feeling of their scale.

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Linear Layout With Silos Indoor | Side Elevation | The secton shows the scale of the two rows.

VERTICAL FIELDS

% 10% 70% 0% FARMING

FISH TANKS

% 0% 75% 0%

% 80% 80% 0%

PUMP

% 20% 20% 0%

WORK AREA

% 0% 0% 20%

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Collected | Placing all the vertical fields together has the advantage of having a clear understandable concept and is easy to connect to the shipping area. But the volume of the field is quite big and maybe it can become difficult to fit the functions around it on the site without filling too much. The rest of the functions can be placed around the fields, and hereby receive a lot of daylight.

VERTICAL FIELDS

CONTACT WITH SHIPPING

VERTICAL FIELDS WORK AREA

FISH TANK

VERTICAL FIELDS

FISH TANK

PUBLIC

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Divided | Splitting the big field volume in different parts make it possible to create some interesting spaces in between the fields. But this layout cannot be as compact as the collected concept and therefore it takes up a bigger area. The connection to logistics and the work areas are more difficult to make efficient.

38 Equal Heights | The fields can be placed as tall towers continuing through the urban landscape on top of the building. This exposes the fields but it also risks stealing a lot of the public space on top of the building.

39 Varying Heights | The fields can be made in different heights that adapts to the urban terrain. The roof of the fields becomes a part of the urban landscape and maximizes the public space.

The tall tower can contain the crops that use aeroponic farming because this is a lighter technique than hydroponic, that for example root crops requires.

FISH TANKS VERTICAL FIELDS PYROLYSIS PLANT R G W

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PLANTING

HARVESTING

PACKING AREA

CRATE PRODUCTION

Physical 1:500 model that shows a realistic disposition of the machine. The vertical farming is placed in the middle with the other production facilities around it.

INITIAL BUILDING CONCEPT

This chapter contains the first investigations of how the functions can create different situations inside the building and at the site.

Week 13

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“FARMHEART” The vertical fields are collected in one volume and placed in the middle of the building with all the other functions placed around them. The fields are placed in the heart of the building. All the areas where people work are placed in the edge of the building, where the daylight conditions are optimal.

A

CRATE PRODUCTION

55 m

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PYROLYSIS

PUBLIC AREA

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VERTICAL

LEVEL 0 SHIPPING & PACKING

FISH TANKS

55 m

STORAGE

FIELDS

LEVEL 1 OFFICES

B

A

PRODUCTION

STORAGE

Section A | The “roof” follows the elements beneath it.

It goes from a smaller human scale to a large city scale and from an open to a closed facade.

PRODUCTION

STORAGE

OFFICES

FISH TANK

FISH TANK

SHIPPING

OFFICES

FISH TANK

FISH TANK

SHIPPING

Section B | The roof of the vertical fields adapts so they are accessible from the urban landscape. The shipping area is placed in two stories but it is very narrow.

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“VILLAGE” The fields and the production are spread out. The open plan should make it possible for the public to flow around and experience the building. A large work area is placed in the middle; it connects all the production to the shipping area. This layout gives quite a large footprint and the only way to get daylight into the work area is by skylights.

A

B FARM SHOP

60 m

46 C FISH TANKS PUBLIC AREA

LEVEL 0 SHIPPING

WORK AREA

LEVEL 1 OFFICES

PYROLYSIS A

60 m

CRATE PRODUCTION

B

C

OFFICES OFFICES SHIPPING SHIPPING

FARM SHOP FARM SHOP

WORK AREA WORK AREA OFFICES

Section A | The scale SHIPPING FARMroof SHOP extends from the human to the street scale. Towards the open space is the WORK AREA public area and towards the street are the more private functions.

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PUBLIC AREA PUBLIC AREA WORK AREA WORK AREA

Section B | The vertical fields is in equal height and WORK AREA extends through the urban landscape.

The work area reaches below ground level.

PUBLIC AREA

PRODUCTION PRODUCTION

PRODUCTION PRODUCTION

PRODUCTION

PRODUCTION

PUBLIC PUBLIC

PUBLIC

Section C | The public area is mixed with the production.

“TWO SIDES” The building has a closed perpendicular corner towards the streets and towards the open urban space the edge becomes more fragmented and open. In the middle of the building there is a big working area connecting all the production facilities. All the machines are facing the public area.

A

PUBLIC AREA B

PYROLYSIS

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PUBLIC AREA C FISH TANKS

WORK AREA

VERTICAL FIELDS

PUBLIC AREA

A CRATE PRODUCTION SHIPPING B

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OFFICES

PUBLIC

PRODUCTION

PUBLIC PRODUCTION

SHIPPING

SHIPPING

Section A | The vertical fields creates a closed side to the streets.

PUBLIC

PRODUCTION

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WORK AREA

Section B | The vertical fields extends to full height but is accessible creating a viewpoint over the area.

OFFICES

PUBLIC PUBLIC PRODUCTION

PRODUCTION

SHIPPING

SHIPPING

Section C | The offices and the shipping area creates a closed structure that extends through the roof.

SUMMARIZING CONCLUSION

The two concepts are combined into one. The farm is placed in the middle and the edge of the building has two different characteristics.

50 The project will be a combination of the “farmheart” and the “two sides” concepts. The differentiation of the two sides helps respond to and emphasize the two situations that meet on the site.

The vertical fields have some quite big proportions and when building an effective vertical farm in a city context, there is a challenge in keeping the building compact. It is important that it doesn’t fill out a too large footprint or seem out of proportions compared to the context.

The challenge with a compact volume is to get daylight inside. When it comes to the needs of daylight, the areas where people work are prioritized, such as harvesting areas, mycelium production and offices. The vertical fields grow in layers and therefore the amounts of daylight who can reach the plants are limited.

The project utilizes LEDs in order to grow compact in the city and make sure all the plants all recieves all the light they need.

51 As seen in the research and case studying, LED-light can be used to create a favorable environment for the plants.

Dickson Despommier suggests in his book “The Vertical Farm - Feeding the World in the 21st Century” (more about this can be found in the booklet “Case Studies”) that in Scandinavia we rely on and take advantage of artificial lighting for growing plants. Therefore the fields will be placed in the heart of the building, to take advantage of the darkest part of the building, and leaving the areas with optimal daylight conditions for the functions where people work. This does not mean that the fields are in a space without daylight, there will be daylight coming into this space. There will be skylights in the roofscape and the places where the vertical fields pop-up in the roofscape will have transparent facades, but this will not be enough for the plants, and the fields will therefore use LED-lights their primarily light source.

View from Nørrebroparken

View from Nørrebrogade

Combination | The design of the building could combine the qualities of the farmheart with the two sides.

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Combination | The building have to different sides with each their character: the tall sides towards the streets and the sloping sides towards South West and the open space.

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URBAN ROOFSCAPE

PUBLIC

MACHINE

The machine is wrapped in a urban roofscape. On top of it and in the void between them is the public area.

THE MACHINE + URBAN ROOFSCAPE The building is now seen as a consistency of three parts: the machine, the urban roofscape and the public layer.

Because the production is such a large part of the project, it calls for an appreciation and a cultivation of making it into a well-functioning machine. This machine has an industrial character and the process in it should be staged for the public.

The urban roofscape is the enclosure of the building. It is what the public comes in contact with when they walk on top of the building or around it on the streets. The roofscape should contrast the machine and add a human layer to the building.

In the void between the machine and the roofscape is where indoor public parts occurs. It is where people can come close to and experience the farming.

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DEVELOPING THE MACHINE

This phase develop and optimize the connections of the productive elements to get a well functioning machine.

Week 13

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FISH TANKS

VERTICAL FIELD

VERTICAL FIELD

VERTICAL FIELD

58 VERTICAL FIELD

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CRATE PRODUCTION

| Ground level

PYROLYSIS PLANT

SKETCH 01 The fields are divided into four parts with different heights. The harvesting and planting happens by elevators on the same side of each field. Three sides of the fields are flanked by other production processes.

The pyrolysis plant is placed towards Nørrebrogade, the fish tanks are placed towards the public space and the crate production is placed on the south west facade.

The packing and working area is placed on the backside towards Farumgade.

The machine is working fairly well with the working areas serving all the functions. But there are some issues: The fish tanks are under dimensioned, the crate production makes the building too wide and the closed storage becomes too much of a closed box. But the main thing is the missing area for the electrical vans. They are imagined put in a car park in the basement, only having a ramp at ground level.

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FISH TANKS VERTICAL FARM

MYCELIUM PRODUCTION

GOODS RECIEVING

VERTICAL FARM

VERTICAL FARM

60 VERTICAL FARM PYROLYSIS

| Ground level

PACKING AREA

SKETCH 02 Development of sketch one, the car ramp is placed close to the fields on the southeastern part of the building. To access the basement the vans must make a U-turn from the street.

The basement is placed below the southwestern part of the building and contains a car park for 22 vans and all the storage for the farm.

This solution is not appropriate since the U-turn the vans have to make is very tight and makes it too difficult for them to enter the car park.

61 TECHNICAL ROOM

STORAGE

COLD STORAGE

DARK STORAGE PARKING 22 VANS

| Basement

FISH TANKS VERTICAL FARM

VERTICAL FARM

VERTICAL FARM

VERTICAL FARM PYROLYSIS PLANT

| Ground level

MYCELIUM PRODUCTION

PACKING AREA

SKETCH 03 The farm is divided slightly in four separate parts allowing the car ramp to go down between them on one axis. On the other axis there is room for harvesting on ground level and a public walkway one level up.

The basement is placed below the northwestern part of the building and contains carpark for 29 vans and all the storage.

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STORAGE

PARKING 29 VANS PACKING AREA

PACKING AREA

PACKING AREA

COLD STORAGE PACKING AREA

TECHNICAL ROOM

| Basement

FISH TANKS

PYROLYSIS PLANT

VERTICAL FARM

VERTICAL FARM

VERTICAL FARM

VERTICAL FARM PACKING AREA CRATE PRODUCTION

| Ground level

RAMP FOR GOODS ONLY

PARKING 20 VANS

SKETCH 04 All the vans are parked behind the building. There is a big open area where it is possible to pack and load the vans. The ramp is only for goods.

The basement contains all the storage and nothing else, which makes it very compact. The ramp can either go straight or make a turn.

It seems like the right decision to keep the vans outside the building in the open instead of hiding them under the ground. The vans are a part of the whole process and can be seen as the final step of “the machine”, where the vegetables will be delivered to the customers. They are electrical eco-friendly vans and can work as a brand for the company.

65 TECHNICAL ROOM

VERTICAL FARM STORAGE VERTICAL FARM

VERTICAL FARM

VERTICAL FARM CRATE STORAGE

COLD STORAGE RAMP FOR GOODS ONLY

| Basement

N VA N PA

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| Ground level

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PY RO AN

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SKETCH 05 The machine has been optimized to be as compact and well-functioning as possible. The vans are placed outside the building and functions as a billboard for the company.

The basement is connected to the ground-level by freight elevator.

The layout of the farm has been optimized so the planting and harvesting is easier and so it is more readable for viewers.

The further investigations of the project will continue with this layout.

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Superkilen

Physical model 1:500 of the machine and the near context as a basis for next skecthing phase

The Farm Shop

The Fish Tanks

The Vertical Farm

Van Parking

Physical 1:500 of the grid structure

The Pyrolysis Plant

Eatery

Crate Production

The uneven grid placed on the site.

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The machine layed out in the grid.

UNEVEN GRID An uneven grid of columns is established on the site.

It functions as the supporting structure of the building and the vertical farm. The rigid structure of the grid also helps staging the productive elements. The inside of the building will function as a big warehouse where the plant beds and floor slape will be placed as shelves in racks

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Physical 1:200 model of the grid structure. The columns are here all in the maximum height of 17 m.

THE URBAN ROOFSCAPE

In this chapter the roofscape around the machine is investigated. It should not only be something to wrap and stage the machine, it is also the human layer that the public can walk on and a natural extension of the urban space.

Week 13

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LR IT Q U A L I T I E S I N TQ HUEAA E IAE S I N T H E A R E A

T H E G R E E N P A RTKH E G R E E N P A R K | play, sport and recreation | play, sport and recreation

HEET B L A C K M A R K E T T H E B L A C K M A RTK | urban living room | urban living room

T H E R E D S Q U A RTEH E R E D S Q U A R E | market, culture and sport | market, culture and sport

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? ?

?

? ?

? ?

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N Ø R R E B R O P A R KNEØNR R E B R O P A R K E N | activties and recreation | activties and recreation

VR I SRIEOBNRSO F O R N Ø R R E B R O VISIONS FOR NØ

NØRREBRO NØRREBRO | stays, rainwater handling | stays, rainwater handling, activtiy and green areasactivtiy and green areas

VEI SSI IOTNES F O R T H E S I T E VISIONS FOR TH

77 THE PROJECT | Getaway, skating and experiences

The adjacent areas focus a lot on activity combined with recreation. They are placed so close together and the busy flow of Nørrebrotuten runs through them. This creates a situation where there are no actual quiet places to escape to.

The project will aim to create a getaway in the city with experiences around food and production. It will keep the skating area and incorporate Nørrebros visions of green areas and rainwater handling.

THE PROJECT | Getaway, skating and experiences

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The roof of the building becomes a getaway where people can stay and observe the busy city life passing by.

THE ROOFSCAPE AS AN URBAN GETAWAY The flow of bikes and pedestrians on Nørrebroruten can be seen as a river that flows through the site and connects to the adjacent areas Superkilen and Nørrebroparken. The roofscape becomes an urban getaway people can retreat to and watch the busy city life passing by.

Small pockets occur between the building and the flow which are ideal for interaction between the outside and the functions inside, for example the eatery and the farm shop.

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RAINWATER

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RAINWATER BED WITH PLANTS RAINWATER BEDS COLLECTS RAINWATER

The project incorporates rainwater collection in rainwater beds with plants. The rainwater runs to a water tank in the basement of the building. Here the water is stored and cleaned by using auto flocculent algaes so it can be used in the vertical farm. The algaes can grow without daylight and be harvested as food for the fish. source | | web | www.aarhusvand.dk/Global/Subsites/Fremtidens%20RenseanlĂŚg/ FER_idekatalog.pdf

WATER TANK WITH AUTO FLOCCULENT ALGAE

THE WATER RUNS TO WATER TANK IN THE BASEMENT

THE WATER IS STORED AND CLEANED BY AUTO FLOCCULENT ALGAES

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THE PRODUCED ALGAES WILL BE USED AS FOOD FOR THE FISH

The inspiration for this study comes from Godsbanen in Aarhus.

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The roofscape functions as a ramp that makes the roofscape accessible.

The foldings create triangular facades that show off the machine.

CONCEPT 01 | FOLDINGS The wrapping consist of pleated rectangles which are put together to create a dynamic surface.

What works well | + You can look into the building at different heights + The facades define themselves where they are solid and where they are transparent. + The foldings are a simple gesture that can create something interesting. + It creates a clear difference between the machine and the wrapping.

What can be improved | - Bigger difference in the height of the vertical farm.

- The sides are too much alike. There need to be a bigger difference between the street side and the open space side.

- Work more with the foldings to get a more crisp look.

- Better contact with the open space. Currently the contact is only in one point.

- Work with different dimensions of the foldings to get a more dynamic surface.

- Improve the flow on the roof.

- The pleated rectangles are maybe too expressive and takes focus away from the machine.

+

83

The plan of the concept is a simple spiral cut out from one surface.

84

The simplicity of the wrapping stages the machine.

The roofscape is accessible where the spiral touches the ground

CONCEPT 02 | SPIRAL The concept is a very simple gesture. A spiral cut out of a single pieces wraps around the machine to stage it and create access to the roof.

What works well | + The roof plan - one piece + very simple + The simplicity and the minimalism + Easy explained concept. + The minimalism of the wrapping stages the machine.

What can be improved | - Bigger difference in the height of the vertical farming.

- Create a bigger variation between the street side and the open space side.

- Better contact to the open space. Currently the contact is only in one point.

- Work with different dimensions to get a more living expression.

- Work to improve the flow on the roof.

85

The inspiration for this study comes from The Opera in Oslo

86

There is free flow on the roof of the building

The building has good contact with the open space.

CONCEPT 03 | CUTS AND FLIPS The concept is single surface, which is cut in so it folds out and create a walkable roofscape. The concept is inspired the the Oslo Opera that contains a lot of the qualities that the thesis project aims to reach.

What works well | + Simple concept: one surface with cuts so it folds out. + It is possible to look in at different heights + Potential of nice facades. + Has good contact with the open space. + There is free flow on the roof - no dead ends.

What can be improved | - The building has one direction, but the project has two directions. The directions should fit the context better.

- It should not be too expressive and remove focus from the machine.

87

Development of the “foldings concept”

88

Development of the “spiral concept”

Development of the “cuts and flips concept”

Two ramps with different slopes create continuing flow on the roof.

89

A optimized model containing many of the qualities from the other concepts.

CONCLUSION After the different concepts have been developed further a conclusion is made that they all seemed a little bit to “forced�. They actually just became the wrapping they were not intended to be.

The roof needs to be a more natural extension of the landscape and get closer to the intensions from the initial investigations.

The building is low towards the open space so the void in the city remains.

90

The building matches the height of the street and becomes lower towards the open space.

LANDSCAPE SKETCH

The landscape follows the grid and extends from the ground to the roof tops.

The landscape is beginning to have the desired qualities.

But it should still have better contact to the ground and a more coherent landscape.

Landscape + flow

Landscape is pulled up

The corners are cut off

Terracing of the landscape

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Elevation of the building seen from Farumgade

Elevation of the building seen from Nørrebrogade

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Elevation of the building seen from south west

Elevation of the building seen from south east

FROM FACADE TO LANDSCAPE

The facades where first drawn in 2D to get the desired properties. They are then connected diagonally to create coherent landscape. The farms pop through landscape and creates sneak peaks and terraces.

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The farm is worked more into the landscape so they become terraces on the hill.

This concept has the desired properties of the roofscape as a coherent landscape and as an extension of the urban landscape.

FACADE STUDIES

The final concept from the previous phase is further detailed.

Week 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

MATERIALS

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Possible character of the roofscape

Possible character of the facades

97

CLOSED

98

The facades material is warm red perforated metal and can be completely closed off with shutters.

The facade extends up in front of the roofscape.

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UNITY

100

The facade and roofscape is the wooden material.

The windows and garage doors are cut out, but some are screend hidden behind lamellas.

101

EDGE

The facades material is warm red perforated metal. The garage doors are in the same material and windows are exposed.

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The edge of the wooden roofscape is visible on the facades.

The facade towards the street exposes the production inside.

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MERGE

104

The materials are a warn red material and wood. The roofscape and the facade merges together.

The windows and garage doors are cut out, but some are screend hidden behind lamellas.

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CONTRAST

The facade material is grey expanded metal. It contrasts the warmth of the roofscape.

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The wooden roofscape has an overhang and extend beyond the facades.

The facade towards the street exposes the production inside.

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WARM AND OVERHANG

The facade material is warm red perforated metal. The garage doors are solid in the same material and windows are exposed.

108

The wooden roofscape has an overhang and extend beyond the facades.

The facade towards the street exposes the production inside.

109

BOOKS | | The Vertical Farm: Feeding the World in the 21st Century, by Dickson Despommier. Thomas Dunne Books, First Edition, 2010

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WEBSITES | | www.aarhusvand.dk/Global/Subsites/Fremtidens%20RenseanlĂŚg/ FER_idekatalog.pdf

CASE STUDIES RE S E A RC H

This booklet contains case studies of companies and techniques that provides basic knowledge for the project.

BROOKLYN GRANGE

Worlds Largest Rooftop Soil Farm

The Business

9 11

Conclusion

13

GOTHAM GREENS

Hydroponic Rooftop Farming

17

19

Running The Farm

Conclusion

21

PLANTLAB

Indoor Controlled Farming

25

Conclusion

27

FARMEDHERE

Indoor Aquaponic Farming

31

33

The Farm

Conclusion

35

AARSTIDERNE

Vegetables On The Doorstep

39

Pyrolysis Plant

43

Chain Of Transportation

45

Main Suppliers Of Crops

47

Facts

49

BOOK EXCERPTS

Design Points From The Expert

53

LIST OF REFERENCES

Books, Publications and Web

56

BROOKLYN GRANGE

Brooklyn Grange is a commercial scale urban farming company. They produce crops inside New York City using traditional soil farming techniques.

Brooklyn Grange seen from above.

8

Between the rows of vegetables of Brooklyn Grange.

WORLDS LARGEST ROOFTOP SOIL FARM Brooklyn Grange is the world’s largest rooftop soil farmers. They opened their first farm in May 2010 and now they have two farms, both located in New York. The production covers a wide range of over 40 different crops, salads, cucumbers, squash, eggplant, pepper, herbs, different kinds of tomatoes and a lot of flowers.

Brooklyn Grange sell their crops to groups in the local community, local restaurants and at the weekly farmers market. They also have their own weekly farm stand where people can buy their crops.

The company is not completely sure how the polluted surroundings in New York City affect the crops, but they are currently working with scientists to find out about it.

But one thing is sure; because the heavy metals stays close to the ground the air five stories up is a lot cleaner than it is down in the streets.

Brooklyn Grange sees themselves as an urban hub for social gathering. They welcome the public to come and explore the facilities, in order to make them learn about the environment and the surroundings where crops come from, so that the people in the city don’t completely lose touch with nature. The company has established their own educational program where they involve trainees and apprentices to teach them how to farm.

9

10

A yoga event takes place on the rooftop.

THE BUSINESS Because it is an outdoor farm Brooklyn Grange is very much depending on the weather and the seasons. They farm nine months of the year and sell crops from midMay to October. In the winter they use cover crops like clover, rye, buckwheat and oats.

The company’s biggest expense right now is labor force - it takes a lot of manpower to keep an organic farm running. They have about 10 full time employees and several apprentices and trainees that help them and learn about urban farming in return. The owners say the farm is profitable and broke even the first year, but still the employees don’t get paid as much as they should. The firm says that this will change when they upscale their business.

To create an extra stream of revenue Brooklyn Grange lease the farm as a location for weddings, yoga classes and other events, and host rooftop dinners where people can come and eat and enjoy the sunset.

11

12

Urban beehives is another of the farms initatives.

CONCLUSION + Great for social life and recreation. + Creates closeness to the nature in the city.

- Very time demanding in maintaining - Very space consuming.

- Currently they cannot make enough money to pay their employees a full salary - not social sustainable.

- Dependent on the weather just like traditional farming. | Facts About The Queens Farm Size | 4.000 m 2.

Yield | 10 tons pr. year Months with yield | 6 | Facts About The Navy Yard Farm Size | 6.000 m 2 Yield | 15 tons a year Months with yield | 6 | Sources web | brooklyngrangefarm.com web | gothamist.com/2012/08/02/brooklyn_grange_celebrates_first_ha.php#photo-1 web | www.urbanfarmonline.com/urban-farm-videos/urban-farming-legends/ seven-questions-brooklyn-garden.aspx

13

GOTHAM GREENS

Gotham Greens is a commercial scale urban farming company. They are based in New York and produces fresh vegetables inside the city using modern hydroponic farming techniques.

Gotham Greens seen from the outside.

16

The hydroponic field.

HYDROPONIC ROOFTOP FARMING Gotham Greens is a New York based company who grow crops in the city and sells them locally on a commercial scale. They were founded in 2008 and were the country’s first company utilizing hydroponic rooftop farming on a commercial scale. Their philosophy is to supply the city with fresh, locally produced, pesticide free crops. There is also a social ambition in teaching youngsters about nutrition, where their food comes from and how it is produced.

In the autumn of 2013 Gotham Greens opened their second greenhouse, now on the roof of a big supermarket, Whole Foods Market in Gowanus in Brooklyn. This is maybe the first time ever that the crops in a supermarket is grown on its own roof. It takes the whole discussion of how many kilometers our food has travelled before it reaches the store down to a matter of footsteps. This kind of freshness was usually reserved for restaurants and customers outside of the city.

Gotham Greens supply local supermarkets and restaurants daily with freshly harvested greens.

Because of the effectiveness of the farming and short transportation distances the price for the crops from Gotham Greens is actually lower than the equivalent product produced in a traditional way. In January 2014 the price for a head of lettuce from the competitors was around 6-6,5$, while one from Gotham Greens cost around 5$.

17

Gotham Greens sells their vegetables on a commercial scale.

18

Salad in a local supermarket in New York City.

RUNNING THE FARM One of Gotham Greens biggest challenges when getting started was not having any predecessors. Some challenges they had to consider were: How to construct this type of greenhouse? How to attach it to a rooftop?

Where to get the supplies from?

Their first greenhouse is 1.400 m 2 and placed on the flat roof of a warehouse in Green Point Brooklyn. To supply its’ electrical demand from pumps, fans, motors and computers, all needed to keep the climate controlled, it uses 50-60 kw solar panels.

The farm use modern water recycling and irrigation techniques and therefore it consumes 10-20 times less water than conventional farming, which can seem counter intuitive since hydroponic farming is based on water.

By keeping the farm indoors and in a close to sterile environment they have eliminated the use of pesticides and have only beneficial insects. If they find a pest in the crops they will just introduce its natural enemy in the greenhouse. Meaning there is no pesticides or fertilizer run off which normally is one main reason for water pollution.

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20

Seeding and sprouting of the plants takes place in a special growing block.

CONCLUSION + The price is compatible with the traditional farming. + Is more efficient than traditional farming, can produce more crops on less space +/- It runs on daylight which makes it independent of artificial light, but it makes it depended on the sun - Requires big open areas and it is only possible to grow in one layer. | Facts About Green Point Farm Size | 1.400 m 2 Yield | 100.000 tons a year.

Temperature | 24 o C during the day 18 o C during the night.

Personel | 20 full time jobs - year round.

Power demand | 50-60 kw of solar power. | Facts About Gowanus Farm Size | 1.860 m 2.

Yield | 200.000 tons a year.

Temperature | 24 o C during the day 18 o C during the night. | Sources web | gothamgreens.com web | www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-10/urban-farm-gothamgreens-gives-us-brooklyn-lettuce web | www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/gotham-greens-build-country-largest-commercial-rooftop-greenhouses-queens-article-1.1308662 TED Talk | Viraj Puri : Innovations in Urban Agriculture - www.youtube.com/ watch?v=ftV2mYp7Epw

21

PLANTLAB

PlantLab is a dutch company that has made a detailed research about what different plants need to grow. In extension of this they have developed a technique to supply the plants in a controlled environment.

A look inside PlantLabs filed. The blue and red light is the only light the plants need.

24

A sketch what PlantLab envision how we can grow food in the cities.

INDOOR CONTROLLED FARMING PlantLab is a Dutch company which since 1989 has researched in what kinds of nutrients, light and other conditions plants need in order to grow perfectly. Based on their research they have developed a special farming technique where the environmental influences on the plants can be precisely controlled, in order to create the perfect crops.

They have found out that everything the plant needs to grow can be supplied “artificially” and therefore be 100% controlled.

PlantLab have for example figured that plants don’t need the full spectra of sunlight. The only light they need is red and blue and a little far-red that the eye can’t see - and it is possible to supply that light using only LED-Lights.

In other words PlantLab controls the environment of the crops with sophisticated climate control. The nutrients of the plants are supplied through hydropic farming techniques.

Each plant has different needs so these are taken care of by computer controlled growing-recipes, which can be controlled long distance. This makes it possible to produce, sell and consume freshly harvested crops, all year around and in whatever climate condition.

25

26

Different situations where PlantLab imagine their technique implemented.

CONCLUSION + No need for sunlight – possibility to farm in layers and in deep dark spaces. + Work at every scale, from a kitchen drawer to mega facilities that can feed entire cities. + Is extremely efficient compared to traditional farmingmuch higher production using less space and resources. + Possibility to completely control and predict the exact outcome of the harvest.

- A big investment to get started (but after that the only expense is electricity).

- Depend on electricity, the costliest expense, with a power outage being the one factor that could ruin a growing cycle. | Sources web | PlantLab.nl TED Talk | Gertjan Meeuws - Indoor farming, Plant Paradise - www.youtube. com/watch?v=ILzWmw53Wwo&feature

27

FARMEDHERE

FarmedHere is commercial scale urban farm. They produce fresh vegetables in the middle of Chicago using indoor aquaponic farming techniques.

The owner Ms. Hardej in front of the fields.

30

The plants grow in layers by using artificial light.

INDOOR AQUAPONIC FARMING FarmedHere is an urban indoor farming company from Chicago who were founded in 2011. They use a combination of aeroponics, aquaponics and artificial lighting to grow crops indoors in an old warehouse building. The crops are produced on a commercial scale and the farm sell it to shops within a 25 kilometer range, so the crops are on the shelf within 24-48 hours from the time they are harvested.

Right now FarmedHere sell different kinds of salad, kale, watercress and herbs. The leftovers from the harvest (crops that are not pretty enough to be sold to customers) are made into different kinds of dressings in order to use what normally would have been waste.

The company does a lot for its area on a social level.

They have created jobs for new type of workers - urban farmers. They are part of an educational system where they involve people with little or no education, they have also taken in earlier offenders and by this given them a new chance in life. So this urban farm generates a lot economically in the area – they both create local jobs and sell their product locally.

31

Some of FarmedHere’s products.

32

The plants are stacked using standard warehouse shelving systems.

THE FARM The main difference between hydroponics and aquaponics is that fish is introduced in the later, to create a larger closed loop symbiosis. Aquaponics is a contraction of the words aquaculture and hydroponics.

In combination with the farming, fish are raised in big tanks. The water around them becomes dirty from the droppings, something that is positive for the plants, providing them with nutrients. In return the plants are used to clean the water for the fish. So not only does the farm produce fresh organic vegetables, they also raise fish of the tilapia species.

The combination of aquaponics and aeroponics are extremely water efficient and reuse 97% percent of the fresh water they use. Instead of having the roots of the plants bathed in water, like hydroponic farming, the water is vaporized so the roots are in a mist of water with nutrients and oxygen, perfect for the plants. On average their green is ripe for harvesting after 18 days.

In comparison it would have taken at least 60 days in the traditional soil fields.

The field itself is in five layers of “grow beds� placed on what looks like a giant shelving system. The size of the warehouse is 8.300 m2 and they have around 14.000 m 2 of growing area. The area is always absolutely clean with a perfect temperature and humidity for the plants. The operation has run very smoothly and FarmedHere haven’t had many problems. The only challenge has been to be pioneers within the field. The business is doing great and they expect to expand.

33

Some newly planted plants.

34

The fish tanks that supply the field with nutrients.

CONCLUSION + Very efficient area vs. output. + Social sustainability - local jobs, sell local, grow local. + Controlled and predictable outcome which creates a stable business.

- A big investment to get started but after that the only expense is to electricity.

- Indoor farms depend on electricity, the costliest expense, with a power outage being the one factor that could ruin a growing cycle. | Facts Field Size | 14.000 m 2.

Yield | N/A | Sources web | farmedhere.com web | farmedhere.com/2012/vacant-warehouses-the-future-of-chicagosurban-agriculture web | www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/22/farmedhere-nations-largestvertical-farm_n_2933739.html web | www.chicagofarmandtable.com/2013/01/23/interview/ web | www.businessinsider.com/farmedhere-vertical-farming-chicago-20133#ixzz2uYSaWHsm

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AARSTIDERNE

Aarstiderne is a Danish company that deliver fresh organic fruit, vegetables and groceries directly on the customers doorstep.

38

The, almost iconic, “Aarstiderne-crate�

VEGETABLES ON THE DOORSTEP Aarstiderne is a Danish company who has specialized in delivering fresh and organic vegetables to the doorstep of Danish households. They do not grow the provided vegetable themselves, they get them from suppliers.

The basic service is that customers make a subscription over the internet and once a week they receive a crate with vegetables. The next week Aarstiderne take back the old empty crate and replaces it with a new one, filled with organic vegetables.

Over the years the product has been developed so the crates now include whole meals with all the ingredients such as, pasta, bread, fish, meat and other groceries.

But the main business of Aarstiderne remains the supply of fresh vegetables.

Aarstiderne is as much about selling a lifestyle as it is about selling crops. They aim at busy city people who are interested in quality foods and a healthy lifestyle.

They sell this image through recipes and storytelling about where their crops originate from and their way to the customers table.

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Krogerup Avlsgaard is the place Aarstidernes meet their customers.

40

The farmshop is a way for the customers to buy the crops close to the field and for the company to be in close contact with the customers.

Aarstiderne is placed on two different locations in Denmark.

Barritskov, is the place of origin for the company. Now it is primarily where the packing of all the crates take place. It is also the home of their communication, IT and planning departments.

Krogerup Avlsgaard, is where they meet the customers.

Here Aarstiderne have a field growing a small amount of vegetables for educational purposes. Different events where they teach kids and adults about farming and cooking (from garden to stomach) takes place here as well. They have a farmshop where they sell crops directly from the fields. The kitchen on the farm is where they develop the recipes for the customers. The farm also have different projects on ecology and techniques.

41

The pyrolysis plant at Aarstiderne.

42

The greenhouse where the plant is located.

PYROLYSIS PLANT Aarstiderne is an ecological company, so a sustainable consciousness is an integrated part of their thoughts.

They have already implemented many different sustainable initiatives and have a list of goals and values they pursue in order be even more sustainable. Such as constantly reducing CO2-emissions.

One of the sustainable initiatives Aarstiderne has made is the integration of a pyrolysis plant on the Barritskov farm.

The pyrolysis facilities are like a small local combined heat and power plant (CHP) that supplies the farm with sustainable energy. It makes them almost self-sufficient because it supplies them with all the heat and 60% percent of the energy use. The facility is based on biomass which comes from worn down delivery-crates and EURO-Pallets. It converts “fuel� equivalent to 250 kW per hour.

The process can shortly be described as thermolytic process where the biomass to is heated to high temperatures without any oxygen. The result is a hot gas which is used to heat and to power a piston engine which produces electricity. The residue from the process is smoke which is lead out through the chimney and biochar/coke. Biochar is stored carbon which can be used on fields to improve the quality of the soil.

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Field Harvest Washing

Supplier

Packing Loading Truck

Transportation

External Truck Company

Worn Crates To Pyrolysis Plant

Storing

44

Packing In Crates Storing

Aarstidernes Packing Central

Washing Before Reuse

Loading Truck Biomass To Pyrolysis Plant

Field Transportation

External Truck Company

Transportation

Harvesting Packing In Crates

Repacking Loading Van

Aarstidernes Distribution Center

Loading On Truck

Loading Vans Crate+Biomass Take Back

Delivery

Delivery

External Van Company

Crate Take Back

Doorstep

Customer

Doorstep

Table

Crate Reuse Supplier

Storing

Doorstep

Customer Table

Doorstep

CHAIN OF TRANSPORTATION The supply of crops comes from all over Denmark, parts of Europe and some of the more exotic fruits are imported from Central America. They have a strict nonflight policy so everything is shipped by truck or ship.

Aarstiderne brands them self on the closeness from field to table. But even though their crops travel less than their competitors they still travel a lot, and through many different transportation links.

45

TINGGÅRD

KROGERUP AVLSGAARD

BARRITSKOV KISELGÅRDEN ALLESØE LYKKESHOLM

46

BARRITSKOV

COTEAUX NANTAIS

COOPERATIVA PRIMAVERA | BRIO

CUCHO VERDE

EXTREMADURA

AL–ARBULI

MAIN SUPPLIERS OF CROPS Denmark Allesøe | Distance to packing, 100 km.

Crops | Apples, pears and grapes Kiselgården | Distance to packing, 198 km.

Crops | Carrots, potatoes, onions, lettuce, leek, celery, cabbage, beets, beans, spinach and different herbs.

Krogerup Avlsgaard | Distance to packing, 293 km.

Crops | Special vegetables Lykkesholm | Distance to packing, 96,5 km.

Crops | Tomatoes, cucumber, chilis, eggplant and peppers Tinggård | Distance to packing, 122 km.

Crops | Root vegetables, cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli

Europe Al–Arbuli | Distance to packing, 2750 km.

Crops| Oranges, lemons, grapefruit and clementines.

Cucho Verde Crops | Melons, tomatoes, lettuce, bananas.

Distance to packing | 2100 km.

Extremadura | Distance to packing, 2700 km.

Crops | Nectarines, peaches and plums.

Coteaux Nantais | Distance to packing, 1560 km.

Crops | Apples, pears, kiwis, plums, peaches, strawberrys, abricots, rhubarb, quince and mirabelle.

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Figur 6: Kundefordelingen i Danmark og Sverige. Hver prik udgør 1 kunde.

Location of Aarstidernes custiomers

24

FACTS Established | 1999.

Employees | 110 -130.

Customers | 40.000 in Denmark and 5.000 in Sweden.

Economy | 2012s revenue 248 mil. kr. profits 11 mio. kr.

Crates Delivered | 1.536.785 in 2010 Average Crates Per Delivery | 1,5 Goods Purchased Fruit | 4.724.836 kg.

Vegetables | 3.391.654 kg.

Groceries | 606.441 kg.

Meat | 52.740 kg.

Fish | 31.831 Wooden Crates | 200.000 Polysterene Boxes | 120.000 Customer Location SjĂŚlland | Around 65% of the customers.

Jylland and islands | Around 30% of the customers.

Sweden | Around 10 % of the customers.

Copenhagen | 80% of the SjĂŚlland customers.

Overall Coverage | Around 90% of the country.

Sources | Publication | Aartidernes Environmental Report 2011 ( www.aarstiderne. com/Om-aarstiderne/Ide-og-baggrund/Miljoet) web | www.aarstiderne.com/Om-aarstiderne web | future-farmers.net/from-the-field/denmark/aarstiderne-2 web | business.dk/foedevarer/misvaekst-hos-aarstiderne web | future-farmers.net/from-the-field/denmark/aarstiderne-2/ web | information.dk/214658

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BOOK EXCERPTS

This chapter contains excerpts about designing a vertical farm from, Dickson Despommiers book “The Vertical Farm: Feeding the World in the 21st Century�.

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Building For Growing Food

Offices

Control Center

Nursery

Laboratory

Workforce Building

Center For The General Public

Green Market

Restaurant

What functions Dickson Despommier imagines in the vertical farm

The Vertical Farm

Dickson Despommier imagines the veritcal farm in the city as a five story tall building complex.

DESIGN POINTS FROM THE EXPERT

In the book “The Vertical Farm - Feeding the World in the 21st Century”, which by many is considered “the bible” in vertical farming, the author Dr. Dickson Despommier describes in the chapter “Form and Function” how he imagines the vertical farm. Since there is not yet build a large scale vertical farm, it represents the visions based on his knowledge.

Functional Composition | “The vertical farm will consist of a complex of buildings constructed in close proximity to one another. The complex will include a building for growing food, offices for management, a seperate control center for monitoring the overall of the facility; a nursery for selecting and germinating seeds; a quality control laboratory to monitor food safety, document the nutritional status of each crop, and monitor for plant diseases; a building for the vertical workforce; an ecoeducation/tourist center for the general public; a green market; and eventually a restaurant”. - Page 179.

Design | “The farm itself will be modest in height, perhaps five stories tall and maybe 1/8 of a city block in footprint. The interior would be highly flexible allowing the expert team of controlled indoor-agricultural scientists the maximum freedom to configure and reconfigure the conditions the crops will be subjected to. [...] The materials employed in the construction of the building will be dictated by the need of the plants and secondarily by the needs of those who work inside the vertical farm”. Page 182-184.

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200 +

In areas with abundant sunlight and +200 days with sunlight the sun can be used as the only energy source. The buildings should then be transparent, long and and narrow.

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Areas with fewer than 200 days of sunlight each year, like Scandinavia, should take advantage of artificial grow light and rely on energy from sustainable energy sources.

On The Use Of Sunlight | “In areas of the world that already enjoy the gift on abundant sunlight - for example the Middle East, Australia, the American Southwest, many parts of subSaharan Africa - using the sun as the only source of energy to grow crops would be entirely feasible and recommended”. Page 187.

After this Dr. Dickson describes that the buildings can be very long, low and narrow and oriented on north/ south axis to capture as much sunlight as possible. Or deeper buildings that distribute sunlight via fiber optics or mirrors. The buildings should be all transparent and show off the plants. Page 187-191.

“While sunlight will be the main source of energy to grow crops in regions that have more than two hundred days of sunlight, many other regions would be left out if this were the only viable way of proceeding. Scandinavia, Iceland, most of Russia, and Alaska in the United States in the Nothern Hemisphere and Chile, Argentina, and New Zealand in the Southern Hemisphere would all need to tap into an alternative energy supply to remain independent of the municipal energy grid”. Page 191192.

Dr. Dickson further describes that we should take advantage of the fact that it is possible to grow plants using artificial light from LEDs. (p. 186-187) He continues envisioning that the energy to the lights can be supplied from wind power, geothermical sources, water power or “alternative” incineration processes. Page 192-198.

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LIST OF REFERENCES BOOKS | | The Vertical Farm: Feeding the World in the 21st Century, by Dickson Despommier. Thomas Dunne Books, First Edition, 2010

PUBLICATIONS | | Aartidernes Environmental Report 2011 www.aarstiderne.com/Om-aarstiderne/Ide-og-baggrund/Miljoet

WEBSITES | | brooklyngrangefarm.com | gothamist.com/2012/08/02/brooklyn_grange_celebrates_first_ha.php#photo-1 | www.urbanfarmonline.com/urban-farm-videos/urban-farming-legends/seven-questions-brooklyn-garden.aspx | www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-10/urban-farm-gotham-greensgives-us-brooklyn-lettuce | www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/gotham-greens-build-country-largest-commercial-rooftop-greenhouses-queens-article-1.1308662 | gothamgreens.com | plantlab.nl | farmedhere.com | farmedhere.com/2012/vacant-warehouses-the-future-of-chicagos-urban-agriculture | www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/22/farmedhere-nations-largest-verticalfarm_n_2933739.html | www.chicagofarmandtable.com/2013/01/23/interview/ | www.businessinsider.com/farmedhere-vertical-farming-chicago-20133#ixzz2uYSaWHsm | www.aarstiderne.com/Om-aarstiderne | future-farmers.net/from-the-field/denmark/aarstiderne-2 | business.dk/foedevarer/misvaekst-hos-aarstiderne | future-farmers.net/from-the-field/denmark/aarstiderne-2/ | information.dk/214658

TED TALKS | | Gertjan Meeuws - Indoor farming, Plant Paradise www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILzWmw53Wwo&feature | Viraj Puri - Innovations in Urban Agriculture www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftV2mYp7Epw

SITE AND CONTEXT RE S E A RC H

This booklet contains an introduction to the site, the selection process and initial analysis.

SITE SELECTION Criteria

9

Site 01

11

Site 02

13

Site 03

15

Site 04 | The Choosen The Site

17

SITE

The Grey Zone

21

Existing Structures

25

Plans For The Site

27

Reactions

29

31

Shopping Center?

NØRREBRO

Introduction

35

Nørrebrogade

39

Nørrebroruten

41

43

Visions For Nørrebro

SUPERKILEN AND NØRREBROPARKEN

Superkilen

47

The Green Park

49

The Black Market

51

The Red Square

53

Nørrebroparken

67

INITAL ANALYSIS

Sum Up Of Qualities And Visions

61

Map Analysis

63

Sunlight Studies

65

Transportation Focus

67

LIST OF REFERENCES

Books, Public Publications and Web

68

SITE SELECTION

This chapter contains the selection process of choosing the site for the project.

03

04

8

02 01

CRITERIA In order to help navigate and choose a fitting site in Copenhagen, I put up a range of criteria for the site.

It needs to be in a central urban setting where people pass by, so it becomes a part of people’s consciousness and everyday life. The site should also be in the city center in order to shorten the transportation distance to the customers.

The building must be located at a place that is suitable for a company with production and some distribution activities. This means that the site needs to have a certain size and be close to some sort of main road.

The building will be a company headquarter, therefore it would be an advantage that it is noticeable in the city and hereby helps branding the company.

The building should be located in a place where it can add something positive to the area and where the public program of the building, can provide the neighborhood with a new interesting place.

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10

SITE 01 Dybbelsbro | Size, 3.000 m 2.

The potential site is placed in a central spot in the city, but still the site itself is a backside of the area and lays down to the railway terrain in Vesterbro. Close to the Dybbelsbro train station and the Dybbelsbro bridge.

The bridge connects bikes and cars across the railway terrain. Currently the site doesn’t have an active function, but it contains an old transformer building. + The site is a backside of the area which could use a function and a purpose. + It is a noticeable place in the city where a lot of cars and bikes passes by. + It is a central location in the city, good for distribution. + There is a possibility in placing the parts of the project that don’t need daylight in the area between the bridges and the rails. + The public can come in at street level and the production can be placed below them.

- It is not placed in a dense urban area and not a place where pedestrians pass by.

- It’s a shame to tear down the beautiful transformer building and it is too small to fit the project. If the existing building is not torn down the site is too small to be suitable.

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12

SITE 02 The Carlsberg City | Size, 3.700 m 2.

The site is one of the plots in the new city area called The Carlsberg City. The old industrial area is being transformed into a completely new city part with dwellings, shops, offices and high-rise buildings. + It is a new city area placed in an old industrial area, where the project could fit in. + The Carlsberg City aims to become an area with a lot of diversity. + The region will have a very sustainable and environmental friendly profile and it wants to be energy neutral. + The size of the site is suitable for the function of the project.

- The area already has a lot of production and industry.

- The project might not add very much to the site because there is already happening a lot. This means it might not have the wanted effect on its surroundings.

- There are already made plans for the site not corresponding to the function of the thesis project.

- Because the area is under development, the site does not have a clear context to relate to yet.

Source | web | www.carlsbergbyen.dk

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14

SITE 03 The Dong Plot | Size, 10.000 m 2.

The potential site is located in the North West of Copenhagen. It is an old industrial plot previously owned by the Danish energy company “Dong”. Recently the existing structures on it have been demolished and it now awaits something to happen with it. + The area is very dense and is located close to two main roads, this is good for visibility and distribution. + The site is an existing industrial area placed in an urban environment. + The North West area of Copenhagen has a reputation for being a rough area and it needs public places. + The potential site has a good size with possibilities to make an urban space for the neighborhood.

- The site is very close to dwelling, the production and distribution might disturb the neighbors.

- There’s already a project proposal for the site that suggests a building with dwellings in four stories and shops on street level. This function seems more appropriate for the site.

Sources | web | www.bispebjerglokaludvalg.kk.dk/page69.html | dinby.dk/koebenhavn-n/lokaludvalg-roser-byggeprojekt

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16

SITE 04 | THE CHOOSEN SITE The Grey Zone, Nørrebro | Size, 10.500 m 2.

The site is placed in Nørrebro between Superkilen and Nørrebroparken. It stands out as grey zone without a specific character between some well-defined urban spaces, with different characteristics. + The context of the site is very dense and urban – it is placed in a hot-spot of the area. + The site is placed in a junction between two main roads and a main bike path – good for distribution, gives a great visibility + It is a place where people come by in their everyday life. + If the existing buildings are removed the site has a suitable size. + The existing building doesn’t do the potential of the site justice and have no architectural value. + The site receives a lot of sunlight. + The adjacent areas already have a lot of activity that the function can connect to. + The site has a lot of unused potential – today it lacks an identity and defined function.

- The site is small unless the existing buildings are considered in the project.

This site is chosen for the project.

17

SITE

Currently the site contains a smaller building and the remnants of an old gas station. The site is a “grey zone� without a clear character and purpose.

The only plans for the site points toward a huge 23.000 m 2 shopping center. The project stands critical to this direction.

Superkilen

The Green Park

The Black Market

The Red Square

20

?

Nørrebroparken

Project Site | The Grey Zone

THE GREY ZONE “The Grey Zone” consists today of different structures and smaller areas. In the northeast corner of the site is a single story glass, steel and concrete shopping pavilion, (which doesn’t do the potentials of the site justice) and behind it is the remains of a torn down gas station. In the southwest corner of the site is a skating area that is used by the youths in the area.

The site lies in extension of two very defined and characteristic urban spaces; Nørrebroparken and the urban project Superkilen. This also makes the site stand out as an area that needs a purpose.

The Grey Zone has the potential to be a prominent and central spot for the area. It is framed by two of Nørrebro’s main roads and the areas main bike path “Nørrebroruten” runs right through it. The project aims to give the site its own character and story.

?

? ?

?

21

Panorama of the site

EXISTING STRUCTURES

The existing glass, steel and concrete building.

24

The backside of the building and the remains of the torn down gas station.

The ground is filled with remains of the gas station.

Nørrebro Skatepark is located in the southwest corner of the site.

25

The skatepark is one of few things on the site that people seek out.

The site is mostly just a place where people pass through.

The proposed shopping center on the site.

26

View inside the shopping center.

PLANS FOR THE SITE The “local-plan” for the site has suggested a big 23.000 m 2 shopping center in five stories. The plans from 2010 were not well met in the neighborhood. A lot of citizens and the local committee protested against it.

They argued that the huge steel and glass structure is too big for the site and that it doesn’t fit the area.

An estate investor and the owner of the plot want to demolish the existing small buildings and build a giant shopping center and office building on the spot.

The proposal is 13.600 m 2 above ground and around 10.000 m 2 of car park in two stories below ground. The base is two stories of shopping arcade. On top along Farumgade and Nørrebrogade the building extends to five stories and contains more shops, offices, dwelling and some cultural facilities, for example a cinema or fitness center. The center is drawn by Anders Helweg Arkitekter and the local plan was approved in 2010.

Since then, however, there has been no news around the project, other than the old gas station behind the shops has been demolished. The estate investor behind it “Apostrofgruppen” no longer has a website and is hard to find any information about.

Sources | Publication | Lokalplan nr. 434 “Farumgade” | web | dinby.dk/koebenhavn-n/lokalplan-om-butikscenter-er-nu-godkendt | www.building-supply.dk/article/view/68710/kobenhavn_far_centerbyggeri_ pa_23000_m#.UxTWfnlzPzA | www.ahelweg.dk/norrebrogade | soap. plansystem.dk/jsp/getdoklink.jsp?planid=1112989&plantype=20&status=V

27

28

Press clipp of the reactions to the proposed project.

REACTIONS The neighbors, local citizens and the local committee are not happy with the plans for the site. The developer calls the building an oasis and a shopping hotspot for the area. But the locals argue they don’t need a huge steel, glass and concrete mall like this on the site. There are a lot of small shops on Nørrebro and the locals think that a big shopping center will ruin the diversity of the area.

The locals feel they haven’t been heard in the discussion of the project. They think the proposed project is too big for the plot. With a building ratio of 285% it fills out the entire plot with no open space around it. The neighbors also fears that the huge shopping hotspot with the big car park will generate a lot of traffic problems for the area.

Sources | web | 2200n.dk/2012/06/19/trafik-revolution-hvad-skal-der-skepa-norrebro/ | dinby.dk/koebenhavn-n/lokalplan-om-butikscenter-er-nugodkendt | e-avis.nnvbladet.dk/lnn/20090211?s=1&p=4

29

30

Shopping Center?

SHOPPING CENTER? Nørrebro is known for its diversity and small specialty shops. A big shopping center on the site could potentially ruin a lot of the diversity that defines and characterizes the area. So I agree with the local citizens that a shopping center is not an appropriate function for the site. The function should add something to and build on the area’s diversity instead of compete with it.

The locals also fear that the so called shopping-hotspot with 10.000 m 2 of parking will create traffic problems on the site. The site framed by public transportation sources. Nørrebrogade on the other is on the route of “bus 5A”, which is the most used bus in Denmark, an even Northern Europe. Passing through the site is Nørrebroruten which is part of 9 km bicycle path connecting to other municipalities in Copenhagen, a real bicycle highway to get through the city. I think that a project should in to a greater extent meet these means of transportation instead of drawing even more cars to the city.

Sources | web | myldretid.dk/nyheder/nr/793 | arkitektforeningen. dk/artikel/nyheder/cykelrute-paa-tvaers-af-kommunegraenser | www. gogreencopenhagen.dk/gogreencopenhagen/steder/opleve/oplevelser/dengroenne-sti/?cat=1710

31

NØRREBRO

This part contains a description of Nørrebro, the neighborhood of the site.

34

INTRODUCTION The site is located in the area of Outer Nørrebro in Copenhagen. The area is the most dense and populated in the city. By the 1. of October in 2012, 76.609 people lived in the 4,1 km2 that forms Nørrebro. 1 Nørrebro as it is known today took form when the fortifications of Copenhagen were closed down in the 1850s.

The city developed as a typical working class area with a dense housing blocks and scattered industry.

Today the area is known for its diversity and multicultural influences. The inhabitants are relatively younger than the rest of Copenhagen. Only 21% is above 55 years old, compared with 29% for the rest of the municipality. 25% percent of the population only has a short education.

28,3% percent of the people in the area has another ethnic backgrund than Danish, which is the highest concentration in the entire region. Some areas have an even higher concentration, like “Mjølnerparken” where 92% of the inhabitants is immigrants with non-western background. 2 This mix of people gives the area a varied cultural life with a lot of small cafés, clothing shops, restaurants, bars side by side with shawarma bars and halal butchers.

1 | web | Byrumsplan Nørrebro 2012, page 4.

2 | web | 2200n.dk/facts-om-norrebro/facts-om-norrebro-2/

35

Nørrebrogade

Shops on Nørrebrogade

38

The streets of Nørrebro.

NØRREBROGADE Nørrebrogade is the most central street of Nørrebro. It runs through the entire area and connects with the inner city in one end and the Nort West area in the other.

Along the way it passes by the lakes, the Assistens Cemetry, The project site and Nørrebro Station.

The story of Nørrebrogade can be tracked a long way back. When the fortifications of Copenhagen were still standing Nørrebrogade connected the North West through the northern gate “Nørreport”. Nørrebrogade was paved with cobles in 1760 in order to accommodate the heavy traffic through Nørreport. 3 Today the character of Nørrebrogade very much represents Nørrebro in general. It is framed by dwelling blocks in five stories and most often there are small shops in street level. The shops are influenced by the areas character, like food bars, bike shops, designer stores and night clubs.

In 2008 the municipality initiated a traffic experiment where the street was closed off for cars and the street was improved for bikes and busses. The experiment resulted in some permanent features for the street.

For example narrow driving lanes and very broad bikeand walking paths. Daily 36.000 people bike down Nørrebrogade - the highest concentration of bikes in Europe. 4 The Street is also home for the bus 5A which daily used 60.000 people, making it the most used bus in Copenhagen and in all Northern Europe in fact. 5 3 | Publication | Nørrebrogade Program - Juli 2006, page 13-17 4 | web | www.magasinetkbh.dk/node/1433 5 | web | ing.dk/artikel/movia-indsaetter-hybridbus-pa-nordeuropas-travlestebuslinje-109125

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40

NØRREBRORUTEN People in Copenhagen loves to bike. In fact a third of the citizens bike to and from work every day. In order to accommodate the large number of cyclists, the municipality of Copenhagen is making big a continuous network of bike- and walking paths called the “Green Routes”. It is a green recreational element for bikes, pedestrians, runners and skateboarders as well as the main infrastructure for bikes in the city. The network is planned to consist of 22 paths, 110 km in total. Today around 40 km is already made. “Nørrebroruten” is one of the paths already made and it passes through the project site. It is a stretch of 9 kilometers of bike and walking paths in different urban settings.

Nørrebroruten primarily runs through the old railway terrain of Nørrebro. In one end it is connected to the “The Green Path” in the neighbor-municipality Frederiksberg, and it stretches all the way to Valby. In the other end it connects to “Ryvangsruten” which runs all the way to Hellerup.

Sources | web | www.kk.dk/da/borger/trafik/cyklernes-by/cykelstier-ogruter/groenne-cykelruter | www.dac.dk/da/dac-life/copenhagen-x-galleri/ cases/groenne-cykelruter/

41

BYDELSPLAN FOR

NØRREBRO 2013

BYRUMSPLAN NØRREBRO 2012

The two publications of the visions for Nørrebro.

42

“Nø r r e br o i s go i ng to be a ne i g h b ow r h ood , w hic h i s a p i o ne e r i n e nv i r o nm en t a l l y friend l y a cti o ns wi th hi gh r e cre a t i on a l val ue . F u tu r e Nø r r e br o i s go i n g t o b e a s ig ni f i ca ntl y gr e e ne r a r e a ” - Nørrebro Local Commitee, Neighbourhood Plan, page 7.

“. . . Cre a te the ba s i s f o r co he r e n t a n d a ttract i v e s p a ce s tha t a r e a cce s si b l e t o a l l .

Nø rr e br o i s go i ng to be a ne i gh b or h ood w her e r e s i de nts a nd v i s i to r s come t og et h er acros s d i f f e r e nce s i n u r ba n s p a c es” - Nørrebro Local Commitee, Neighbourhood Plan, page 7.

VISIONS FOR NØRREBRO The local committee of Nørrebro has formulated a vision to be even more green and sustainable than they already are. Those visions is collected in two publications; Byrumsplan Nørrebro (Nørrebro Urban Space Plan) and Bydelsplan for Nørrebro (Neighborhood Plan For Nørrebro). These contain visions and guidelines for the area and ideas for concrete projects.

Overall the goal is to create a neighborhood you want to stay and live in, with more green areas and focus on creativity and intelligent solutions. They want the local businesses and employment to stand strong and contribute to a vibrant city life.

Throughout both the publications the handle of rainwater is mentioned. In the last couple years Copenhagen has experienced a lot of floods which have made this an even bigger issue. They encourage a focus local drainage of the rainwater (LAR). They suggest a “blue/ green” urban space where the water is integrated with vegetation and different kinds of urban furniture.

Sources | Publications | “Bydelsplan for Nørrebro 2013”, page 7-8 | “Nørrebro Byrumsplan”, page 9-11

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SUP ERKILEN AN D NØRRE BRO P A RKE N

The chapter contains a description of the two main adjacents areas that will inform the project.

46

SUPERKILEN Superkilen is an urban park project by the architecture firms BIG and Topotek1 and the art group Superflex.

It opened in 2012 and is located in the same closed railway terrrain as the project site. The colourfull park celebrates the diversity of the 50 nationalities living in the area. They are each represented in urban furniture in the park which come from their home countries. For example a Moroccan Fountain, a hill of soil from Palestine, a sound system from Jamaica and Japanese cherry trees.

The park is divided in three different areas with different characteristics and defined by a specific colour: “The Black Market”, “The Green Park” and most notably “The Red Square”.

Nørrebroruten runs through the entire park and connects the different areas with each and the context.

Sources | Book | Superkilen : a project by BIG, TOPOTEK 1, SUPERFLEX | web | superkilen.dk/projektbeskrivelse/

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Photos from the green park.

THE GREEN PARK The area is a green landscape which feels very open and recreational with a lot of vegetation. It is designed with grassy hills, paths curving through the landscape and small pockets for activities.

The themes of the area is Play, sport and recreation which are focused on kids and young people. The landscape and playground invites to picnics, sunbathing, stays, badminton, basketball and roller skating.

49

Sources | Book | Superkilen : a project by BIG, TOPOTEK 1, SUPERFLEX | web | superkilen.dk/projektbeskrivelse/

50

Photos from the black market.

THE BLACK MARKET The Black Market is the smallest and most intimate of the three urban spaces in Superkilen. It is seen as the heart of the park where the public can meet and sit down. The theme of the area is to create an urban living room.

The furniture of the area helps defining this very well and includes for example chess/backgammon tables, different benches and Japanese cherry trees and grills for barbecuing.

Very notably the ground is covered in black asphalt and playfully painted with white stripes. The bike path blends into the rest of the area and only stands out because of the striping.

Sources | Book | Superkilen : a project by BIG, TOPOTEK 1, SUPERFLEX | web | superkilen.dk/projektbeskrivelse/

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Photos from the red square.

THE RED SQUARE This area is the gate to Superkilen from Nørrebrogade and of the three areas it stands out the most. The ground is covered in a giant pattern of distorted squares in four nuances of red. Some places the color even extends up on the walls of the surrounding buildings. The strong colors give the area a very intense and surreal feeling.

The furniture of the area is urban and edgy, including a giant speaker, a boxing ring, multi-person swings etc. In general there is very little “ordinary furniture” which also adds to the surreal feeling of the area.

The themes of the area are market, culture and sport.

The area features a multipurpose space which can be used as a market place, a place for activities and cultural events, and as an extension of the things going on in Nørrebrohallen.

Sources | Book | Superkilen : a project by BIG, TOPOTEK 1, SUPERFLEX | web | superkilen.dk/projektbeskrivelse/

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The Red Square of Superkilen is a very characterful neighbor to the project.

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Photos from Nørrebroparken.

NØRREBROPARKEN The Nørrebro Park is located on the southern side of the site. “Nørrebroruten” passes through it and connects with “Superkilen” through the project site.

The park has emerged on the former location of “Nørrebro Station”. The old railway terrain ran from Nørrebro and connected with the neighbor area Frederiksberg. When the railway track was closed in the 1930s, the big area was freed up and slowly the park emerged.

Nørrebropark is a green city park with a lot of trees and vegetation and a gathering point for the neighborhood.

The park consists of different areas that encourage multiple activities with a focus on recreation and movement. There are a lot of fields for different kinds of ball activities, a big playground where the kids can play, and an urban garden where the locals grow vegetables and herbs.

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INITIAL ANALYSIS

This part contains the initial site analysis for the design process.

QUALITIES IN THE AREA

THE GREEN PARK | play, sport and recreation

THE BLACK MARKET | urban living room

THE RED SQUARE | market, culture and sport

60

? ?

?

?

THE GREY ZONE | skate and ???

NØRREBROPARKEN | activties and recreation

VISIONS FOR NØRREBRO

NØRREBRO | stays, rainwater handling, activtiy and green areas

61

SUM UP OF QUALITIES AND VISIONS The adjacent areas have focus on different kinds of activities and recreation. The visions for Nørrebro are the creation of a sustainable neighborhood with more green places for stay and activity and that can handle rainwater in an effective way.

The project must add something that the area doesn’t provide.

62

Car flow

Pedestrian and bike flow

MAP ANALYSIS

63

Sides prefered for logistics. Nørrebrogade is not desired because of the high number of bikes.

18:00

16:00

14:00

12:00

10:00

08:00

March

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June December

SUNLIGHT STUDIES The whole site gets a lot of sunlight which is a potential for the creation of an oasis where people can gather and enjoy the sun.

The northwest corner of the site receives sunlight at noon and throughout the rest of the day, this makes it optimal for outdoor activities.

65

30.000

60.000 66

36.000

TRANSPORTATION FOCUS The site has great connection to public transportation: A couple of streets away a new metro station with an estimated 30.000 daily users will open in 2017.

Nørrebrogade is home to the bus 5A, that has 60.000 daily users. That makes it the most used bus in Northern Europe.

Nørrebrogade also has 36.000 people that daily drive their bike on it.

Nørrebroruten that passes through the site is also one of the areas main bike paths.

This great connection to public transportation makes the need for car accessibility almost unnecessary.

67

LIST OF REFERENCES BOOKS | | Superkilen : a project by BIG, TOPOTEK 1, SUPERFLEX, edited by Barbara Steiner. Stockholm : Arvinius + Orfeus Publishing, First Edition 2013

PUBLICATIONS |

|

Lokalplan nr. 434 “Farumgade”

Published by The Municipality of Copenhagen in 2009 http://soap.plansystem.dk/jsp/getdoklink. jsp?planid=1112989&plantype=20&status=V| Bydelsplan Nørrebro 2013 Published by Nørre Local Commitee and The Municipality of Copenhagen, 2013 cerocms.dk/download/noerrebrolokaludvalg.kk.dk/Bydelsplan_Nrrebro_2013.pdf | Byrumsplan Nørrebro 2012 Published by Nørrebro Local Commitee, 2012 cerocms.dk/download/noerrebrolokaludvalg.kk.dk/Final27maj-Byrumsplan.pdf | Nørrebrogade Program - Juli 2006 Published by The Municipality of Copenhagen in 2006 www.norrebro.nu/projektarkiv/trafik/norrebrogade_livslinie_norrebro/ Norrebrogade_Bilag_1.pdf

WEBSITES | | www.carlsbergbyen.dk | www.bispebjerglokaludvalg.kk.dk/page69.html | dinby.dk/koebenhavn-n/lokaludvalg-roser-byggeprojekt | dinby.dk/koebenhavn-n/lokalplan-om-butikscenter-er-nu-godkendt | www.building-supply.dk/article/view/68710/kobenhavn_far_centerbyggeri_ pa_23000_m#.UxTWfnlzPzA | www.ahelweg.dk/norrebrogade | 2200n.dk/2012/06/19/trafik-revolution-hvad-skal-der-ske-pa-norrebro/ | dinby.dk/koebenhavn-n/lokalplan-om-butikscenter-er-nu-godkendt | e-avis.nnvbladet.dk/lnn/20090211?s=1&p=4 | myldretid.dk/nyheder/nr/793 | arkitektforeningen.dk/artikel/nyheder/cykelrute-paa-tvaers-af-kommunegraenser | www.gogreencopenhagen.dk/gogreencopenhagen/steder/opleve/ oplevelser/den-groenne-sti/?cat=1710 | 2200n.dk/facts-om-norrebro/facts-om-norrebro-2/ | www.magasinetkbh.dk/node/1433 | ing.dk/artikel/movia-indsaetter-hybridbus-pa-nordeuropas-travleste-buslinje-109125 | www.kk.dk/da/borger/trafik/cyklernes-by/cykelstier-og-ruter/groenne-cykelruter | www.dac.dk/da/dac-life/copenhagen-x-galleri/cases/groenne-cykelruter/

|

superkilen.dk/projektbeskrivelse/

TECHNOLOGY RE S E A RC H

This booklet contains a description of the three main technologies used in the project: the aquaponic farming, the pyrolysis plant and the mycelium production.

AQUAPONIC FARMING

What Plants Require To Grow

8

Fish

11

Process Description

12

Fish Tank

16

Pump And Filter

17

Grow Beds And Racks

18

Root Support

19

Scaling The Elements

21

PYROLYSIS PLANT

Description

27

Process Description

28

Visit At Frichs

31

Pyrolysis Plant At Aarstider

36

Rolling Bed Dryer And Grinder

38

Indoor Silo

39

Suppremator

40

41

Pyrolysis Chamber

Cyclone

42

43

Carbon Collector

Engine

45

Scaling The Plant

MYCELIUM PRODUCTION

Description

51

55

Mycelium Production Process

Processing

56

Mold

57

58

Stored In The Dark

Heating

59

61

Dimensioning The Facilities

LIST OF REFERENCES

Books, Public Publications and Web

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AQUAPONIC FARMING

The project uses a combination of aquaponic and aeroponic farming techniques to grow organic vegetables. The techniques are chosen because they create a closed loop system and are the most water efficient.

WHAT PLANTS REQUIRE TO GROW To understand how and why this growing method works, it is important to understand what plants require to grow. The fundamental need for plants is: light, water, nutrients, CO 2, the right temperature and humidity. This is factors that can all be created and controlled artificially and this makes it possible to secure that the harvest has an optimal quality.

8

Red + Blue Light | The plant doesn’t need the full spectra of light to grow.

They only need the blue and red wavelength and a little far-red. The light looks purple. 1

10-21oC 15-27ooC C 10-21

15-27ooC 10-21 C 15-27oC

Water | Plants need water so they don’t dry out. It is also the water that carries the nutrients the plants need.

Nutrients | Plants need a range of nutrients in order to grow.

For example: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Sulfur (S) and magnesium (Mg). 2

N P N P K Ca

K N Ca P K Ca

CO2 CO2

CO2

N P K Ca CO2 | Plants require CO 2 in the photosynthesis that produces the sugars that makes them grow.

Environment | Plants only grow well within a limited temperature span and right humidity. Warm season vegetables like tomatoes and cucumbers grow best between 15 and 27 o C. Cold season

CO2

10-21ooC 15-27ooC

vegetables like lettuce and spinach grow best between 10 and 21 o C. 3

Root support | When the plants are seeded they need a growing medium to sprout on. Plants with light root structures only need this and a net pot when they grow bigger.

Plants with bigger root structures and root crops need support, like clay pebbles .

N P K Ca

CO

Sources |

22 Meeuws - Indoor farming, Plant Paradise 1 | TED Talk | Gertjan 2 | web | ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/extension/Classroom/SRAC/454fs.pdf, page 2 3 | web | www.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/html_pubs/hydro/require.html

9

10

Tilapia | The species used in the project

FISH The raising of fish in tanks is called aquaculture, which lays the ground for the aquaponic farming. Some of the most used fish for this is tilapia, trout, goldfish, carp, catfish, koi and large mouthed bass.

When choosing the species for a farm there is a couple of factors that should be considered. First, the species must be suitable for breeding in tanks and able to live in fresh water. It should also be considered if the fish should be possible eat.

Another important thing is to choose a species of fish that is vegetarian and live off plants. Because if the fish is a carnivore, and for example feed on smaller fish, it requires more resources.

Tilapia is generally the most used fish in the operating aquaponic farms because it is easy to breed, fast growing and can live in poor water conditions. So it will also be the one used in this project.

sources | | Publication | Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems: Aquaponics—Integrating Fish and Plant Culture | web | homeaquaponicssystem.com/fish/top-7-aquaponics-fish-species/ | www.aquaponicsusa.com/Aquaponics_USA_All_About_the_Fish.html

11

PROCESS DESCRIPTION

INPUTINPUT FISH TANK FISH WATER TANK

WATER HEAT

OUTPUT OUTPUT POWER HEAT

BIOCHAR POWER

BIOCHAR

FISH

VEGETABLES FISH VEGETAB

0% 0% 10% 0% 70% 0%

25% 5% 0% 0% 75% 0% 12

0% 0% 80% 0% 80% 0%

50% 20% 20% 0%

FISH ARE RAISED IN ARE RAISED IN FISH TANKS. THE WASTE TANKS. THE WASTE 20% 0%THE FISHFROM THE FISH FROM PROVIDES NUTRIENTS PROVIDES NUTRIENTS FOR THE PLANTS FOR THE PLANTS

THE NUTRIENT THE FILLED NUTRIENT FILLED WATER IS PUMPED WATER TO IS PUMPED TO THE PLANTS. THE PLANTS.

% 0% 20% 0% 0% 20%

20% 0% 20% 60% 0% 20%

FILTER FILTER PUMP

THE WATER IS CLEANSED THE PLANTSBY THE PLANTS THE WATERBY IS CLEANSED

AND RETURNED TO RETURNED THE FISH TANKS, AND TO THE FISH TANKS, PUMP CREATING A CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM.LOOP SYSTEM. CREATING A CLOSED

UTPUT

H ABLES VEGETABLES

ANTS KS, M.

GROW LIGHTS GROW LIGHTS IN ORDER TO SAVE ENERGY IN ORDER TO SAVE ENERGY THE GROW LIGHTS USE ONLY THE GROW LIGHTS USE ONLY THE RED AND BLUE WAVETHE RED AND BLUE WAVELENGHTS THATLENGHTS THE PLANTS THAT THE PLANTS NEED TO GROW NEED TO GROW

GROW BEDS GROW BEDS THEHOLD GROW BEDS HOLD THE THE GROW BEDS THE PLANTS PLANTS IN PLACE. THE IN PLACE. THE OFWILL THE PLANTS WILL ROOTS OF THEROOTS PLANTS NEEDMEDIUM A SUPPORT MEDIUM NEED A SUPPORT TO GROW. TO GROW. FOR SMALLER PLANTS WITH SMALLER FOR PLANTS WITH A PIECE OF NEOPREN ROOTS A PIECEROOTS OF NEOPREN ORHOLD BASALT WILL HOLD THEM. OR BASALT WILL THEM.

THE NUTRIENT THE FILLED WATER FILLED IS NUTRIENT WATER IS SPRAYED ON THE ROOTSON THE ROOTS SPRAYED

PLANTSROOTS WITH BIGGER ROOTS PLANTS WITH BIGGER AND WILL ROOTA CROPS WILL A AND ROOT CROPS SUPPORT SUPPORT MATERIAL LIKE MATERIAL LIKE EXPANDED CLAY PEBLES OR EXPANDED CLAY PEBLES OR AS INBIOCHAR. MY PROJECT BIOCHAR. AS IN MY PROJECT

13

FISH TANK

16

The fish tanks at FarmedHere are stacked in order to save space. The fish tanks should be round so they are self-cleaning and no waste gets stuck in corners.

The fish tanks at “Urban Organics� are bigger, lower and open at the top so it is easier to see the fish.

PUMP AND FILTER

The pump makes sure there is a constant circulation in the system. Together with the pump there is a small filtering/UV sterilization tank. The setup seen here is from “Urban Organics� system.

The system can be either one large pump for the entire system or several smaller pumps for smaller individual systems

17

GROW BEDS AND RACKS

18

The plants are placed in separate pots which are kept in place by a polysterene board. The roots are immersed in water in the tub below.

The growing beds can be placed in standard warehouse storing units.

ROOT SUPPORT

When the plants are seeded they need a growing medium to sprout on. Plants with light root structures only need this and a net pot when they grow bigger.

Plants with bigger root structures and root crops need support, like clay pebbles. This also allows the roots to get more oxygen than plants in soil.

19

14 m

1.150 m3 1m

161 m3

5m

0,5 m 1,5 m

1m

2m

0,5 m

The pump and the filter.

10 m

6m

The fish tank as 50L./m 3 and 7 L/m 3.

20

10 m 1m

47 m

47 m

The vertical farming in ten layers

SCALING THE ELEMENTS In the “Program” booklet the size of the farm is calculated to be 2.300 m² of fields in ten layers, in all 23 000m².

The pump and filter will be based on the “Urban Organics” setup shown on page 15.

Because there are a lot of unknown factors, it is difficult to calculate exactly how many fish and how large the tanks should be. Different crops require different amounts of nutrients. Plants with large fruits like tomatoes need a lot more nutrients than for example lettuce. So the sizes will be estimated from some key numbers from existing aquaponic farms.

Case 1 | FarmedHere.

The company only informs that they use 3.000 fish for their 8.400 m² farming area 4. Tilapias need around 1.000 liters of water per 50 fish, which is 20 liters water per fish. 5 3.000 fish / 8.400 m² = 0,36 fish/m² 20 L/fish x 0,36 fish/m² = 7,2 L/m².

Case 2 | Urban Organics For each 530 m² of growing area they use 26.400 liters of fish tanks for nutrients. 26.400 L / 530 m² = 50 L/m².

Urban Organics also expect to harvest 0,05 ton of fish per 1 ton of crops they harvest.

Based on this the size of the fish tanks need to be somewhere in between 23.000 m² x 7,2 L and 23.000 m² x 50 L. sources | 4 | web | www.businessinsider.com/farmedhere-vertical-farming-chicago-2013-3 5 | web | www.aquaponicshowto.com/how-much-space-is-required-for-anaquaponics-system/page/60/

21

PYROLYSIS PLANT

The building is supplied with energy from a pyrolysis plant.

The technology turns waste into heat and power in a versatile, effective and sustainable way.

26

A mobile pyrolysis plant mounted on a truck.

DESCRIPTION The process of the pyrolysis plant can shortly be described as a thermolytic process where the material is heated to high temperatures without any oxygen. When there’s no oxygen the material doesn’t ignite, but turns into a gas. The raw gas is filtered to collect the different unwanted substances. That leaves a clean natural gas which is combusted in an engine that functions as a combined heat and power plant (CHP).

The plant can use any carbon based material and transform it into energy. The residue from the process depends on the input. Biomaterials only leave a residue of solid carbon. Plastic or car tires also leave a residue of oil that contains some substances that potentially has some value.

The technology is scalable from something that can be carried on a hiking trip to large scale factory. This gives the technology a lot of potential uses for company in all scales that have some kind of residue from their production.

27

PROCESS

DESCRIPTION

WASTE

INPUT

28

DRIER The wet biomass is dried in the rolling bed dryer.

GRINDER The dried biomass is grinded into small pieces.

INPUT

SUPREMATOR The grinded biomass is supressed so there is no oxygen left when it enters the pyrolysis chamber.

OUTPU

BIOCHAR

ALGAES

HEAT

POWER

OUTPUT

CO2

29

Residue heat is utilized in the process

PYROLYSIS The biomass is heated to medium hot temperatures of 450-500 degrees without any oxygen which prevent the pyrolysis gas from igniting. This produces a hot raw natural gas.

OUTPUT

CO2

CYCLONE The raw biogas passes through a cyclone seperator which seperates the char from the gas which leaves a clean biogas that can be used as a fuel. The char is collected in a container.

ENGINE The clean gas is combusted in an engine. It functions as Combined Heat And Power plant (CHP). The engine has some exhaust which can be utilized for growing algaes.

30

The house containing the entire pyrolysis plant is her seen from the outside.

Just behind the house is the green silo storing the grinded straw.

There is only one room inside the building, it contains the suppremator, pyrolysis chamber, the cyclone and a lot space to work and adjust the plant.

VISIT AT FRICHS In March 2014, I visited the Danish company Frichs and met Ove Munch, who is head of development and Jørgen Krabbe, who is partner in the company. They develop and produce engines that are very durable and can run on almost any type of fuel. Unfortunately for them, there are not so many who are interested in the long term investment of an engine that can run for thirty or fifty years. This fact forced the company to think of a new way to utilize their engines, so they decided to enter the market of green energy. After a small detour they ended up working together with an American company to make a pyrolysis plant that creates energy using their engines.

To promote the technology they have built a demonstration pyrolysis plant on a pig farm just outside of Randers. The facility is fully working, but they are still developing and improving the technology. The pyrolysis plant is relatively small, only around 100 m 2, even though there is plenty of working spaces around the machines.

The facility has a very simple layout where all the processes are visibly separated. All the preprocessing and storing takes place outside. Just behind the building is a 20 foot container housing the engine that produces the heat and power.

To power the pyrolysis plant they use straw bales, which they grind into small pieces before the pyrolysis process starts. The plant has a capacity of 30 tons of dry material per day. From this it produces 30 Mega Watt of electricity and 36 Mega Watt of heat per day. The pyrolysis plant has an estimated cost of 20 mio. kr.

31

The greenhouse with the pyrolysis plant, seen from the outside.

32

The plant itself. The green capsule contains the sterling engine and the blue tube contains the pyrolysis chamber.

The biochar residue is collected in barrels.

PYROLYSIS PLANT AT AARSTIDERNE One of the sustainable initiatives Aarstiderne has made is the integration of a pyrolysis plant on the Barritskov farm.

They fuel it with worn down delivery-crates and EUROpallets which they grind into to small wood chips.

The facility is a 6 MW plant and it makes their offices and packing center almost self-sufficient by suppling them with all the heat and 60% percent of the energy they use.

The plant is placed in a greenhouse and the preprocessing and storing is placed outside from this.

The energy is produced from a small durable sterling engine.

The biochar residue is collected in barrels and used to improve the quality of the soil on the fields around the farm.

Sources | | web | www.blackcarbon.dk | www.aarstiderne.com/Om-aarstiderne/Ide-ogbaggrund/Miljoet/Pyrolyse

33

The residue of the pyrolysis is biochar. In can be used to improve soil quality on fields. In the project it is used as root support in the farm.

ROLLING BED DRYER AND GRINDER

36

The material is dried in a rotating bed with paddle. The dryer can utilize residual heat at a low temperature of 80100 degrees and 160-180 degrees. It is highly energy efficient because the material spends a long time in the dryer at a low temperature.

Source | web | www.allgaierdryer.com/portfolio/rolling-bed/

37

When the dry biomass leaves the rolling bed dyers, it is fed into a grinder that turns the material into small pieces that is easier processed in the pyrolysis.

INDOOR SILO

38

When the dry material is grinded it is stored in an indoor silo before being fed into the pyrolysis plant.

SUPPREMATOR

The sublimator is a part that is invented by Frichs. It is tube about three to four meters long, placed on top of the pyrolysis chamber.

It compresses the dry material so there is almost no oxygen left when it enters the pyrolysis chamber. The material is blown through a pipe from the silo outside.

39

PYROLYSIS CHAMBER

40

The Pyrolysis chamber at Frichs is just a closed metal box with the suprimator on top of it. It measures around two by four by four meters.

Aarstidernes pyrolysis chamber (the blue tube) is a four meter long tube with a diameter of around two meter.

CYCLONE

41

The cyclone at Frichs is a five meter high inverted truncated cone with a diameter of around one meter at the top and a half meter at the bottom.

CARBON COLLECTOR

42

When the carbon is filtered out, it is blown through a pipe that cools it down.

After this the carbon is stored in an indoor silo.

ENGINE

Frichs uses an engine they have developed previously. It is a big engine of around two by four by two meters.

Aarstiderne uses a sterling that is a lot smaller. It is enclosed in a two meter long capsule with diameter of half a meter.

43

0% 10% 70% 0%

100 %

25% 0% 75% 0%

0% 80% 80% 0%

50% 20% 20% 0%

44

50 %

0% 0% 0% 20%

0% Water content in different kinds of food

SCALING THE PLANT The scaling of the facility is dependent on how much waste that can be collected. Each of the 20.000 potential customers in Copenhagen receives a crate every week.

They fill it up with waste that can be used for fuel in the plant.

The first two important factors to calculate is: How much does the biowaste weigh? How much of it is water?

The pyrolysis only works with material with a moisture content of maximum 15%. The diagram on the left shows the approximate moisture content of several biodegradable household items. It is impossible to determine an exact average value. A meal with cooked pasta or rice and meat has a moisture value of around 65 %. Fresh fruit and vegetables have a lot higher, while bread and paper has a lot lower value. So for example if an amount of material has a moisture value of 65 % it needs to go down to 15 %, in order to be used in the pyrolysis process. This is done by removing water in the dryer, until the material is dry enough to be used, so in the end half of the material weight is removed, The weight of biowaste per volume is very difficult to determine, because it can vary a lot.

45

2,5 m

3m

0,4 m

5m 2m

The dryer

The cyclone

4m

2m

46

4m

0,5 m

4m

The Pyrolysis chamber

1m

The suppremator

0,75 m 1m

2m

9m

The engine

5m

Size of the silos if they should be able to hold one months of material. In the final project a smaller silo would also be fine.

In 2009 “Spiseriet�, a restaurant that daily prepares food for 80-100 people, decided to measure all their waste for a month in order to map out their food waste. This experiment gives a relatively realistic picture of the waste that can be expected from the customers in this thesis project.

During one month Spiseriet collected:

6

4.600 litres of waste with a weight of 760 kg.

4,6 m 3 = 760 kg that is 1 m 3 = 165 kg.

That means, per week the amount of waste expected can be: Crate size | 30 x 50 x 25 cm Collection per crate | 0,037 m3 x 165kg = 6,1 kg Total | 6,1 kg x 20.000 = 122.100 kg = 122,1 t 122,1 t / 2 (50% water) = 61 tons of drymass 61,05 tons / 7 days = 8,7 tons per day.

Then the crates also weigh something and there is also waste from the functions in the building. So the number is rounded up to 10 tons per day.

According to the people at Frichs the rule of thumb is: 1 tons of drymass = 1 MW of power and 1,2 MW of heat. That means the plant in the project produces 10 MW per day of power and 12 MW of heat per day.

The facilities at Frichs is a 30 MW plant and Aarstidernes is a 6 MW plant. That means the plant in this project will size itself somewhere in between the two.

Carbon production | Aarstiderne produce 3,5 m 3 per day on a 6 MW plant. 3,5 m 3 / 6 MW / day = 0,6 m 3 / MW / day. In the project with 10 MW plant = 6 m 3 per day.

6 | web | www.stopspildafmad.dk/artikler/smagsdommerne1.pdf

47

MYCELIUM PRODUCTION

The thesis project uses a mycelium based structure to make biodegradable delivery crates. The method is chosen because the production process is extremely simple and takes up a relatively small amount of space.

The final product in different shapes.

50

The final product under microscope.

DESCRIPTION The technique is invented by the American company Ecovative. They have found out that the root structure of fungus, called mycelium, can work as a glue to hold material together. The process starts with taking nonfood agricultural byproducts, for example stalks, husk or hulls. The material is inoculated with the mycelium and put in a mold of the shape you want, in this thesis project a crate. The product is then stored in the dark where the mycelium digests the stored energy in the agricultural by products. This “glues� the material together by weaving the fibers tightly together. The material that is not digested simply becomes a part of the final structure anyway. The process of self-assembly takes about five to seven days. After this the product is heated in an oven to stop the process and dry the product out.

The outcome can have any size and shape, the only thing that determines this is the mold. The production time for a large product is not significantly longer, because the mycelium that digests the raw material is everywhere at once.

The final product has the same material abilities as plastic and EPS (expanded polysterene). For example fire resistance, insulation value and shock absorption.

Because the product is made from biomaterials, it is 100% biodegradable. sources | web | www.ecovativedesign.com | TED Talk | Eben Bayer: Are mushrooms the new plastic?

51

Timelapse of the self-assembly process.

MYCELIUM PRODUCTION PROCESS

INPUT Agricultural waste

54

PROCESSING

MOLD

STORED

The agricultural waste is first pasteurized (washed and heated) then it is inoculated with the mycelium.

The processed mass is put into a mold of the desired shaped and a lit is placed on it.

The mold is s dark for five to days, where t self-assemble

ssed mass is mold of the aped and a lit on it.

OUTPUT Final product

55

STORED DARK

HEATED

The mold is stored in the dark for five to seven days, where the material self-assembles.

The product is heated to stop the process and dry out the product

PROCESSING

56

Firstly the agricultural waste is put into the machine that pasteurizes it (washing, cleaning and heating) and inoculates with the mycelium.

When the machine is done with the processing the material goes directly into the mold. The whole machine is L-shaped and measures around five by five by five meters.

MOLD

The mold with the inoculated mass is now transported on a conveyor where the lit is put on. It is around ten meters long and half a meter wide.

At the end it is put on a rolling rack so it can be taken away for storage.

57

STORED IN THE DARK

The mycelium is now stored in the dark for a week. The rolling racks are put on shelves.

58

The shelving system is just regular warehouse storage units which can store the product in many layers.

HEATING

To stop the process and dry out the product, it is heated in a big oven.

59

In order to accommodate the production the thesis project will use two ovens in the building, each oven with a size of around four by four meters.

3m

3m

1,5 m 4m

4m

5m

1,5 m 5m

The processing machine.

The oven

10 m

1m

60

The conveyor

0,5 m

6m

15 m 15 m

The collected size of the final storage and the dark storage

DIMENSIONING THE FACILITIES. In the project only one type of product will be produced, the delivery crate. This means only one production line.

The size of the line will be equal to the one at Ecovative, shown at the previous pages. The only thing that needs to be calculated is the size of the storage facilities.

There is 20.000 weekly customers who will need a delivery crate. It is estimated that the crates can be reused at least once. So the facility should be able to produce around 10.000 units a week. One crate is 30x50x25 cm, so the dark storage and final storage must be able to hold this amount. The storage of the final products should be able to hold two weeks of inventory.

The storage should also hold space to work in.

Storage size: Area of one crate in m 2 | 0,3x0,5 m = 0,15 m 2 Floor area in one layer | 0,15 m 2 x 10.000 units = 1.500m2 The storage room can be double height of 6 meters: 6 m / 0,25 m = 24 layers 1.500 m2 / 24 = 62,5 m 2

61

LIST OF REFERENCES PUBLICATIONS | | Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems: Aquaponics— Integrating Fish and Plant Culture, published by Southern Regional Aquaculture Center in 1992.

WEBSITES | | homeaquaponicssystem.com/fish/top-7-aquaponics-fish-species/ | www.aquaponicsusa.com/Aquaponics_USA_All_About_the_Fish.html | ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/extension/Classroom/SRAC/454fs.pdf, page 2 | www.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/html_pubs/hydro/require.html

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| www.businessinsider.com/farmedhere-vertical-farming-chicago-2013-3 | www.aquaponicshowto.com/how-much-space-is-required-for-anaquaponics-system/page/60/ | www.blackcarbon.dk | www.aarstiderne.com/Om-aarstiderne/Ide-og-baggrund/Miljoet/Pyrolyse | www.allgaierdryer.com/portfolio/rolling-bed/ | www.stopspildafmad.dk/artikler/smagsdommerne1.pdf | www.ecovativedesign.com

TED TALKS | | Gertjan Meeuws - Indoor farming, Plant Paradise www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILzWmw53Wwo&feature | Eben Bayer - Are mushrooms the new plastic? www.ted.com/talks/eben_bayer_are_mushrooms_the_new_plastic

Thesis Project By: Casper Ă˜stergaard Christensen Student Number | 2012700 Aarhus School of Architecture Studio Regenerative Architecture Tutor | Kasper Guldager Jørgensen Internal Censor | Walter Unterrainer